Chapter 9 Error-Correcting Constrained Coding

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Chapter 9 Error-Correcting Constrained Coding Chapter ErrorCorrecting Constrained Co ding In this chapter we consider co des that have combined errorcorrection and constrained prop erties We b egin with a discussion of error mechanisms in recording systems and the corresp onding error typ es observed We then discuss asso ciated metrics imp osed on con strained systemsprimarily the Hamming Lee and Euclidean metricsand we survey the literature on b ounds and co de constructions In addition we consider two imp ortant classes of combined errorcorrectionconstrained co des sp ectral null co des and forbidden list co des Errormechanisms in recording channels Magnetic recording systems using p eak detection as describ ed in Chapter of this chapter are sub ject to three predominant typ es of errors at the peak detector output The most frequently observed error is referred to as a bitshift error where a pair of recorded symbols is detected as a left bitshift or the pair is detected as a right bitshift Another commonly o ccurring error typ e is called a dropout error or sometimes a missingbit error where a recorded symbol is detected as a Less frequently a dropin error or extrabit error results in the detection of a recorded as a It is convenient to refer to the dropin and dropout errors as substitution errors Hammingmetric constrained co des are most p ertinent in recording channels that b ehave which dropin and dropout errors o ccur with equal like a binary symmetric channel in probability However there are alternative mo dels of interest that suggest the use of co des designed with other criteria in mind beyond optimization of minimum Hamming distance Among these mo dels the two that have received the most attention are the asymmetric channelwhere only dropin errors or dropout errors but not both are encountered and the bitshift channelwhere a symbol is allowed to shift p osition by up to a presp ecied umber of p ositions n CHAPTER ERRORCORRECTING CONSTRAINED CODING Another error typ e we will consider is a synchronization error resulting in an insertion or deletion of a symbol in the detected symbol sequence In practical digital recording systems on disks and tap e this typ e of error can have catastrophic consequences with re gard to recovery of information that follows the synchronization loss As a result recording devices use synchronization and clo ck generation techniques in conjunction with co de con the G constraint in straints such as the k constraint in RLL co des for p eak detection and PRML GI co des to eectively preclude such errors Nevertheless RLLconstrained synchronizationerrorcorrecting co des have some intrinsic co dingtheoretic interest and we will discuss them b elow Co des capable of correcting more than one insertion and deletion error may also b e used to protect against bitshift errors which result from the insertion and deletion of s on either side of a The edit distance or Levenshtein metric and the Lee metric arise naturally in the context of synchronization errors In recording systems using partialresp onse with some form of sequence detection ex emplied by the PRML system describ ed in Chapter the maximumlikelihood detector tends to generate burst errors whose sp ecic characteristics can b e determined from the error events asso ciated with the underlying trellis structure We will briey survey various trellis co ded mo dulation approaches for PRML that yield co des whichcombine GI constraints with enhanced minimum Euclidean distance In practice constrained co des must limit error propagation Slidingblo ck deco ders of the most frequently used d k RLL co des and PRML GI co des typically will propagate a single detector error into a burst of length no more than eight bits For example the maximum error propagation of the industry standard RLL and RLL co des are four bits and ve bits resp ectively and the PRML co de limits errors to a single byte The conv entional practice in digital recording devices is to detect and correct such errors by use of an outer errorcorrecting co de such as a Fire co de interleaved ReedSolomon co de or a mo dication of such acode Gilb ertVarshamovtyp e lower b ounds Classical bound for the Hamming metric There are several error metrics that arise in the context of digital recording using constrained sequences For substitutiontyp e errors and bitshift errors p ossibly propagated into burst errors by the mo dulation deco der it is