AnnuatRqport . .1993-1994

1 For ewor d

The past year has been one of considerable change in NIERC, both in the focus of its science and in its structures. The catalyst for these changes was the publication of the White Paper Reali7ing our Potential. NERC was given a new mission for its science to embrace the concepts of meeting the needs of its user communities and contributing to wealth creation and the quality of life. We have, of course, always paid close attention to these objectives, but there is now a clear need for a sharper focus and better articulation of what we do in these areas. Basic science and long- tenn monitoring are also included in our mission, and due weight must also be given to these when developing our science strategies.

The science directorates will cease to exist towards the end of 1994, and new structures will be put in place. If D Institutes are being regrouped as the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. However, the report of the Multi- Departmental Scrutiny of Public Sector Research Establishments is awaited, and decisions arising from this may result in further organisational changes within NERC.

An important activity during the year has been the preparation of a new science and technology strategy for the terrestrial and freshwater sciences. Publication is expected in July, and a number of research areas will be identified for priority support over the next five years.

This is my second and fmal foreword. During my relatively short time with NERC, I have come to appreciate and value the breadth and strength of our work in the terrestrial, freshwater and hydrological sciences. The last year has seen changes in the senior managementposts at IFE. ProfessOr I G Jones relinquished his duties as Director to concentrate on his FBA post and Professor A D Pickering is Acting Director I would like to express my appreciation to both of them. As this Report shows, there have been exciting developments in all the main areas of IFE science, including IFE's involvement in the LOIS (Land-Ocean Interaction Study) Community Research Programme and UK Environmental Change Network.

Finally, I should like to state how much I have appreciated the friendships that I have established with so many members of our community. It is these that will be my most valued and lasting memories of NERC.

C Anne Director of Terrestrial and Freshwater Sciences

Front Cover Illustration: Electrofishing in the outflow stream of Scoat tarn, Wasdale, at an altitude of 1500 ft, for the national acid waters monitoring programme. Report of the Institute of Freshwater Ecology 1993/1994

Natural Environment Research Council á Contents

Foreword

Director's introduction

Management of lakes and reservoirs Managing water quality - why it matters Modelling algal growth The phosphorus cycle Local applications

Ecology of large lowland rivers Introduction Food resources in river channels Invertebrates in marinas Discussion

Land-river interactions Introduction Faunal richness of headwater streams Habitat/fauna relationships - application to management

Microbes in the aquatic environment 10 Methanogens in ciliates Electron microscopy Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa Bioremediation TIGER Immunodetection of toxic flagellates

Fish population dynamics and management 13 Post-Chernobyl radiocaesiurn in brown trout and Arctic charr from six Cuntbrian lakes The relative benefits of "point-stocking" and "scatter-stocking" with unfed Atlantic salmon fry Ecology of schelly in Haweswater The endocrine response of trout alevins and fry to environmental stress during a "critical period"

Physico-chemical processes in catchments 17 Chemical modelling Radiocaesium in aquatic systems Silicon dynamics in rivers Biological response to the remediation of an acid lake Sediment studies Chemical analysis River ecosystem processes 20 Control of Simulium posticatum in the River Stour Ecological characteristics of coarse fish in rivers Conservation classification of rivers Aggressive invasive water plants

Assessment and prediction of changes in the aquatic environment 21 Introduction Changes over hours to seasons - pH fluctuations in Esthwaite Water Relationship between Windermere sediment accumulation and the weekly plankton records over the last 50 years The impact of daily weather changes on our perception of algal blooms at Loch Leven

Laboratory Services 24 The library and information service Electronics and instrumentation Property, buildings and equipment

Staff and external activities 26 Staff changes NERC activities Scientific Societies Collaboration With universities International meetings and visits

The Freshwater Biological Association 30

Appendices 31 1 Finance 2 Staff list 3 Project list 4 Publications

Addresses 44 Director s introduc ion

this, 16 Technoissyy c _sight Panels have algal blooms as lakes and reservoirs, are been armoimed, each to review a specific still a majosr- concern to the ",Arater industry' d-ea of aeliVily Didring the consultation (flits .broaded sense) and to ffie generM orocese it has become Clear that bublic Sob-PAM:Mated computer models envdronmental mailers are assuming an based on a inmdamental dndersta_nding of inoreaMng Mnportance, with freshwater all the important factors controlling dlgal issues at Me centre of mans-rot the gisaw-th, have (liven the Mc, an international did:II-scions, In Lids Context I hope tb see a lead in this dea of science, Application of high profile for freshWater science When this technology to 'problem' waters allows the final reports are published. the identficaton cif the most suitable and costseffectve masagernent option. The Focusing more closely to home, the recent incorporation of a venical, announcement ef the appointment of Prof statiff cation component to the model now JelinKrebs as the haw Chief Executive of ektends the fang-a of application from fully NERO. Was made in January 1994 Prof Mixed systems to deep, stratified water Kreb's rest acturirm programme for NERC bodies. Moreover, application of these includes the establishment of the Centre process:- based models has changed ,PUr for Ecology and Hydrology (CM), fundamental understanding and' thereby promoting eyen eloper apprediation of the importance of miLdent collaboration between its cOmponent recycling processes, oartioularly - Ins-Motes (lit ITt TB and NEW Prof shallow, vieli-mixed likes. ci or Alan. Pickedog Brian_ Willdoson ,as [solingDirector of slating Director is,oyetseeing the development of II'S Theinflikenceof changes in weather • 'science programthe„ struSture patterns on algal prodirOtivity in freshwater As Acting Director of tne instjtute of adininistration Within the Inslitute of systems can be detected and, ultimately, Freshwater Ecology, this is my first Freshwater Ecolooy, Prof John Hilton has Modelled over iimeshales varying from opportunity to review our achievements been appointed as Head of the Regional hours (eg the ishotosynthetO activity of OVer the pad year and fo look forwarat Laboratories (River Laboratory, Easterri ohytoplankton in Esthwaita Water) to the future: However, to be given this Rivers Laiporatory, Edinburgh LaboratorY) decades (diatom r;edirnentation in opportunity at a time of major channecm JobaSs exoerciSe add experience in Windermere, the phytoplankon the way in ssihirM UK science is strategic research, combined with his SuCcession in irodh Levels), Such long- administered and foridedinci:easesthe knowledge of Use water industry, will Senn-data sets are an in,valuable resource, challenga Indeed,,dming my 25 years eay strengthen the HE management not only for ffie WE, but dao for UK science with the FFE and the FBA, I cannot recall team and ensure a full' y listegrated in general. The,recent discovery that another pehod of such fundamental research prograrmne across the Mstitnte, long-teliti, cyclical changes Lii roopiankton chan.ges populations in the English-Lake DiStribt are Against:this background of chancre, it is paralleled by changes in rOad-r.;ide Following. on dolt the Government's important to -recognise that onebf the vegetation in Oxfordshire (Mulct be seen to White Paper 'ReatisMg our Potential'', stengths of Instinde science is -the ability be nothing but all odd coMmidance were it -published in May 1993, in which the to put tbaether multdisciplimmy teams for not fq -the fact that both observations also Reseamh Councils were restructured and the pi:lipase of undertaking long-term cerrelate well with cyglical fluctuations in given riew mission statements, •the Office environMental research, In thiS Way, the the latitude of the Gulf Stream! Long- term of Public Service and Science Efficiency Instituteocoopies a unique role and one data set8 in the fields of limnology, Unit's mulUdepartmental scrutiny of 53 which cannot be adequately undertaken terrestrial ecology„oceamography an ptfoho sector reSearch establishments was by other organisations, However, to make meteorologyare now helping us to rnitiated in late 1993 At the Ulric of writina important scientific advances in this area understand mnd predict 119,1V the oceall this- inoduction, the Unit s report has of reSeat att requir es a stability of Structure Currents cad via changes:in:regional been pubhshed but we are stiff in a and funding, a point that must be Weather patternshave important Knpacts 'consultation phasewith regard to Me recognised by the 'user' communist. With on terrestrial and freshwater ecoSystelms options put forward for the future sdooture such considerations in nund t is- my Lndeed, lakes are pdhcularlyresponsite of UK public Sector research, This year pleasures to highlight 'che exciting progress to relatively small environmental signals has, alSo seen the launch Of the OSTs made during the pdat year in the EK's and Limy hate ffie added advantage of Tegimology Foresight ininative. with its eight tnajOr research orojedts, redording these tespoliSes intheir aim of identifying those areas of science Sediments, which are most likely to contribtIM to Wabr quality problensdin particular the wealth creation and the qualitycf life in the development of costly CM terms of Modelling is a:major theme throughout near, mid and distant future, To aghieve treatment), unsightly andpoteMially toxic much ofthe HEM research programme. Particular emphasis is placed on process- interactions between stocked and natural completion for the 1995 River Quality based models and nowhere is this better fish. Survey. It is becoming evident that illustrated than Me Institute's studies of headwater streams make a particularly physico-chemical processes in World-wide developments in molecular important contribution to the overall catchrnents. During a recent peer review biology and gene technology have species richness of each individual river exercise, the chemical equilibrium model facilitated spectacular progress in many system, including species of conservation WHAM (a model that allows the areas of science. This is true of importance, but that they are extremely simultaneous interactions of many environmental microbiology although it is sensitive to agricultural impacts. The different chemical components to be a sobering thought that although more impact of variation in flow regime on calculated for waters, sediments and soils) than 90% of all living organisms are habitat structure and floral and faunal was acknowledged to be 'the best microorganisms, only a very sinall fraction abundance/diversity is also an important available at this time'. Recent (perhaps less than 1%) have ever been issue that still requires considerable developments in this area have now cultured. Thus, there is enormous fundamental research before we are likely resulted in the incorporation of WHAM into potential for further developments in the to be able to predict, with any detail the a catchment-based model (CHUM) for study of microbial diversity. Microbial likely effects of water abstraction, flood water chemistry prediction in upland processes drive the major alleviation or other flow control schemes systems. Similar quality standards are biogeochemical cycles and have impacts on river ecology. To understand the links applied to our model development in as local as the food conversion efficiency between hydrology, physical habitat related areas of science (radionuclide of a single ruminant to the methanogenic structure and biological response requires behaviour, silicon dynamics in rivers, soil contribution of such livestock to the global the combination of skills now being erosion and river sediment movements) warming problem! This Annual Report brought together within the overall and this expertise has been applied for illustrates the breadth of environmental structure of CEH. practical purposes ranging from the microbiological research, even within a reclarriation of an acid lake by controlled relatively small organisation such as the It is clear from the foregoing review that enrichmeni to the development of a IFE, and addresses such practical issues the IFE has made important advances in all management programme to ameliorate as bioremechation of oil spills ark the areas of its research programme and that the problem of obstruction to river traffic detection of toxic dinoliagellates, the the science is also being developed for by dune formation in the Rhine. causative organisms of certain forms of practical management purposes. This has shellfish poisoning. The creation of the been achieved in an atmosphere of The Institute's work on fish population CEH now offers a real opportunity to change and uncertainty and bears dynamics and management has always develop an integrated research strategy testimony to the skill and dedication of the been a high-profile area in the overall for environmental microbiology across the staff of this Institute. I have no doubt that research portfolio. Given the pressures component Institutes. these qualities will be required in the on aquatic systems, it is important that we coming yeår as many of the proposed understand how fish react to the many and Productivity in lowland rivers may be changes take effect. It will be essential for varied 'stresses' imposed upon them and suppressed by a variety of factors and the Institute to maintain its unique blend of how this response is translated intO work at the IFE's Eastern Rivers talents and to use these, perhaps in closer longer-term impacts at the population Laboratory have shown the importance of collaboration with our customer level. Current work highlighted in this discharge rate in determining the diversity departments, to maintain the scientific Annual Report considers impacts such as of food organisms (predominantly momentum so evident in this Annual eutrophication, water abstraction, species zooplankton) available to sustain juvenile Report. introductions as well as intra-specific cyprinid fish such as bream and roach. competition. Long-term studies at Building on previous studies of Windermere, Teesdale and the River temperature dependency, primary Laboratory have all highlighted the productivity and turbidity in large lowland importance bfmortality during the early rivers, our understanding of the stages of the life cycle (the 'critical constraints on coarse fish production now period') in determining population enables us to advise on suitable dynamics and structure in salmonid fish. management strategies. It is clear that for Much of this relates to the aggressive the Great Ouse, the imaginative use of behaViour of young fish in acquiring and adjacent, disused and flooded gravel pits defending a suitable territory. A study of would provide a suitable reservoir of the endocrinology of young trout has planktonic organisms and would also shown that even at this early stage, the create refugia for young fish during newly emerged fry are capable of periods of high discharge. developing a typical stress response.and it is likely, therefore, that much of the mortality during the critical period is Assessing the quality of river sites has caused by the chronic stress (and been a major preoccupation of the resultant growth impairment and programme of research in the broad area irnmunosuppression) of intra-specific of land-river interactions. RIVPACS, the competition. One of the practical aspects assessment system based on of work in this area is illustrated by our macroinvertebrate diversity has been in Studies on the most effective stocking use with the NRA for several years and an strategies for salmon fry and the potential updated version is nearing a state of

fl Management of lakes and reservoirs

This, the fifth annual report on this project biomass. Accordingly the lakes became stopping the algae growing in the first (if one includes the one covering the impoverished, mainly oligotrophic and place. If this is to be done successfully and period before the founding of the ostensibly clear-watered systems, rather responsibly - a few tons of copper Institute), provides an opportunity for a like the various forest lakes, at a range of sulphate is no longer a satisfactory answer wider review of the overall progress geographical latitudes, studied by 11-ll. - expert biological advice must be taken. made since 1989. The declared objectives staff. Clearance of forest for agriculture In promoting the experience of the of the project, to enhance our (assarting), followed gradually and Institute, we are able to justify its understanding of the impact of biological inexorably by ploughing, urbanisation and acquisition as contributory to the changes in stored water through an industrialisation, accompanied by an protection of generated wealth (we increased resolution upon the dynamics of explosive growth in the human population estimate some EM15 per annum) and to key processes and to evolve practical (25-fold in the last millenium), have led to the quality of life. approaches to managing their an increased 'leakage' of nutrients from consequences, have remained unaltered catchments to the draining rivers and Modelling algal growth through this period. However, the work lakes. Yet, remarkably, one of them - The work of the project group has been has developed along lines which were not phosphorus - was sufficiently adherent to about defming and quantifying the algal originally anticipated: this has been soils for it to be passed on to recipient growth responses. Unlike other modelling attributable to our obligation to fulfil lakes only sparingly. Even this barrier was approaches, our philosophy starts not with customer requirements but these have removed with the widespread introduction the system but with the potential of a single been sensitive and responsive to the new of proper secondary sewage treatment healthy cell to react to a favourable insights and capabilities that have been which restores to drainage waters much of environment by growing in mass, dividing opened. This review begins at the first its potential complement of phosphorus, and thus recruiting new cells to the principles of water quality, its importance now in solution. population. As the literature attests, these and the threats thereto: it outlines the new growth responses are demonstrably developments and applications of our The most obvious consequence of the subject to numerous influences, ranging researches; and, by reference to two case augmentation of plant nutrients to the from the concentration of molybdenum to studies in the English Lake District, it drainage water is the enhanced capacity the presence of hest-specific parasites and shows how different lake systems, though to support the growth and maintenance of viral infections. It is satisfying, therefore, to faced with the analogous generic planktonic algae. There is often a change have been able to show that the major problem, require different approaches to in species composition in favour of the share of the variability in planktonic their remediation. bloom-forming cyanobacteria, or blue- biomass and, often, of its species green algae. Their ability to float to the composition too can be explained by just Managing water quality - surface compounds the unsavoury five principal components acting upon the why it matters impression of their abundance and also idealised growth-rate performances of The public believes it has a right to clean concentrates (as Institute research has each modelled species. These are the lakes and rivers. Whether or not it is shown), by factors of a million or so, the water temperature, the daily aggregate of justified after generations of misusing highly toxic chemicals that, at times, they exposure to growth saturating irradiances water resources and taking their renewal may produce. (through the interaction of daylength, for granted, there is every case for underwater light-attenuation and the depth protecting water quality for subsequent It is more than recreation that is impaired of the wind- mixed layer), the rate of users; besides, as the Institute has argued by algal growth, whether of blue-greens flushing, the availability of phosphorus in a report commissioned by the or otherwise: where it can be used again, (though the resources of silicon and Department of the Environment (DoE), to the water must be cleaned. After nitrogen may influence species do so instils more responsible attitudes to abstraction from a river or being retained composition but not the supportable the management of terrestrial resources. in a storage reservoir, the water is subject biomass) and the responsiveness of filter- The driving relationship between the to a series of filtrations and disinfection. feeding grazer populations to the biological quality of lakes and rivers and The cost of supplying water has been an availability of food. In consequence, their catchrnents has long been important social issue in recent months, iterations based upon these components recognised but has been emphasised with the inclusion of K-, Q- and X- factors, yield credible simulations of real data through palaeolirnnological investigation but "the A-factor", the cost of actually and palaeoecological interpretation. Once removing algae and their products, can In the model PACGAP, sponsored entirely the forests had developed after the last easily account for one quarter of the cost by the National Rivers Authority, the glaciation, the erosion and leaching of the of its price at the tap. Moreover, the risk of supportive capacities of the components terrestrial soils greatly reduced, so the poisoning posed by toxic populations of are compared with given performance to biologically critical nutrients, especially bloom-forming blue-greens now warrants determine which, if any, of them is most nitrogen and phosphorus; were the closure of infected recreational waters. often controlling production and the extent increasingly retained in terrestrial It is little wonder that managers are now of adjustment necessary to invoke an very interested in means of impairing or appropriate control. The model PROTECH Local applicadons thereafter, but the flOe . WlliCOfttiittiOtd was sponsored Mitially by a Development Lake restoration technologies developed regulate production, as now, att other times Corporation to predict the dynamic at the Lnstimie have been brought to bear of hydraulic sufficiency. responses of each of seveial species and upon two instances of quality deterioration their effect upon algal quality in a new in the English Lake District The water impoundment. It was authenticated against quality of Wmdennere, despite the well- a dataset fer Slapton hey and has since documented backgTound of progressive bean used in the design of reservoir- enrichment, continues to relate to its management strategies for seven water- considerable depth (64m), long hydraulic supply companies and two further new residence (270 d) and its annual external impoundment schemes. The simulated phosohoms load (which reached about P in Uptake P oui algal dynamics also transfer well to 16.5 tomes tin 1988, ormouool i gP per ITT ttttl,,rd models of river plankton The model square meter per annum, a little over half PROTECH 2 is a 2-D version of Protech being derived frtan n-eated sewage). The 4"1 suitable for variably and transiently ability xi support significant phytoplankton stratified systems, conceived as a stack of crops in sumrner, including of scum- gai Protech slices which integrate or fonning blue-green algae, as well as the rosegregate according to the thickness of prolific growths of Cladophora in recent the surface mixed layer, The inclusion of years, depends largely upon 'new' buoyant and sinldng moven tents in the dissolved phosphorus, for we have shown modelled algal responses Fias given that recycling of I ola phosphorus is hnproved resolution of the sharp relatively weak mWindennere, we could Higher f. transitions in species composition which predict that a mold recovery of quality

often follow abrupt changes of weather would follow the instigation of phosphorus CdrertOewsd 'stripping in 1992 and there are already pen-sands: ,t sediment d •The phostiihohns ttdite signs that this irS happening. The ability to COPStf not Sensitive Sit-Milan:MS of the seasonal fluctuations in In confrast. the-biological impact upon. phroplankton mass and its broad spPcies water quite-kW intBassenfilweu tat! takethas py-ocessingic Witicitenriere. composidon attest first to an enhanced beenregulatedby the sherhiess of the Figure 1.. ZdealisedP understanding of the key controlling hydraulicresidence: the average, of 20 processes. AS well as they have been days dees hot alloWsufficient time for found to simulate algal dynamics in real lakes and reservoirs over periods of some months, neither PROTEGE nor PROTECH 2 vvill generate plankton populations • indefinitely on the external loads of phosphorusprovided but, rather, require the simulated mjection of snow resource. This is introduCed eilher arbitrarily 01" as a NgtIa ithetttirophir constant increment, supposing it to bcyc-iecl from ? biornasa" lbyelb . II represent internal loaditg and recycling sediment ( 16. e ,Lomthe sediment, Rtagmatic adjustment of the simulated additions to generate the required response may not seem a proper Contributed b sediment modelling approach but the best fits to actual responses have pointed us to Fic.nzre 2.iduaiiiedPprocestsindih Bassenthwed-te pulsed 1-eleases srphosphorus, usually but phytopl.ankton to develop before it is not exclusively led bywind-mixing events, washed out of the lake. Iviost of The 133 and increases in the suspended sediment tonnes of phosphorus &ought in annually' content This important asEociation has led is quickly shed Lrom the lake. During us to seek explanative mechanisms di-ought-periods. however, plankton can involving the fractions and solubilities cf expand vrithin the capaciry of the (albeit phosphorus M the interstitial waters of dilute) available phosphorus. Yet because shallow and deep sediments and in the the lake m so relatively shallow (19m) and hypoithihhati ,hfthe lake. This work has so much is under 5m. it has frequent again relied exclusively on outside. opportunity `to recycle dissolved financial support but it has produced clear phosphorus from the oxic sediments but results about how phosphorus enters, and only slowly to inactivate it beneath the is released from, the different bonding deeper parts of the lake. This makes agents present Our immediate task is now restoration protracted - the best that can to incorporate a subrouhne of phosphorus lne adheveil is afairly $ harp ini lie t retur•s into PROTECH vvatch takes more reduction in the dry-weather crop- factors into account than hypolimnetic carrying capacity of the phosphorus anoxia available, with only slow impiivement Ecology of large 1owianJ rivers

