A BIODIVERSITY AND WETLAND SCREENING ASSESSMENT (DESKTOP LEVEL) FOR THE PROPOSED DE BAD PROSPECTING APPLICATION, NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE
Prepared for: LW Consultants Prepared by: Exigo Sustainability (Pty) Ltd
A BIODIVERSITY AND WETLAND SCREENING ASSESSMENT (DESKTOP LEVEL) FOR THE PROPOSED DE BAD PROSPECTING APPLICATION, NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE
FATAL FLAW ANALYSIS (DESKTOP LEVEL)
July 2018
Conducted on behalf of: LW Consultants 19 Park Road, Belgravia, Kimberley Contact person: Mr. K. Wiehahn
Compiled by: Dr. BJ Henning Pr.Sci.Nat (PhD plant Ecology; MSc Botany - Soil Science related)
Although Exigo exercises due care and diligence in rendering services and preparing documents, Exigo accepts no liability, and the client, by receiving this document, indemnifies Exigo and its directors, managers, agents and employees against all actions, claims, demands, losses, liabilities, costs, damages and expenses arising from or in connection with services rendered, directly or indirectly by Exigo and by the use of the information contained in this document.
This document contains confidential and proprietary information of Exigo and is protected by copyright in favour of Exigo and may not be reproduced, or used without the written consent of Exigo, which has been obtained beforehand. This document is prepared exclusively for LW Consultants and is subject to all confidentiality, copyright and trade secrets, rules, intellectual property law and practices of South Africa.
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REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST
Name Institution Mr. K. Wiehahn LW Consultants
DOCUMENT HISTORY
Date Version Status July 2018 1.0 Draft 1
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Declaration
I, Barend Johannes Henning, declare that -
I act as the independent specialist; I will perform the work relating to the project in an objective manner, even if this results in views and findings that are not favourable to the project proponent; I declare that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity in performing such work; I have expertise in conducting the specialist report relevant to this project, including knowledge of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998; the Act), regulations and any guidelines that have relevance to the proposed activity; I will comply with the Act, regulations and all other applicable legislation; I will take into account, to the extent possible, the matters listed in Regulation 8; I have no, and will not engage in, conflicting interests in the undertaking of the activity; I undertake to disclose to the project proponent and the competent authority all material information in my possession that reasonably has or may have the potential of influencing - any decision to be taken with respect to the project; and - the objectivity of any report, plan or document to be prepared by myself for submission to the competent authority or project proponent; All the particulars furnished by me in this document are true and correct; and I realise that a false declaration is an offence in terms of Regulation 71 and is punishable in terms of section 24F of the Act.
______SIGNATURE OF SPECIALIST Company: Exigo Sustainability Date: July 2018
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Table of contents GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...... 1 ABBREVIATIONS ...... 4 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 5 2 ASSIGNMENT ...... 7 2.1 INFORMATION SOURCES ...... 7 2.2 REGULATIONS GOVERNING THIS REPORT ...... 7 2.2.1 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998) - Regulation No. R982 7 2.2.2 The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) (Act No. 107 of 1998) ...... 9 2.2.3 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act No. 43 of 1983) ...... 9 2.2.4 National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (NEMBA: Act 10 0f 2004) ...... 9 2.2.5 The National Forest Act (Act 84 of 1998) ...... 9 2.2.6 Northern Cape Nature Conservation Act, No. 9 of 2009 ...... 9 2.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 10 2.3.1 Rationale ...... 10 2.3.2 Ecological Sensitivity Assessment and FFA ...... 11 2.3.3 Limitations and assumptions ...... 12 3 STUDY AREA ...... 13 3.1 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY ...... 13 4 BACKGROUND ON CONSERVATION TOOLS ASSESSMENT ...... 17 4.1 CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY & ECOLOGICAL SUPPORT AREAS OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 17 4.2 PROTECTED AREAS NETWORK AND NATIONAL PROTECTED AREAS EXPANSION STRATEGY (NPAES) . 19 4.3 IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS ...... 21 4.4 NATIONALLY THREATENED ECOSYSTEMS ...... 23 5 METHODS ...... 25 5.1 GENERAL ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS ...... 25 5.2 VEGETATION ...... 25 5.2.1 Scoping level assessment ...... 25 5.2.1.1 Data recorded: ...... 25 5.3 FAUNA SCOPING & HABITAT ASSESSMENTS ...... 26 5.4 SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT ...... 26 5.4.1 Ecological function ...... 26 5.4.2 Conservation importance ...... 26 5.4.3 Sensitivity scale ...... 26 6 RESULTS ...... 28 6.1 LAND-USE ...... 28 6.2 TOPOGRAPHY ...... 28 6.3 WATER COURSES, WETLANDS AND DRAINAGE ...... 30 6.4 LANDTYPE DISTRIBUTION, GEOLOGY & SOILS ...... 34
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6.5 FLORA ASSESSMENT ...... 37 6.5.1 VEGETATION TYPES ...... 37 6.5.2 Species of conservation concern ...... 40 6.5.3 Protected tree species (NFA) ...... 41 6.5.4 Protected plants (Northern Cape Nature Conservation Act, No. 9 of 2009) ...... 41 6.5.5 Invasive alien species (CARA, 1983) ...... 42 6.6 FAUNAL ASSESSMENT ...... 42 6.6.1 Overview ...... 42 6.6.2 Results of desktop survey and aerial analysis ...... 43 6.6.3 Mammal Habitat Assessment and desktop species survey ...... 43 6.6.4 Birds (avifauna) ...... 44 6.6.5 Herpetofauna (Reptiles and Amphibians) ...... 44 6.6.6 Red data species ...... 45 6.7 WETLAND / RIPARIAN DELINEATION ...... 47 4.1.1 ALLUVIAL PLAINS ...... 48 4.1.2 WATER COURSE AND RIPARIAN WOODLAND ...... 48 6.7.1 Endorheic depression ...... 49 7 POTENTIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE PROSPECTING ACTIVITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 50 7.1 DIRECT HABITAT DESTRUCTION ...... 50 7.2 HABITAT FRAGMENTATION ...... 51 7.3 SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION ...... 51 7.4 SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION ...... 51 7.5 ROAD MORTALITY AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES ...... 51 7.6 SPREAD AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES ...... 52 8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ...... 53 9 CUMULATIVE IMPACT STATEMENT WITH REGARDS TO THE PROSPECTING ACTIVITIES 55 10 REFERENCES ...... 56 APPENDIX A. PLANT SPECIES LISTS FOR QDS ...... 59 APPENDIX B. BIRD SPECIES LIST FOR QDS ...... 68 APPENDIX C MAMMAL SPECIES LIST ...... 75 APPENDIX D HERPETOFAUNA LIST ...... 77 APPENDIX E. CURRICULUM VITAE OF SPECIALIST ...... 78
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Regional Location Map ...... 14 Figure 2. Satellite image showing the project area and K54 road bisecting the site (Google Pro, 2010) ...... 15 Figure 3. Layout map of the proposed prospecting activities on the Farm De Bad 155 ...... 16 Figure 4. Terrestrial CBA areas of the study area (2014) ...... 18 Figure 5. Location of the project area in relation to protected areas ...... 20 Figure 6. Location of the project area in relation to IBAs ...... 22 Figure 7. Location of the project area in relation to National List of Terrestrial Threatened Ecosystems (2011) ...... 24 Figure 8. Contour map of the project area indicating the major landscapes associated with the site .. 29 Figure 9. Drainage regime and quaternary catchment of the project area ...... 32 Figure 10. Landtype Map of the project area ...... 36 Figure 11. Vegetation Types of the project area (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006) ...... 39 Figure 12. South African red list categories indicating the categories to be used for Species of Conservation Concern ...... 40 Figure 13. Sensitivity Map ...... 54
List of Tables
Table 1. State of major streams / rivers in the project area (DWA) ...... 31 Table 2. Landtype, soils and geology of the project area ...... 34 Table 3. Red data species potentially occurring in the quarter degree grid of the study area with specific reference to the vegetation types (SIBIS database) ...... 41 Table 4. Protected tree species of concern in the project area ...... 41 Table 5. Red data list of potential fauna for the study area ...... 45
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Anthropogenic: of human creation
Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against") is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock) soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting. Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel. When this loose alluvial material is deposited or cemented into a lithological unit, or lithified, it would be called an alluvial deposit.
Biome: Any major ecological community of organisms, usually characterized by a
dominant vegetation type.
Biota: living things; plants, animals, bacteria
Bottomland: the lowlands along streams and rivers, on alluvial (river deposited) soil.
Ecologically sensitive ecosystem: One where relatively even minor disturbances may
result in substantial and significant changes.
Ecosystems: Include living (e.g. plants, animals) and non-living (e.g. minerals, soil, water) components, which can be defined in terms of distinguishing characteristics (e.g. a wetland ecosystem, a freshwater ecosystem, a terrestrial ecosystem, a forest ecosystem, etc.).
Endemic or range-restricted species or ecosystem: One whose distribution is confined to a particular and often very limited geographical region.
Environment: Broadly covers our surroundings and the characteristics of those surroundings that influence our health and wellbeing. That is, the environment includes all living organisms (plants, animals and other life), the physical environment (land, water and air), as well as social, economic and cultural conditions. Sometimes we speak of ‘the natural environment’ and ‘the built environment’, to differentiate between natural and man- made systems.
Floristic: of flora (plants).
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Floodplain: Wetland inundated when a river overtops its banks during flood events resulting in the wetland soils being saturated for extended periods of time.
Habitat: The place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs.
Indigenous: Native to a particular area.
Perched water table: the upper limit of a zone of saturation in soil, separated by a relatively impermeable unsaturated zone from the main body of groundwater.
Protected species or ecosystem: One that is protected by law from particular activities and land uses.
Seasonally wet soil: soil which is flooded or waterlogged to the soil surface for extended periods (>1 month) during the wet season, but is predominantly dry during the dry season.
Soil horizons: layers of soil that have fairly uniform characteristics and have developed through pedogenic processes; they are bound by air, hard rock or other horizons (i.e. soil material that has different characteristics).
Soil profile: the vertically sectioned sample through the soil mantle, usually consisting of two or three horizons (Soil Classification Working Group, 1991).
Soil saturation: the soil is considered saturated if the water table or capillary fringe reaches the soil surface (Soil Survey Staff, 1992).
Species: A group of plants, animals, micro-organisms or other living organisms that are morphologically similar; that share inheritance from common ancestry; or whose genes are so similar that they can breed together and produce fertile offspring.
Temporarily wet soil: The soil close to the soil surface (i.e. within 50 cm) is wet for periods > 2 weeks during the wet season in most years. However, it is seldom flooded or saturated at the surface for longer than a month.