natural to consider errorcorrecting co des based up on the Hamming metric It is therefore of interest to investigate Hamming distance prop erties of constrained sequences The Gilb ertVarshamov b ound provides for unconstrained sequences over a nite alphab et alower b ound on the size of co des with presp ecied minimum Hamming distance In this CHAPTER ERRORCORRECTING CONSTRAINED CODING section we present bounds of the Gilb ertVarshamov typ e and apply them to the class of runlengthlimited binary sequences Let denote a nite alphab et of size jj and denote the Hamming distance b etween two q q q w r be the Hamming words w w by w w For a word w let B Hamming q sphere of radius r in centered at w that is q w w r g w r fw B Hamming q q Let V w r be the cardinality or volume of the sphere B w r This quantity is P q r i jj indep endent of the center word w so we will use the shorthand nota i i q tion V r The Gilb ertVarshamov b ound provides a lower bound on the achievable cardinalit y M q of a subset of with minimum Hamming distance at least d We will refer to such a subset q as a Mdco de q Theorem There exists a Mdcode with q jj M q V d For future reference we recall that the pro of of this b ound is obtained by iteratively selecting the l th co deword w in the co de from the complement of the union of Hamming l l q q spheres of radius q centered at the previously selected co dewords B w d i i q q Continuing this pro cedure until the union of spheres exhausts an Mdco de is obtained whose size M satises the claimed inequality Let dq denote the relative minimum distance and let H z log log logz for z be a z ary generalization of the entropy function The Gilb ertVarshamov b ound in terms of the rate R of the resulting co de can b e expressed as q log M log V d R log jj log jjH jj q q for the last inequalitywe refer the reader to Berl pp Hammingmetric b ound for constrained systems Any generalization of the Gilb ertVarshamov bound to a constrained system S must take q into account that the volumes of Hamming spheres in S are not necessarily indep endent of the sp ecied centers Before deriving such b ounds we require a few more denitions Let CHAPTER ERRORCORRECTING CONSTRAINED CODING q X denote an arbitrary subset of For a word w X we dene the Hamming sphere of radius r in X by q B w r B w r X X The maximum volume of the spheres of radius r in X is V r maxjB w r j Xmax X w X and the average volume of spheres of radius r in X is given by X r V jB w r j X X jX j w X We also dene the set B r of pairs w w ofwords in X at distance no greater than r X B r fw w w w r g X Hamming q Note that jB r j V r jX j Finallywe dene an X M dco de to b e a Mdco de X X that is a subset of X tforward application of the Gilb ertVarshamov construction yields the following A straigh result q Lemma Let X be a subset of and d be a positive integer Then there exists an X M dcode with jX j M V d Xmax The following generalization of the Gilb ertVarshamov bound rst proved by Kolesnik and Krachkovsky KolK is the basis for the more rened bounds derived later in the section It provides a b ound based up on the average volume of spheres rather than the maximum volume as was used in Lemma q Lemma Let X be a subset of and d be a positive integer Then there exists an ode with X M dc jX j jX j M V d jB d j X X Pro of Consider the subset X of words w X whose Hamming spheres of radius d satisfy jB w dj V d The subset X must then satisfy jX j jX j If we X X iteratively select co dewords from X following the pro cedure used in the derivation of the Gilb ertVarshamov b ound we obtainanX M dco de where jX j j jX jX j M V d V d jB d j X X X CHAPTER ERRORCORRECTING CONSTRAINED CODING as desired In general neither of the b ounds in the preceding two lemmas is strictly sup erior to the other as observed byGuandFuja GuF However using an analysis of a new co de search algorithmdubb ed the altruistic algorithm to distinguish it from the greedy algorithm that lies at the heart of the standard Gilb ertVarshamov form of b oundthey eliminated the factor of in the denominator of the b ound in Lemma This improved lower b ound stated below as Lemma is always at least as go o d as the b ound in Lemma and a strict improvement over Lemma The key element of the improved co de search algorithm is that at eachcodeword selection step the remaining p otential co deword with the largest number of remaining neighb ors at distance dorlesstakes itself out of consideration As noted in GuF a similar approach was develop ed indep endently by Ytrehus Yta who applied it to compute b ounds for runlengthlimited co des with various error detection and correction capabilities Ytb q Lemma Let X be a subset of and d be a positive integer Then there exists an X M dcode with jX j jX j M V d jB dj X X Kolesnik and Krachkovsky KolK applied Lemma to sets X consisting of words of length q in runlengthlimited and charge constrained systems Their asymptotic lower bound was based up on an