•nitroducticia StrongyeaPciasses among m r.Orrnids rne •DISCE;ROE generally associated with higher than average water temperamres :hat pemrn cddodd high grOwth Kates sineng the newly ImidEpHoir hatched fish_ However, as indicated, in the Itarmal Report for 19,92193. inter-annual I (If:Pommy Sph=1 differences in temperature explain only 55% of the variation in growth-rates of dace and between 44% (chub) and 69% (eace) Of Me variance in year class HIG strenTM The Main thmttst the'wOrk 1TIANTS 60 being tarried out by the Eastern-Rivers Laboratory is to determine the importance of acMitiohal factors . incrnding ii anthropogenic influences, that affect the ,growit. and survival of MI-vs" and juvenile cyprinids in the ibwland riVerMof eaatem England. Those relationships currently -48p PRICETYTO. being investigated are summarised FOOID ,diagraimmatically in Figure 8, ii " — The corresponding ReboP for 1991/92 tdni. was concerned with factors influencing the Fidth-e d Afajorihytiicai-- and bidic incezact recruimierg )iursit tb-:aisd.sutsdvth success of macrophyte and alga] oisyprinM hry in the Great base. populations in the River Great 'Ouse, while last year's Report concentrated on the Food Resozardez at, ItTer Diming the first year of the ,study (1989) ecblogy of juvenile cOarse fish in this dhanneits three main timer and one back-channel River. The latter Report indicated that site were investigated. PopulatiOns at all betweemyear variation in food ivply . sites followed an almost identical pattern maybebne important factor inuencing "Zooplankdon" is used loosely in, this with low densities for much of the time and a very short period in late May when the growth rateQ and survival of cyprinids context, to include invertebrates that are during their first year. The present Report derived 'from predorninanny benthicand Meannumbers'akeeeded 15001, (Figure consider& aispeets,of temporal and spatial epiphytic communitiesas well, .as 4). Whereas blank-tonic rotifers were fairly t‘fariabilily in. -invertebrate populations that populeiMals that ad-emore Acidly abundant-during the-period when most are exploited as food by larvalmnO planktonic. Dining spring and early ipach eggs were hatching in 1959, they juvenile fish. surnmer Rotifera dominate this communit were scarce during Me hatcang periods with small numbersof Gopepoda and of species such as dace thaf.spawn earlier •The main river °hairnets of the Great Cladocera also present. and MbSe such as bream that spawn later- Ouse. and those Of rilny of the back- channels, are highly canalised, and Tegulated Predomin,antly slow flows during morfc of the summer May be punctuated by periods of high velocity that are:verydisruptive to populations of young fish as- well as to their food organisms. High turbidity and deepened channels allow little primary production on the river 'bed overTpupbof fhe middle and Gedmenali.1-a fOre 4. Densities of lower reaches of the.System MeeReport reptifbr.iin the Groat for L991/92) ard Setondary preductivity Ous4-li7 19,99 (von on the river bed- is low in consequence. 95% 'confidence Planktonicinveriebrates and those - data Avail associated with marginal plants are sites re cpmbined, therefore vehy important in the nutrition of ' Deal( young fiSh Planktonic communities in ciens Vra'y), marina§ also provide adchtional, locally portent, food resources. In view of the similarity between river sites in 1989 subsequent observadons were 000 confined to one main river site and an adjacent back-channel , In 1990 high • liothe 5. Densities densities persisted ni the main river for of Rotifere in the much of the pedod from late April to the 000 20,000- t"g main /Ivor and an end of June with peaks of 15,000 V, 16,000 0 achhceni pack- 10,000- "2 5 and almost 6,000 1 in early May and i. chimn.e.idunng early and lale June respechvely. A similar z g 1990. (note situation was observed LI?the back- Mar Affi- May J Jul Aug Seb Oct- different hcalas,) channel but here, densities were generally 9 0 lower, at-Lehi:mgmaxima of 3000 to 50001 but with a fourth peak of about 2000 11in mid-July (Figure 5) Thus rotifers were abundantly available to all species of cyr0olidthroughout the imittaltperiod of Lheir recruitment in 1990.

Similar patterns of abundance were repeated in the following WO yew's, relatively high densities were restricted to Figure 7 Densaies ie ffilay in 1991 while in 1992 distinct of Copepoda 111a peaks in abundance were observed early manna on the in May, midjune, July and early August Great OUse hi 1989 However the very high densities that were emd 1990. observed in 1990 were exceptional and a aximum density of 2000 to 30001' appears to be more usual li,tttertib e atet, itt maidnas behaviour. The guts of bream, in contrast, 4:110.rlic Invezitebniaes A number of marinas, ,some phrpose never contain aufwuchs, they are highly Extensive rfrarOinal beds of the yellow others converted gravel pils exist along selective for invertebrates, notably water-lily Nupiiar lutes; Occur throughout the middle and lower reaches of the Gi-eat Cladocera and were often observed to the middle section of ine Great Ouse and Ouse and in such places a mole abundant have empty guts when population from aild-summerionwards juvenile frsh and peaistent zooplankton may develop, densities of food organisms were low. feed extensively on the organi,sms including large mumbers of Cladocera and assoCiated with the stibmented leaves of Copepoda, as well as Rotifer& During Both planktonic and epiphytic populations thin plant, notably on Cladocera and summer many Juvenile fish migrate from of invertebrates have been shown tb Chirenomidae, The al/all-abilityOf these the nver into marinas, benefiting from highly variable in the rather uniform 'organisms to fiSh varies sUbStmtially ample supplies of food organisms (e.g. charnels of the Main river and many back- between years (see Annual Report for Figure 7), Whereas, in the liver roach channels. while in marinas, substantial 1990/91). and between sites in ihe same switch to feeding on epiphytic material in populations of planktonic organisms may year- (Figure 6). mid-surmner, those M mannas cOntinue to persist thiloughout the eummer and feed on plankton. continue to provide an important food resource vvhen lhe abundance of food Mscassion Oraanisms in the main river iS reduced Rotifers figure prominently in thefood This source of food may be especially significant in the case of selective feeders - 2000 young oyprinids., especially dtiring.the immediate postrhatching period when the such as young bream- in years like 1989 180C) when food resources to the river channels mouths oilithe fish are too small to permlt were apparently very limited Many 1600 langer filVertebratesi to be ingested. Some siadieS in hatcheries have inditated that studies have shown the importance of 1400 flood-plain features, such as pools and young mach feedWith TflEgjErifill T, 1200 efficiency only when rodfer densities oxbows, in maintaining a high biodiversity in rivers. A,s indicated also by last year's exceed about 15.00ti. In some years 1000 Report there is substantial potendal for rotifer numbereiiare muLla legs thin this for -6 800 Much or the period when cypiffinids are feeditig condlionS for "fish th a'sat Ouse by linktng more of the z 600 hatching. A little later it their development disused and flooded gravel pits the juvenile fish are able to feed on larger a0oijacea to the river. In addition to providing 400 - invertebrates, such as Copepoda and reservoirs of planktonic otganisms they 20C) Cladocer a and hi late aralraer may switch to feeding on epiphytic populatffins of would also provide additional refugkt for fish during periods of high discharge and MJil _A invertebrates, notably Cladobera and Chironom'tdaa At this stage the guts of if appropriately managed would also FlOrre 6.iDensitiss of Cladoera on leaves of roach are often Oiled largely With create additional spawning habitat for a Nuphar Mitt&in the main river and an adjacent number of species. backwaterin/99g aufvvuolls, indicatiVe of IiIiselectiye feeding

6 •

Lan&rlver in eractio s

Introduction ihis project inoludos strategic and applied research in itter management, corhaeoration 2._,Lnd the impact of :toad use On dver biota, 01.rer the last twelve Months, work.lias been brocfressii& towaros the develepmeii of a newlrersion of RUVRAJOS (River haveriebratalPrediction and Classification System) for use in the 1295 River Qualini Survey, The research is continuing and developments will be reported in the next annual report.

This year's review Lnoludes two bontrasting projects The first in providing vailable inforMatiOn for the future proteCtion of headwater streams: Many'of these streams are highly vulnerable to 5cqi 9 81.W.8 ‘,82b8n2non, A she on Li dieMesa-888u adjaceni lard-use practices, The second articlefeatares satategic research on a extreme upland sites being ofgoOd taxa in the most threatened quality. Ad.clitional impacts hete rwaning water system and offers new group; the Red Data Book inaights which help to link the sinategic forestry practices bracken-spraydng and acidification. .and more applied compOnents of the. The :next stage-of ihe work. focussedonathe project:. contribufien of headwiders to overall The significance ofthese residta canbe macro-invertebrate bib-diversity in Yaierfal put in context by the extent Of the nation's specific rivet systema Four sySterns with headwaters. Cartographic studies at the headwater streams contrasgngl-and usage were chOsen for Institute of Teri-es:hi& Ecology (ITg) have analyses. These were ihe Cam, the Lugg, The initial 4derest ha headwater arrears shownthat &ere are an estimated:16,853 the Yeds-ishire Derwent and fne Dorset that is streams within 2 51cmof source, first order shteams, that is Waiercouroes Stour. A range of headwaters Was sampled arose frOm theliFE. input to Me without. tributaries, in Britain in each syStem (FigOres 8 and 9) and data counfryside Survey of Great Britain This . on sites Portlier downstreaM were long-term study ofBritainis changing Against this babkaromd the National acqudred from existing NIA and TE landscao,flora and fallrld included a RiVers Authbrity (1011/2.)COffillil8r10111@CE bases. PI sites were chosen in the belief freshwater coMpbnent for the first thme 1:0 meet three overall objebtives:- that they were not significantly:stressed. O to assess the conservation value Of headwater stream invertebrates and Using IUMPACS, the ev:zduation system iheir oonilauon to carobs:lent bio- applied during the 1:990 RiVer Quality diversity Survey of Erffain, it Was shown that admost • m determine agriculnfral impaets 30% of .361 small Watercourse sites fad upon headwaters and their fattna to aftaln good biological quality (band A). to propose a headwaters cOnservation This was despite the fad that most &these strategy tercourses are not subject to the influences of ei±ier industrialisation or The first stage was to look at (4-Xistir4 urbanisation, infort Ethan in order io identify tab;a whose distribution was specifically associated Wonst affected streams wete in arable and with headwatera postural landscapes where 21()% and 33% of sites were not of good quality. Herethe This study of 141 headwater sites, impacts on streams included point source reported in a previous ahnual report, and diffuse agriculhiral enrichment, demonsfrated that 101 taxa were -either Channelisation, &edging, reaeligtiMent exolusive tO, orsignificantly associated and &livening. with hezidwateits. More imparta_ntly, nearly 20% &the specialist headvater species Higher altitude sites were generally less- were tars classified as of national Figure 9.MIT HOuse Dingle. A site affected With 709 of marginal and 88% of conse&adOn iMpodance, inclluding fo& named a-ilautsbe athe River Lucia

7 E:Iliui lili f distinct from Results were unecillivocal. Headwaters sampled in the same four river systems .othh unit is t/ii i wei'e making 'a significant contributio n -to and the calehment of each site has also the bank and we have called it a the overall species richness of each been surveyed for land cover, mesohabitat (Figure 12) to introduce a Mdividual river system An average of 46 measure of scale which the term biotope does not have and to distinguish it from taxa per "fiver system were exclusively Through utilizatIon of these data, in found in headwater& This represeued association with other morphological and Mier ohabitats such as a leaf tip or stone almost 20% of the taxa found M a given geological information, it is hoped to surfade and macrohabilats which might system Pgure 10). Furthermore produce vulnerability maps appro>dmately 55% of all taxa found in of the susceptibility of headwaters were more frequent thexe headwaters to environmental than anywhere else Mille river system stress to identity mdicator taxa of stress in different Further analyses and field studies landscapes and, Mrough this, revealed other important findings. For to help NRA to formulate 'a example, the tendency for headwaters to conservation strategy to support ma of conservalion importance manage the biological was confirmed with new records including resources of Mese small but the nationally-threatened Red Data Book I important watercourses (RDB1) caddis, Hydropsyche saxdnica

Analyses also showed that some headwater stream assemblages are very markedly zoned over thefr first kilometre fi Shream with several taxa confined to less than •200m of stream length The true faunal i-ichness of a given headwater is thus to be considerably greater than that recorded at one site along its length.

These results are of major significance, given:- Figure -1'2 Gravel 'fas and 0 the current global awai:eness of the Renunentlus 'fast' in tr need to understand and maintain bio- &team adversity at all levels of geographic resolution zelagion ptatcation include the whole of a reach of river. We the new Council of European wished to see if these mesohabitats ifl lanagemmat Communities Dfrective on the support specildc faunal assemblages and A side-arm of the River Prone In Dorset, Conservation of Natural l-fabitats and whether these assemblages remain the Mill Stream has recently been the Wild Fauna and Flora distinct throughout the year. If this was the subject of a multidisciplinary study MIA's statutory obligations to flutter case how could this ifformalion be used jur examining biologicsd and hydrological conservation as set out in Me Water environmental management? Resources Act of 1991. aspects of stream ecology The water course has chalkstream charactesties Mspection of the Mill Stream early in April with a relatively stable flow regime and 1E.E's study is now centred on the 1992 revealed S mesohabitats which could hard water. -Such a combination fa-,,rours relationship between the biological quality be distimr,Auished from the bank. 1, the development of a variety of insti-earn orheadwatersand the land use in their 'Ranunculus fast' - patches of Ranunculus in macrophytes which have a major effect on catchments, A total of 132 randomly fast flowing shallow water; 2, 'Ranunculus stream hydraulics resulting in a mosaic of selected sites, of all qualifies, have been slow - patches of Ranuncplus in slow differ-en] habitat types (Figure II), An flowing deep water; 3 Silt areas obselver walle.'ing on the bank finds those marginal tb the bank of silty sand; 4. beds areas easy to distinguish and we have of Wastartium'; 5, marginal •beds, of used these as our basic ecological imit 'Phragmites'; 6, patches of 's.ands M deep water 7, 'Gravel fast - patches of sandy gravel in fast shallow water; and 8, 'Gravel. slow' - patches of sandy gTavel in slow flowing water. When selecting the mesohabi ats attemp, was made to

Headwaters Figure 10: The proportions of tipeCtenWirreh afe eXat/SIVie headwaters (0 - 2.51on fr.prn- Middle reaches ()U1"C'e:L midelle (2.6 - Vtatin nnel 'Io6oer 6> 201,64)Yeaditt?S-Of 'bur liver Lower reaches systems, The proportions ofrion- exclow-ve tara, ocaÆ tet Non-exclusives or more reaches are a/so shovit6 tanainct-ina 2.5! - Artts.2. main Itran rrt,n nn-n frprefora at a dynamic aaastera ofamensoinniaitata -.whose borders a.aene beaa ctriea Ion- flow netiods.

Tan 'disnnorness- of Mese mesobehitata has meara that. :ne connaabution of each one Long, a reach can teen calculated Long reaches- cart Ite depanribed la terms of the g foollerew; toll ti proportions of the various mesorialaitats Di ti 0.5 which are found Cnere (Figure 14) 1 41 btSC1512ancE hIttorrazatton together vorndata en the 'auatlinf (species richness. faunal abundance t categorise a stream at reach le.vel and

Phoogroites assess the offect . of management (flow ea:We-elm: changes, dredginta, bank clearance and weed-outing) on the distribution of mesohabitals and hence on ilia faunai . assemblages associated tarith them. If a particular management regime results in m deeper slower conditons it would be possa-ge to demonsnate the likely effects on the distributon of mesohahaats. Some of these may support preferred assentlages of macrainvertebrates (as fish food for example) andthe. mesohabitat Figure 13 Ordination (Calionical Conespondenceiinaly225.) diagtarn based ori quantitative dets from data a provide information on which oil maeohabgate inc 000toie s taken imthin each mescha4ita(M all seasons am shmtata the assemblages are likely to be affected This colour. may be a more useful scale of assessment measure depth or velocity (which were niesonabifats (Phragnites, Nasturtfuir4 and than point sampfmg when considering the judged by eye) but as noted from Site. In spring when cLaireharge was high, total insheam entdrenment including fish subsequent measures of velocity and mesohabitats showed considerable and macrophytes as Well as invertebrates. depthslow mesohabitats (Ranunculus overlap on the basis of their faunal This technique is currently being apphed slowand 'Gravel slow') t.vere always ,ter communities As the year progressed and to determinethe effects of the regulation of 45 cm deep. Velocity was not as useful as discharge declinedsomesohabitats the upper reaches of the Mill Stream by depth M visual selection because the becaMe More chatmcn There was a sluice gates and could be applied to differences between mesollabitals m continual•xpansion and colitractierr of assess the impact of any scheme which is sumner and autumn were slight. available niesohabitat Thus histrearn likely to affect the distribution of macrophyte beds Mcreased at the mesohabitats. Ten replicate samples were taken from expense of open water habitat, and most mesohabitats m spring (21-22 April), marganal vegetation encroached into the summer (6-7 July) and autinon (28-29 September) Exceptions were 'Nastramum' and 'silt margin' which were not well represented itt. die Spring data set Five replicates were taken from these mesohabitats at lhai ame To avoid the problems of pseudorephcation samples were taken from different areas of ow' mesohabitat along the 400 rn section of river. All analyses of data wcce carried out Eg Groveller* on samples iolenhbed to family level. I: Sons Phragnwtoo A mulavariate technidue, canonical correspondence analysiswhich utilises Vi information on the composich and abundance of the total faunal corrnnunity, in conjunction with environmental data, showed that in general the mesohabitats selected for study remained distinct from one another (Figure 13) but that the 3 degree of separation varied markedly Zones withseason Seasonal trends are particularly marked in the marginal rig 34 The ChSt17 o sollabitatc 10 5n172 sectim,s ot the Mill SU e.am Micr bes in the aq atic enviro ment

Methanogens in dil ates rumen, but we have recently shown that methanogens be? For a typical sheep with methaneis onrepf.the'rfrore important tliey also live inside the rumen ciliates 5 liters of rumen liquor pi-educing 19 liters greennouse gasaa and Much effortiS (Figure 15) and that these Oil . per day, methanogenic ciliates could devotod to identifying and quantifying the l'endosymbionte may be quantitatively account for up to 37% of total methane principal sinks and sources. We have important. production. Methane ernis,sion from establot hed that most tree-living anaerobic rummants reduces their productivity and ciltated protozoa act as hosts for The Methanogemo enclosymbiOnts er contdbutes to the rising level of -methane methanogenic bacteria, and that these . detected using three independent in the atmosphere The elimination of bacteria produce methane which diffuses methods (1) microscopically, tom ciliated protozoa from the mmen niay out of the ciliates and into the sufr6unding ecerizyme I autofilioreseence, (2) using increase the productivity of ruminants. It water. We recently tUrned our attOntbs a rhddainine-labelled Archaea-specidc is Imo-en that defamation also reduces towardote large nunibers Of anaembic cligenuelebtide prebe (in obllabot allot ruminal methanoganests, so the treatment ciliated 'protozoa living in the rumen of with the Ma im:atirliStOry Museum, . Lbndbn), may have the additional benefit of herbiyorous rhammalo The emission of and (3) by transmission electron reducing the adverse environmental methane from ruminants, especially battle microscopy. Stereological methods flpact of farmed ruminants. and sheep, iS one of the largest biogenie con:famed that thesatme pfaticles Were souitceS; it ls also econamically important being examined With eaeh method. 'fte Electa microadopy as it canrepresent up to • 1E% of the most abundant cilia Species Eaceounting We continue to exploit the potential of animalstotal energy intake. It 'is important for >90% of all runiencillates) each electron microscopy (EM) in studies of to identify exactly where this nlethane comaineda few hundred endosymbiolie nlicttobial diversity in fresh waters. comes kom. methanogens, and they accounted for Samples collected from the anaerobic apprOMmately 1 - 2% of host hypolimn ion of a sulphide-Och pond in The rumen contains large numbers of vOlume. Roughly the same Volnme Spain have revealed a variety of hew amaerobio micro-orgamsms, especially fraction is known for the inethamogens types of associations between bacteria and ciliated protozoa (-10k and Intg inside a vs:fiery of free- liking prokaryotes. Many of these appeaz to 109rni respecfntely) which degrade ciliates, so it is possible that the represent 'host- parasite" relations: in ingested plant material One of the endosymbioses are functionally equivalera others, the physical attachment connects pitclucts of this cligestion is hydrogen (Ha) intracelinlar 17; sinks) in teeiliVing apparently healthy but dissimilait cell gas which k; Convened into methane (CH) mid in rumen ciliate& It is surphsing that ryr)es, which may be syntrophfr consoraa by methanogenic bacteria. The methane. there is no other published reference to (Figures 16 - 19). Other target groups of which is useless to the ruminant, is lost to methanogens frying inside rumen ciliate& freshwater organisms include the scale- the atmosphera Itha ts Jong been assumed beahng chrysollionads and heliozoons litat 'the rnethanogens kve freely M the How important could afrose endesymblotic (Figures 20 - 23; we recently ItcOrded 40 different morphological species living in a drop of pond water), the scale-bearing and testate amoebae, diatoms and dinollagellates.