Terrain unit classes: areas of the land surface with homogenous form and slope. Terrain may be seen as being
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made up of all or some of the following units: crest (1), scarp (2), midslope (3), footslope (4) and valley bottom (5).
Threatened species or ecosystem: Species/ Ecosystems that are at risk of going extinct in its natural range. It may be ‘critically endangered’ at extremely high risk, ‘endangered’ at very high risk, or ‘vulnerable’ at high risk. Species or ecosystems at low or no risk are not ‘threatened’, and fall into the ‘near threatened’ or ‘least concern’ categories.
Water regime: When and for how long the soil is flooded or saturated.
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ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation Description CR Critically Endangered CARA Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DME Department of Minerals and Energy Affairs DWS Department of Water & sanitation EN Endangered DD Data Deficient EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner ECO Environmental Control Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Ecological Importance and Sensitivity EMPR Environmental Management Programme Report ENPAT Environmental Potential Atlas DENC Department of Environment and Nature Conservation GIS Geographic Information Systems GNCB Gauteng Nature Conservation Bill GPS Geographical Positioning System IDP Integrated Development Plan IUCN World Conservation Union LC Least Concern LR Lower Risk MAE Mean Annual Evaporation MAMSL Meter Above Mean Sea Level MAP Mean Annual Precipitation MAR Mean Annual Runoff NC Northern Cape NEMA National Environmental Management Act NFA National Forest Act NWA National Water Act OL Orange Listed PQ4 Priority Quaternary Catchment QDS Quarter Degree Square RDL Red Data List SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute Vu Vulnerable WHO World Health Organisation
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study included a pre-feasibility Ecological Sensitivity Assessment and Fatal Flaw Analyses (FFA) for the De Bad prospecting area. Pre-feasibility screening aims to establish whether a proposed development is flawed in terms of anticipated ecological impacts and whether or not the proposal needs to be authorized by the competent authority. Pre-feasibility screening could therefore:
Ensure that ecological issues are addressed in a pro-active way in policies and plans;
Improve the assessment of cumulative impacts from secondary and downstream development associated with large projects;
Focus on sustainable development.
Eliminate the need for further ecological assessment, because the proposal has been abandoned on the basis of the fatal flaw analysis.
Require adjustments to be made to the proposal prior to submission of the application to the authorities to authorize the activity.
The area under application is situated south of Smitsdrift in the Northern Cape Province. The area varies from being modified for agriculture (under irrigation) to relatively pristine. Renaissance Resources (Pty) Ltd, under a current prospecting right, is looking to explore portions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the Farm De Bad 155. The prospecting activities will not necessarily determine any future mining right application.
Most development has an impact on the environment. In this case the project area within which the prospecting activities (18 boreholes with 30cm diameter) are planned will be cleared, therefore directly impacting on the environment. A sensitivity analyses was conducted to identify the specific sensitive areas where management measures should be implemented. The following was concluded from the analyses:
The Vaal River ecosystem (riparian delineated zone) should not be impacted on (including a 32 m buffer zone) considering its importance as a perennial ecosystem and connectivity to the larger Water Management Area;
The most sensitive landscapes / vegetation units of the area on which prospecting activities are recommended with strict mitigation measures include the smaller non-drainage channels, alluvial plains and pans (medium - high sensitivity) Detailed impact studies of the future mining activities on the sensitive habitats should be considered a high priority during the DFS phase;
Considering the degraded state of the previously cultivated land and the land under irrigation, these areas are the most suitable for the prospecting activities since these areas
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represent low sensitivity land on which impacts will be minimal;
The microphyllous woodland areas on the plains have a medium sensitivity and prospecting can be supported in these areas with limited mitigation;
Any future Mining Right Application can only be supported once all Definitive Feasibility Studies (DFS) have indicated that the project are viable from an aquatic and terrestrial ecological point of view and provided that mitigation regarding fauna and flora (obtaining of licences to eradicate protected tree species licences) are adhered to;
In general, the proposed prospecting activities will only modify small localised areas of the project area (18 boreholes with 30cm diameter). The impacts will largely be localised and site-specific provided the mitigation measures and monitoring are correctly implemented. Areas considering being highly sensitive such as the Vaal River (floodline zone) and its associated riparian zones as delineated should not be impacted on, although provided the correct mitigation are implemented as stipulated in this report, the proposed prospecting activities are not a fatal flaw and will have a minimal impact on the ecosystem.
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2 ASSIGNMENT Exigo Sustainability was appointed by LW Consultants to conduct a biodiversity and wetland screening analysis (desktop level) for the proposed prospecting application on portions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on the farm De Bad 155 to the south of Smitsdrift next to the Vaal River, Northern Cape Province.
The assignment is interpreted as follows: Compile a baseline study and Fatal Flaw Analyses (FFA) on the ecological components (including wetland and riparian) of the area according to guidelines and criteria set by the Northern Cape (NC) Department of Environmental Affairs and Nature Conservation (DENC).
2.1 INFORMATION SOURCES
The following information sources were obtained:
1. All relevant maps through GIS mapping from ENPAT and other databases (BGIS), and information (previous studies and environmental databases) on the natural environment of the area concerned; 2. Relevant legislation and guideline documents such as the Northern Cape Conservation Plan; 3. Previous ecological studies conducted in the area.
4. Red data species list for the fauna and flora obtained from the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) and the IUCN database.
2.2 REGULATIONS GOVERNING THIS REPORT
2.2.1 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998) - Regulation No. R982
This report was prepared in terms of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998) Gazette No. 38282 Government Notice R. 982. Appendix 6 – Specialist reports includes a list of requirements to be included in a specialist report: 1. A specialist report or a report prepared in terms of these regulations must contain:
a. Details of
i. The specialist who prepared the report; and
ii. The expertise of that specialist to compile a specialist report, including a curriculum vitae;
b. A declaration that the specialist is independent in a form as may be specified by the competent authority;
c. An indication of the scope of, and purpose for which, the report was prepared;
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d. The date and season of the site investigation and the relevance of the season to the outcome of the assessment;
e. A description of the methodology adopted in preparing the report or carrying out the specialized process;
f. The specific identified sensitivity of the site related to the activity and its associated structures and infrastructure;
g. An identification of any areas to be avoided, including buffers;
h. A map superimposing the activity including the associated structures and infrastructure on the environmental sensitivities of the site including areas to be avoided, including buffers;
i. A description of any assumptions made and any uncertainties or gaps in knowledge;
j. A description of the findings and potential implications of such findings on the impact of the proposed activity, including identified alternatives, on the environment;
k. any mitigation measures for inclusion in the EMPr;
l. any conditions for inclusion in the environmental authorisation;
m. any monitoring requirements for inclusion in the EMPr or environmental authorisation
n. a reasoned opinion –
i. As to whether the proposed activity or portions thereof should be authorised and
ii. If the opinion is that the proposed activity or portions thereof should be authorised, any avoidance, management and mitigation measures that should be included in the EMPr and where applicable, the closure plan;
o. A description of any consultation process that was undertaken during the course of preparing the specialist report;
p. A summary and copies of any comments received during any consultation process and where applicable all responses thereto; and
q. Any other information requested by the competent authority.
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2.2.2 The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) (Act No. 107 of 1998)
This Act embraces all three fields of environmental concern namely: resource conservation and exploitation; pollution control and waste management; and land-use planning and development. The environmental management principles include the duty of care for wetlands and special attention is given to management and planning procedures.
2.2.3 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act No. 43 of 1983)
This Act regulates the utilization and protection of wetlands, soil conservation and all matters relating thereto; control and prevention of veld fires, control of weeds and invader plants, the prevention of water pollution resulting from farming practices and losses in biodiversity.
2.2.4 National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (NEMBA: Act 10 0f 2004)
The following aspects of the NEMBA (2004) are important to consider in the compilation of an ecological report. It:
Lists ecosystems that are threatened or in need of national protection;
Links to Integrated Environmental Management processes;
Must be taken into account in EMP and IDPs;
The Minister may make regulations to reduce the threats to listed ecosystems.
2.2.5 The National Forest Act (Act 84 of 1998)
The National Forest Act:
Promotes the sustainable management and development of forests for the benefit of all;
Creates the conditions necessary to restructure forestry in State Forests;
Provide special measures for the protection of certain forests and protected trees;
Promotes the sustainable use of forests for environmental, economic, educational, recreational, cultural, health and spiritual purposes.
Promotes community forestry.
2.2.6 Northern Cape Nature Conservation Act, No. 9 of 2009
This Act deals with the following:
To provide for the sustainable utilisation and protection of biodiversity within the Northern Cape Province;
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To provide for professional hunting;
To provide for the preservation of caves and cave formations;
To provide for the establishment of zoos and similar institutions;
To provide for the appointment of nature conservators;
To provide for the issuing of permits and other authorisations;
To provide for offences and penalties for contravention of the Act;
To implement the provisions of the Act; and to provide for matters connected therewith.
2.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE
2.3.1 Rationale
When a proposed development site has been selected it is often advantageous to conduct a site selection / FFA of the property prior to the preparation of applications for environmental authorisations, permits and licenses. The purpose of the FFA is to identify significant ecological or permitting constraints which may be encountered during project development. Sometimes these constraints can be avoided by simple adjustments in the site locations of facilities, dams, sensitive areas etc. without extensive alterations to preliminary engineering designs. AGES has considerable experience in site selection and have worked in this capacity on several environmental projects.
The primary objectives of a FFA are: To review literature to determine existing ecological conditions; Determine the amount of existing data pertinent to the project site; Determine regulatory agency requirements for the proposed development; Compare the existing data base with those agency requirements to identify any additional data needs; Conduct reconnaissance inventories; and Evaluate the project to identify potentially significant problems that may affect its development.
FFAs are usually conducted during pre-development planning. Analysis needs vary between projects but may include hydrology, soils, wetlands, climate, air quality, vegetation, wildlife, aquatic biology, archaeology, cultural resources, socio-economics and permitting feasibility. These may include searches for threatened or endangered species, examination of existing range site conditions and the reclamation potential of the site, known constraints to fugitive dust or other particulate emissions, the demographic and economic background of the region, surface and ground water quality and
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quantity, and water rights.
The permitting feasibility investigation is particularly relevant to development of industrial projects. This investigation identifies the necessary local, state and federal permits which must be obtained by the client, and an approximate time frame required to obtain those permits. These scheduling constraints are important; for example, an archaeology field crew could lose valuable time waiting for agency approval of a survey permit. These delays are costly when unplanned and could affect the permit application submittal date.
After the FFA is complete and has been reviewed by the client, baseline environmental studies (if needed) can be designed. Regulatory agency concerns can be specifically anticipated and addressed in the study plans. Detailed schedules and cost estimates and an assessment of the significance of environmental problems can then be developed.