Recommended publications
  • Coding Theory, Information Theory and Cryptology : Proceedings of the EIDMA Winter Meeting, Veldhoven, December 19-21, 1994
    Coding theory, information theory and cryptology : proceedings of the EIDMA winter meeting, Veldhoven, December 19-21, 1994 Citation for published version (APA): Tilborg, van, H. C. A., & Willems, F. M. J. (Eds.) (1994). Coding theory, information theory and cryptology : proceedings of the EIDMA winter meeting, Veldhoven, December 19-21, 1994. Euler Institute of Discrete Mathematics and its Applications. Document status and date: Published: 01/01/1994 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Thesis-Cklee-Jul21.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Engineering EFFICIENT INFORMATION ACCESS FOR LOCATION-BASED SERVICES IN MOBILE ENVIRONMENTS A Dissertation in Computer Science and Engineering by Chi Keung Lee c 2009 Chi Keung Lee Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2009 The dissertation of Chi Keung Lee was reviewed and approved∗ by the following: Wang-Chien Lee Associate Professor of Computer Science and Engineering Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Donna Peuquet Professor of Geography Piotr Berman Associate Professor of Computer Science and Engineering Daniel Kifer Assistant Professor of Computer Science and Engineering Raj Acharya Professor of Computer Science and Engineering Head of Computer Science and Engineering ∗Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. Abstract The demand for pervasive access of location-related information (e.g., local traffic, restau- rant locations, navigation maps, weather conditions, pollution index, etc.) fosters a tremen- dous application base of Location Based Services (LBSs). Without loss of generality, we model location-related information as spatial objects and the accesses of such information as Location-Dependent Spatial Queries (LDSQs) in LBS systems. In this thesis, we address the efficiency issue of LDSQ processing through several innovative techniques. First, we develop a new client-side data caching model, called Complementary Space Caching (CSC), to effectively shorten data access latency over wireless channels. This is mo- tivated by an observation that mobile clients, with only a subset of objects cached, do not have sufficient knowledge to assert whether or not certain object access from the remote server are necessary for given LDSQs.
    [Show full text]
  • Checking Whether a Word Is Hamming-Isometric in Linear Time
    Checking whether a word is Hamming-isometric in linear time Marie-Pierre B´eal ID ,∗ Maxime Crochemore ID † July 26, 2021 Abstract duced Fibonacci cubes in which nodes are on a binary alphabet and avoid the factor 11. The notion of d- A finite word f is Hamming-isometric if for any two ary n-cubes has subsequently be extended to define word u and v of the same length avoiding f, u can the generalized Fibonacci cube [10, 11, 19] ; it is the 2 be transformed into v by changing one by one all the subgraph Qn(f) of a 2-ary n-cube whose nodes avoid letters on which u differs from v, in such a way that some factor f. In this framework, a binary word f is 2 all of the new words obtained in this process also said to be Lee-isometric when, for any n 1, Qn(f) 2 ≥ avoid f. Words which are not Hamming-isometric can be isometrically embedded into Qn, that is, the 2 have been characterized as words having a border distance between two words u and v vertices of Qn(f) 2 2 with two mismatches. We derive from this charac- is the same in Qn(f) and in Qn. terization a linear-time algorithm to check whether On a binary alphabet, the definition of a Lee- a word is Hamming-isometric. It is based on pat- isometric word can be equivalently given by ignor- tern matching algorithms with k mismatches. Lee- ing hypercubes and adopting a point of view closer isometric words over a four-letter alphabet have been to combinatorics on words.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Techniques for Constraint Solving the Casper Experience