NewlechnigneS for studying natural microbial communities m e coniMually being developed. These include mefhons for rapid fixation and shadow-cast speCimen preparation for tranSmission EM, and volatfroing-agent metbodS for scanning EM. The time reglired from cell Lixati.onto EM exam:I:nailer' can be reduced •to less than one •hour, and preoeclures involving thia sectioning cm now be ceMpleted in three ligurs using.specially terminated resin.

Chi:hue Collect and .P.KotoZ0a •The •primary remit °Ellie Culture Figute 15 A illc)fluoreSCenin-e of two typaS of symo otic mefi2anociens llvfriI ;wide lizenR 'Bate el;lollectiou of Algae and Protozoa (OCAP) DasytMctla rurainfintinm, The olliftt,e}s.:appioxima tely 70 pin in lengt2). is to act as a depository Ter microelgalatid

1• Figures 16 - 19. Four of the many bacterial associations fo as anoxic Figures 20 - 25. Scale types of four protists in a drop of pond water The Spanish pond. Bar = Paspm. scale features are species-specific Bar = 0.5 pm. 16 & 17. 7-lost-parasite' relationships 20. Scale from the chrysomonad Synura petersenii 18 & 19. Possible syntrophic consortia. 21. Scale from the chrysomonad Synura spinosa 22. Scale from the hallozoon Acanthooystis pantopodeoides 23. Scale from the chrysomonad Paraphysomonas takahashii free-living protozoan biodiversity. It is of unique cyanobacterial strains in CCAP, and molecular biology techniques are now used extensively by the scientific many of them economically important, is being applied. In collaboration with the community in the UK, Europe, and world- making an invaluable contribution to this Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology wide, for a wide range of applications joint research programme. (Brussels) and the Australian Centre for including taxonomic research. CCAP also Water Treatment and Water Quality acts as a research centre for visiting "In house" expertise in molecular Research (Adelaide) these techniques are taxonomists who also have access to the taxonomy is also becoming well- currently being used to analyze a large Fritsch Collection of Algal Illustrations, established in the case of the naked number of the 'mown non-pathogenic Currently, CCAP is engaged in a major amoebae. The different species of the strains. Isoenzyme analysis by the taxonomic research project in ubiquitous freshwater genus Naegleria Australian workers has grouped them into collaboration with the National Institute for have been subject to detailed study for 35 allozyme clusters, each of which may Environmental Research (NIES) Tsukuba, many years, principally because at least represent one species Within CCAP the japan. The primary focus is the taxonomy one of them can be a human pathogen. aim was to determine whether of the Cyanobacteria, which is being Differentiation between the species is very riboprinting of small sub-unit ribosomal pursued using both traditional and difficult using morphological and DNA from strains taken from each of the modern molecular methods. The diversity ultrastructural characters, so biochemical clusters would reveal sufficient variation to

11 identify earch,cluster as a distinct species. mdividuai Tnembers of eachcommunity, Insufficient restriction sites were detected We are now m a 'position to begin to within the halal]. sub-unit rDNA, and now enumerate these organisms using the large sub-unit rDNA is being analysed. .fluorescently-labelled ollgortucleotidest Other genera withIn the amoeba family mics-oscopy and flow crometry. Valfikampradae are also being investigated uNng did itiboprmting Knromumodet e techniqua This will certainly result m the dips° flag ciliates transiocalion of strains between the One of the more promismg methods for genera established using classical he umnimodetechon of specific algae and methods ol taxonomy. cyanobacteria utilises antibody molecules pfoduced by a mammalian Immune diation system These antibodies can be tagged in coll aboration with HE.,British with a fluorochrome. then presented to Geological Survey and VV. Halerow and 'oaten-tally mrmlar test antigens (other algal partners, a multi-disciplinary invesngaden sframs), and an.wrecognmon between the into the bdoretalediation of hydrocarbon rvvo,vru with a thieitchrome Figtwe 24 A culiste ofAlexartchiuln lamer Ease, preserved mLugors polluton in the marine and freshwater marker. (FCC 173a) which has been envh-onment is now undetway., This wort, lociihebbfore inhnunalabelhng with and- dlexandriurn tanearense aitisenzn and fuaded bt the Department of Transport, is To)fro dmoflagellates and chatoms affect. observed by Ihuh'esc ence microscopy. Cells being pursued as separate- expeNmental fish, shellfish and humans With respect to appear edged with fluorochrorne dye (alrows). approaches to rne, problem of humans they are often grouped according Scale bat represents 40 had hydrecarhomdegradation, each eacisting to Ilse mechcad symptoms they cause. The appear to affect antlliody reactitrity over a as a separale module within the overall paralytic shellfish poisoning organisms shon time period(Figure 24). pi-eject, The modules range from (PSP) include Aleicandnorn tarnarense and Experiments involving mixed genus algal oentatilled-laborNory expennics h to the Alexanchium catancila, The diarrhetic samples showed that the spedficiry of.the clean-up of real p011ution events, A shejlfish poisoning organisms (DSP) antisera was not affected by the presence lysimeterrest of the ea/3'mof differ:act oil include Dinophysts ticuta, Danophysis of more Man one algal genus within the Npes and weathering on-the rate of oil ahUrflinam, Protocentmm ilgrans and test sample (Figure25). degradation in sandy soils commenced Prorocentmn luna, whl Me amnesic Preservednatural samples barn Scapa this year, One Useful advantage of this shellfish poisoning organisms (ASP) Flow, Orkney, yielded cells which were approach was the inclusion o f. control plots include Nattschda pungens f ram/hsenes . . ,cross-reactive _ with antserum raised Mt oh would not be, posatble in real 'Pre mapact of these organisms on human pollution events. health rnalces their rapid identification important In January 19941heavy fuel oil was beached in. South Wales and We have Iwcently raised polyclonal subsequently buried m nearby sand antsera to a range of dinotagellates and dunes. Idne project team was calledIrpon assessed their specificity- in recognishig to mentor the behaviour and brealtdown other algal cells. We have also studied Me of The oil within the dump Prefinanary effects of preservation methods and results showed that he natfral bactenal mixtures of various organisms on Me floraof the sand dunes rapidly adapted to anhgenicity of dmoflagellate cultures. degrade petroleum hydroCarhOnS Finally we have assessed the ability of Moreover, changes in the miorobial antisera to detect tazgei orgarasms within commmity were associated with presented natural pnyfraplanlfron samples increased emissions of carbcm dioxide from the surface of the oil dump Polyclonal andsera raised to Afettandritlin tamarense, Prorocentkum lima, and iimphfrallmurn spp. appeared to specifically F'igure 23.A nuraed adture of Aie-xandrium Tncollabort ton with the Universities of recognise the gems of algae to which they tarimaren,s,eCPCC 1.73a ),lerophiclinium sup, Liverpool arid Watwiolc our research were raised The intensity of the Prorocent om micans, iminut d'alaelidci with antra tamnense Qntisqgimand within the TICllna commumly prograan has immunolalaelling reaction between algal Alexa.rairiurn observed by fluorescence rfricioscooy. Only the combined the use of ecological techmgues cell and antibody indicated the avichly Alexan:dttun II appqat's edged variffl the recognition, homologous antisera and with molecatlar methods to examllne tlae ftuorochrorne dye. Scaie to a. r replegents 40 pm, diversity of methanogenic and methane algal strans gave the most mtense (budding bacteria m blanket1sog peat Mactidas. The reactivity of aril- cainst ailexaridrium taw-tense strair The molecular approach has been to Alexandriumlamarense antibodies (raised PCC 1.73a 4nd. Schppsiella toshoidea PCC amplify 16S isbosomal IINA extracted against a strain from the Tamar) were 104, Their presence was deternte'd by direcily from peat usmg primers spec3fic assessed against four newly cultured both fborescence microscopy and for arclaaebacteria (methanogens) said EntishAtexandnurn cultures from the Wes continuous flow cycamendt. Preserved methane oxidizing bacteria Sequence coast of Scotland This antenna) and samples from Berwichharbour Emd Me analysis has pmvided 611 insight into others weretested with algal material Firth of Forth also .99MT:dried cells which idotential diverstly and permitted he winch had been preServed in lagers were positive with ant paidexandnum development of highly specMc probes to Iodine. This preservation method did not antis en=

12 Fish popu a on d cs and manage

Post-Cher 1000 - ra:fittazae2itcla a-gr.et 25.1ttlC11:4Ceacteirm ifttim Et; CsambLian itakete a00 FollowMg the reaetpr accident on 26 Accra 1986, the Chernobyl plhtne passed_ over Enlatid. during 2,3 May 1086. Much of the remarning activity continued 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 00 1000 5000 noithwarda ever scooana but some Ihirial concentration of radioacEvity hi water E. t.a rn°). moVedwestwarda and then returned to traverse Wales 'and notthern England daring the 7-8 may. Limited depositien oCeulsect throughout the LTECad the

highest values were recorded La Cumbria, itt Noith Wales and puts of Soot:taint Early Imentteringpf fish showedlthat whilst the fadielogical sirnefinence of the &trout on marine fish vcaS radionudide accunmlation by freshwater ern wes significant especially in highdeposteon aress such esthe SCahibrian Lake Distict It*S-$06i1 fonrid that therewere al-4p Max. monthly a y' concentration in vatiations between lakes, fish spectes and tadividuals of the saineMpecieS in. the 1000 _ (c) same lake Itrns work waa performed in 6' conjunct:ten with stat from the Ministry of Agridaltrne, Fisheries and Food (WCFP)

300 _ Z

r- 143

0 WOO 2000 3000 100 1000 SODO

EsErnated concentuatien ni sedunent 0605 1986 CS Pqlcg dry vr0

all.. Rolationship bOtwOen 11-2c1XiD7Linjffichihly gedmetric -m4aa (CM) rousde aaaidactallw..M kg19 far &out aod Ohara Maifforeni.. Ickes 4;14 : .(a) imaal oonoenly.allon 0f .1''Cill in the waMr (I Bo rn-) ; (7Examthiium zhcnthly GM La Cs coacenwaor dbtivh0d from Me roailae watOrsamplOs rall419,- concezarall000l All Cs _0eadinsem (SEq .1g 1

mid was supponed financially by 1\11.0 tridtvidualt trout exceeded 1000 Bq kg ' and the Cormassion of the LM,ropean and-dale and 500 Bq kg-' ni Waslwa ter Communities and Crummock Water, but values for charr never exceeded 350 Bq kg'. The objectives were to evaluate temporal Monthly mean values for •alOs in trout variation "lts in trow and charr from followed similar temporal patterns in-the three lakes, end to compare levels in trout Warne lakes axid a puabola 'provided a from six lake- and chart- from four likes simple model IrT these changes. Figure 2e.;Mc-Adenof Me samplings' tes. 1) (see Figure 26). Fish Were caught Chernobyl deposition occurred early in WiEdertnem (norib bamo) . 2) Crummock Water between june 1986 and October 1988, May 1986 and rhaltinum values in tow 3) Wastwater; 4) Enrierdelle Worem 5) Devoke chiefly win tyke nets and gill nets. Overall were in Decembez 1986 in Wastwater, Water, 6) Loweswa ter Trout were fOunclin all means Con Ja cs in trout were markedly January/February 1987"in Erwerdale six fakesand char( w fakes I -ll higher than those for chaff/. Values for Water and March 1987 in Crammed(

13 Water. The expOnential rate of decrease from theSe maxima did not differ signifiCantly between the threelakes and ecological half-lives of 'PCs in Me trout differed sligMly, but not sicrnificantly, betweenlakes; 180 days for Wastwater, 194 days for Cffurnmock Water and 249 days for Ennerdale Water, The equivalent value for Ermerdale charr was loWer at 132 'days, and X was impossible to fit moclels or calculate half6lives kff Wastwater arid CM1111110qk chaff, HI Me2dinum monthly geometric mean mCs values in trout from six lakes mindcharr from four lakes were related to the initial 500 concentration of mCs in both water and Distaiice downstream (n2 sediment, and ihe maximum monthly Figure 28 Plot ofe.Stanatea U/nbarS at 0 -group salmon nfr in September 1989 (?) against distance ffeomeuM mean l37Cs values obtaned downstream from the release pont (frm) the fitted curve,is alSO showri from the routine water samples, The relatienship was curvalinear and the stocking point, but most rermained DuringJanuary February and 141arch•of approximated, but was not identical to, an within 20 rn of the stocing point each year, schelly are accidentally asymptotic curve (see Figuife 27). No b) This led tc consideiable spatial entrapped into the water abstraction similar relationships were found with varfficion in Setotember population system of Haweswater, counts of which mean Ca or K levels in the lake water, density and fish weiaht which could have been maintained since 1973. The Metabolic and diet differences probably be modelled by serm-logarithmic absolute numbers of fish killed in this way explain the lower mCs levels in chan curves (Figure 28) ale small when compaied with the compared with trout. Differences for the c) Survival to September from point- population size estimated by quantitative same species from different lakes may be 41941-alg was 15% to 20% and 20% to echo sounding (see below). Furthermore, due to limnologicsd variations and 25% of ihe survivors were found these entrapment data provide an differences between lakes in the nature of upstream of th l "e pont. invaluable long-term index of schelly their sediments and catchment soils This d) Scatter-stocking gave estimated abundance in the lake The numbers project serves as a useful guide tof survival to September of c.27% afid entrapped declined considerably ni the complexities of studying contaminants hat much less spatialvariation in early 1980s and have remained low in are introduced accidentally or population density or fish weight. recent years (Figure 29), suggesting a deliberately Lnto the food chKni s of lakes. decreased abtndance in the lake itseK These findings are relevant te OUT Although recent quantitative Pcho The relative benefits •of understanding of what happens when fly sounding has confirmed the present low "Pcintastochine and emerge from a natural redd and also to -abundance of adult schelly in he mam the prapticatities of stocking with hatchery body of the lake with densities typically "Scattecastecking” reared salmon. below 60 individuals haff this still amounts waed Reliant:7w salmon to an adult populationsize of cf.23,000 fish (Same safer L.) fry Ecology of sc4helity Denser aggregations occur near Me These studies forrn pant off a wider Honves‘fratez water abslraction intake during the contract with MAFF, which was completed The ecology-of therare fish Congonus spawning season (flame 29) when fish from other pans of the lake converae on on 31 Maiich, 12194. /ava has been investigated with the aimof providing conservation advice to this area. In each of the years 1989, 1990 and 1991 a the public and private toniponents of the baich of Lilted salmon fry was released •at water ndustry. 'This specieff which is The liaweswater Population of C a Point 111Bolfihobe Bffirn, a small stony piffitected under the Wildlife arid 2avarelusiS the Ottly one outside Scotland for vvhich an earoier tributary of the River Weal -in County Countryside Act of 1281, is found at only populationbiologY Durham This stream is inaccessible to se v e n sitesin the U.K. It occurs in one lake study has been publish ed. which was adult wild salmon In September of each (tf l y n Tegid) in Wales where if is Imown as based on the examm.at1011of fish year a series of s Lallans, upstream and entrapped during 'he mid 1960s. A the 9763miad, n two lochs (Loniond and downstream dine release point, was Eck) in Scotland where it is lmown asf the sirmiar e)carnination of fish entrapped elecKofished. Information was obtained powni, arid al .four sites (BratherSWa ter, during Me last tkfree years has allowed the on the population densityandsize of the detedion of several fundamental shifts in Hawesvvater, iffeoTarn and tills wale 19 in surviving salmon parr at each station the Lake District where it is known as the the biology of Mis populaton, all of when 1993 the process was repeated; except give cause for Coneern schelly. Part4cularattention has iiecently on conservation that the fish were scattered as evenly as bæn paid to the populatioh in Haweswater grounds (Figure30). Firstly, small schelly possible over 452 m of stream length The because an earlier extensive study of the axe no longer entiffpped, even though main concluskffis were- small chan Coregonus populations of England and (talvennusalpinus) are a) BySeptembeffsome fish from point- Wales suggested that the status of this frequentlytaken. Secondly, the age stocking bad dispersed up to 50 ih S tiucture of he schelly cpulafieu population was poor. upstream and c2500 trudownstream currently shows a dominance by onlytwo

14 — The endocrine response of trout nievins and hp to enpir anditenial stress daring a "critica3 period' e iiepenshilided that expbsum enpirorament in peairbatons e rites a n'euaspe0400rine riethr,ionse teteoSit fiht similar to the stress response obisertrsd mammals., a response which is belieh red to bave adaptive vitalue in the it hiorr-te rn bffi whdat may becoMe profoundly maladapuve proilOncieft Delelenous 1.00 effects of tonic or repeated stress on growth, reproductive function and immanocompetence axe demonsitrably I linked to the activity of the pituitary- 1975 1980 1Q85 intetrenal axis sipnd in Pardchdar circUlating le-ipels of the steroid hormbne col-dual. Although a comprehensive aUsessment of the conseciLtences for Esh of exposure to stresful conditions Ls now 4 possible, most if net all , previous adies on ffie endocrine responSe of :Jail fib stfess have been cahried ont On the latejuvetille -iftrOugh to sexually mature adult stages. Thusit isnot yeit,estabiLshed whether- the inunediate post-hatch and early developmental. stagesief rish asplay integrated physiblocncal response to streps, withithe attendant advaraages and disadvantages puch a response would confer . lop fit!gUre239. Eldsouram,taik-a acr os&.Hatvesr4,.aie t ming ne522 /he abstractioh point of the east shore Yeting saLmonids are paatioularly (tell side of Ochogparn) at17.48-1)20/S on ID February I 99:3s5ottol ng agaregabOn of Spa Watilf vulnerable to ciranges in the envb:oninent. ochelly (lower Pall of fiaL019), and the longterm bond in the'entrapinent of schelly over the last tit"0 Immediately post-hatch, and for several V6at (upper part of @Lute), weeks following (the exact period being temperature dependentthe alevins are year UlasseS, which contrasts with thatiot made To its operators. Although, the confined to the gravelstream bed within the. Mid 1080s whentheage structure was scheily population is currently in a pOOr which the eggs were deposited.. On more eepttitable. Both of these features condition, the absence of any other threats &Mergence Uom the gravel, alter indicate inconsistent recruitment in. the late at this legation suggest that a litture resorption of the yolk pac and the onset of 19.80s and early l,Obs. Thirdly, the recovery is pos;iible. growth rate and maximum individual size exogenous feeding, the ay enter vital of this pepulation have degreased since cornmorky termed a "critical period", the mid1960si during which a high mollaby rate May occur, and the long-term success of the In thebabsence of both eutrophibation and yeat-Class Is determined. Whether fish " during these early stages of life species introqluctions, agencies which possessa threaten goregonuspopuladons ffinctional and suess-iiiesponsiye pituitary- Plgewhere in the UX.; it is likely that iffie interrenal axis is clearly of 'some relevance to understanding changes h obServed deterioration in the stantaof the Haweswater ei1t is a-resulti of water abundance occurring as a result of faCtors both eptemat andinternal to the level fuciffiatkos ariising frotrilhe operation of this lake as a reservoir populaiisin Il Might be argued that for the tar 7821. P-01.11,cant-mud-wit:11in the gravel, a. Deted anal ysis of long4e-fin lecord oi stress-response which optimises such fluctuations, Which may be in excess resptratoxy function and mobilises energy of lb in daring the cOuLtse of a single year, resources would be of no adapdve value • have shown thatihey have becom6 mdre since esdape from, or avoidance of, extreme in recent years. 2 • 8 10 12 stressfrilsffinuli would hot be options ACIP (327P1S-) • Onithe basis oif the above observations. available to the fish. However, there is •Figurt 30: Age frequppcy chstnbuuors practical recoinMendations,for the (2/12Pe7' evidence f4Drwithin-gravel moveffients of part of Poore) atid'CiMtifthoolvOs (lower part of synTathetic management of the water ai e-eme: genI salmenid,fry and a recent figure) for schelly enbtappgd (Airing1965-1957 study which examined file rintabolia level regimeof Haweswater have been and 19,92 - 9.9c;.