2.3.2 Ecological Sensitivity Assessment and FFA
The assessment of ecological fatal flaws requires a significant departure from the quantifiable mode of analysis according to which the technical, financial and economic aspects associated with a proposed development are considered. The assessment of ecological impacts tends to be an imprecise task and contains a high level of predictive uncertainty. This uncertainty tends to increase in the screening process as attempts are made to reduce the inherent complexity of ecosystems in order to make a rapid preliminary evaluation of possible ecological fatal flaws which would influence whether or not the proposal requires assessment, and the level of assessment required.
Taking cognizance of these uncertainties, the focus of an ecological fatal flaw analysis should be directed at identifying and describing the ecological assets of the target area - in particular those that are recognized to be of global significance - and predicting the consequences of a proposal that will manifest as irreversible/irreparable impacts on these assets. For example, irreversible or irreparable impacts may include the extinction of species, and the elimination of threatened habitat, which presents high levels of risk to the functional integrity of the ecosystem extending beyond the immediate area in which a proposal would be implemented.
Impact predictions that are made in the course of ecological fatal flaw analysis generally involve a comparison between an anticipated impacted state and a reference standard (e.g. the existing background state). A comparison can also be made between an anticipated impacted state and thresholds at which species or ecosystem functioning is expected to be jeopardized. The precautionary principle should be adopted where there is uncertainty regarding the impact of a proposal on ecosystems.
Pre-application screening thus aims to establish whether a proposed development is flawed in terms of anticipated environmental impacts and whether or not the proposal needs to be authorized by the
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lead authority. Pre-application screening could therefore:
Eliminate the need for further environmental assessment, because the proposal has been abandoned on the basis of the fatal flaw analysis.
Eliminate the need for further environmental assessment, because there is certainty that the proposal will not require environmental authorization to proceed.
Require adjustments to be made to the proposal prior to submission of the application to the authorities to authorize the activity.
If there are no flaws that militate against advancing to the next phase of the environmental assessment process, which is typically mandatory screening, pre-application screening will have provided a good foundation upon which mandatory screening and, possibly, environmental assessment, can then proceed.
2.3.3 Limitations and assumptions
The study was only done at a scoping (desktop) level with no site visits to the area. This study relied heavily on data from aerial photograph analysis, generic data and a desktop analysis;
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De Bad prospecting application Biodiversity & Wetland Screening 3 STUDY AREA 3.1 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY
The project is located in the Frances Baard District Municipality, Magareng Local Municipality in the Northern Cape Province. The project is for the proposed prospecting application on portions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on the farm De Bad 155. The site is located 13.2 kilometers south of Smitsdrift to the south of the N8 between Kimberley and Griekwastad and to the east of the R370, adjacent to the Vaal River (Figure 1). The aerial image of the site is indicated in figure 2, while the proposed prospecting sites (drilling locations) are indicated in Figure 3.
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Figure 1. Regional Location Map
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Figure 2. Satellite image showing the project area and K54 road bisecting the site (Google Pro, 2010)
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Figure 3. Layout map of the proposed prospecting activities on the Farm De Bad 155
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4 BACKGROUND ON CONSERVATION TOOLS ASSESSMENT There are several assessments for South Africa as a whole, as well as on provincial levels that allow for detailed conservation planning as well as meeting biodiversity targets for the country’s variety of ecosystems. These guides are essential to consult for development projects, and will form an important part of the sensitivity analysis. Areas earmarked for conservation in the future, or that are essential to meet biodiversity and conservation targets should not be developed, and have a high sensitivity as they are necessary for overall functioning.
4.1 CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY & ECOLOGICAL SUPPORT AREAS OF THE PROJECT AREA Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) are areas required to meet biodiversity targets for ecosystems, species and ecological processes, as identified in a systematic biodiversity plan. Ecological Support Areas (ESAs) are not essential for meeting biodiversity targets but play an important role in supporting the ecological functioning of Critical Biodiversity Areas and/or in delivering ecosystem services. Critical Biodiversity Areas and Ecological Support Areas may be terrestrial or aquatic.
The primary purpose of a map of Critical Biodiversity Areas and Ecological Support Areas is to guide decision-making about where best to locate development. It should inform land-use planning, environmental assessment and authorisations, and natural resource management, by a range of sectors whose policies and decisions impact on biodiversity. It is the biodiversity sector’s input into multi-sectoral planning and decision-making processes. Figure 4 indicates the CBA and ESA areas for the project area.
The proposed prospecting sites are located in “Other natural Areas” and “Ecological Support Area” (Figure 3, 4). No CBA areas will be impacted on.
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Figure 4. Terrestrial CBA areas of the study area (2014)
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4.2 PROTECTED AREAS NETWORK AND NATIONAL PROTECTED AREAS EXPANSION STRATEGY (NPAES) Officially protected areas, either Provincially or Nationally that occur close to a project site could have consequences as far as impacts on these areas are concerned. For the proposed development no protected areas is bisected by the proposed prospecting activities, with the closest protected areas being the Mokala National Park and the Vaalbos national Park to the southeast and northeast of the site, respectively (Figure 5).
The NPAES are areas designated for future incorporation into existing protected areas (both National and informal protected areas). These areas are large, mostly intact areas required to meet biodiversity targets, and suitable for protection. They may not necessarily be proclaimed as protected areas in the future and are a broad scale planning tool allowing for better development and conservation planning. No NPAES occur in close proximity to the project area, with the closest NPAES being associated with the Southern Kalahari and the Mokala National Park (Figure 5).
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Figure 5. Location of the project area in relation to protected areas
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4.3 IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS An Important Bird Area (IBA) is an area recognized as being globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations. Currently there are about 10,000 IBAs worldwide. At present, South Africa has 124 IBA’s, covering over 14 million hectares of habitat for our threatened, endemic and congregatory birds. Yet only million hectares of the total land surface covered by our IBA’s legally protected. The BirdLife SA IBA programme continues a programme of stewardship which will ultimately achieve formal protection (Birdlife, 2013).
No IBAs is located in close proximity to the project area with the IBAs Benfontein, Kamferspan and Dronfield located further east of the site (Figure 6).
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Figure 6. Location of the project area in relation to IBAs
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4.4 NATIONALLY THREATENED ECOSYSTEMS The list of national Threatened Ecosystems has been gazetted (NEM:BA: National list of ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection) and result in several implications in terms of development within these areas. Four basic principles were established for the identification of threatened ecosystems. These include:
The approach must be explicit and repeatable;
The approach must be target driven and systematic, especially for threatened ecosystems;
The approach must follow the same logic as the IUCN approach to listing threatened species, whereby a number of criteria are developed and an ecosystem is listed based on its highest ranking criterion; and
The identification of ecosystems to be listed must be based on scientifically credible, practical and simple criteria, which must translate into spatially explicit identification of ecosystems.
Areas were delineated based on as fine a scale as possible and are defined by one of several assessments: These areas are essential for conservation of the country’s ecosystems as well as meeting conservation targets. None of the project area is located in a listed threatened ecosystem. The closest threatened ecosystem is the Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation to the west of the site as indicated in Figure 7.
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Figure 7. Location of the project area in relation to National List of Terrestrial Threatened Ecosystems (2011)
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5 METHODS 5.1 GENERAL ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS
To get a better understanding of the broad ecosystem functioning, a desktop study of the ecological aspects that could potentially contribute to impacts occurring on the fauna and flora of the area was evaluated. Data was obtained from GIS databases such as the Environmental Potential Atlas of South Africa. The following aspects were evaluated considering that ecosystem functioning in the area is partially dependant on these aspects:
Land-use; Topography; Catchments and drainage; Landtype, distribution, geology and soils;
5.2 VEGETATION
5.2.1 Scoping level assessment
The flora scoping was conducted as follows:
A desktop study was done to identify the vegetation types occurring in the project area according to classification by Mucina & Rutherford (2006). This included the conservation status of the vegetation types of the area and transformation of vegetation in the area. Other data that was obtained for the area on a desktop level included:
o Plant species lists for the area according to the QDS (Appendix A - SIBIS database); o A species list of the red data species previously recorded in the project area (grids) was obtained from the South African Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), as classified by the IUCN red data list categories; o Protected plants species occurring in the larger area as listed by the Transvaal Nature Conservation Ordinance and the Threatened or protected species regulations (TOPS) stipulated in NEMBA (ACT NO. 10 OF 2004); o Protected tree species occurring in the area according to the National Forest Act; o Medicinal Plants of the project area according to Van Wyk et al. (1997).
5.2.1.1 Data recorded:
Plant names used in this report are in accordance with Arnold & De Wet (1993), with the exception of a few newly revised species. A list of all plant species present, including trees, shrubs, grasses, forbs, geophytes and succulents were compiled. All identifiable plant species were listed. Notes were additionally made of any other features that might have an ecological influence as well as potential fauna habitat that might occur.
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5.3 FAUNA SCOPING & HABITAT ASSESSMENTS
The fauna scoping desktop survey was conducted as follows:
A desktop analysis of the area was done to identify potential fauna habitats according to the vegetation types and topographical features of the area;
A scoping survey was then conducted by comparing the habitat types identified with the preferred habitats of fauna occurring in the area;
A species list of the red data species of the different faunal classes was obtained from the following references:
o Red Data Book of the Mammals of South Africa (Friedman & Daly, 2004)
o The Atlas of the Southern African Birds - digital data on quarter degree grid data (Avian Demography Unit, University of Cape Town)
o Atlas and red data book of the frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (Minter et al. 2004)
o South African Red Data Book – Reptiles and Amphibians. National Scientific Programmes Report no. 151
5.4 SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT
The ecological sensitivity of any piece of land is based on its inherent ecosystem service and overall preservation of biodiversity.
5.4.1 Ecological function
The ecological function relates to the degree of ecological connectivity between systems within a landscape matrix. Therefore, systems with a high degree of landscape connectivity amongst one another are perceived to be more sensitive and will be those contributing to ecosystem service (e.g. wetlands) or overall preservation of biodiversity.
5.4.2 Conservation importance
Conservation importance relates to species diversity, endemism (unique species or unique processes) and the high occurrence of threatened and protected species or ecosystems protected by legislation.
5.4.3 Sensitivity scale
High – sensitive ecosystem with either low inherent resistance or low resilience towards disturbance factors or highly dynamic systems considered being important for the maintenance of ecosystem integrity. Most of these systems represent ecosystems with high connectivity with other important ecological systems or with high species diversity and usually provide suitable habitat for a number of
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threatened or rare species. These areas should be protected.
Medium – These are slightly modified systems which occur along gradients of disturbances of low- medium intensity with some degree of connectivity with other ecological systems or ecosystems with intermediate levels of species diversity but may include potential ephemeral habitat for threatened species; and
Low – Degraded and highly disturbed / transformed systems with little ecological function and are generally very poor in species diversity.