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by New University of Lisbon's Repository MARCO VARGAS CORREIA MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR CONSTRAINT SOLVING THE CASPER EXPERIENCE Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Informática, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia. UNIÃO EUROPEIA Fundo Social Europeu LISBOA 2010 ii Acknowledgments First I would like to thank Pedro Barahona, the supervisor of this work. Besides his valuable scientific advice, his general optimism kept me motivated throughout the long, and some- times convoluted, years of my PhD. Additionally, he managed to find financial support for my participation on international conferences, workshops, and summer schools, and even for the extension of my grant for an extra year and an half. This was essential to keep me focused on the scientific work, and ultimately responsible for the existence of this dissertation. Designing, developing, and maintaining a constraint solver requires a lot of effort. I have been lucky to count on the help and advice of colleagues contributing directly or indirectly to the design and implementation of CASPER, to whom I am truly indebted: Francisco Azevedo introduced me to constraint solving over set variables, and was the first to point out the potential of incremental propagation. The set constraint solver integrating the work presented in this dissertation is based on his own solver CARDINAL, which he has thoroughly explained to me. Jorge Cruz was very helpful for clarifying many issues about real valued arithmetic, and propagation of constraints over real valued variables in general.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Book
    Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3279 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen University of Dortmund, Germany Madhu Sudan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos New York University, NY, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Moshe Y. Vardi Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Gerhard Weikum Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany Geoffrey M. Voelker Scott Shenker (Eds.) Peer-to-Peer Systems III Third International Workshop, IPTPS 2004 La Jolla, CA, USA, February 26-27, 2004 Revised Selected Papers 13 Volume Editors Geoffrey M. Voelker University of California, San Diego Department of Computer Science and Engineering 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0114, La Jolla, CA 92093-0114, USA E-mail: [email protected] Scott Shenker University of California, Berkeley Computer Science Division, EECS Department 683 Soda Hall, 1776, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA E-mail: [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: Applied for CR Subject Classification (1998): C.2.4, C.2, H.3, H.4, D.4, F.2.2, E.1, D.2 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 3-540-24252-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Anonymous Opt-Out and Secure Computation in Data Mining
    ANONYMOUS OPT-OUT AND SECURE COMPUTATION IN DATA MINING Samuel Steven Shepard A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE, MASTER OF ARTS December 2007 Committee: Ray Kresman, Advisor Larry Dunning So-Hsiang Chou Tong Sun ii ABSTRACT Ray Kresman, Advisor Privacy preserving data mining seeks to allow users to share data while ensuring individual and corpo- rate privacy concerns are addressed. Recently algorithms have been introduced to maintain privacy even when all but two parties collude. However, exogenous information and unwanted statistical disclosure can weaken collusion requirements and allow for approximation of sensitive information. Our work builds upon previous algorithms, putting cycle-partitioned secure sum into the mathematical framework of edge-disjoint Hamiltonian cycles and providing an additional anonymous “opt-out” procedure to help prevent unwanted statistical disclosure. iii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: DATA MINING 1 1.1 The Basics . 1 1.2 Association Rule Mining Algorithms . 2 1.3 Distributed Data Mining . 3 1.4 Privacy-preserving Data Mining . 4 1.5 Secure Sum . 5 CHAPTER 2: HAMILTONIAN CYCLES 7 2.1 Graph Theory: An Introduction . 7 2.2 Generating Edge-disjoint Hamiltonian Cycles . 8 2.2.1 Fully-Connected . 8 2.2.2 Edge-disjoint Hamiltonian Cycles in Torus . 11 CHAPTER 3: COLLUSION RESISTANCE WITH OPT-OUT 14 3.1 Cycle-partitioned Secure Sum . 15 3.2 Problems with CPSS: Statistical Disclosure . 21 3.3 Anonymous Opt-Out . 22 3.4 Anonymous ID Assignment . 26 3.5 CPSS with Opt-out .