15 The results of thrs study indicate that both brown hout and rainbow trout display a rdep81 WESiOik1T1 corticosteroidogenic response to external stress= wrthin 5 weeks of hatching. Thus, while presumably able to benefit from the 50 (a) CD) aciapfive adtv'antage of HPI axis activadon diffing episodes of acute stress, The fish are also, susceptible to the deleterious consequences of prolonged activation of the E121 axis under c;anditions of chsonic stress Indeed some of these deleterious consequences might be more pronounced in the early life stages. The catabolic action of cortssi ol may be more rapidly debilitating in early Juvc....niles which do not have exhensive energy depots to sustain them. and I he effect of corfisol on hie still-differemianng- relproduchve system could have , ramifications when the fish reaches 11 ij L 'Out - 7 8 10 I naaluriby Ful-thermore, although salmomds rime pos -hatch (weeks) are not fully immunocort3peten E. in the weeks post-hatch, ihere is no on to 'Fichhe Wholet-bedy entetunottacave certirosferoid Ioveltiin t no grolips Of rairibqw Lreut,(a)front _ suppose that the juvenile immune system weekpot -si,ak..)5 to14 weeksp2sehhtith end CD) frantO to Wt. weeks DDstfhateh The penserdunhg is not cortisol-sensitive which an ectbporStothlestatiothwasbbsented)s denotedby ale ha/7/C8 ntai- bat- eiterbrosterbid levels . o flishidentified au monband.tabDivhs by -se r 3-3 . "el ele The appearance c)f suess-sensilivity !,ilot 30 wet tifoureuerob two ts bytr utter et Dee ,hti tut thoe Each bar represents the mean ± SE 02 5 weeks of hatch will result) in free- = s es significant chfferencOO froth values at tehe 0 for eacfisarnthe time. * Pc-0,05, Tht swimmmg newly-emerge,d Fry being .15-LAud, **,,»

encompassing a body weight range of 8. 0.05 - 2.0 g: Corticosteroids were 88' (8

detectable airoughout this period in both o species. Simtiltaneous determination of T A ,!b) whole-body corficosteroid levels, and 80 888 plasma steroid levels in fingerling trout 0 validated the use or whole-body levels to Ei provide an indkatiorL of stress-induced 3-='; elevator] of corticoslarold levels.

However, the dynamics of the circulating 3 cordsol response to stress were not ih,...phst-stress 01) accurately conveyed by whole-body measurements. From 5 weeks post-hatch, Figure 32. The le -PursD o changes th whole body ennemoreective coihro.stet o 46" whole-body leveLs of irnmunoreactive corticosteroids CR() increased ril, t >twit ilw r:o Each point to the mean i.5•E(.11.=0. I Flir 'We perioc/ 0 45 wan, -astenska denote significantly wilhin 30 - 60 min following significant di tfeebnces from time 0 Froum 11, to 213 li crempatisons are between oh/pettedashand i mechanical disturbance and calfinement, unstressedcontrols enenaanl. :"lp<0.01, p

16 Ph sicoche ical processes in catch eats

ThLe project is concerned with the q of sirkmclide ,b- ell.g:At.• Bad!. understanding. onantificationand oentrationof dt tro -predicdon of the physics and chenaistry of s,rsierns- ore 33 shows that good agreement taz:at Ihe WE are coordinating- an Tater bocues anelthefr catchments. The vl imteraanonal study, funded by the studies Provide inforn-lation on the media obtained between bbsentedand European Communily, on the afier-effects in which aquatic biologic:id orecesses take predicted values of Kt; for thxee Of the Chernobyl accident in conjunctio-u . place, ahp on the retention and aansport radiOnnOilde elements, cobaltstrontium with colleagues from the Netherlands, of chemicals and Sediments. and amerieiwn. This result increases our aotifidence in WHAM as a means to Russia, the U.kraineandBeloras, sediment predict ebtrotonmentat chemistry. samples were collected from lakes •Che nrictd modelling To understand chemical proceases in the envirorMent, it is of:et-I-necessary In make calcination& of the edcents of relevant 1E4 chemiced reactions uinder a range of cdriditions. Such calculations need to be baSed on fundamental chemical lmowledge. At Ith, work is being done to e:4ploit the large amounts of Published da mostly obtained from lalnatonj studies with lwell-defniedsystems The fools at present is ennalnral o-,nuanic Matter, whieh ofternexerts a powerfar control on the chermn'try of Waters, sediments and SOUS. A chemical equnibrinm model REIM has been developed that allows fhe sirrinitaneous Mterachons of Many different chemical components :to be calculated. Studies are in progress to test how wen the model can account for observations made on natural samPles.

An example arisS3 fr6:111 worktanded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food aimed at understanding the transfer of raclionuclides from soil to water in 10 100 InOn 1 1Ë1. Upland catehments. .As part of this study, Dbaeid lÇ which was carried out in collaboration with the Univetaity orLareaster it was requfred Pions 33, The upteke aadionuclldes by upland °ruffian solia observed andpsedicted values of the b calculate the interactions of a numberof solki -SohOton chatabutffin coefficient, Kb, SurocVoall,.ffinontw in anda i. Tne different values of ractivauclide elements-with soil solids K„arase because pf dE ffiffinees soil type, pH and eakffian level TOe I :1 line is shown f6r Guidance. under differein camsspils frbm the summit Of Great Dun Fell in Cumbria were The WHAM model is also being employed located in contaminated areas of the UK, Sampled, arid WELANI was calibrated on to describe soil chemistry as pan of-a Russia and the Ukraine A comparison of Me basis of sond-sohnion distrilautions of project in the NTERC TIGER prograrmne, metheds lateln the different laboratories major chemical species (hydrogen ions, In collaboration with researchei-s from the showed diet much of the radiocaesium aluminium, sodium, magnesium and Institute:of Terrestrial Ecology, the NERO was locked into ale lattice of clay minerals calciwn). The calibrated model was then Radiocarbon Laboratory. and the and that in many lakes only a small amoant used to ptedict how trace anibunts of Universities of Bristol and Reading, a study remains mobile and potentially radionuchdes intetactwall. the solls under is being made of the effects of climatic dangerous. The mobile fraction is mostly different Conditions, andtbese Were weaning on soil carbon turnover at Great attached to special sites on iliac clay compared. with measurements. Dun Fell in the Pennines. rhe results are minerals, from where it can be displaced Conventionally, radionuclide uptake by expected to contribute to 01.11 only dy a few other compounds, one of soil solids is expressed in terms of ISD, understanding of upland water quality. Ae ammonium ion in lakes with defined by; orgardcHnch sediments, bacterial action

17 can give rise to high ammonium concentrations, ond as a result significant mobilisation of radiocaesium occurs.

•Silicon dync Silicon is an essential element 'for the .growth of diatOrns, and its role in aquatic effiTophication has come under Scrutiny because of the possibility of sihcon limitation in lowland rivers, It is normally considelred. tat there are essendally infinkesoutbeS of solublesilicen because of the dissblutibn and leaching of sedimentary Minerals. Hewever, in some eutrophic rivers abundant supplies of biologically available phiosphoras and nitrogen have led to such increased diatob giewth: that the het flux bf soluble silicen from mineral dissolution is unable tdcernpenSate for the depletioncaused •by plait:chic uptake. This has, important consequences forte growth of algae and speOies dive-I-shy in receiving watets.

Recant research at lion has examined to, Tern a) pH number ot and taluence Or selected morgan3c ions on the Figoie 34 Se 12) dissolution rate of silica (silicon dioxide). Experiments were conducted witi an Figure al.a shows the 'variation in pH of the both the short and [ono tetm automated system and tilrimetric study lake, Seathwaite Tam, for the years coarse sediment behavioUr needs to be procedure and the results were 1991-3, since fer tilisationthere has been understood fdr civil engmeermg and interpretedusing an electrical-double- a marked increase in pH, from an average nalingation4 purposes. •layer model for 1:I, 2:1 and 1:2 of 5.1 in 1991 'to 5.8 in 1993. The most electrolytes, wilh the possibility of clrarnatic biological change recorded in WE staff are conducting a study of including sodium or calcium bidentate the lake was in the nature of the sedimentation an a i•iver bend, with the ahn surface comolexation arid ion-pak microcrustacean grazing community. of obtaining a comprehensive set of field fetmatioU mine bulk solution. The model Results for two filter-feeding ciadocerans data with which to test available models of has provided an hnproved understanding are shown in Figure 3 11b. liolonediurti gravel transport Flow in bends is af the pfl and ionic strength dependence gibbenzrn is a relatively rare species thai essentially tin-es-dimensional, exhibiting a of the dissolution reactions. 'The modelling iS usually found in nutrient-poor waters, helical pattern wl'ricla strongly affects Ihe results snow That compleration of sodium and its numbers have therefore declined velocity structtute and dish ibution of with the surface is not an important as a result of fertilisation In contrast, the .stresses On the river bed. The use of influence on the dissolution reaction, but numbers of Bosiiiimy.Cotiegoni, which is electromagnetic current meters which they suggest 'hat the ionic sti-engill commonly feund in lakes that sitstain allow the measurement of cross- and dependence of the dissolution rate modes growths of phyloplankton, have down-stream components of velocity, has changes dramatically with pH. The increased by a factor of ten so that these enabled accurate determination of the surface complexation of calcium ions ardrnals now playa major part in the stresses operating in the study reach. It is anticipated that the results will allow accounts for the obserred increase M the recycling of phosphorus and the dissolution rate high calcium sedimentary accuimilation of organic modelling improvements to be made, by concentrations, Dissolution rates of silica mattet. In Functional terms. Bosmiti a is-a defining more clearly the relationships in caloium-dch laboratory solutions are relatively tefficient filler feeder: lnrge arnono local bed shear stress, sediment similar tothose measized for a natural cladocera, like Daphnia. can Eller much transport and the local bed configuration. hardwater. larger volumes of water but they have a higher minimum food regukement and The hydraulic erosion of upland forestry Bihdogioali response th th cannot survive penods of low soils is Cal import ant issue ill environmental phytoplankl on productivity The manageMent To expand the baseline remedlation of an acid lake concentration of phytoplank[on data available for designing drainage Inlast year'Srepbut, chemical reSults werld Seathwaite Tarn is now high enough to networks, the 1FE, a contunction with the presented from a study that examines the support a auffisbing population of Forestry Authority, is currently engaged M feasibility of combatdag water acidity by Daphfria, but the species has not yet research on 14 Scottish upland soils 'fertilisation with phosphorus. Tloe appeared in this rather isolated lake. representing tmes commonly cultivated phosphor-Os stimulates phytOplankton for afforestation. The' research growth and the aCcomPanying Mcreased Sediment studies progTamme is concerned with the den-land far nitrogen is met by the uptake The movements Of coarse sediment, arid dtetermination of the credibility of the of nitric acid from lliie lakewatem As a individual soils by laboratory testing in a result, the pH increases. assaciatedchanges ro chttmel.bed propertia .innuence dverine habitats In flume which simulates erosion threshold

1.8 conditions in a drain furrow. The data will such work an understanding of the effects significantly to other IFE research be used to calibrate a hydraulic model of such work on dune formation, growth activities, by providing a specialised which predicts acceptable furrow lengths and decay is required. Fieldwork has analytical service at the Windermere and gradients for different soil types. In been carried out in order to make detailed Laboratory. They also maintain a addition, the hydraulic criteria are being measurements of flow, sediment transport programme to follow long-term changes related to soil properties, in particular and dune form and structure In addition, in rain and surface water chemistry in unconfined compressive strength and regular observation.s of dune profiles and Cumbria. They participate in the NERC- penetrometer loading. river stage have been made. This wide LOIS project, carrying out analyses information has enabled the dunes formed to determine riverine chemical fluxes, anc On some reaches of the River Rhine, on the River Rhine to be compared with liaising with staff in other NERC Institutes, gravel dunes form on the river bed at high other observations of dunes, allowing an and with University colleagues. The flows. At lower flows the remnants of initial analysis of likely behaviour and laboratory has recently taken delivery of these dunes cause obstructions to response to altered flows. A deterministic an Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass shipping which have to be removed to model of fluvial dune formation is being Spectrometer, which will be used for ensure free passage for ships. In the short developed, with the aim of predicting the studies of metals in lakes and rivers and term this can be achieved by dredging, effects of engineering works, and thereby soils; the instrument will be especially but the process has to be repeated when enabling rational management of affected useful in the testing of multi-element the dunes reform. In the longer term reaches of the river. chemical models described above. another solution, possibly involving engineering works, is required to stop the Chemical analysis formation of dunes. Before carrying out Staff working on this project contribute River ec system proc sses

The sub-projects withinthis. project have . new avenues From a commissioned of chemical analysis and plant survey. The now been reFaxanged. This final report viewpoint the use of the models PHABS1M smdy colltinues with the assembly of an summariSeS the essence. Of the ongoing and TIM on &Irish rivers has been mventory of physical and biotic features of studies invOlited evaluated A substantial pan of the River sh-eam and rivers, These are used to Laboratory coarse Esh commissioned develop methods to associate or order the ' dnttol of ,Sinz.ffii effoit is devoted to the study of the River effects of humananterference, maintenance or degradation of p 4'0a-tarn in the Paver Tees and potential shifts in fish community stnclure following conslruction of a wasercourses in order to be able to barrage. Recent scientific studies prioritize the options to mini NRAs A version of this project has been in associated with tins work have involved statutory duty of maintenance and existence for almost thirty years. Over this investigations of populatioti composition improvement from the local to the national lime there have Ineen a number of using isoenzyrnes, habitat modelng of Ear example:- scientific advances, populations am radio tracking of small A simple methodology for assessing the fish. Toggres asktre water life history patterns of Simuffidae. Production/Food consumodon budgets for plazas d4aritiratAobn.Ciae s Austrahan Swamp Stonecrop, Grassula simunid larvae Development of the first halmsli, continues to expand ifi;; (and still the most effective) methodology - Rive's Habitat distribution. Since it recently passed 500 for deternlination of natural feeding rates SUir Veys sites, the distnbudon is likely to exceed of invenebrates in the fteM. Currently, the Assessment and quantification Of riVer the 1000 sites predicted to be colonised use of Bt2 technology (for the fii-st time habitats.is currently imd6riakem even before the end of the century. mulling waters in this country) has "ct,ticul a rit by the National RiVeins More disliabingly, rhe plant has Invaded at permitted effective, environmentally Authority (NRA) for England and Wales. least one northern English lake in which fnendly control of a biting sLmuliicl, IFE, together with other external control is unlikely to be feasible and is Manipulation of natural communities of specialists, cOntinues to assist the NRA irICT easing at sites ill Ireland and probably mvenebrates by seleclive removal of the formulas:0, developMent and testing on mainland Europa Analysis of survey L-4ingle species codid prove to be a major of a new rapidsurvey tech-dope called data from Australia confirms the advance in the capability of testing River Habitat Survey (RI-IS) which is impression that Bdtain ll.es well within its ecological interactions in running waters. substantially compadble with the data collection of previous techniquesha environniental range of temperature cont-ast lo some previous, but Often more including ti-ost, ailitud.e, rainfall, water Ecological characteristics i of chemistry Including partial salinity effects coarse •fish in rivers • detailed'techrliques, the aiha of,RHS ia be fully computer,conapatible, It will also Fufther studies on herbicide cot-Aral A form of this project was initiated by • allow surVeys to be representadve by the highlight two major problems. Firsdy that LeCren at thainception of the River Davia judicious use of 'spar sampling ax 50 m lhe very dense biomasses that can Laboratoit Most of the early work was intervals within sample reaches of 0.6 km accumulate over a few years would darnied out by Richatd Mann and combined with an overall assesSment. require much more than the allowed subsequentlyby the late Chria Mills. Over levels of approved herbicides for cant-DI the years there have been a number of Currently a backdrop of detailed data with because elimination Is the real. target. scientific advances. The:life histories ann . good or fUll geographic coverage le map- Secondly the enormous numbers of viable production ecology Of many chalk streard based including altitude, bed slope nodes that develop, thus for example, species Were evaluated. A start was made geology, size, distance fi:-oni soUxbe, etc whiLst a submerged stand growing in 2 in on studying the early stages (eggs/larvae) is being investig•ted to group river of water can achieve 6-50,000 nodes m t. of variouScoarse. fishes. Recently,this segMenta of SMailar basic character, andte a marginal-emergent stand can produce a project has been investigatingseveral define a typical set ofnatural or bench- biomass of up to 50 ka rn fresh weight mark features. Each ver 1-ype: is being with up to 3,600,000 nodes It is currendy associated with a set of 'predictable' esbmated that attempts at eamination geomorpholegicat and habitat featateS. this plant, which may not be successful, The relationship of the ptedictibn could cost up to 2.10M and Lake up to 5 confirmed by 'saeinvestigadon of a data years without even allowing for required set of 1523 sites denved by selection of. monitoring procedures. the sit'eam or river (preferably classified accarding to water quality) nearest to the, Centre, of eaeh 10 by 10 km square. in England and Wales, WE Lindertook some 2160 RHS surveys 'for NRA but has Figure 35 Tidal Ri Ter Teesvi-th&I-e. .FE sludfing is supplemented these data by the addition . fsh community