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De Bad prospecting application Biodiversity & Wetland Screening 6 RESULTS 6.1 LAND-USE
The land-use in the area is dominated by livestock grazing and crop cultivation. The areas adjacent to the Vaal River are largely used for irrigated crop cultivation and ecotourism. Recommendations:
. Some sections of the land in on the plains do not appear to be of high conservation importance due to the impact from previously cultivated land, overgrazing and agricultural activities by the local farmers. The drainage channels still represent medium conservation importance though. These landscapes give the land a medium conservation importance and these components needs to be considered as part of the layout plans. . There are no significant fatal flaws with respect to potential impacts of the proposed activities on the land-use with specific reference to agriculture since the area is located in a semi-arid area with medium potential agricultural potential.
6.2 TOPOGRAPHY
When assessing the ecology of an area, it is important to know in which eco-region it is located. The project area forms part of the Southern Kalahari ecoregion with the actual site forming two major landforms namely a valley at a medium level and a plain at a medium level (Figure 8). The topography is relatively flat, throughout the project area as indicated in Figure 8, being on a plain and valley.
Recommendations: . The natural drainage channels (especially the Vaal River) represent highly sensitive features in the landscape and should not be impacted on by the proposed development activities with obtaining a water use licence from the Department of Water & Sanitation; . Considering abovementioned aspects on the topography of the area there are no fatal flaws in this regard although detailed studies should address potential impacts and ratings for potential impacts, especially in the major riparian zones associated
with major drainage channels.
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Figure 8. Contour map of the project area indicating the major landscapes associated with the site
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De Bad prospecting application Biodiversity & Wetland Screening 6.3 WATER COURSES, WETLANDS AND DRAINAGE
The drainage areas of South Africa are also referred to as the primary catchments, and constitute the catchment areas of all the major rivers in the country. These drainage regions comprise areas of which the topography is such that all water deposited in the catchments will, except for evaporation and retention in the system, eventually end up in the main river flowing from that same catchment. Primary river catchments such as the Orange, Vaal and Limpopo catchments are subdivided into contributing secondary catchments. They are, in turn, subdivided into even smaller tertiary catchments, which are finally subdivided into quaternary catchments, the smallest catchment units used in the management and planning of water resources at a national level. Primary drainage regions are the broad hydrological catchment areas in South Africa, while water management areas are the water administrative regions. The Water Management Areas (WMA) as defined by the Department of Water Affairs within the project area is classified as the Lower Orange water management area.
The drainage channels form part of the flood line zones and the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) states the following regarding development within the 1: 100 year-flood line of any stream or river (Thompson, 2006):
Section 21(c):
Impeding or diverting the flow of water in watercourses (including alteration of the hydraulic characteristics of flood events) requires licensing according to the Act
Section 21(i):
Any action that may alter the bed, banks, courses or characteristics of watercourses requires licensing according to the Act, including:
i. widening or straightening of the bed or banks of a river to allow for the construction of a water supply pipeline, bridge, sports ground or housing development
ii. altering the course of a river partially or completely (i.e.: river diversion) to be able to use or develop the area where the watercourse originally was
The drainage channels provide breeding and foraging habitat for fauna. The state of the Vaal River in the quaternary catchments in the project area is presented in Table 1. Although surface water in the area is not generally used for potable purposes the South African National Standards (SANS) provides a useful benchmark against the more stringent irrigation
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and the more relaxed livestock watering guidelines.
Table 1. State of major streams / rivers in the project area (DWA)
Quaternary Name Class drainage Ecoregion II State of river / streams Category
Southern CLASS C: MODERATELY Critically Vaal Perennial C92B Kalahari MODIFIED endangered
The project area is drained mainly by surface run-off (i.e.: sheetwash) with surface water flowing into the rivers and streams that bisect the area. The project area is located in the Quaternary Catchment Areas C92B (Figure 9). The storm water collects along roads and footpaths cutting through the area, to drain into the regionally channels indicated above. It must be noted that surface flow along these rivers generally only occurs in the period directly after precipitation events or a wet rainy season, and that these rivers may exhibit a large base-flow component with groundwater flow occurring within the sandy sediments lining its channel.
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Figure 9. Drainage regime and quaternary catchment of the project area
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De Bad prospecting application Biodiversity & Wetland Screening Recommendations
. Any development activities that would include future mining inside drainage channels or crossing of drainage channels by roads would need a water license application to DWS. The location where roads or cross the drainage channels should be on the least sensitive floodplain areas. The site should preferably be indicated by an ecologist after consultation by the engineers; . Wetlands and riparian areas: DWS has stipulated specific guidelines for the identification of such areas in a guide. These are sensitive areas and prime examples of such areas are the riparian woodland areas associated with the major drainage channels in the area. A survey and delineation of the drainage systems and wetlands in the area should be conducted as part of a detailed ecological survey. The predicted impact of the development activities will be significant and strict mitigation measures should be addressed as part of the DFS phase to ensure limited impacts on the drainage channels and wetlands eventually flowing to the Vaal River. . The following aspects should be considered as part of the layout of the proposed prospecting activities on the drainage channels: o Identify areas of historic or potential vulnerability, such as geologically unstable materials or areas subject to flooding. o Avoid problematic areas and avoid construction locations on the layout in areas of high natural hazard risk, such as landslides, rock-fall areas, steep slopes (over 60- 70%), wet areas, saturated soils, etc. o Avoid or minimize construction in narrow canyon bottoms or on flood plains of rivers that will inevitably be inundated during major storm events. o Minimize changes to natural drainage patterns and crossings to drainages. Drainage crossings are potentially problematic, so they must be well designed. Changes to natural drainage patterns or channels often result in either environmental damage or failures. o Typically keep cut and fill slopes as flat as possible and well covered (stabilized) with vegetation to minimize slumping as well as minimize surface erosion. Well- cemented but highly erosive soils may best resist surface erosion with near-vertical slopes that minimize the surface area exposed to erosion. o Use deep-rooted vegetation for biotechnical stabilization on slopes. Use a mixture of good ground cover plus deep-rooted vegetative species, preferably native species, to minimize deep-seated mass instability as well as offer surface erosion control protection.
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o Locate roads crossings on narrow sections of rivers and in areas of bedrock where possible. Avoid fine, deep alluvial deposits (of fine sand and silt) that are scour susceptible and problematic, or which otherwise require costly foundations. o Place retaining structures, foundations, and slope stabilization measures into bedrock or firm, in-place material with good bearing capacity to minimize undermining, rather than placing these structures on shallow colluvial soil or on loose fill material.
6.4 LANDTYPE DISTRIBUTION, GEOLOGY & SOILS
The soils covering the project area can be grouped into different land types. A Landtype unit is a unique combination of soil pattern, terrain and macroclimate, the classification of which is used to determine the potential agricultural value of soils in an area. The landtypes, geology and associated soil types is presented in Table 3 below as classified by the Environmental Potential Atlas, South Africa (ENPAT, 2000). However, it must be noted that soil types are mostly determined by position on the landscape. A landtype map (figure 10) indicates the location of the landtypes in the area.
Deeper sandy soils are associated with the central and eastern section of the project area, while most of the remainder of the area is situated on black clayey soils. Existing agricultural activities are limited to the flat areas of the project area. As a result of the vertic clayey soils occurring adjacent to the Vaal River on the alluvial plains, the soils are very susceptible to erosion, especially on roads and areas denuded of vegetation with a poor herbaceous basal cover.
Table 2. Landtype, soils and geology of the project area
Landtype Geology Soils
Fc7 Oolitic, stromatolitic and algal limestone Glenrosa and/or Mispah forms (other soils may occur), lime with interbedded siltstone (Schmidtsdrif generally present in the entire landscape Formation, Campbell Group), shale, quartzite, grit and conglomerate (Vryburg Formation, Campbell Group) and surface limestone of Tertiary to Recent age.
Ae15 Red to flesh-coloured wind-blown sand of Red-yellow apedal, freely drained soils; red, high base status, Tertiary to Recent age, with dolerite > 300 mm deep (no dunes) outcrops.
Recommendations with regards to geology and soils of the proposed project area:
. The soils along the drainage channels and on the plains are expected to be potentially dispersive and as such prone to surface and sub-surface erosion and this needs to be taken
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into consideration for the proposed layout of the development activities;
. Areas under irrigation closer to the major drainage channels in the area are classified as having a high agricultural potential. Any such areas cannot be sterilised for development without approval by the National and Provincial Departments of Agriculture;
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Figure 10. Landtype Map of the project area
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6.5 FLORA ASSESSMENT
South Africa has been recognized as having remarkable plant diversity with high levels of endemism. The major threats to plants in the project area are urban expansion, non-sustainable harvesting, collecting, overgrazing/browsing and agriculture. The objective of this section was to compile a list of plant species for which there is conservation concern. This included threatened, rare, declining, protected and endemic species.
6.5.1 VEGETATION TYPES
The development site lies within the Savanna biome which is the largest biome in Southern Africa. It is characterized by a grassy ground layer and a distinct upper layer of woody plants (trees and shrubs). The environmental factors delimiting the biome are complex and include altitude, rainfall, geology and soil types, with rainfall being the major delimiting factor. Fire and grazing also keep the grassy layer dominant. The most recent classification of the area by Mucina & Rutherford shows that the site is classified as Kimberley Thornveld and Schmidtsdrift Thornveld (Figure 11).
The indigenous flora of area is mostly represented by the Kimberley Thornveld (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006) which occurs on slightly irregular plains with well-developed tree layer dominated by tree species such as Vachellia erioloba, V. tortilis, V. karroo and Boscia albitrunca and well developed shrub layer with occasional dense stands of Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Senegalia mellifera. The grass layer is often open with much uncovered soil, although erosion is very low. This vegetation type has a Least Threatened conservation status with 18% transformed mostly through cultivation, while only 2% conserved.
The Schmidtsdrift Thornveld vegetation type is mostly a closed shrubby thornveld dominated by Senegalia mellifera and Vachellia tortilis. Apart from grasses, bulbous and annual herbaceous plant species are also prominent. The vegetation is sometimes very disturbed due to overgrazing by goats and other browsers. This vegetation type has a Least Threatened conservation status with 13% transformed mostly through cultivation, while only 0.2% conserved. From the biodiversity values of the landscapes it becomes clear that the focus of the FFA should be on the natural woodland pockets and drainage channels. Development with mitigation could be implemented for the plains regions representing natural woodland and drainage channels of the two thornveld types. The significance of the potential impacts of the proposed development needs to be assessed as part of the ecological study as well as mitigation and management measures for all phases of the development activities to minimize potential impacts. An important aspect relating to the project area of the De Bad prospecting application project should be to protect and manage the biodiversity (structure and species composition) of the
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vegetation types represented on site. Future development activities should aim to remove minimal vegetation and only vegetation on the footprint areas should be removed during development construction. The unnecessary removal of tall indigenous tree species (>3m) and indigenous vegetation during construction should be avoided as far as possible.