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of String Metric Algorithms
    International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology Special Issue SACAIM 2017, pp. 138-142 e-ISSN:2278-621X A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRING METRIC ALGORITHMS BabithaD’Cunha1, RoshiniKarishmaKarkada2 & Mrs.SuchethaVijaykumar3 Abstract: String metric is an important attribute for analysing a string pattern. A string metric provides a number indicating algorithm-specific indication distance. String metric includes many algorithms. One such algorithm is Levenshtein distance is a measure of the similarity between two strings, which we will refer to as the source string and the target string. Hamming distance algorithm is to find the distance between two strings of same length and the number of positions in which the corresponding symbols are different. Lee distance algorithm is used to state the number and length of disjoint paths between two nodes in a torus. We hereby propose to do a comparative study of all the above three algorithms by taking factors such as time and volume of the string to be searched and do an analysis of the same. Key Words: String Metric, Lee distance, Hamming distance,Levenshtein distance. 1. INTRODUCTION A string metric (also known as a string similarity metric or string distance function) is a metric that measures distance ("inverse similarity") between two text strings for approximate string matching. String matching is a technique to discover pattern from the specified input string. String matching algorithms are used to find the matches between the pattern and specified string. Various string matching algorithms are used to solve the string matching problems like wide window pattern matching, approximate string matching, polymorphic string matching, string matching with minimum mismatches, prefix matching, suffix matching, similarity measure etc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Metrics of Distance and Correlation Between Ranked Lists
    A Study of Metrics of Distance and Correlation Between Ranked Lists for Compositionality Detection Christina Lioma and Niels Dalum Hansen Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract Compositionality in language refers to how much the meaning of some phrase can be decomposed into the meaning of its constituents and the way these constituents are combined. Based on the premise that substitution by synonyms is meaning-preserving, compositionality can be approximated as the semantic similarity between a phrase and a version of that phrase where words have been replaced by their synonyms. Different ways of representing such phrases exist (e.g., vectors [1] or language models [2]), and the choice of representation affects the measurement of semantic similarity. We propose a new compositionality detection method that represents phrases as ranked lists of term weights. Our method approximatesthe semantic similarity between two ranked list representations using a range of well-known distance and correlation metrics. In contrast to most state-of-the-art approaches in compositionality detection, our method is completely unsupervised. Experiments with a publicly available dataset of 1048 human-annotatedphrases shows that, compared to strong supervised baselines, our approach provides superior measurement of compositionality using any of the dis- tance and correlation metrics considered. Keywords: Compositionality Detection, Metrics of Distance and Correlation 1. Introduction Compositionality in natural language describes the extent to which the meaning of a phrase can be decomposed into the meaning of its constituents and the way these arXiv:1703.03640v1 [cs.CL] 10 Mar 2017 constituents are combined. Automatic compositionality detection has long received attention (see, for instance, [1], [3], [4]).
    [Show full text]
  • Correcting Charge-Constrained Errors in the Rank-Modulation Scheme Anxiao (Andrew) Jiang, Member, IEEE, Moshe Schwartz, Member, IEEE, and Jehoshua Bruck, Fellow, IEEE
    2112 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL. 56, NO. 5, MAY 2010 Correcting Charge-Constrained Errors in the Rank-Modulation Scheme Anxiao (Andrew) Jiang, Member, IEEE, Moshe Schwartz, Member, IEEE, and Jehoshua Bruck, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—We investigate error-correcting codes for a the good performance [7]. To expand its storage capacity, research rank-modulation scheme with an application to flash memory on multilevel cells with large values of is actively underway. n devices. In this scheme, a set of cells stores information in the For flash memories, writing is more time- and energy-con- permutation induced by the different charge levels of the indi- vidual cells. The resulting scheme eliminates the need for discrete suming than reading [7]. The main factor is the iterative cell-pro- cell levels, overcomes overshoot errors when programming cells (a gramming procedure designed to avoid over-programming [2] serious problem that reduces the writing speed), and mitigates the (raising the cell’s charge level above its target level). In flash problem of asymmetric errors. In this paper, we study the proper- memories, cells are organized into blocks, where each block has ties of error-correcting codes for charge-constrained errors in the a large number of cells [7]. Cells can be programmed rank-modulation scheme. In this error model the number of errors corresponds to the minimal number of adjacent transpositions re- individually, but to decrease the state of a cell, the whole block quired to change a given stored permutation to another erroneous has to be erased to the lowest state and then re-programmed.