20 Assessment and prediction of changes in the aquatic environment

:Mixon la illustrated in measurements of probably causeo tner features, The impact of ffie ,'..reatfner over various erwironmenial conditions, adran.ces in the part oularly wind ,Te.‘rDdiriWhieri contrtls time Scales on thysaal, chemical. and performance of sensors - and of loggers the rate of transfer (rf wai.er betweet ffie biologibril.prOcessesin freshwaters and computers for da ta acgpisition and Woo-limit:fa and epilimnioo . In additon . continues to te a major focus of this analys.Ls- - have facilitated raiicaay seasonal changes ild pH are seen with project. Theinterestris certainly inoi eased sampling frequencies A good exizeme values exceeding 10.0 fox short heightened- as a result af 'the highly example is provided by the measurement periods. vagarious weather regime of Northern of pld. This plays a key role in conholling Britain (where most of purr long-term lake the availability of, among other factors, By combining measurements of pH with stPdies are papeOD The three areas-of CO, for ohyropiankdon. other variablessuch as tempetature and work illustrated here concern aspects of alkalinity, concentrations of CO, and other phytoplarkton dynamics that ultimately In Estwarte Water where taditionally, forms of inorganic carbon can be reRect weater condidons. The main in many other waters, pH has been calculated (Figure 36b). This allows us to accent is on featro.-es which alter over short measured only weekly, a study partly assess whether fhalake is a scarce of, -or tkne scales but because we have funded by the TICE2 programme tacludes sink for stmosphenc CO„ and whether maintained basic sarveillance 1.)1-1 measurement in Lhe surface water CaCO, is likely to precipitate. Esthwaite programmes orrei, decades, these Can be every 15 minutes. The increase of neaxly loses CO„ to ffie atmosphere br mucfn of interprered im longer term contexts 700-fold in sampling 'leaner-x.5r has the yeu. Only for periods in the summer allowed the fine-scale of pH change to be is CO, taken up from Ihe atmosphere The Changes love resolved (Figtre 361) The phorogymtheric additional removal of inorgahic CIE,11-1)on activity of phyloplankton causes diurnal from water by the phybpbankton, which is •sear thrs antra' Pet changes which sometames exceed I pH Icafhracne the cause of the high pH values in Vrial e oat. Supebmposed on fnis diurnal pattern surmmer, has implications for the •The tennology adratable at a grxren run e LS an episodic one, partoularly during the availability of CO, and for phyteplankton will dote, tjnetlie quality and quantity of st.immer. This is con elated tvith. and peHocliCity and productivity. data that can be collected. This is. well Jekelaig nonstratee a close kelationoMp tor Windermere between sediment acconiaula the wenklyadrbaiLiltiloi plankton records over the last 50 6peano Detailed fmalysis of the planktonic diatom component in the recent sediments of Windermere can be. closely compared with the longrterm tr,hytoplanktori records. Quatter-Centitnetre sediment slices approximate to yearly accumulations and 'analysis shows that approximately 10 tarra• account for up to 90% of the assemblage by numbers, most of the species are platikdonic forms, as may be expected ha a deeP water core fibril a lake of 63m depth. Weekly or forMightly &gad counts in the Algal Data Base date torh 1945 AD and the annual' maxima of 5 diatoms recognized routincAy proviges cl prcae of yearly populaaon changes. Although visual ggreement between the two citta sets is good, we. 'in collaboration with Dr Roy Thompson (Edinburgh:University), Figure 36. Changes in the sudabe EsUirvaite Water beiwebb. Nbbembbr 99_, and C)clobe2 , I .993. had the opportunity to match percentaged data by means of 4 formalised sequence a) pit b) ,1/28 calrev.iated consbbbraboo

21 arils in the Windermere mcord. The small inflections in the sequence slottmg time -depth relationship point to several shon-term changes in sedhment accumulation diming the last 50 years For exaniple, there is a period between 1966 arid 1969 where accumulation nses to 5 ram y ' , comparect to the pre-1966 rate of 2 A___4_1,4_sf I I Ili lil i I I i ilk O nut .This clearly relates to a weather episode - the stoma event in Lan;dale 1966, as col-tanned by a haematite peak in magnetic studres. Subsequent mortises ca. be related to the dredging activities associated with the sand and gravel assessments in the early 1970s, when redeposited material was seen on the surface of sec:ill-Gent cores

pact of daily th ad ph-adaptor!! 1 .111I1 1111. llI 1 1 1 at Loch 3 21 ^5 29 33 37 Loch Leven has proved to be a very- usefial Years before 1993 (Wincierniete North Basin) sae for stadysag the impacts of the Figure 3.7. The sngstesce slontng match of a) thc. ania Jr suctnu and n) Lbeperc entages Lci 0 25 cm weather oniphytoplanWon populations. scr crabs of a sorhmeni cote of 5 planktonk diatom taza occulting' m ale north asin of Madan-flare. Firstly, al COyering 13 3Lanz biat having a ever the period1945-1992 mean depth of only 4m, it is very responsive to changes in the weather slot:Wag algorithm This uses a elynanno Windermere •sediment is thus seen to Secondly, the time taken to obtain good programming technique to adjust the preserve the fluctuating algal record with estimates of its often dense phytoplankton sediment accumulahon in the core to the remarkably highresolution of 3 years populations isless coinpared to the maximize the fit betveen the two data sets, or less situation with ohgotrophic waters with while retanung the stratigraphic integrity their much sparser crop. , of the cora Tb prOvides a completely independent check on the slotting procedure. Figure 38 Our records for Loch Leven show that the A goo( fit is fomnd for all 5 taxa (Figure compares sedinieflit ages derived from (9 timing of phytoplankton maxima and 37) Specific seasonal peaks are clearly the secmence slottingalgoithrri and (ii) the minima (as indicated by chlorophyll a seen in the sedumeni record with the radioactive decay of 9Tb. The two concentration), and the species Aulacoseira subeatlaca and FIgilarla approaches ate in excellent agreement. composition and cliversity of these crops, Clvtonensis blooms of 1967 and 1968-1970 Sediment deposiffon is found to be can differ consider ald-iy between yean, being preserved veri distinctly. The continuous and theit is no evidence of any seasons and snorter periods Data for 1992-1993 Mustrate these features particularly well (Figure 39). The contrast. be-twee-Li the prominence of large (gas- vacuojate) blue-green algae in summer 1992 and the poor showing Of the sairre species an surnmer 1993, reflects the higher temperatures and greater Langdale nood,1955 incidence of calm days (resulting in a more stable water column), and lower a_mfeE (smaller losses due ro flushing) in the earlier year.

As sampling from late June alternated each week between 3 and 10 sites, changes in the spatial distribution of the different algal populations can be seen Over the petiod of cyanobactenal dominance, late June to late August 1992, the chstribution vaned from eneme patchiness to more or less 17 21 33 ar complete homogenefty. Changes between Age years before .1993 thesedistribution states can be attributed to daily shifts 211wind stnengtb; mdeed, a FrIg22re 38. Comp on of e f5lepozif. ba,sed Oigal sequenC2 sk)iting and wind of Beaufort scale 4-5 can mix a very

22 1393 1993

Figut 39, Changes at Loch Letienduring1992 and 1992 in ne over. allabundance of phytoplankon measured as chloigohytig with morn:0g= of the math types of algae at venous 03-op peas,BG - blue-green algag D - diatoms; C 03intomonads. Vertkal lines cothear ate dat pants for otiferen1 sites sampled On the same day

patchily distributed crop relatively Another feature illustrated by the Loch tholtughly within a few hours here. Leven dam for 1992 and 1993, and Equally, a few hours of calm weather can governing our perception of a bloom see 100-fold accumulations of cells at the relates to the populations of cialoms and slat-face, and even greater contentraions small cyanobactea idlinoligh recent of the material by a gende breeze onto a work suggests that The very small (i e section of shoreLme while noless gpm) unicellular cent-no diatoms can be potentially toxic Than a surface scum, the patchily distributedsamples are usually same population when Mixed throughout very uniform ki the population densities of tile breadth and depda of a lake, is far less diatoms, glee's algae ,and the small notmeablernan the often unsightly and cyanobacteria klence, Me IdunoMng of sail-el-1y material that aChumulates at the chlorophyll data points when e g. gz.face or in-shore, Fracalana crotonensis, Srephanochscus spp, Aulacoseira subaretica and T h e Lei t h a t changes in te. distribudon of Gamphosphaena lacastris were dommaiat these organisms can take place so rapidly, On a lake-wide basis, some of these crops may halts impoltant consequences. are denser than those of Idle more Perhaps media attention to, and the troublesome scan-forming cyanobactena. subsequent elevanon of the 'algal bloom Also, under mixed conditions, smaller problem' to in-vogue status, rest on the algae in particular, lend lo cloud the water 'right' (or Wrongd) weather conditions more - per unit of overall biomass - than persisting for as liille as a few days longer the large cyanobacteria sall,they receive a one year than ano tha). fat less attention Man the latter.

23 Laboratory services

The library and information Networks the Environment) is now under way. The electronics section is responsible for the service The provision of input to the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) design and construction of the monitoring Libraries in research institutes are user- was improved this year and 350 entries stations. Each station will be located on a centred organizations. The needs of the were submitted. This still leaves a large buoy, moored to the lake bed and will Institutes scientific researchers, students backlog which will be tackled next year. monitor and record a variety of and managers continue to change. These meteorological and water quality changes include the need for a wider Contact and collaboration with the various parameters fully automatically. A remote range of information types (e.g. marketing associations of aquatic sciences libraries operator will be able to specify the information, management information, re- and information centres was maintained as recording frequency of each parameter formatted/predigested information) was contact with the Cumbria and will be able to retrieve recorded data provided with faster access and response Environmental Information Network and via the telephone network. The system times over a wider geographical spread of the network of educational organisations in will only require servicing once a month. sites. Despite the harsh economic climate, the North West. An additional electronics engineer has the Library and Information Service has been recruited to help with the design of managed to continue its existing services Helen Poulin a student with the this system. and to lay the basic foundations for the Department of Foreign Languages, improvements required to respond to the Universite de Haute Alsace, joined the Deployment of data loggers changes in our users needs. library team for a two month practical A Ithermistor chain' and associated data logger will shortly be deployed in The library training period. She undertook a range of translations with an emphasis on French Bassenthwaite Lake A radio telemetry The number of items catalogued for the fish-pass papers. This is the fourth system will link the data logger to a shore Library rose by 8% during the reporting consecutive year that the library has station connected to the telephone period to 10,800. All of these were added cooperated with a French University in network. It will be possible to check the to our computerised catalogue database providing such placements. thermal structure of the lake in real-time together with the existing digital records and to retneve stored measurements back to January 1987. The database now The Freshwater Biological without visiting the site. contains over 60,000 records. At this time, Association access to the database is only available on Although many members continue to visit External sales one library PC. In 1994/95 we hope to and use the libraries at Windermere and A 'multi-spectral' optical sensor (which make the information available over the Wareham, the provision of the Document measures incident light at five specified local area network being installed at Ferry Delivery service has enabled many more wavelengths) was sold to the Department House and explore the possibilities of • to utilise our collection. The service has of Agriculture in Belfast for research in the access from other sites, continued to expand and has been the Irish Sea. A high accuracy temperature most used of the Members services this sensor and recording instrument was sold In September Sheila Scobie was year. to the University of Edinburgh for the appointed as Assistant Librarian for one study of glacial meltwater lakes. day a week at the River Laboratory Members will be sad to leam that Vera library. We thank the secretarial staff at Collins (Head of Microbiology Major installations Wareham for their co-operation in Department, FBA until 1976) died in A large amount of electrical installation providing the essential services for this February 1994. She left her collection of work has resulted from both the refit of library over the last five years. We also scientific books, journals and reprints to large sections of the River Laboratory and thank once more the staff of the Institute of the Association's library. The material was the renewal of the Ferry House roof. Terrestrial Ecology libraries for their help collected at the end of March and will be and co-operation in providing services to sorted and added to the library during the Property, buildings and IFE scientific staff at Edinburgh and 1994/95 period. Monkswood. equipment Changes to laboratories and offices have The information services Electronics and been minimal during this period. The The full range of information services from instrumentation improving of security, fire and safety selective dissemination of information The development of an automated standards continued with further through to retrospective retrieval were network of water quality upgrading of fire doors and the fitting of provided as normal. We also became monitoring stations in a series of viewing panels to others. Certain founder members of the UK Pro-Cite and Eiiropean lakes. measures have been put into place to the UK CDS/ISIS user groups. This major three-year project (part-funded improve our security cover, particularly at by the European Union under its 'LIFE' weekends and 'out of hours'. programme : the Community Initiative for

24 The major work for this period has been the reslating of the entire Ferry House building. With the increase in insulation new ceilings had to be installed in all the top floor rooms and corridors.

This required the entire top floor to be cleared of all staff, furniture, fixtures and fittings. Eight portacabins were located on the various lawns around Ferry House to take the displaced staff; electricity supply, telephones and computers links were all re-routed to these cabins. To accommodate the scaffolding required, the ferry road was re-aligned (this will stay after the contract to provide a degree of safety for staff leaving the rear of the building).

The contract started at the beginning of July and finished in early December with everybody back in their offices. Certain room moves were also accomplished at this time with the removal of the office built on the top floor landing and the photocopier housed on the first floor. A number of replacement windows Were also fitted.

25 St ff and external activities

Staf f chanifert George Jaworsbj joined the Ferry House Diainci the year MisS S Scobie. previously IV Lrli Casey redi-ed in September after .7,0 staff from school as a laborafory assistant at Windermere laboratory until ::;he joined year's at the River .'Laboratory. Hanyalirs in 1959. He soon/I:loved into the a:too-logy V50 in 1991, was apporrited as Assistant appOinted as analyst in 1963 when the section as an ass:as-twatto Dr Lund and the Librarian al, the River Laboratory. At Rivet taborattry WaS first established and reguiat weekly sampling on Esthwaite and Windermere Mrs G DevEn and Mrs E after a pericd.of worldna in Zambia on Blellaaan Wa's ins reSponsibility for triany Monaghan having assisted vtith theTritsch secondment to FAO he returned as Head yeats. George's particular talerit fer Collection for some years were appointed of Analytical chemisay.. Harry has taken culturing-algae earned him a world wide as Assistant Scaentific Officers, Mr M Lee an active part in all aspects of laboratory reputation and many overseas visitors joined the electronics team and Mrs P life - as safety adviser, union came to Feny House to learn culture Tullett retked At Eastern Rivers representativeand angler extraotaffiaaire teoltiefues frorrraeorge, Laboratory Mr G Collett retmned Harry was awarded an MBE for'seraaces November aler -two years unpaid leave science in the New Year's 'Honours list Ray Olanstad,came ta the Fat House in working as project director on-an i575 us instrumem maker ook over aquaculture development project in Cambodia and Mr R A..Garbutt left to take a post with 1TE The number of staff in post at 31 March 1944 was 103

arnicpurs ata tomtatioiats Drj Hilton was appointed as Head of Ragibnal Laboratories in June and Professor Pickering waS appointed Acting Director LEEfollOwing the mural of Professor jones-in September, On the .1-effi-ementof Ma-Ohnstad, Mr P V Allen was appoWted Laboraroly Steward. Ma Mann was awarded: the.degree Of Dtiatot 61 Scienab of University of LeiceSter and also awarded arellowehip of:Institute of Bidlogy, (FI13joi) IvErW R Cl Beaumont was promotedfrom LtanY Casey • Higher Scientific Officer to Seniqr Ray Ohnstad Soientific Offie6t and Mies S Brovm from Scientific Officet to Higher Scientific Officer. Following the setting up of ite LOIS laboratory at York temporary won:Lotions were awarded to Mr D Leach to Higher. Scientfic Officer and' Mr A 0:Finder to Scientific Officer. Win• M Hurley was awarded the status of Chartered Statistician by the Royal Statistical:Society. WhalD M OUnn was awarded a CBiol and NEBO' by-the Inatitute of Biology, Mr R j M Gunn and la/kJ H Blackburn were awarded Geotaefawo ski (IDC.).»Cerateates of Qualffication Dy tho Nararal Hisory IVIuseuna (for Freshwater Macroainvertebrates species level) In SepteMber Professorj C Jones ceased the position of Laboratery Steward.in 1951 to be Direct& of the Institute of Freshwater following the retirerneiat of Mr W lal NV.• activities Eaciogyafter holding -the poSition since Moore. Ray was respOnsible for the Mr Beaumont and Mr Glaister were 1987 but Gwyn has continued as Director smooth runiiing of all aspetts of Ferry members of the Executive Commiftee of of the Freshwater Biological Association House life and 'for major changes. in the NERO Branch of the Institution of Mr O H M jaworaki and Mr ITR Ohrtstad laboratory design :the MIreduction of the professidrialt,ivranagera and Specialists. tbok eatly retiremeht en 31 March. securitysystem and fiamtlaylast yeEir the Wilh.Mr Glaiater Assistani Secretapf and reroofing Of the Ferry 'House 26 Mr Beaumont a member of the NERC Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory the British Standards Institute Health and Safety Committee and of the continued. Sedimentation sub-committee and NERC Whitley Committee. Professor Pickering of a NRA Euro Scientific Societies Workshop. Mr Beaumont served on the Professor Pickering and Dr Pinder served Dr Dawson was Council member of the steering group of the Acid Waters on the Environmental Change Network Institute of Biology and a member of the Monitoring Network Dr Wright was a (ECN) Freshwater Working Group and Alien Plants committee of the Botanical member of the Natural History Museum Professor Pickering also on the Biopoles Society of the British Isles. Dr Day was Identification Qualification Advisory Board Research Working Group and the steering Newsletter editor for the UK Federation of (IDO) and served on the Moors River group of the Catchment Based Ecosystem Culture Collections. Mrs Hurley was a Standing committee. Dr Winfield was a Research Group. Professor Jones, Dr committee member of the Lancashire and member of the Bassenthwaite Lake Forum. House and Dr Tipping served as members Cumbria Group of the Royal Statistical of committees or Working Groups of LOIS Society. Dr Maberly was a Council Mr McCulloch was secretary of the (Land Ocean Interaction Study) and member of the British Phycological Association for Information Management Professor Jones also as a member of Society. Dr Mann was a Council member (ASLIB) Northern Branch. Miss Atkinson TIGER 11 (Terrestrial Initiative in Global of the British Ecological Society, the continued to serve as a Secretary of State Environment Research) committee. Institute of Fisheries and the Fisheries Appointed Member of the Lake District Society of the British Isles. Mr Penman National Park Authority and was Chairman Dr Elliott and Mr Penman were members was chairman of the Britain and Ireland of its Planning Policy Committee. Dr of the Terrestrial and Freshwater Sciences Association of Aquatic Sciences Libraries Reynolds continued to serve as an elected Directorate (11-5D) Core Groups and Dr and Information Centres and national member of South Lakeland District Elliott also a member of the Aquatic and representative on the European Council and of Kendal Town Council and Life Sciences Grants Committee and of the Association of Aquatic Sciences libraries as a member of the Off-be of Water NERC Visiting Group which inspected and Information Centres. Dr Pickup was Services (OFWAT) committee for the MSc courses. Dr Maberly and Dr Convener of Environmental Microbiology North West. Pottinger acted as secretaries to NERC Group of the Society for General Special Topics Working Groups and Dr Microbiology. Dr Tipping continued as Editorial commitments Cranwell and Dr Reynolds as Working member of the Board of Directors of the Dr Finlay continued to serve as editor of Group Members. International Humic Substances Society. Archiv fur Protisenkunde, Professor Jones Dr Winfield was a Council member of the as editor of Advances in Microbial Ecology Collaboration with other NERC Fisheries Society of British Isles and a. and Freshwater Forum and Mr Penman as Institutes member of the organising committee for editor of New Library World and Librarians Collaboration with Institute of Hydrology the Annual Study Course of the Institute of World Dr Elliott was series editor of the (IH) and Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Fisheries Management. FBA Scientific Publications and editor for (ITE) on the LOIS and TIGER research International Chan- Symposium programmes continued with Dr House and Proceedings. Dr Cranwell was Associate Dr Tipping involved with the LOIS Core Other organisations editor of Organic Chemistry and Dr programmes, Dr House, Mr Leach and Mr Dr Bailey-Watts was a member of the Carling joint editor of International Pinder with the LOIS York Laboratory and Scottish Office Working Party on Blue- Geomorphology. Dr Mann, Dr Pottinger Dr Tipping and Mr Woof with TIGER 1 green algae and Dr Reynolds of NRA toxic and Dr Winfield were Assistant Editors of programme. Algae Task Force and also a Board the Journal of Fish Biology. Dr ReynOlds member of the Centre for Water was Sub-Editor for Archiv fur Dr Armitage collaborated with IH in the Research, University of Westem Australia Hydrobiologie and Joint editor of a book development of ecologically acceptable for Developments in Hydrobiology series. flows with reference to the effects of weed Dr Elliott was a member of the Department growth on discharge relationships and Mr of Environment (DoE) Advisory committee Staff served on the Editorial or Advisory Welton with IH on a joint consultancy. Mr on Releases to the Environment, and Board of the following journals: Beaumont and Dr Crisp continued Biological Methods Panel of the DoE Dr Armitage Regulated River and collaboration with IH at Plynlimon. Dr Standing Committee of Analysts and a Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, Dr Carling had a joint project with IH and member of the International Committee for Crisp Hydrobiologia, Dr Elliott Annales de another with the Institute of the Scientific Evaluation of the Norwegian Limnologie and Wasser und Abwasser, Dr Oceanographic Sciences at Bidston. Institute for Nature Research. Dr House Finlay FEMS Microbial Ecology, European was a member of the DoE Technical Journal of Protistology, Microbial Ecology Dr Bailey-Watts and Mr I Gunn have been Committee on Detergents and the and Microbiology, Dr Haworth Journal of involved with ITE Banchory on the ecology Environment and on the Phosphorus Palaeolimnology, Dr House, Dr Maberly of the Dinnet Lochs and on interactions Working group of RDAS. Professor Jones and Dr May Internationale Revue der between fish and their predators. was a member of the Department of Trade Gesamten Hydrobiologie and Dr Maberly Professor Jones collaborated with the and Industry LINK Biological Treatment of also Aquatic Biology, Dr Mann Ecology of microbiology group at ITE Merlewood Soil and Water Management Committee Freshwater Fish, Professor Pickering and Dr Wright with ITE Monks Wood and was Scientific Director of Project Disease of Aquatic Organisms, Dr Pickup regarding RIVPACS developments. Urquhart. Microbiology, Dr Reynolds Aquatic Sciences, Journal of Plankton Research and Direct links between the Culture Dr Carling was a member of the American Limnologea, and Dr Tipping Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP) Society of Civil Engineers Task Force on Environmental Technology. Windermere and CCAP (Oban) at Mechanics of Non-Newtonian Fluids and of