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Figure 11. Vegetation Types of the project area (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006)
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6.5.2 Species of conservation concern Species of conservation concern are species that have a high conservation importance in terms of preserving South Africa's high floristic diversity and include not only threatened species, but also those classified in the categories Extinct in the Wild (EW), Regionally Extinct (RE), Near Threatened (NT), Critically Rare, Rare, Declining and Data Deficient – Insufficient Information (DDD). It should also be noted that not all species listed as protected are threatened or vice versa.
Threatened species are also seen as indicators of the overall health of an ecosystem (Hilton- Taylor, 1996). Habitat degradation is one of the main reasons for plant species becoming extinct in a particular area.
A list of SCC plant species previously recorded in the study area in which the proposed development is planned was obtained from the Plants of Southern Africa (POSA) database of SANBI. Figure 12 indicates the classification system used by Sanbi for SCC:
Figure 12. South African red list categories indicating the categories to be used for Species of Conservation Concern Table 3 indicates the potential red data species occurring in the QDS of the study area with reference to the vegetation types.
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Table 3. Red data species potentially occurring in the quarter degree grid of the study area with specific reference to the vegetation types (SIBIS database)
Species Name Conservation Status
Aloinopsis rubrolineata (N.E.Br.) Schwantes Rare
Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop NT
Vachellia erioloba E.Mey. Declining
These species should form the basis for future ecological studies for any future mining right application, although in general the degraded state of the area caused by overgrazing and agricultural activities make the potential to find these species in the area low. The only areas with a high potential for these species is in the deeper sandy areas where the protected Vachellia erioloba (camel thorn) could occur.
6.5.3 Protected tree species (NFA)
The National Forest Act (no.84 of 1998: National Forest Act, 1998) provides a list of tree species that are considered important from a South African perspective as a result of scarcity, high utilisation, common value, etc. In terms of the National Forest Act of 1998, these tree species may not be cut, disturbed, damaged, destroyed and their products may not be possessed, collected, removed, transported, exported, donated, purchased or sold – except under license granted by DWAF (or a delegated authority). Obtaining relevant permits are therefore required prior to any impact on these individuals. The following protected tree species of concern occur in the area as obtained from the list (Table 4):
Table 4. Protected tree species of concern in the project area
Species National Conservation status Status in project area
Boscia albitrunca Protected (NFA) Widespread
Vachellia erioloba Protected (NFA) Widespread
Should any of these protected trees be impacted by the development layout plans a permit application should be preliminary submitted to DAFF to eradicate these species.
6.5.4 Protected plants (Northern Cape Nature Conservation Act, No. 9 of 2009)
Plant species are also protected according to the Northern Cape Nature Conservation Act, No. 9 of 2009. According to this Act, no person may pick, import, export, transport, possess, cultivate or trade in a specimen of a specially protected or protected plant species. The Appendices to the Act provide an extensive list of species that are protected. Should any of these species be found on the proposed prospecting sites of the De Bad prospecting application, a permit needs to be obtained from NC DENC.
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6.5.5 Invasive alien species (CARA, 1983)
Invasive alien plants pose a direct threat not only to South Africa’s biological diversity, but also to water security, the ecological functioning of natural systems and the productive use of land. They intensify the impact of fires and floods and increase soil erosion. Of the estimated 9000 plants introduced to this country, 198 are currently classified as being invasive. It is estimated that these plants cover about 10% of the country and the problem is growing at an exponential rate.
The Alien and Invasive Species Regulations (GNR 599 of 2014) are stipulated as part of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (10/2004). The regulation listed a total of 559 alien species as invasive and further 560 species are listed as prohibited and may not be introduced into South Africa. Below is a brief explanation of the four categories of Invasive Alien Plants as per the regulation.
Category 1a: Invasive species requiring compulsory control. Remove and destroy. Any specimens of Category 1a listed species need, by law, to be eradicated from the environment. No permits will be issued.
Category 1b: Invasive species requiring compulsory control as part of an invasive species control programme. Remove and destroy. These plants are deemed to have such a high invasive potential that infestations can qualify to be placed under a government sponsored invasive species management programme. No permits will be issued.
Category 2: Invasive species regulated by area. A demarcation permit is required to import, possess, grow, breed, move, sell, buy or accept as a gift any plants listed as Category 2 plants. No permits will be issued for Category 2 plants to exist in riparian zones.
Category 3: Invasive species regulated by activity. An individual plant permit is required to undertake any of the following restricted activities (import, possess, grow, breed, move, sell, buy or accept as a gift) involving a Category 3 species. No permits will be issued for Cat 3 plants to exist in riparian zones.
The future ecological study needed should the Mining Right Application be submitted for the De Bad project will indicate the actual on-site situation with regards to AIS, although considering the degraded state of the land in general as observed from the aerial photograph, the potential to encounter the AIS on site is considered HIGH.
6.6 FAUNAL ASSESSMENT
6.6.1 Overview A healthy environment is inhabited by animals that vary from micro-organisms to the birds and mammals. The species composition and diversity are often parameters taken into consideration
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when determining the state of the environment. A comprehensive survey of all animals is a time consuming task that will take a long time and several specialists to conduct. The alternative approach to such a study is to do a desktop study from existing databases and conduct a site visit to verify the habitat requirements and condition of the habitat. If any rare or endangered species are discovered in the desktop study that will be negatively influenced by the proposed development, specialist surveys will be conducted.
6.6.2 Results of desktop survey and aerial analysis A desktop survey was conducted to identify specific fauna habitats, and to compare these habitats identified from the aerial photograph with habitat preferences of the different fauna groups (birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians) occurring in the QDS. The project area largely represents microphyllous woodland, degraded grassland, croplands and drainage channels with floodplains.
Detailed fauna species list for the area is included in Appendix B (birds), C (mammals) and D (herpetofauna). Recommendations regarding sensitive habitat types on site (riverine areas and floodplains) should however be strictly adhered to during development activities and the importance of rehabilitation should be considered as a high priority action.
6.6.3 Mammal Habitat Assessment and desktop species survey Large mammals that occurred historically at the site, are absent from the area, owing to anthropogenic impacts in recent centuries. This loss of large species means that the mammal diversity at the site is far from its original natural state not only in terms of species richness but also with regards to functional roles in the ecosystem.
Antelope species such as duiker and kudu might potentially migrate through the area and are not restricted by game fences. Smaller mammal species such as honey badgers and serval can become habituated to anthropogenic influences, while other species such as brown hyena will rather move away from the construction activities and will seldom use the area. The dominant species composition therefore comprises of widespread taxa with some species having specialised life history traits.
Mammals are sensitive to disturbances and habitat destruction and degradation and as such the anticipated species diversity of the study area would be low. The mammals are mostly represented by generalised species such as rodents, scrub hares and smaller antelope (steenbok, common duiker) that will move through the area while foraging.
The connectivity1 of the project site is high. Of significance is the role of the Vaal River as
1 Connectivity (habitat connectivity) - Allowing for the conservation or maintenance of continuous or connected habitats, so as to preserve movements and exchanges associated with the habitat.
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zoogeographical dispersal corridors.
6.6.4 Birds (avifauna) The conservation status of many of the bird species that are dependent on perennial rivers and wetlands reflects the critical status of wetland nationally, with many having already been destroyed. In the study area, the perennial Vaal River represents the major drainage feature. This river is an extremely important source of water for most bird species and will be regularly utilised not only as a source of drinking water and food, but also for bathing. The river could also be used as flight paths for certain species. Species such as greater flamingos will utilize the salt pans in the area for foraging.
Microphyllous woodland usually supports much higher bird numbers compared to the broadleaved woodlands. The area represents microphyllous woodland and supports many smaller bird species such as Ashy Tit, Pied Babbler, Kalahari Robin, Burntnecked Eremomela, Desert Barred Warbler, Marico Flycatcher, PriritBatis, Crimsonbreasted Shrike, Longtailed Shrike, Threestreaked Tchagra, Great Sparrow, Whitebrowed Sparrowweaver, Scalyfeathered Finch, Violeteared Waxbill and Blackcheeked Waxbill.
Degraded grasslands sometimes cover extensive areas, and have become an artificial habitat that attracts a wide range of generalist species. These grasslands represents a significant feeding area for many bird species in any landscape for the following reasons: through opening up the soil surface, land preparation makes many insects, seeds, bulbs and other food sources suddenly accessible to birds and other predators; the grasses are often eaten themselves by birds, or attract insects which are in turn eaten by birds.
6.6.5 Herpetofauna (Reptiles and Amphibians) Typical species associated with arid and semi-arid habitat types occur in the study area. Venomous species such as the puff adder and cape cobra is expected to occur in the study area, although the presence of these snakes is dependant on the presence of their prey species (rodents, frogs etc.). The general habitat type for reptiles consists of open shrubveld and grassland with limited available habitat for diurnally active and sit-and-wait predators, such as terrestrial skinks and other reptiles. The lack of trees in the area explains the lack of arboreal species in the area.
The amphibians appear to be poorly represented on site and the Vaal River represents the most suitable habitat for the few amphibian species that could occur in the area. No threatened species occur in the area.
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6.6.6 Red data species According to the existing databases and field survey the following number of fauna species included in the IUCN red data lists can potentially be found in the study area (Table 5):
Table 5. Red data list of potential fauna for the study area
English Name Conservation Status Probability of occurrence on site BIRDS
Bustard, Kori Near threatened Medium Bustard, Ludwig’s Endangered Low Courser, Burchell’s Vulnerable Medium Courser, Double-banded Near threatened Medium Crane, Blue Near threatened Low Duck, Maccoa Near threatened High (pans) Eagle, Martial Endangered Medium Eagle, Tawny Endangered Medium Eagle, Verreauxs' Vulnerable Medium Falcon, Lanner Vulnerable Medium Flamingo, Greater Near threatened High (pans) Flamingo, Lesser Near threatened High (pans) Korhaan, Southern Black Vulnerable Medium Painted-snipe, Greater Vulnerable High (pans) Pipit, African Rock Near threatened Low Roller, European Near threatened Medium Secretarybird Vulnerable Medium Stork, Abdim’s Near threatened Medium Stork, Saddle-billed Endangered High (pans) Stork, Yellow-billed Endangered High (pans) Vulture, Lappet-faced Endangered Medium Vulture, White-backed Endangered Medium MAMMALS Bushveld Gerbil Data Deficient Medium African Striped Weasel Data deficient Low Southern African Hedgehog Near Threatened Low African Straw-colored Fruit Bat Near Threatened Low Roan Antelope Vulnerable Zero – restricted to game reserves Sable antelope Vulnerable Zero – restricted to game reserves
The following general observations with regards to the study area can be made.