    [Show full text]
  • On Codes Over the Rings Fq + Ufq + Vfq + Uvfq
    The Islamic University of Gaza Deanery of Higher Studies Fuculty of Science Departemnt of Mathematics On Codes Over The Rings Fq + uFq + vFq + uvFq M.Sc. Thesis Presented by Ibrahim M. Yaghi Supervised by Dr. Mohammed M. AL-AShker Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for M.Sc. Degree 2013 Abstract Codes over finite rings have been studied in the early 1970's [4]. A great deal of attention has been given to codes over finite rings from 1990 [20], because of their new role in algebraic coding theory and their successful applications. In previous studies, some authors determined the structure of the ring F2 + uF2 + vF2 + 2 2 uvF2, where u = v = 0 and uv = vu, also they obtained linear codes, self dual codes, cyclic codes, and consta-cyclic codes over this ring as in [24],[25],[26],[27]. In this thesis, we aim to generalize the previous studies from the ring F2+uF2+vF2+uvF2 2 2 to the ring Fq + uFq + vFq + uvFq, where q is a power of the prime p and u = v = 0 uv = vu, so we obtain the linear codes over R = Fq + uFq + vFq + uvFq, then we investigate self dual codes over R and we find that it can be generalized only when q is a power of the prime 2, also we obtain cyclic and consta-cyclic codes over R, and we generalize the Gray map used for codes over F2 + uF2 + vF2 + uvF2, finally we obtain another gray map for codes over R. i Acknowledgements After Almighty Allah, I am grateful to my parents for their subsidization, patience, and love.
    [Show full text]
  • Needleman–Wunsch Algorithm
    Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Wikipedia Wiki Loves Love: Documenting festivals and celebrations of love on Commons. Help Wikimedia and win prizes by sending photos. Main page Contents Featured content Current events Needleman–Wunsch algorithm Random article From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it Interaction to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Help About Wikipedia The Needleman–Wunsch algorithm is an algorithm used in bioinformatics to align Class Sequence Community portal protein or nucleotide sequences. It was one of the first applications of dynamic alignment Recent changes Worst-case performance Contact page programming to compare biological sequences. The algorithm was developed by Saul B. Needleman and Christian D. Wunsch and published in 1970.[1] The Worst-case space complexity Tools algorithm essentially divides a large problem (e.g. the full sequence) into a series of What links here smaller problems and uses the solutions to the smaller problems to reconstruct a solution to the larger problem.[2] It is also Related changes sometimes referred to as the optimal matching algorithm and the global alignment technique. The Needleman–Wunsch algorithm Upload file is still widely used for optimal global alignment, particularly when
    [Show full text]
  • Codes, Metrics, and Applications
    Codes, metrics, and applications Alexander Barg University of Maryland IITP RAS, Moscow ISIT 2016 Problems: § Distance distribution of codes § Duality of linear codes § Ordered linear codes and matroid invariants § Channel models matched to the ordered metrics; applications to polar codes, wiretap channels § Association schemes and bounds on the size of codes § Further extensions Acknowledgment: NSF grants CCF1217245 “Ordered metrics and their applications” CCF1422955, CCF0916919, CCF0807411 Talk summary Coding theory in a class of metric spaces: combinatorial and information-theoretic results and applications. § Channel models matched to the ordered metrics; applications to polar codes, wiretap channels § Association schemes and bounds on the size of codes § Further extensions Acknowledgment: NSF grants CCF1217245 “Ordered metrics and their applications” CCF1422955, CCF0916919, CCF0807411 Talk summary Coding theory in a class of metric spaces: combinatorial and information-theoretic results and applications. Problems: § Distance distribution of codes § Duality of linear codes § Ordered linear codes and matroid invariants Acknowledgment: NSF grants CCF1217245 “Ordered metrics and their applications” CCF1422955, CCF0916919, CCF0807411 Talk summary Coding theory in a class of metric spaces: combinatorial and information-theoretic results and applications. Problems: § Distance distribution of codes § Duality of linear codes § Ordered linear codes and matroid invariants § Channel models matched to the ordered metrics; applications to polar
    [Show full text]