27 Collaboration with pesticide interaction with minerals. Miss A Hartley (Birmingham - CASE student) Microelectrode studies of Universities Professor Jones and Dr Pickup continued projects with the Universities of Liverpool calcification and gas exchanges and Newcastle and Dr Maberly with the within hardwater algal biofilms, with Teaching University of Bristol on carbon limitation in Dr House. Dr Hilton was a Visiting Professor at the blooms of blue-green algae. Dr Pinder Mr P Gamer (Birmingham) Habitat use by University of Reading, Professor Jones a collaborated with the University of 0-group cyprinid fish, with Dr Mann. Visiting Professor at the University of Birmingham on research on large river Mr R Hastings (Liverpool) Distribution of Liverpool, Professor Pickering a Professor ecosystems. Dr Pottinger continued his nitrifying bacteria in lakewater and Associate at Brunel University and Dr collaboration with Brunel University on sediments, with Dr Pickup. Tipping a Visiting Reader at the University physiological mechanisms controlling of Lancaster. Dr Crisp, Dr Pickup, Dr Mr R Head (Lancaster - CASE student) fecundity in fish, with the University of Reynolds, Dr Winfield were Visiting The role of sediments in blue-green Liverpool on red blood cells of trout and Lecturers at the University of Lancaster algal blooms, with Dr Bailey-Watts. with the Universities of Nijmegen and Oslo and Dr Crisp also at the University of Mr N Hesketh (Manchester - CASE also on trout. Dr Reynolds had joint Durham. Dr House, Dr Pinder and Dr student) The binding of hydrophobic research projects with the University of Wright were Honorary Lecturers at the organic molecules by humic Manchester on mass spectrometry, with University of Reading and Dr Bailey-Watts substances, with Dr Tipping. the University of Western Australia on the at the University of Edinburgh. Dr Miss L Jones (Brunel) Effects of impacts of fluid dynamics and with the Dawson was a Visiting Fellow at the alkylphenols and related chemicals University of Sao Paulo on plankton University of Southampton and Dr Pickup on gonad development and sex ecology of lakes in Brazil. Dr Tipping an Honorary Research Fellow at the determination of trout, with Dr undertook joint projects with the University University of Liverpool. Pottinger. of Lancaster on radionuclide complexation by natural organic matter, with the Miss S McGowan (Liverpool - CASE Seminars were given at the Universities of student) Palaeolimnology of blue- University of Plymouth on a LOIS project, Leeds and Reading by Dr Ceding, at green algal bloom formation, with Dr with the University of Newcastle on a soil Napier University and University of Haworth. liming study, with University of Illinois on Edinburgh by Dr Bailey-Watts, and at the organic complexation modelling and with Miss S Marshall (Cardiff - CASE student) Universities of Exeter by Professor Wageningen Agricultural University on Roles of natural surfactants in Pickering, and Reading by Dr Wright. Mr acid soil chemistry. Dr Winfield pollutant biodegradation in biofilms Clarke taught EM techniques to a student collaborated on projects relating to in river sediments, with Dr House. at Girona University, Spain. Coregonus with the Universities of Wales Mr I Miskin (Liverpool - CASE student) and Stirling and with the University of Identification and distribution of Staff acted as external examiners for PhD London on population modelling of pike bacteria and their plasmids in degrees at the following universities:- and perch. sediments, with Dr Pickup. University of Hull (Dr Winfield), University Miss S Owen (Cardiff - CASE student) of London (Dr Bailey-Watts, Dr Winfield, Members of staff acted as supervisors for Sorption and biodegradation of Dr Wright) and University of Leuvan (Dr students registered for PhD degrees at the pesticide/surfactant formulations in Hilton) and Dr Elliott was an external following universities: biofilms on river sediments, with Dr examiner for a Doctorat thesis at House. Trondheim University. Miss D Bunker (Manchester) Irreversible Miss J Reeve (Canterbury) with Dr sorption of radionuclides onto Research Dawson. freshwater sediments, with Dr Hilton. Dr Armitage collaborated with the Mr G Rhodes (Liverpool - CASE student) Miss S Brown (Liverpool) The molecular University of Natal on modelling the effects Molecular evolution of plasmids in systematics of naked amoebae, with of weed growth. Dr Bailey-Watts deep sediments, with Dr Pickup Dr Finlay. continued studies on heavy metals and Miss V Wanstall (Liverpool) Managing phosphorus chemistry of lake sediments Mr F Charlton (Wolverhampton - CASE semi-enclosed eutrophic coastal with the University of Edinburgh and on student) Remote sensing of ecosystems: the roll of bottom-up Loch Ness phytoplankton with Lancaster freshwater algae, with Dr George. processes in the Merseyside disused University. Dr Carling continued a project Miss P S Davies (Leeds) Phosphorus docks, with Dr Maberly. with the University of Coblenz on dynamics in limnetic ecosystems, hydraulics of the River Rhine. Dr Day with Dr Reynolds. MSc students from Napier University, collaborated on algal taxonomy and protist Mr D Deere (Liverpool - CASE student) Universities of Edinburgh, Central preservation with the University of Identification of bacteria by flow Lancashire, Lancaster, London and Tsukuba and Dr Finlay with the Natural cytometry, with Dr Pickup. Reading were supervised by Dr Annitage, History Museum and with the Universities Miss N Fielding (Liverpool) Dr Bailey-Watts, Dr Dawson, Dr Maberly, of Madrid and Copenhagen. Dr Hall Biomanipulation control strategies of Dr Pickup and Dr Pottinger. collaborated with the University of eutrophication in the Merseyside Warwick on methane oxidation in peat As disused docks, with Dr Maberly. During the year five research students part of the Terrestrial Initative in Miss A Fulcher (Lancaster) The were awarded PhD degrees: Geological Global Environmental physiolOgical ecology of the rotifer Miss E Baroudy (Lancaster), Miss B Ghul Research (TIGGER 2) programme Dr community in the plankton of Loch (Konstanz, Germany) Mr A Kelsey Haworth collaboraterd with the University Ness and the Cumbrian lakes, with (Lancaster), Mr J Porter (Liverpool), Miss J of London. Dr House continued joint Dr May. Taylor (Dundee). research with the University of Reading on

28 International meetingi and Estuaries and visited Brussels and Jordan- the Swiss Federal Institute of visits relating to contracts Environmental Science and Technology Dr Armitage presented two papers at the and to the Swiss Federal Institute of 12th International Symposium on Dr House was keynote speaker at Technology and spent two weeks at Chironomidae held in Canberra. Dr Workshops on Trends in Surface Water Wageningen Agricultural University Bailey-Watts presented a paper at a Analysis held in Lisbon and at Reading on undertaking collaborative research on seminar in Ankara on Wetlands Water, Sediment and Waste. Professor acid soil chemistry. Dr Winfield presented Management. Dr Crisp attended a Jones attended a seminar at Tihany two poster papers at a meeting on Factors meeting in Lyon of the European Inland Research Institute, Hungary and visited Affecting the Distribution of Fish. Dr Fisheries Advisory Commission Working Paris and Belgium for discussions on Wright was a keynote speaker at the 7th Group on Fish Habitat Restoration. Dr research collaboration. Dr Mann and Dr Congress of the Spanish Association of Dawson attended an International Welton attended a meeting in Hull on Fish Lirnnology held in Bilbao, an invited Workshop on Plant Invaders held in Stock Assessment. Professor Pickering speaker at a meeting held in Canberra on Czechoslovakia. Dr Elliott was keynote was Symposium organiser on Hormones the Use of Biota to Assess Water Quality, speaker at the International Chart and Stress at the 12th International presented a talk on RIVPACS at the Symposium in Trondheim and attended a Congress on Comparative Endocrinology Museum of Darwin prior to visiting the Workshop organised by Dr Hilton held in held in Toronto and attended a meeting in Alligator Rivers Region Research Institute Moscow relating to Chernobyl The Netherlands of the an ESF working in Northern Territory and also gave an 'radionuclides in fish which Mr Nolan also group. Dr Pinder was session chairman invited lecture on RIVPACS at the attended. and speaker at Royal Entomological University of Braunschweig, Germany. Society Symposia on the Ecology of IFE Staff carried out overseas visits for Dr Finlay was chairman and speaker in Aquatic Insects and Insects as collaboration on joint research projects - two symposia at the International Environmental Indicators, Dr Reynolds Miss Brown to Belgium, Dr Carling to Congress of Protozoology held in Berlin was coorganiser and keynote speaker at a Poland, Germany and Russia, Dr Maberly which Miss Brown also attended. Dr Workshop on Turbid Lakes and Rivers to Florida, Dr Finlay to Denmark and Haworth attended the 6th International held in Belgium, presented a paper at a Germany, Dr Pickup to Japan and Dr Symposium on Palaeolimnology held in NATO symposium in Italy and was Hilton and Mr Nolan for fieldwork in Canberra and presented a paper and also speaker at seminars at the Universities of Russia. gave lectures at Deakin University Western Australia, Uppsala and Namur (Victoria) and Townsville University and attended a SCOPE (Scientific Dr Bailey-Watts received Yuwadee (Queensland). Committee on Phosphates in Europe) Peerapompisal from Chiang Mai meeting in The Netherlands, Dr Tipping University for training in algal identification Dr Hilton was organiser and keynote was an invited speaker at a meeting in and enumeration. speaker at a meeting in Lisbon on Strasbourg on Chemodynamics of Radioecology of Freshwaters and Groundwaters and presented lectures to

29 The Freshwater Biological Association

The Freshwater Biological Association is The Library provides a suite of services All enquiries concerning Membership and an independent body that conducts including the following: the Associations acitivities should be research into all aspects of freshwater addressed to: science. The programme is maintained Current Awareness Service. A monthly by awarding grants and studentships, publication listing recent articles, reports The Director usually to young scientists. The and books covering all aspects of Professor J Gwynfryn Jones Association works in close collaboration freshwater science is available from the Freshwater Biological Association with the Natural Environment Research Library and Information service for an The Ferry House Council's Institute of Freshwater Ecology. annual subscription. Far Sawrey The British List of Hydrobiological Ambleside By agreement with the NERC, the FBA Papers is published annually, listing Cuinbria LA22 OLP conducts its research programme in the papers on British fresh waters, arranged' Telephone: Laboratories now managed by the Institute geographically. Windermere (STD Code 015394) of Freshwater Ecology. The Windermere A Document Delivery Service supplies 42468; Laboratory (The Ferry House) is the Head photocopies of articles and papers from International (4415394) 42468 Office of the Association and the other the extensive range held in the library. Fax: (015394) 46914 laboratories are: Literature Searches will be undertaken by the library staff. The River Laboratory, East Stoke, Dorset All of these services are available at The Eastern Rivers Laboratory, reduced rates to members of the Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire Association. Further details are available The Teesdale Laboratory, Barnard from THE LIBRARIAN, THE FERRY HOUSE, Castle, Co Durham FAR SAWREY, AMBLESIDE, CUMBRIA The Edinburgh Laboratory, Penicuik, LA22 OLP. Midlothian In addition to its programme of research Membership is open to individuals and and publication, and the maintenance of organisations that wish to support the International Archives such as the FBA Association. Members receive copies of Library and Fritsch Collection, the the Association's Freshwater Forum, and Association organises a range of meetings. may obtain other publications at a These include conventional scientific FRESHWATER discount; they may also visit the symposia and major international BIOLOGICAL Laboratories, and use the Library by seminars. It is also envisaged that smaller ASSOCIATION agreement with the Director. workshops and training courses will play a 0 larger part in the future programme.

30 Appendix 1

Finance A summary of the financial accounts for the year ended 31 March 1994 is shown in the pie-charts below, together with the comparative figures for 1992/93 M NERO Science Budget Support £2,081 k 53.0% INCOME (£1 ,658 k 46.9%)

1993/94 (1992/93)

Sales and Miscellane Income £39 k 1.0% (£47 k 1.3%) Public Sector £1,181 k 30.0% (£ 1,181 k 335%) Private Sector ES: £335 k 8.5% n EEC (£375 k 10.6%) £294 k 7.5% (£272 k 77%) Commissioned Research £1,810 k 46.0% (£1.828k 51.8%) EXPENDITURE

Staff'Costs £2,396 k 61.0% (£'2,308 k 65 3%)

1993/94 (1992/93)

Special Apparatus £385 k 9.8% (£123 k 35%) Sub-contracted Research £42 k 1.1% Laboratory Maintenance (£81 k 2.3%) £1,107 k 28.1% (£1,021 k 28.9%)

31 Appendix 2 Staff list

Management/Administration Ecology of large lowland rivers Project Leader Dr L C V Pinder Grade 7 Acting Director and Head Mr R H K Mann Grade 7 of Windermere Laboratory Prof A D Pickering Grade 5 Dr A F H Marker Grade 7 Mr J A B Bass SSO Head of Regional Mr D V Leach Temp HSO Laboratories Dr J Hilton Grade 6 Mr G D Collett SO Mr A C Pinder Temp SO Management assistance Miss K M Atkinson HSO Mr P Garner* RS

Secretary to Director Mrs M Thompson EQ Land-river interactions Project Leader Dr J F Wright Grade 7 Secretarial services Mrs V Muzalewski PSec Dr P D Armitage Grade 7 (Windermere) Mrs Y Dickens TY Pt Mr M T Furse Grade 7 Miss K Ross TY Mr J H Blackburn HSO Mrs G Machin SB1 Mr R J M Gunn SSO (River Laboratory) Mrs D M Morton E0 Mr N J Grieve SO Mrs V B Palmer AO Pt Mrs J M Winder SO Mrs K L Symes ASO Finance Officer Mr C J Moakes SE0 Miss A Brookes* RS

Finance and Miss P Parry EC) Fish population dynamics and management establishments Miss S Taylor AO Project Leader Dr ) M Elliott Grade 6 Dr D T Crisp Grade 7 Management of lakes and reservoirs Dr T G Pottinger SSO Project Leader Dr C S Reynolds Grade 6 Dr I j Winfield SSO Dr D G George Grade 7 Mr T R Carrick SSO Dr S C Maberly SSO Mr P R Cubby HSO Dr L May SSO Miss j M Fletcher SO Miss C Butterwick HSO Miss L A Jones RS Mr ID M Gunn HSO Ms D P Hewitt HSO Microbes in the aquatic environment Dr A E Irish HSO Project Leader Dr B J Finlay Grade 6 Mr A Kirika HSO Dr R W Pickup Grade 7 Mr A A Lyle HSO Mr K J Clarke SSO Miss P S Davies* RS Dr G H Hall SSO Miss A Fulcher RS Mr B M Simon SSO Mrs R M Hindle SO Pt Assessment and prediction of changes in the aquatic Mrs H E H Mallinson ASO environment Miss K Lawlor RS Project Leader Dr A E Bailey-Watts Grade 7 Dr G Esteban RF Dr E Y Haworth Grade 7 Mr Porier RS Mrs M A Hurley SSO Pt Mr G H M Jaworski SSO Culture Dr I G Day SSO Mrs J E Parker HSO Collection for Miss S Brown HSO Mrs J V Roscoe SO Pt Algae and Miss M M Deville SO Miss J A Taylor RF Protozoa Mrs Tompkins AO Pt Mrs A Cook ASO Pt

32 Physico-chemical processes in catchments Fritsch Collection of Algal Illustrations Project Leader Dr E W Tipping Grade 6 Honorary Curator Dr J W G Lund* Dr P A Carling Grade 7 Mrs E G Devlin ASO Pt Dr P A Cranwell Grade 7 Mrs E Monaghan ASO Pt Mr C P Woof SSO Mr M S Glaister HSO River Laboratory Mr D S Cordwell 170 Mrs J P Lishman HSO Mr B E Dear SO Mr E Rigg HSO Miss S Scobie ALib Pt Mr L Nolan SO Mr S C Shinn PGSE Miss H G Orr SO Mr G A Richards Ind Mr J B James ASO Mrs J Whitmarsh Ind Mr N Hesketh RS Mr A Kelsey RS Abbreviations: Mr J T Smith RS ALilo Assistant Librarian AO Administrative Officer River ecosystem processes ASO Assistant Scientific Officer Project Leader Dr M Ladle Grade 7 EO Executive Officer Mr R T Clarke Grade 7 GO Graphics Officer Dr F H Dawson Grade 1 Fun) Higher Professional & Technical Officer Dr W A House Grade 7 HSO Higher Scientific Officer Dr J S Welton Grade 7 Ind Industrial Mr I S Farr SSO PGSE Process & General Supervisory E Mr W R C Beaumont SSO PSec Personal Secretary Mr P Henville HSO Pt Part-time Mrs S M Smith HSO 170 Professional & Technical Officer Mr D R Orr SO RF Research Fellow RS Research Student Laboratory services SB1 Support Band 1 Windermere Mr F R Ohnstad SPTO SEO Senior Executive Officer Laboratory Mr M A Rouen SSO SLib Senior Librarian Mr P V Men HPTO SO Scientific Officer Mr M Lee HSO S170 Senior Professional & Technical Officer Mr T I Furness GO SSO Senior Scientific Officer Mr B M Godfrey PTO TY TYPist Mr D I Aspinall 170 FBA - not IFE establishment Mr J Crompton 170 Mr P M Hodgson 170 Mr G Gregson hid Mrs J Gregson Ind Miss R J Bainbridge Ind