The impact of the proposed development on the red data and other fauna species will mostly have a medium to low probability as a result of the following:
o If one considers the habitat descriptions of the red data species, some of them are limited in range or threatened as a direct result of habitat loss in the
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southern African sub-region, although other species with large home ranges are not directly threatened by habitat loss. The impact of development on the red data species would therefore be less than predicted;
o Some sections of the habitats have been severely degraded and fragmented by agricultural activities;
o The area in general is quite homogenous and therefore has a low potential for biodiversity considering the surrounding vegetation types. Rehabilitation of the degraded areas might improve faunal diversity in the area after the development activities. Provided that proper rehabilitation will be conducted in an ecologically responsible way during and after development, the proposed developments might improve potential habitat for these threatened fauna on already modified and degraded areas.
o The total area impacted by the prospecting will be minimal and will have almost no relevance impacting fauna habitats (0.072 ha);
o Development also won’t influence the natural feeding and movement patterns of the existing fauna in the area. Peripheral impacts on the larger area should be avoided.
The protection of different habitat types in the area will be important to ensure the survival of the different animals due to each species’ individual needs and requirements. Sufficient natural corridor sections should be protected around the proposed prospecting footprints to allow fauna to move freely between the different vegetation units on the property. The importance to protect the major riverine areas as important corridors should be a high priority during the proposed development. In this regard the proposed development will aim to minimally impact on these areas and promote them as conservation areas.
The cumulative negative impact of the development on the fauna has the potential to be moderate. However, considering the following general mitigation and management actions taken on site, the impact on faunal populations should be low.
o Where trenches pose a risk to animal safety, they should be adequately cordoned off to prevent animals falling in and getting trapped and/or injured. This could be prevented by the constant excavating and backfilling of trenches during construction process.
o A speed limit should be imposed on the access roads to minimize road kills. Speed humps should be constructed at strategic places along the access road to
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enforce lower speeds.
o Roads should be designed without pavements to allow for the movement of small mammals.
o Hunting, trapping, poisoning and shooting of animals should be prevented. This will necessitate negotiations with the local inhabitants and informal settlers.
o Do not feed any wild animals on site.
o Poisons for the control of problem animals should rather be avoided since the wrong use thereof can have disastrous consequences for the vulture birds of prey occurring in the area. The use of poisons for the control of rats, mice or other vermin should only be used after approval from an ecologist.
o Waste bins and foodstuffs should be made scavenger proof.
o Control of vehicles in and out of the properties involved.
Monitoring of the environmental aspects should be done over the longer term to ensure that impacts are limited to a minimum during the constructional and operational phases. Monitoring of specific species such as pythons and specific bird species such as stork species and other water birds is necessary to ensure that this species would be unaffected over the longer term by the development. Information on the rare species should be provided to workers to make them more aware of these species and their behaviour.
6.7 WETLAND / RIPARIAN DELINEATION
DWAF (2003) states that in order to classify an area as a wetland it must have one or more of the following attributes:
Hydromorphic soils that exhibit features characteristic of prolonged saturation;
The presence of hydrophytes (even if only infrequently);
A shallow water table that results in saturation at or near the surface, leading to the development of anaerobic conditions in the top 50cm of the soil.
The drainage channel bisecting the site represents a river with riparian woodland, while area adjacent to the riparian woodland represents an alluvial plain (without wetland characteristics). The identification of the water courses was done according to the aerial photograph where the topography of the landscape and vegetation were used to delineate the wetlands, water courses and alluvial plain.
A buffer zone of 32 meter is needed around the edge of the Vaal River, although the final layout
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will be determined by the 1:100 year floodline. Where road crossings or development will cause unavoidable impact on the wetlands and water courses on site, a Water Use Licence should be obtained from DWS. The delineation map forms part of the sensitivity map presented in Figure is presented in Figure 8. The smaller drainage channels, especially on the alluvial plains that feed the Vaal River are not well-defined and were therefore delineated according to the topography map.
4.1.1 Alluvial plains Areas that form part of the alluvial plain are not classified as wetlands. However, due to the deposition of alluvium, perched water table and importance to form part of an area where stormwater management would be critical, the alluvial plains was included in the report. Bates & Jackson (1984) defined an "alluvial plain" as "a plain produced by deposition of alluvium. The alluvial plains is usually characterised by shallow soil and impervious layer of hard plinthite rock. These characteristics are encouraging poor infiltration of surface flow and high surface run off. The consequence is soil erosion that was observed in the study area. The area has also been partially degraded through overgrazing by livestock.
4.1.2 Water course and riparian woodland The perennial Vaal River and non-perennial channels that bisect the project area can be described as rivers or channels (SANBI, 2009). Channels are mostly defined with riparian woodland along its edges dominated by species such as Vachellia karroo, Ziziphus mucronata, Eculea undulata and Searsia lancea. A Channel (river, including the banks) is classified as an open conduit with clearly defined margins that (i) continuously or periodically contains flowing water, or (ii) forms a connecting link between two water bodies. Dominant water sources include concentrated surface flow from upstream channels and tributaries, diffuse surface flow or interflow, and/or groundwater flow. Water moves through the system as concentrated flow and usually exits as such but can exit as diffuse surface flow because of a sudden change in gradient. Unidirectional channel-contained horizontal flow characterises the hydrodynamic nature of these units. As a result of the erosive forces associated with concentrated flow, channels characteristically have relatively obvious active channel banks.
Section 1.1 (xi) of the National Water Act (1998) described “instream habitat'' as the area which includes the physical structure of a watercourse and the associated vegetation in relation to the bed of the watercourse. Riparian Habitat are described by the National Water Act (1998) Section 1.1 (xxi) as follows: “riparian habitat'' includes the physical structure and associated vegetation of the areas associated with a watercourse which are commonly characterised by alluvial soils, and which are inundated or flooded to an extent and with a frequency sufficient to support vegetation of species with a composition and physical structure distinct from those of adjacent land areas”.
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6.7.1 Endorheic depression A pan occurs in the central section of the project area. A depression is classified as a landform with closed elevation contours that increases in depth from the perimeter to a central area of greatest depth, and within which water typically accumulates. Dominant water sources are precipitation, ground water discharge, interflow and (diffuse or concentrated) overland flow. For ‘depressions with channelled inflow’, concentrated overland flow is typically a major source of water for the wetland, whereas this is not the case for ‘depressions without channelled inflow’. Dominant hydrodynamics are (primarily seasonal) vertical fluctuations. Depressions may be flat- bottomed (in which case they are often referred to as ‘pans’) or round-bottomed (in which case they are often referred to as ‘basins’), and may have any combination of inlets and outlets or lack them completely.
In the case of the project area the pan is classified as an endorheic depression. Water exits by means of evaporation and infiltration for endorheic depressions.
The depression in the project area is also known as a ‘salt pan’ and is classified as forming part of the Highveld Salt pans vegetation type (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006). These pans are also known as playas. They occur on plains of low relief, as a result of which drainage is poor. Their bases are impervious to downward (vertical) drainage. The base is often calcrete as observed in the study area. Some drainage occurs laterally, both into and out of the pan. Geomorphological processes, including wind-driven deflation, lead to the formation of depressions, which hold water for varying periods (Walsmley, 2003).
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7 POTENTIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE PROSPECTING ACTIVITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA
The following potential impacts would occur on the project area:
7.1 Direct habitat destruction The proposed prospecting application will result in some loss of and damage to natural habitats, although not to the extent that a full-scale mining operation will have. Other infrastructure (other than the actual prospecting area) that will cause destruction of natural vegetation in the area include the site camp, access roads and soil removed during the drilling of the boreholes, although in general this area will be no more than 50m x 50m. Rehabilitation of some areas would be possible but there is likely to be long-term damage in natural areas. The impact of the habitat destruction will be on the flora and fauna of the study area:
7.1.1.1 Destruction or loss of floral diversity or vegetation communities
The following major impacts of the prospecting development will potentially impact on the flora of the site:
The clearance of vegetation during the prospecting activities will lead to the loss of individual plant species or even isolated populations of a particular plant species of significance (indigenous / protected species endemic to the area);
The prospecting activities can impact on surrounding vegetation by dust and altered surface run- off patterns;
The disturbance of the area could lead to an increase in the growth of alien vegetation;
After the prospecting activities there should be no further impact on surrounding vegetation. The cleared areas should be re-vegetated;
After prospecting, the vegetation composition will be different from the pre-prospecting condition considering the establishment of pioneer species on the rehabilitated areas.
7.1.1.2 Loss of faunal diversity through migration and decline in animal numbers
The following major impacts of the prospecting development will potentially impact on the faunal habitats of the site:
Habitat loss and construction activities will force animals out of the construction area and animal numbers will decrease. In some cases isolated populations of threatened fauna might be totally removed from the area, although no such populations or knowledge thereof was found in the study area. This impact could also take place because of hunting and snaring of animals in natural areas not used for the prospecting footprint areas;
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Loss of threatened, “near-threatened” and conservation important taxa: The anticipated loss of the natural woodland will result in the local displacement of some fauna species;
Changes in the community structure: It is expected that the faunal species composition will shift, due to an anticipated loss in habitat surface area. In addition, it is predicted that more generalist species (and a loss of functional guilds) will dominate the study area. Attempts to rehabilitate will attract taxa with unspecialised and generalist life-histories. It is predicted that such taxa will persist for many years before conditions become suitable for succession to progress.
7.2 Habitat fragmentation The prospecting activities will result in limited natural movement patterns being disrupted and, to a varying degree depending on how different species react to these small barriers will result in the fragmentation of natural populations. The excavation of the area for prospecting will have a very small, though insignificant impact in fragmenting the habitats on the property. Such impacts would be short-term provided that proper rehabilitation methods are used after during decommissioning.
7.3 Soil erosion and sedimentation Prospecting may further result in widespread soil disturbance and is usually associated with accelerated soil erosion, particularly in areas receiving high rainfalls. Soil, sediments and associated contaminants are transported into streams, rivers and other water bodies, resulting in the loss or alteration of habitats for aquatic organisms, as well as changes in water quality. Soil erosion also promotes a variety of terrestrial ecological changes associated with disturbed areas, including the establishment of alien invasive plant species, altered plant community species composition and loss of habitat for indigenous fauna and flora.
7.4 Soil and water pollution Construction work for the proposed prospecting will carry a risk of soil and water pollution, with large construction vehicles contributing substantially due to oil and fuel spillages. Sewage and domestic waste are also potential contributors to this problem. If not promptly dealt with, spillages or accumulation of waste matter can contaminate the soil and surface or ground water, leading to potential medium/long- term impacts on fauna and flora.
7.5 Road mortality and human activities Large numbers of fauna are killed daily on roads. They are either being crushed under the tyres of vehicles in the case of crawling species, or by colliding with the vehicle itself in the case of avifauna or flying invertebrates. The impact is intensified at night, especially for flying insects, as result of their attraction to the lights of vehicles.
An increase in human activity on the site and surrounding areas is anticipated. The risk of snaring,
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killing and hunting of certain faunal species is increased. Certain faunal species may be captured for selling to the pet trade. If staff compounds are erected for construction workers, the risk of pollution because of litter and inadequate sanitation and the introduction of invasive fauna and flora are increased. The presence of a large number of construction workers or regular workers during the operational phase on site over a protracted period will result in a greatly increased risk of uncontrolled fires arising from cooking fires, improperly disposed cigarettes etc.
7.6 Spread and establishment of alien invasive species This is probably one of the most significant potential impacts from a terrestrial invertebrate perspective, and also may have very significant knock-on effects that could impact of virtually every aspect of the surrounding ecosystem. Vehicles often transport many seeds and some may be of invader species, which may become established along the road, especially where the area is disturbed. Invasive invertebrate species (e.g. the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile) are also regularly dispersed by vehicles.
The construction phase almost certainly carries by far the greatest risk of alien invasive species being imported to the site, and the high levels of habitat disturbance also provide the greatest opportunities for such species to establish themselves, since most indigenous species are less tolerant of disturbance. The biggest risk is that colonies of species such as Argentine ants or the seeds of noxious plants may be carried onto the site along with materials that have been stockpiled elsewhere at already invaded sites.
Continued movement of personnel and vehicles on and off the site, as well as occasional delivery of materials required for maintenance, will result in a risk of importation of alien species throughout the life of the project.
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8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Following the ecological surveys, the classification of the study area into different sensitivity classes and development zones was based on information collected at various levels on different environmental characteristics. Factors which determined sensitivity classes were as follows:
Presence, density and potential impact of development on rare, endemic and protected plant species;
Conservation status of vegetation units
Soil types, soil depth and soil clay content
Previous land-use
State of the vegetation in general as indicated by indicator species
Impact on flood line areas / riparian zones
Figure 13 indicate the sensitivity map for the proposed development. Only criteria applicable to the specific vegetation units were used to determine the sensitivity of the specific unit.
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Figure 13. Sensitivity Map
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9 CUMULATIVE IMPACT STATEMENT WITH REGARDS TO THE PROSPECTING ACTIVITIES
The following aspects need to be taken into consideration in terms of the cumulative impacts of the proposed prospecting activities on the properties:
The prospecting impacts will be on an area of 3412 hectares which will include 18 boreholes with a diameter of 30cm each (0.072ha). This impact is minimal (area of 0.072 ha) in relation to the total property being 3412 Ha in total. The impacts on the ecosystem with correct mitigation will therefore be very low.
The cumulative impact of the 18 boreholes, access road and ablution facility will not impact on the pristine sections of the property or the natural drainage system associated with the Vaal River;
The prospecting activities will therefore not degrade the conservation status of the property.
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10 REFERENCES
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BOTHMA, J. DU. P. 1996. Game Ranch Management. Van Schaick, Pretoria.
Bredenkamp, G.J. & Brown, L.R. 2001. Vegetation – A reliable ecological basis for environmental planning. Urban Greenfile Nov-Dec 2001: 38-39.
Branch, B. (1998). Field guide to snakes and other reptiles of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers. Cape Town.
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CHECHI, F. & ROBERTS, L. 2005. Interpreting and using mortality data in humanitarian emergencies: A primer for non-epidemiologists. Humanitarian practice Network at ODI.
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Cowling, W. E. 2005. Tourism- A Catalyst For Attitudinal Changes in Aitutaki, Cook Islands University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
DEAT, 1998. Guideline Document on the EIA Regulations implementation of sections 21, 22 and 26 of the Environment Act, Government Printer, Pretoria.
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Fabian, A & Germishuizen, G. 1997. Wild flowers of Northern South Africa. Fernwood Press.
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Germishuizen, G. and Clarke, B. (2003). Illustrated Guide to the Wildflowers of Northern South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria
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GOLDING, J. (Ed.) 2002. Southern African Plant Red Data Lists. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network report no. 14. National Botanical Institute. pp. 237.
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HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1996a. Red Data list of southern African plants. Strelitzia 4: 1 - 117.
HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1996b. Red Data list of southern African plants. 1. corrections and additions. Bothalia 26: 177 - 182.
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Kent, LE. 1980. Stratigraphy of South Africa. Part 1: Lithostratigraphy of the Republic of South Africa, South West Africa/Namibia and the Republics of Bophuthatswana, Transkei and Venda. Pretoria: Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Handbook 8.
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LEE, K. E. & WOOD, T. G. 1971. Termites and Soils. Academic Press, London.
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Manning, J. (2003). Photographic Guide to the Wildflowers of South Africa. Briza Publications. Pretoria. Minter, L.R., Burger, M., Harrison, J.A., Braack, H.H., Bishop, P.J. and Kloepfer, D. (2004). Atlas and Red Data Book of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC.
Mucina, L., Bredenkamp, G.J., Hoare, D.B. & McDonald, D.J. 2000. A National vegetation database for South Africa. South Africa Journal of Science 96:497-498.
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SANBI & DEAT. 2009. Threatened Ecosystems in South Africa: Descriptions and Maps. DRAFT for Comment. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
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The National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act, 2004. (Act 10 0f 2004). Draft. List of Threatened Ecosystems. Government Gazette RSA Vol. 1477, 32689, Cape Town, 6 Nov 2009.
The Natural Scientific Professions Act (Act 27 of 2003)
THOMPSON H (2006) Water Law: A Practical Approach to Resource Management and the Provision of Services. Juta, Cape Town. Van Der Merwe, C. R. 1952. Soil Groups and subgroups of South Africa. Science Bulletin356.
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Van Wyk, B & Malan, S. 1988. Field Guide to the wild flowers of the Highveld. Struik Publishers.
Van Wyk, B. & Van Wyk, P. 1997. Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers. Cape Town.
Van Wyk, B.E., Van Oudtshoorn, B. & Gericke, N. 1997. Medicinal plants of South
Africa. Briza, Pretoria. Van Oudtshoorn, F. (1991) Gids tot grasse van Suid Afrika. Briza Publikasies. Pretoria.
WERGER, M.J.A. 1978. Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Monographie Biologicae vol. 31. Junk, The Hague.
Westhoff, V. & Van der Maarel, E. 1978. The Braun-Blanquet approach. In: Whittaker, R.H. (ed.) Classification of plant communities. W. Junk, The Hague.
WHITE, F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa: a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. UNESCO, Paris, France.
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APPENDIX A. PLANT SPECIES LISTS FOR QDS
Family Genus Sp1 IUCN Ecology Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllum sp.
Asteraceae Geigeria ornativa LC Indigenous Amaryllidaceae Nerine laticoma LC Indigenous Convolvulaceae Convolvulus multifidus LC Indigenous; Endemic Asteraceae Garuleum schinzii LC Indigenous Bryaceae Bryum dichotomum Indigenous
Poaceae Eragrostis homomalla LC Indigenous Poaceae Eragrostis curvula LC Indigenous Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris LC Indigenous Crassulaceae Kalanchoe sp.
Asteraceae Nidorella hottentotica LC Indigenous Solanaceae Lycium hirsutum LC Indigenous Lamiaceae Stachys burchelliana LC Indigenous Poaceae Eragrostis porosa LC Indigenous Asteraceae Nolletia ciliaris LC Indigenous Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia notIndigenous; Naturalised
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus maderaspatensis LC Indigenous Poaceae Brachiaria marlothii LC Indigenous Scrophulariaceae Peliostomum leucorrhizum LC Indigenous Malvaceae Malva sylvestris notIndigenous; Naturalised
Juncaceae Juncus rigidus LC Indigenous Hyacinthaceae Dipcadi marlothii Indigenous
Colchicaceae Ornithoglossum vulgare Indigenous
Fabaceae Indigofera vicioides LC Indigenous Asteraceae Lactuca inermis LC Indigenous Poaceae Eriochloa fatmensis LC Indigenous Fabaceae Crotalaria eremicola LC Indigenous Poaceae Setaria verticillata LC Indigenous Cucurbitaceae Acanthosicyos naudinianus LC Indigenous Anacardiaceae Searsia lancea Indigenous
Convolvulaceae Merremia verecunda LC Indigenous Asteraceae Dicoma capensis LC Indigenous Asteraceae Chrysanthellum indicum notIndigenous; Naturalised
Poaceae Chrysopogon serrulatus LC Indigenous Polygonaceae Persicaria lapathifolia notIndigenous; Naturalised
Malvaceae Hermannia quartiniana LC Indigenous Ricciaceae Riccia okahandjana Indigenous
Scrophulariaceae Selago sp.
Malvaceae Hermannia affinis LC Indigenous Aizoaceae Galenia procumbens LC Indigenous; Endemic
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Family Genus Sp1 IUCN Ecology Malvaceae Hermannia comosa LC Indigenous Asteraceae Felicia burkei LC Indigenous Anacardiaceae Searsia ciliata Indigenous
Poaceae Aristida vestita LC Indigenous Polygalaceae Polygala leptophylla LC Indigenous Apocynaceae Fockea angustifolia LC Indigenous Asteraceae Pentzia globosa LC Indigenous Juncaceae Juncus exsertus LC Indigenous Asteraceae Senecio harveianus LC Indigenous Scrophulariaceae Aptosimum marlothii LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Cyperus usitatus LC Indigenous Asteraceae Chrysocoma ciliata LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Isolepis diabolica LC Indigenous; Endemic Poaceae Eragrostis rigidior LC Indigenous Poaceae Eleusine coracana LC Indigenous Fabaceae Requienia sphaerosperma LC Indigenous Apocynaceae Gomphocarpus tomentosus LC Indigenous Hyacinthaceae Ornithogalum flexuosum Indigenous
Poaceae Sporobolus fimbriatus LC Indigenous Poaceae Cymbopogon pospischilii NE Indigenous Acanthaceae Ruelliopsis setosa Indigenous
Crassulaceae Crassula lanceolata LC Indigenous Apiaceae Choritaenia capensis LC Indigenous; Endemic Cyperaceae Cyperus bellus LC Indigenous Asteraceae Kleinia longiflora LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Kyllinga alba LC Indigenous Poaceae Eragrostis pseudobtusa NE Indigenous; Endemic Poaceae Eragrostis rotifer LC Indigenous Asteraceae Helichrysum argyrosphaerum LC Indigenous Amaranthaceae Chenopodium hederiforme LC Indigenous Asteraceae Conyza podocephala Indigenous
Asteraceae Geigeria filifolia LC Indigenous Marsileaceae Marsilea burchellii LC Indigenous; Endemic Malvaceae Melhania virescens LC Indigenous Amaranthaceae Atriplex semibaccata notIndigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mucronata Indigenous
Asparagaceae Asparagus cooperi LC Indigenous Asparagaceae Asparagus bechuanicus LC Indigenous Fabaceae Tephrosia purpurea NE Indigenous Malvaceae Corchorus sulcatus LC Indigenous; Endemic Poaceae Enneapogon desvauxii LC Indigenous
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Family Genus Sp1 IUCN Ecology Poaceae Enneapogon scoparius LC Indigenous Fabaceae Indigofera hochstetteri LC Indigenous Hyacinthaceae Albuca virens Indigenous
Aizoaceae Ruschia sp.