Library Mr I Penman SLib Mr I D McCulloch ALib Miss C M Williams ALib Mrs K Crompton AO Mrs K J Pearson AO Pt Mrs 0 Jolly AO Pt

33 Appendix 3 Project list

Management of lakes and reservoirs Land-river interactions Project T04050-5 at Windermere and Edinburgh Project T04053-5 and T04071-5 at River and Windermere Laboratories Laboratories and 11E Programme TFS4 Water management and hydrological Programme 11- 4 Water management and hydrological extremes extremes Leader C S Reynolds Leader J F Wright Funding Science budget/commission/miscellaneous Funding Science budget/commission consultancies Objectives This project, which is heavily commissioned, Objectives To obtain greater resolution and experience in all includes strategic and applied research in river biological aspects of stored-water quality, management, conservation, the impact of land- including methodology development, tracing use on river biota and environmental impact physical water movements, chemical recycles assessment. The relationship between catchment and pelagic population dynamics. To develop features/land use and the river biota is being computational methods for predicting and addressed through collaborative work with the applying state-of-the-art Imowledge to practical Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) and also problems. through a commission on headwater streams. Current objectives include i) research on river Ecology of large lowland rivers management and pollution assessment which is Project T04052-5 at Eastern Rivers Laboratory responsive to the requirements of the National Rivers Authority; ii) studies to provide the Programme 11- 4 Water management and hydrological statutory nature conservation organisations in extremes Great Britain with information on river biota and Leader L C V Pinder techniques for site appraisal; iii) research on the Funding Science budget/commission macro-invertebrate assemblages of headwater streams, their contribution to catchment Objectives The broad objectives are to quantify the physical, chemical and biological interactions within large biodiversity and the impact of agricultural inputs; lowland river systems and to develop models that iv) studies on the response of the fauna and flora describe these interactions and are capable of to reduced flows and habitat loss in a river; v) predicting the effects of changes in factors such development of a data-base on the biota and as management and levels of pollution. environmental conditions in British rivers to Immediate, specific objectives include:- service strategic research and ensure the a) Development of a model of flow relating availability of the data for environmental impact hydrological and morphological properties of assessments, long- term monitoring, climate channels in order to predict sedimentation and change studies. transport of particulates, dissolved pollutants and dynamics of phytoplankton. Microbes in the aquatic environment b) Determination of seasonal and spatial patterns Project T10062-5 at Windermere Laboratory of abundance of invertebrates and larval and Programme l'fb10 Environmental microbiology juvenile cyprinid fish in the Great Ouse and Leader B J Finlay relating these to factors such as channel morphology, vegetation, water velocity, Funding Science budget/commission management, recreational pressures and Objectives a) To investigate the identity, diversity, pesticides. distribution and functional role of microbes and c) Examination of the effects of changes in light microbial processes in aquatic (especially climate, due to turbidity, on the growth and freshwater) environments. development of macrophytes and phytoplankton b) The innovative exploitation of aquatic in the Great Ouse. microbes with biotechnological potential, especially algae, protozoa and free-living prokaryotes.

34 Fish population dynamics and management River ecosystem processes Project T11050-5 and T11063-5 at Windermere, Eastern Project T11053-5 at River and Windermere Laboratories Rivers, Teesdale and River Laboratories Programme Il-b 11 Freshwater biology and water quality Prograrnrne 11-b 1 1 Freshwater biology and water quality Leader M Ladle Leader J M Elliott Funding Science budget/commission Funding Science budget/commission Objectives This project includes strategic and applied Objectives a) To obtain quantitative information on variations research into river ecosystem processes. The in numbers, biomass, growth rates, mortality study area ranges from procedures designed to rates, production rates, movements and feeding measure the Idnetics of chemical transport of fish and their food organisms in streams, processes at the particle/water interface; through rivers, lakes and reservoirs. To identify the physical, chemical and biological investigations extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting these designed to improve management and variables and to develop mathematical models understanding of plant communities in running that can be used to predict quantitative changes waters; studies of the environmental impact of in these variables. Particular emphasis is placed management activities including control on populations of brown trout, pike, perch, charr measures for insect pests such as the Blandford and the rare coregonids (schelly, vendace). Fly: development of techniques for the b) To elucidate the basic physiological and determination of runs of migratory salmonid endocrinological changes that occur when fish fishes and for the validation of fish counting are subjected to acute and chronic environmental installations; establishment of the natural patterns stress, with special emphasis on survival, disease of recruitment and resource utilisation by coarse resistance, growth and reproduction. To fishes and the solution of problems of investigate methods for controlling the stress classification, identity,distribution and population response by modifying the fish's environment or genetics in a wide range of aquatic organisms. by selecting, for breeding purposes, fish with low sensitivities to environmental stress. Assessment and prediction of changes in the aquatic c) To interpret and apply the results of the above environment work so that they can be used for the scientific Project T11055-5 and 11060-5 at Windermere, management and conservation of stocks of Edinburgh and River Laboratories freshwater fish and their environments, especially in relation to human perturbations such as Programme TFS11 Freshwater biology and water quality eutrophication, acidification, changes in land use Leaden A E Bailey-Watts and changes in climate. Funding Science budget/commission Objectives a) The acquisition of physical, chemical and Physico-chemical processes in catchments biological data from diverse aquatic ecosystems Project T11052-5 and 11059-5 at Windermere and River with the primary purpose of identifying and Laboratories quantifying environmental changes associated Programme I Fb 11 Freshwater biology and water quality with man's activities, distinguishing man-made Leader E W Tipping change from natural variations and trends and giving early warning of undesirable effects. Funding Science budget/commission b) To seek a better understanding of organisms Objectives a) To investigate the pathways and and fundamental processes within the aquatic transformations of particulate and soluble environment and to identify particular variables, chemical components in catchments. processes and aquatic environments which are b) To improve understanding of the fundamental sensitive to change. physical, chemical and biological processes c) To develop qualitative and quantitative models operating in soil waters, rivers and lakes. for the assessment and prediction of change in c) To develop quantitative models of individual aquatic ecosystems as influenced by catchment and combined processes. perturbation. d) To apply the Imowledge to the mitigation and preferably prevention of problems attributed to cultural eutrophication, acidification and other results of human pressures.

35 Appendix 4 Publications

Brown S. & De Jonckheere J.F. 1994 Copp G.H. & Mann R.H.K. 1993 Scientific Papers Identification and phylogenetic Comparative growth and diet of tench relationships of Vahlkampfia spp. Tinca tinca (L.) larvae and juveniles Bailey-Watts A.E. & Kirika A. 1993 (free-living amoebae) by riboprinting. from river floodplain biotopes in Phytoplankton and controlling factors FEMS MicrobiolLetts 115 241-246 France and England. in the rapidly flushed, upland Loch Ecol.freshwat.Fish 2 58-66 Dee (Galloway Scotland) The Loch Brown S. & Day J.G. 1993 Dee Symposium. (ed. DJ. Tervet & An improved method for the long- Crisp D.T. 1993 F.M. Lees) p83-96 Foundation for term preservation of Naeglene Population densities of juvenile trout Water Research, Medmenham, gruberi. Cryo-Letters 14 349-354 (Selma trutta) in five upland streams and their effects upon growth, survival Baroudy E. 1991 Bryant CI., Farmer J.G., MacKenzie and dispersal. J.apptEcol. 30 759-771 Current research on Lake A.B., Bailey-Watts A.E. & Kirika A. 1993. Windermere charr. Distribution and behaviour of Crisp D.T. 1993 InfSerint.Soc.Arctic Char Fanatics radiocaesium in Scottish freshwater The environmental requirements of No.5 19-20 loch sediments. Environmental salmon and trout in fresh water. Geochemistry and Health, 15 153-161 Freshwat.Forum 3 176-202 Beakes G.W., Canter H.M. & Jaworski G.H.M. 1993 Canter H.M. & Dick M.W. 1994 Crisp D.T. 1993 Sporangium differentiation and Eurychasmopsis multisecunda gen. et The ability of U.K. salmonid alevins to zoospore fme-structure of the chytrid sp.nov., a parasite of the suctorian emerge through a sand layer. J.Fish Rhizophydium planktonicum, a fungal ciliate Podophrya. Mycol.Res. 98 105- Biol. 43 656-658 parasite of Asterionella formosa. 117 Mycol.Res. 97 1059-1074 Davison W., Hill M., Woof C., Rouen M. Carling PA., Glaister M.S. & Flintham & Aspinall D. 1994 Bean C.W. & Winfield 1.J. 1992 T.P. 1993 Continuous measurement of stream Influences of the tapeworm Ligula Soil erosion and conservation on land pH. Evaluation of procedures and intestinalis (L.) on the spatial cultivated and drained for comparison of resulting hydrogen ion distributions of juvenile roach Rutilus afforestation. Hydrol.Processes 7 317- budgets with those from flow- nitilus (L.) and gudgeon Gobio gobio 333 weighted integrating samplers. (L.) in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland. Wat.Res. 28 161-170 Neth.J.Zool. 42 416-429 Carling P.A. & Petts G.E. (ED.) 1992 Lowland floodplain rivers: Davison W., Hilton J., Hamilton-Taylor J., Berninger U.-G., Wickham SA. & Finlay geomorphological perspectives. Kelly M., Livens F., Rigg E. Carrick T.R. B.J. 1993 Chichester. John Wiley, 317p. & Singleton DI. 1993 Trophic coupling within the microbial The transport of Chemobyl-derived food web: a study with fme temporal Casey H., Clarke RT. & Smith S.M. 1993 radiocaesium through two freshwater resolution in a eutrophic freshwater Increases in nitrate concentrations in lakes in Cumbria, UK. ecosystem. Freshwat.Biol. 30 415-432 the River Frome (Dorset) catchment lEnvirRadioactivity 19 125-153 related to changes in land use, Beven P. & Carling P. 1992 fertiliser applications and sewage Day J.G. & Turner M.F. 1992 Velocities, roughness and dispersion input. Chemy Foot 8 105-117 Algal culture collection and in the lowland River Severn. In: biotechnology. In: Proceedings of the Lowland Roodplain riven: Clarke K.J., Finlay B.J., Vicente E., symposium on culture collection of geomorphological perspectives (ed. Llorens H. & Miracle M.R. 1993 algae. Tsukuba Feb.15, 1991 (ed. P.A.Carling & G.E.Petts) p71-93. The complex life-cycle of a M.Watanabe) p11-27. Tsukuba. Chichester. J.Wiley. polymorphic prokaryote epibiont of National Institute for Environmental the phytosynthetic bacterium Studies. Bickerton M., Petts G., Armitage P. & Chromatium weissei. Archs Microbiol. Castella E. 1993 159 498-505 Elliott J.M. 1993 Assessing the ecological effects of The pattern of natural mortality groundwater abstraction on chalk throughout the life cycle in contrasting streams: three examples from eastern populations of brown trout, Salrno England. Regul.Rivers Res.Mgmt 8 trutta L. Fish.Res. 17 123-136 121-134

36 Elliott J.M. 1993 Esteban G., Guhl B.E., Clarke K.J., Gledhill T., Sutcliffe D.W. & The living stream Sherldn Comment Embley T.M. & Finlay B.J. 1993 Williams W.D. 1993 No.15 pl 1 Cyclidium porcatum n.sp.: a free-living British freshwater Crustacea anaerobic scuticociliate containing a Malacostraca: a key with ecological Elliott J.M. 1993 stable complex of hydrogenosomes, notes. ScientPubls freshwatbiolAss. The pattern of natural mortality eubacteria and archaeobacteria. No.52 176p throughout the life cycle in contrasting Eur J.Protistol. 29 262-270 populations of brown trout, Salmo Golterman H.L., Burgis M.J., Lemoalle J. trutta L. Fish.Res. 17 123-136 Finlay B.j. 1993 & Tailing J.F. 1993 Behavior and bioenergetics of Ecological characteristics of tropical Elliott J.M. 1993 anaerobic and microaerobic protists. fresh waters: an outline In- Hydrology A 25-year study of production of in: Handbook of methods in aquatic and water management in the humid juvenile sea-trout, Salmo trutta, in an microbial ecology (ed. P.F.Kemp, B.F. tropics (ed. M.Bonell, M.M.Htifschmidt English Lake District stream. Sherr, E.B.Sherr & J.J.Cole) p59-66. & J.S.Gladwell) p367-391. Cambridge. Can.specPubls Fish aguatSci. No.118 Boca Raton, Lewis. University Press & UNESCO. 109-122 Finlay Si., Esteban G. & Embley M. 1993 Gray A.J., Moy I.L., Warman E.A. Elliott J.M. 1993 The hidden diversity of anaerobic Dawson F.H. & Henville P. 1993 The self-thinning rule applied to microbes. NERC News No.25 4-6 Tidal regimes and salt marshes - the juvenile sea-trout Salmo trutta. River Mantle analogue. Report, ETSU JAnirn.Ecol. 62 371-379 Finlay B.J., Tellez C & Esteban G. 1993 T/04/00195/Rep 27p Diversity of free-living ciliates in the Elliott J.M. 1994 sandy sediment of a Spanish stream in Hammar J., Chernitsky A.G., Baroudy E., Quantitative ecology and the brown winter. Jgen.Microbiol. 139 2855- DeCiccio Al., Greer R.B., Johnson L., trout. Oxford. Oxford Univ.Press, xi + 2863 Kircheis F.W., Maximov V.A., Nyman L., 286pp et a/1991 Flintham T.P. & Carling P.A. 1993 Collective sampling the ISACF way: Elliott J.M. 1991 Design of stable drainage networks in biological, genetic and environmental Dr.T.T.Macan and his work on upland forestry plantations. observations of a landlocked Ephemeroptera. [Obituary]. In: Hydro/Processes 7 335-347 population of Arctic char sampled with Overview and strategies of style in north-east Kola Peninsula, Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera (Proc. George D.G. 1993 Soviet Union. lnfSerint.SocArctic 6th Int.Ephemeroptera Cont. & 10th Impacts of the mild winters of 1988/89 Char Fanatics No.5 7-12 lnt.Symp. Plecoptera, Granada, Spain, and 1989/90. Impacts on freshwater July 1989) (ed. J.Alba- Tercedor & systems. In: Impacts of the mild winters Haworth E.Y. 1993 A.Sanchey-Ortega) p585-588. and hot summers in the United The responses of aquatic biota and Gainesville Sandhill Crane Press. Kingdom in 1988-1990 (ed. their use as indicator organisms. In: M.G.R.Cannell & C.E.RPitcaim) p47- Biological indicators of global change Elliott J.M., Elliott JA. & Hilton J. 1993 53. London. H.M.S.O. (ed.. J.J.Symoens, P.Devos, Sources of variation in post- J.Rammeloo & C.Verstraeten) P115- Chemobyl radiocaesiurn in brown George D.G. 1993 127. Brussels. Royal Academy of trout, Salmo Mille L., and Arctic charr, Physical and chemical scales of Overseas Sciences. Salvelinus alpinus (L.), from six pattern in freshwater lakes and Curnbrian lakes (northwest England). reservoirs. Sci.Total Envir 135 1-15 Haworth E.Y. & Sabater S. 1993 Annls.Limnol. 29 79-98 A new Miocene Aulacoseira species in George D.G., Emmett BA. & diatomite from the ancient lake in La Elliott J.M., Tullett PA. & Elliott J.A. 1993 Reynolds N. 1993 Cerdanya (NE Spain). In: Progress in A new bibliography of samplers for Impacts of the hot summers of 1989 diatom studies - contributions to freshwater benthic invertebrates. and 1990. Impacts on freshwater taxonomy, ecology and nomenclature Occ.Publs FreshwatbiotAss. No.30 ecosystems. In: Impacts of the mild (ed. P.A.Sims) p227-242. Berlin. 92p. winters and hot summers in the United J.Cramer. Kingdom in 1988-1990 (ed. Embley T.M. & Finlay B.J. 1994 M.C.R.Cannell & C.E.R.Pitcairn) p119- Haworth E.Y. & Tyler P.A. 1993 The use of small subunit rRNA 126. London. H.M.S.O, Morphology and taxonomy of sequences to unravel the relationships Cyclotella tasmanica spec.nov., a between anaerobic ciliates and their George D.G. & Winfield I.J. 1993 newly described diatom from methanogen endosymbionts. Factors influencing the vertical and Tasmanian lakes. Hydrobiologia Microbiology 140 225-235 horizontal distribution of fish in Loch 269/270 49-56 Ness. [Abstract] J.Fish Rio], 43 330- Esteban G. Finlay B.J. & Embley T.M. 33 i Hearne J.W. & Armitage P.D. 1993 1993 Implications of the annual macrophyte New sPecies double the diversity of growth cycle on habitat in rivers. anaerobic ciiates in a Spanish lake. Regul.Rivers Res.Mgmt 8 313-322 FEMS MicrobiotLetts 109 93-100

37 Jakubowski H., Mann R.H.K. & May L., Bailey-Watts A.E. & Kirika A. Porter J., Edwards C., Morgan J.A.W. & Penczak T. 1988 1993 Pickup R.W. 1993 Changes in the ichthyofauna of the The ecology of Synchaeta ldtina Rapid, automated separation of Widawka River from 1963 to 1982. Rousselet in Loch Leven, Scotland. specific bacteria from lake water and [Pl.e.] Acta Umv.Lodz.F'olia limnol. Hydrobiologia 255/256 305-315 sewage by flow cytometry and cell No.3 67-83 sorting. ApptenvirMicrobiol. 59 Morgan JAW. & Pickup R.W. 1993 3327- 3333 Jones J.G. 1993 Activity of microbial peptidases, Recent advances in freshwater oxidases, and esterases in lake waters Pottinger T.G. & Moran TA. 1993 ecology. In: Con ferencias de of varying trophic status. Differences in plasma cortisol and Limnologia (ed. A.Boltovskoy & Can.J.Microbiol. 39 795-803 cortisone dynamics during stress in H.L.Lopez) p 159- 169. La Plata. two strains of rainbow trout Instituto de Limnologia "Dr.Raul Morgan JAW., Rhodes G. & (Oncorhynchus rnykiss). J.Fish Biol. 43 A.Ringuelet". Pickup R.W. 1993 121-130 Survival of nonculturable Aeromonas Jones J.G. 1993 salrnonicida in lake water. Pottinger T.G., Moran T.A. & The Freshwater Biological Association ApptenvirMicrobiol. 59 874-880 Morgan J.A.W. 1994 (FBA) and the Institute of Freshwater Primary and secondary indices of Ecology (IFE). EurWat.Pollut.Control Ojala A. 1993 stress in the progeny of rainbow trout 3 45-49 In situ diel DNA synthesis of a (Oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for Cryptomonas sp. in a hypereutrophic high and low responsiveness to stress. Kadiri M.O. & Reynolds C.S. 1993 tarn. Annls bot.fenn. 30 119-129 iFish Biol. 44 149-163 Long-term monitoring of the conditions of lakes: the example of the Penczak T. & Mann R.H.K. 1993 Rand-Weaver M., Pottinger T.G. & English Lake District. Arch.Hydrobiol. A preliminary evaluation of the effect Sumpter J.P. 1993 129 157-178 of human activity on the fish Plasma somatolactin concentrations in populations of the Pilica River, central salmonid fish are elevated by stress. Kipling C. 1991 Poland. Polside Archwm Hydrobiol 40 JEndocr 138 509-515 The chars in English books. 101-115 IntSerint.Soc.Arctic Char Fanatics Reynolds C.S. 1993 No.5 95-96 Petts G., .Armitage P. & Castella E. 1993 Swings and roundabouts. engineering Physical habitat changes and the environment of algal growth. In: Le Cren E.D. 1993 macroinvertebrate response to river Urban waterside regeneration: The FBA 1943-1983: a personal regulation: the River Rede, UK. problems and prospects (ed. commentary. Freshwat.Forum 3 85-96 ReguIRivers Res.Mgmt 8 167-178 K.N.White, E.G.Bellinger, M.Symes & K.Hendry) p330-349. Maberly S.C., Huxley MA., Pickering A.D. 1993 Chichester. Ellis Horwood Ltd. Butterwick C., Cony J.E., Heaney 5.1., Growth and stress in fish production. Irish A.E., Jaworski G.H.M., Lund J.W.G., Aquaculture 111 51-63 Reynolds C.S. 1993 Reynolds C.S. & Roscoe J.V. 1994 The ecosystems approach to water The rise and fall of Astehonella Pickering A.D. 1993 management. The main features of the fonnosa in the south basin of Endocrine-induced pathology in ecosystems concept. Windermere. analysis of a 45-year stressed salmonid fish. Fish.Res. 17 Jaquat.Ecosystillth 2 3-8 series of data. Freshwat.Biol. 31 19-34 35-50 Reynolds C.S. & Glaister M.S. 1993 Maitland P.S. & Lyle A.A. 1993 Pickup R.W. 1991 Spatial and temporal changes in Freshwater fish conservation in the Detection and study of phytoplankton abundance in the British Isles. Br Wildl. 5 8-15 microorganisms in the environment - upper and middle reaches of the new approaches. Biotech.Forum Eur. River Sevem. Arch.HydrobiolSuppl. Malmqvist B., Nilsson A.N., Baez M., 8 499-503 101 1-22 Armitage P.D. & Blackburn J. 1993 Stream macroinvertebrate Pickup R.W. 1991 Roberts R.J., Willoughby L.G. & communities in the island of Tenerife. Diversity and distribution of Chinabut S. 1993 Arch.Hydrobiol. 128 209-235 hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in Mycotic aspects of epizootic the aquatic environment: a genetical ulcerative syndrome (EUS) of Asian Marker A.F.H., Butterwick C. & approach. In: International symposium: fishes. 'fish Dis. 16 169-183 Garbutt R.A. 1994 environmental biotechnology 22-25 Special topic focus - a pilot study of Apfil 1991 Oostende p11-20. Belgium. Spezzano P., Hilton J., Lishntan J.P. & the phytoplankton of rivers in the Royal Flemish Society of Engineers. Carrick T.R. 1993 Humber catchment. LOIS No.1 p9 The variability of Chernobyl Cs retention in the water column of lakes in the English Lake District, two years and four years after deposition. J.envir.Radioact. 19 213-232

38 Sutcliffe D.W. 1993 Venugopal MX & Winfield I.J. 1993 Wotton RS., Armitage P.D., Aston K., Reproduction in Garnmarus The distribution of juvenile fishes in a Blackburn J.H., Hamburger M. & (Crustacea, Arnphipoda): male hypereutrophic pondcan Woodward C.A. 1993 strategies. Freshwat.Forum 3 97-109 macrophytes offer a refuge for Colonization and emergence of zooplankton? [Abstract] 'Fish Biol. 43 midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) in Sutcliffe D.W. 1992 329- 330 slow sand filter beds. Reproduction in Gammarus NethlaguatEcol. 26 331-339 (Crustacea, Amphipoda): basic Venugopal M.N. & Winfield Id. 1993 processes. Freshwat.Forurn 2 102-128 The distribution of juvenile fishes in a Wright J.F., Furse KT. & Armitage P.D. hypereutrophic pond: can 1993 Sutcliffe D.W. 1993 macrophytes potentially offer a refuge RIVPACS - a technique for evaluating Reproduction in Gamma/us for zooplankton? J.freshwaticol. 8 the biological quality of rivers in the (Crustacea, Amphipoda): female 389-396 U.K. Eur.Wat.Pollut.Control. 3 15-25 strategies. Freshwat.Forum 3 26-64 Welton J.S. & Ladle M. 1993 Wright J.F., Fume MT., Armitage P.D. & Telling J.E. 1993 The experimental treatment of the Moss D. 1993 Comparative seasonal changes, and blackfly, Sirnulium posticatum in the New procedures for identifying inter-annual variability and stability, in Dorset Stour using the biologically running-water sites subject to a 26-year record of total produced insecticide Bacillus environmetnal stress and for phytoplankton biomass in four English thufingiensisvarisraelensis. evaluating sites for conservation,- lake basins. Hydrobiologia 268 65-98 JapplEcol. 30 772-782 based on the macroinvertebrate fauna. Arch.Hydrobiol. 127 319-326 Tailing J.F. 1993 Willoughby LG. 1993 Environmental regulation in African A new destructive disease (Epizootic Young J.M., Jones RI. & shallow lakes and wetlands. Revue Ulcerative Syndrome) of freshwater Bailey-Watts A.E. 1993 Hydrobioitrop. 25 87-144 fishes in southeast Asia. Studies of the plankton of Loch Ness, Freshwat.Forum 3 110-121 Scotland. I. Phytoplankton. [Abstract] Tipping E. 1993 Verh.int.Verein.theorangew.timnol. 25 Modelling the binding of europium Winfield 1. 1993 p458 and the actinides by hurnic Desperately seeking schelly. Aguarist substances. Radiochim.Acta 62 141- Pondkpr, 58 96-98 152 Winfield I.J., Fletcher J.M. & Cubby P.R. Tipping E. 1993 1993 Modelling of cation binding by natural Confirmation of the presence of organic matter in soils and waters. schelly, Coregonus lavaretus, in Analyt.Proc. 30 186-189 Brotherswater, U.K. J.Fish Biol. 42 621-622 Tipping E. 1993 Modelling ion binding by humic acids Winfield I.J., Tobin C.M. & Montgomery Colloid.Surf (A) 73 117-131 C.R. 1993 The fish of Lough Neagh, part E: Tipping E., Thompson D.W., Woof C. & ecological studies of the fish Longworth G. 1993 community. In: Lough Neagh: the Transport of haematite and silica ecology of a multipurpose water colloids through sand columns eluted resource (ed. R.B.Wood and with artificial groundwaters. R.V.Smith) p451-471. Dordrecht. Envir.Technol. 14 367-372 Kluwer.

Tipping E., Woof C. & Clarke K. 1993 Winstanley C., Carter J.P., Seasman M., Deposition and resuspension of fine Morgan J.A.W., Pickup R.W. & particles in a riverine 'dead zone'. Saunders J.R. 1993 Hydrol.Processes 7 263-277 A comparison of the survival of stable and unstable chromosomally located Valairatarm W. & Willoughby LG. 1993 xylE marker cassettes as an indicator Spore assay of Achlya (Fungi, of cell division within populations of Phycomycetes) from a fish pond; Pseudomonas putida released into apparently demonstrating strains of lake water and soil. Microb.Releases 2 the genus with widely differing growth 97-107 rates. AAHRI Newsl. 2 1-2

39 Crisp, DT. 1994. Llyn Brianne hydro power Furse, MT, Grieve, NJ, Gunn, RIM, Contract reports scheme - possible effects of predicted Symes, a, Winder, JM and water temperature changes upon salmonid Blackburn, JH. 1993. The faunal richness of Armitage, PD and Gunn, RJM. 1993. fishes. 15p, 8 tables, 2 appendices. headwater streams. Progress report for the Channel Tunnel. Stream survey and Wallace Evans. period October 1993 -December 1993. Sp. assessment in the Folkestone area - Spring National Rivers Authority. 1993 22p. Transmanche Link Crisp, DT and Beaumont, WRC. 1994. Observations on the siSe and sex ratios of Furse, MT, Winder, JM, Symes, a, Armitage, PD, Pardo, I, Dawson, FH, spawning trout in the Afon Cwm, mid- Grieve, NJ and Gunn, RJM. 1993. The Henville, P and Smith, SM. 1993. Wales, in November 1993. Bp, 4 tables, 1 faunal richness of headwater streams. Freshwater biological monitoring of the figure. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Progress report for the period July 1993 - Furzebrook Stream. 27p. BP Exploration and Food. September 1993. 15p. National Rivers Operating Ltd. Authority. Dawson, FH. 1992. Aquatic plant control in Bailey-Watts, AE, Gunn IDM, and Egypt: report of visit to assess the potential Furse, MT, Winder, JM, Symes, a, Kirika, A. 1993. Loch Levan: past and for environmentally-sound weed Grieve, NJ, Gunn, RJM and Clarke, RT. current water quality and options for management regimes for irrigation and 1993. The faunal richness of headwater change. Final Report. 24 p, 10 figures. drainage channels, Sept 26 - Oct II 1991. streams. Progress report for the period Forth River Purification Board. 156p. Hydraulics Research Ltd. April 1993 - June 1993. 12p. National Rivers Authority. Bailey-Watts, AE, Lyle, AA, Kirika, A and Dawson, FH. 1993. A meeting on the future Guim, IDM. 1993. Sensitivity of lenbc of EC R&D policy. ca. 300p. Dr D.Coates, Furse, MT, Winder, JM, Symes, KL, waters. Final report. ii + 24p., 8 figures, 3 TFSD Marketing Manager. Clarke, RT, Gunn, RJM, Blackburn, JH tables. Scottish Office, Environment and Fuller, RM. 1993. The faunal richness Department. Dawson, FH. 1993. Visit to the Czech of headwater streams. Stage 2 - catchment Republic. EWRS International workshop on studies. Volume 1. Main report. 126p. Bass, JAB and Leach, DV. 1993. Water plant invasions at Kostelec nad Cernymi National Rivers Authority. quality monitoring on the Rivabre Brook lesy, field trip to the north of the Czech Final report. 64p. British Nuclear Fuels plc, Republic and visit to the AS CR Institute of Furse, MT, Winder, JM, Symes, KL, Capenhurst. Botany at Trebon, south Bohemia. 89p. Clarke, RT, Gunn, RJM, Blackburn, JH British Council, Prague. and Fuller, RM. 1993. The faunal richness Beaumont, WRC, Dear, BE and Ladle, M. of headwater streams. Stage 2 - catchment 1993. The efficacy of manual gravel Dawson, FH, Ladle, M and Smith, SM. studies. Volume 2. Appendices. 184p. cleaning as a means of improving salmonid 1993. Al (M) widening junctions 6 to 8 - National Rivers Authority. spawning gravels. Report on year 2 River Mimram aquatic survey. 29p. Travers (1992/93). 9p + 7 tables, 20 figures, 1 Morgan Environment, George, DG, Winfield, IJ and Jones, JG. appendix. Ministry of Agriculture, 1994. A preliminary study of the vertical Fisheries and Food. Dawson, FH, Welton, JS, Smith, SM and and horizontal distributions of zooplankton Henville, P. 1993. M25 improvements and fish in Loch Ness, UK. 16p, 6 figures. Beaumont, WRC, Ladle, M and Dear, BE junctions 12-15: freshwater ecological Scottish Natural Heritage. 1993. An investigation of salmon spawning reconnaissance surveys. 60p. Chris gravels in the Wessex region. 21p, maps, Blandford Associates for Department of Glaister, MS, Carling, PA and Orr, HG. photographs, figures, appendix. National Transport. 1992. Gravel bed composition and Rivers Authority Wessex Region. structure: River Leven, Strathclyde, Day, JG. 1994. Production of Pythium Scotland. Crouch, Hogg, Waterman, Cading, PA and Glaister, MS. 1994, oligandrum using an optimised single- Consulting Civil Engineers. Conservation of Scottish forestry soil (first phase protocol. 14p. W.H.Knights and Sons interim report). 9p, Scottish Forestry Trust. (Dr MR. Groom). Gunn, IDM, May, L and Bailey-Watts, AE. 1994. Analysis of 1993 Loch Leven Cranwell, PA, Jones, jG and Simon, BM. Dobson, JH, Noble, L and Pettman, I. crustacean zooplankton samples, 13p, 6 1993. Studies on Villa Farm liquid waste 1993. Study of the enviromental fate of figures, Scottish Natural Heritage. disposal site. Final report for the period I chemical substances which have a major January 1993 to 30 September 1993. 29p. application as active ingredients in Hartley, SE and Pickering, AD. 1994. BOC Foundation. pharmaceutical preperations. (Final Genetic differentiation between Atlantic report). 33p. Joint Research Centre. salmon populations in the Windermere Crisp, DT. 1994. The ecology of young catchment. 28p, 1 appendix. National stages of salmonid 17sh and the implications Elliott, JM. 1994. Management and Rivers Authority North West Region. for practical river management. Final rePort ecology of Arctic charr populations in for the period I April 1991 to 31 March Windermere. 28p, 6 figures. National Haworth, EY, Gunn, IDM, Cubby, PR and 1994. 24p. Ministry of Agriculture, Rivers Authority North West Region. Carlos, R. 1994, Survey and management Fisheries and Food. proposals for the "lawn pool", Moccas Park National Nature Reserve in Herefordshire. 28p, 6 appendices. English Nature.

40 Hilton, J, May, L and Bailey-Watts, AE. Reynolds, CS, Cranwell, PA, Cubby, PR, Wright, JF, Armitage, PD, Clarke, RT, 1993. Bassenthwaite Lake: an acsessment Davies, PS, Haworth, EY, Irish, AE, Winder, JM and Symes, Kl. 1993. An of the effects of phosphorus reduction at the James, B, Jaworski, GHM, Maberly, SC, investigation of the relationship between Keswick STW on the seasonal changes in Lishman, JP, Parker, 1E, Rigg, E and the aquatic plant and animal communities nutrients and phytoplankton, using a Roscoe, JV. 1994. The restoration of of rivers. Report for the period April 1992 to dynamic model. 42p 6 tables 17 figures. Windermere by the reduction of March 1993. 129p. Scottish Natural National Rivers Authority North West phosphorus loading. Second interim report. Heritage. Region. 12p, 1 table, 14 figures. North West Water. Wright, jr, Clarke, RT and Blackburn, Jaworski, GHM, Reynolds, CS, Hall, GH, Welton, JS, Beaumont, WRC, Dear, BE JH. 1993. Macroinvertebrates in lowland Butterwick, C, Cranwell, PA, Cubby, PR, and Ladle, M. 1994. Quality control report rivers in summer. A guide to James, B, Lishman, JP, Maberly, SC, on fish ageing in Sussex area of NRA macroinvertebrate-habitat associations. Parker, JE, Rigg, E and Roscoe, JV. 1994. (Southern Region). 3p, 2 tables. National 107p. Scottish Natural Heritage. Water quality of the lakes of the Rivers Authority Southern Region. Windermere catchment. Interim report. Wright, JF, Gunn, RJM, Blackburn, JH, 14p, 7 figures. National Rivers Authority - Welton, JS, Beaumont, WRC and Winder, JM and Symes, KL. 1993. North West Region. Dear, BE. 1993. The status of Atlantic Enhancement of RIVPACS for biological salmon (Salrno salar L.) in the River Frome, assessment of the quality of Scottish rivers. Kelsey, A and Carling, PA. 1993. Dorset. 36p. Ministry of Agriculture, A progress report for the period November Advanced numerical modelling of fluvial Fisheries and Food. 1992 to October 1993. 6p. The Scottish dunes: a review 36p. Bundesanstalt fur Office, Environment Department. Gewasserkunde. Welton, JS, Dear, BE, Beaumont, WRC and Pinder, AC. 1993. 1993 survey of the Wright, JF, Gunn, RJM, Blackburn, JH, Ladle M 1993. Meon and Hamble low coarse fish of the River Tees before Winder, JM, Symes, KL, Grieve, NJ, flow investigations. 15p. Mott MacDonald. construction of the barrage. Progress Furse, MT, Clarke, RT and Moss, D. report. 75p. National Rivers Authority 1993. Testing and further development of Ladle M and Dawson, FH. 1993. Flow Northumbrian Region. RIVPACS (phase 2). Progress report for the regime requirements River Darent. 38p, 3 period April 1993-June 1993. 17p. National figures. Institute of Hydrology. Welton, JS, Dear, BE, Beaumont, WRC, Rivers Authority. Pinder, AC, Crisp, DT and Ladle, M. Lyle, AA and Bailey-Watts, AE. 1993. 1994. 1993 survey of the coarse fish of the Wright, jF, Moss, D, Gunn, RJM, Contributions to the Scotland and Northern River Tees before construction of the Blackburn, JH, Winder, JM, Symes, KL, Ireland Forum for Environmental Research barrage. Interim report. 96p. National Grieve, NJ, Furse, MT and Clarke, RT. (SNIFFER) programme on eutrophication Rivers Authority Northumbrian Region. 1994. Testing and further development of risk assessment:I. Effects of light attenuation RIVPACS (phase 2). Progress report for the by humic colouring and turbidity on Welton, JS and Ladle, M. 1993. An period July I 993-December 1993. 21p. chlorophyll production. 11. Factors experimental treatment of Simulium National Rivers Authority. controlling lake stratification. Final report to posticatum with Bti at selected sites on the the Water Research Centre. 45p, 8 figures. River Stour, Dorset, 1993. 41p. North Water Research Centre, Dorset District Council.

Maberly, SC, Jaworsld, GHM, Clarke, KJ Winfield, IJ. 1993. Ecology of the vendace, and Parker, JE. 1994. The physiological Coregonus albula, in Bassenthwaite Lake. control of blue-green algae by carbon Progress report for period April 1993 - dioxide. 31p. The BOC Foundation. September 1993. 9p, 3 figures. North West Water. Marker, AFH, Butterwick, C and Garbutt, RA. 1993. A short pilot study of Winfield, U. 1993. Ecology of the schelly, the phytoplankton of rivers of the Humber Coregonus lavaretus, in Haweswater. catchment. 50p. RACS(r), LOIS special Progress report for the period Apn11993 - topic committee and NERC grants September 1993. 13p, 6 figures. North committee. West Water.

May, L and Bailey-Watts, AE. 1993. Winfield, IJ, Fletcher, JM and Cubby, PR. Bassenthwaite Lake: an assessment of the 1994. Ecology of the vendace, Coregonus effects of phosphorus reduction at the albula, in Bassenthwaite Lake. 62p, tables, Keswick STW on the seasonal changes in figures. North West Water. nutrients and phytoplankton, using a dynamic model. 42p, 17 figures. National Winfield, IJ, Fletcher, JM and Cubby, PR. Rivers Authority North West Region. 1993. Status of rare fish. Draft final report. 92p, tables figures. National Rivers Noble, L, Jolly, I, Bethel, A and Authority. Pettman, I. 1993. Editorial revision of ECDIN ecotoxicological files (final report). 31p. Joint Research Centre. 42 43 Addresses

The IFE operates from five bases strategically placed around the country. The Headquarters are at the Windermere Laboratory and correspondence should be addressed to the appropriate site as follows:

Institute of Freshwater Ecology Institute of Freshwater Ecology Windermere Laboratory River Laboratory Far Sawrey East Stoke Ambleside Wareham Cumbria LA22 OLP Dorset BH20 6BB

Telephone: 015394-42468 Telephone: 01929462314 Telex: 94070416 WIND G Telex: 94070672 WARE G Facsimile: 015394-46914 Facsimile: 01929462180

Contact: Prof A D Pickering Contact: Dr J Hilton

Institute of Freshwater Ecology Institute of Freshwater Ecology Teesdale Laboratory Eastern Rivers Laboratory c/o Northumbrian Water Monks Wood Experimental Station Lartington Treatment Works Abbots Ripton Lartington Huntingdon Barnard Castle Cambridgeshire PE17 2LS Co Durham DL12 9DW Telephone: 01487 773381 Telephone: 01833-50600 Telex: 32416 MONITE G Facsimile: 01833-50827 Facsimile: 01487 773467

Contact: Dr D T Crisp Contact: Dr L C V Pinder

Institute of Freshwater Ecology Edinburgh Laboratory Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 OQB

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Contact: Dr A E Bailey -Watts

The FBA continues to run a programme of basic research under the guidance of its CounciL It also continues to provide services for its corporate and individual members.

Correspondence should be addressed:

Freshwater Biological Association The Ferry House Far Sawrey Ambleside Cumbria LA22 01P

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