Fabaceae Indigofera alternans LC Indigenous Fabaceae Zornia milneana LC Indigenous Scrophulariaceae Aptosimum albomarginatum LC Indigenous Poaceae Cynodon incompletus LC Indigenous; Endemic Malvaceae Hermannia tomentosa LC Indigenous Commelinaceae Commelina africana LC Indigenous Verbenaceae Lantana rugosa Indigenous
Asteraceae Arctotheca calendula LC Indigenous Verbenaceae Chascanum pinnatifidum Indigenous
Ebenaceae Diospyros lycioides Indigenous
Solanaceae Lycium arenicola LC Indigenous Solanaceae Lycium horridum LC Indigenous Fabaceae Cullen tomentosum LC Indigenous Poaceae Eragrostis micrantha LC Indigenous Fabaceae Sesbania transvaalensis LC Indigenous Apiaceae Deverra burchellii LC Indigenous Poaceae Themeda triandra LC Indigenous Poaceae Melinis repens LC Indigenous Poaceae Sporobolus ludwigii LC Indigenous Poaceae Sporobolus acinifolius LC Indigenous Boraginaceae Heliotropium ciliatum LC Indigenous Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia androsacea LC Indigenous Fabaceae Chamaecrista biensis LC Indigenous Malvaceae Corchorus schimperi LC Indigenous Apocynaceae Pentarrhinum insipidum LC Indigenous Verbenaceae Verbena officinalis notIndigenous; Naturalised
Limeaceae Limeum sulcatum LC Indigenous Acanthaceae Justicia divaricata Indigenous
Poaceae Eragrostis cilianensis LC Indigenous Cleomaceae Cleome rubella LC Indigenous Elatinaceae Bergia anagalloides LC Indigenous Malvaceae Hermannia jacobeifolia LC Indigenous Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare notIndigenous; Naturalised
Poaceae Eragrostis macrochlamys NE Indigenous Poaceae Echinochloa jubata LC Indigenous Iridaceae Babiana hypogaea LC Indigenous Ebenaceae Diospyros austro-africana Indigenous
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Family Genus Sp1 IUCN Ecology Scrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia aurantiaca LC Indigenous Poaceae Pogonarthria squarrosa LC Indigenous Boraginaceae Heliotropium lineare LC Indigenous Fabaceae Lessertia pauciflora LC Indigenous Orobanchaceae Alectra orobanchoides LC Indigenous Rubiaceae Kohautia cynanchica LC Indigenous Acanthaceae Barleria macrostegia Indigenous
Poaceae Tragus berteronianus LC Indigenous Asteraceae Cineraria sp.
Commelinaceae Commelina livingstonii LC Indigenous Hyacinthaceae Dipcadi viride Indigenous
Ricciaceae Riccia argenteolimbata Indigenous
Boraginaceae Lithospermum cinereum LC Indigenous Scrophulariaceae Selago paniculata LC Indigenous; Endemic Asphodelaceae Kniphofia ensifolia Indigenous
Rhamnaceae Ziziphus zeyheriana Indigenous
Poaceae Heteropogon contortus LC Indigenous Cucurbitaceae Cucumis zeyheri LC Indigenous Rubiaceae Cordylostigma virgata Indigenous
Amaranthaceae Salsola glabrescens LC Indigenous Asphodelaceae Trachyandra laxa LC Indigenous Malvaceae Melhania rehmannii LC Indigenous Poaceae Brachiaria nigropedata LC Indigenous Fabaceae Rhynchosia confusa NE Indigenous Poaceae Eragrostis bicolor LC Indigenous Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia virgata LC Indigenous Asteraceae Pentzia calcarea LC Indigenous Malvaceae Hermannia sp.
Poaceae Eragrostis lehmanniana LC Indigenous Fabaceae Indigofera cryptantha LC Indigenous Fabaceae Lotononis crumanina LC Indigenous Poaceae Enneapogon cenchroides LC Indigenous Poaceae Echinochloa holubii LC Indigenous Boraginaceae Anchusa riparia LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Cyperus marginatus LC Indigenous Lamiaceae Salvia namaensis LC Indigenous Asteraceae Laggera decurrens LC Indigenous Asteraceae Helichrysum lineare LC Indigenous Fabaceae Indigofera sessilifolia LC Indigenous Malvaceae Grewia flava LC Indigenous Acanthaceae Justicia incana Indigenous; Endemic
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Family Genus Sp1 IUCN Ecology Malvaceae Pavonia burchellii LC Indigenous Iridaceae Duthieastrum linifolium LC Indigenous; Endemic Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus parvulus LC Indigenous Amaranthaceae Sericorema sericea LC Indigenous Poaceae Aristida adscensionis LC Indigenous Scrophulariaceae Chaenostoma patrioticum LC Indigenous Fabaceae Crotalaria lotoides LC Indigenous Brassicaceae Lepidium africanum LC Indigenous Poaceae Sporobolus sp.
Apocynaceae Tridentea gemmiflora LC Indigenous Pteridaceae Pellaea calomelanos LC Indigenous Onagraceae Oenothera rosea notIndigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Poaceae Oropetium capense LC Indigenous Fabaceae Indigofera charlieriana LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Cyperus assimilis LC Indigenous Celastraceae Maytenus undata LC Indigenous Fabaceae Medicago laciniata NE notIndigenous; Naturalised Poaceae Eragrostis gummiflua LC Indigenous Fabaceae Listia heterophylla LC Indigenous Lobeliaceae Lobelia sonderiana LC Indigenous Solanaceae Nicotiana longiflora notIndigenous; Naturalised
Poaceae Tragus koelerioides LC Indigenous Fabaceae Crotalaria sphaerocarpa LC Indigenous Cleomaceae Cleome monophylla LC Indigenous Amaranthaceae Chenopodium hederiforme LC Indigenous Malvaceae Corchorus asplenifolius LC Indigenous Cucurbitaceae Coccinia rehmannii LC Indigenous Acanthaceae Barleria rigida LC Indigenous; Endemic Fabaceae Sesbania notialis LC Indigenous; Endemic Scrophulariaceae Zaluzianskya sp.
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura LC Indigenous Asteraceae Hirpicium echinus LC Indigenous Amaranthaceae Pupalia lappacea LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus glaucus LC Indigenous Poaceae Agrostis lachnantha LC Indigenous Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia cordobensis notIndigenous; Naturalised
Vahliaceae Vahlia capensis Indigenous
Ruscaceae Eriospermum porphyrium LC Indigenous Asteraceae Tarchonanthus obovatus LC Indigenous; Endemic Cyperaceae Cyperus margaritaceus LC Indigenous Lamiaceae Acrotome inflata LC Indigenous
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Family Genus Sp1 IUCN Ecology Asteraceae Osteospermum muricatum LC Indigenous Potamogetonaceae Zannichellia palustris LC Indigenous Polygalaceae Polygala leptophylla LC Indigenous Onagraceae Ludwigia abyssinica LC Indigenous Fabaceae Tephrosia burchellii LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Cyperus sexangularis LC Indigenous Asteraceae Helichrysum lucilioides LC Indigenous Asteraceae Helichrysum arenicola LC Indigenous Oleaceae Olea europaea Indigenous
Asteraceae Senecio windhoekensis LC Indigenous Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia undulata LC Indigenous Poaceae Polypogon monspeliensis NE notIndigenous; Naturalised Malvaceae Hermannia stellulata LC Indigenous Cleomaceae Cleome sp.
Poaceae Coelachyrum yemenicum LC Indigenous Pedaliaceae Sesamum triphyllum LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Cyperus longus NE Indigenous Iridaceae Moraea simulans LC Indigenous Poaceae Tragus racemosus LC Indigenous Amaryllidaceae Nerine frithii LC Indigenous; Endemic Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia muricata LC Indigenous; Endemic Brassicaceae Sisymbrium burchellii LC Indigenous Asparagaceae Asparagus laricinus LC Indigenous Brassicaceae Rapistrum rugosum notIndigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Lamiaceae Stachys spathulata LC Indigenous Asteraceae Tarchonanthus camphoratus LC Indigenous Fabaceae Senegalia mellifera LC Indigenous Fabaceae Rhynchosia totta LC Indigenous Aizoaceae Mestoklema tuberosum LC Indigenous; Endemic Convolvulaceae Xenostegia tridentata Indigenous
Corbichoniaceae Corbichonia decumbens LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Cyperus decurvatus LC Indigenous Asteraceae Felicia filifolia LC Indigenous Capparaceae Cadaba aphylla LC Indigenous Poaceae Eustachys paspaloides LC Indigenous Orobanchaceae Striga gesnerioides LC Indigenous Oleaceae Menodora africana LC Indigenous Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album notIndigenous; Naturalised
Santalaceae Thesium hystrix LC Indigenous Hyacinthaceae Ledebouria apertiflora LC Indigenous Zygophyllaceae Tribulus zeyheri LC Indigenous
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Family Genus Sp1 IUCN Ecology Fabaceae Vachellia erioloba LC Indigenous Poaceae Digitaria argyrograpta LC Indigenous Scrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia sp.
Polygonaceae Oxygonum alatum LC Indigenous Asphodelaceae Bulbine abyssinica LC Indigenous Santalaceae Thesium lacinulatum LC Indigenous Asteraceae Cineraria lyratiformis LC Indigenous Poaceae Panicum coloratum LC Indigenous Verbenaceae Verbena bonariensis notIndigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Gisekiaceae Gisekia pharnacioides LC Indigenous Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis notIndigenous; Naturalised; Invasive
Poaceae Melinis repens LC Indigenous Salicaceae Salix mucronata LC Indigenous Cleomaceae Cleome gynandra LC Indigenous Poaceae Eragrostis pallens LC Indigenous Amaryllidaceae Gethyllis sp.
Limeaceae Limeum fenestratum LC Indigenous Asteraceae Senecio consanguineus LC Indigenous Poaceae Sorghum sp.
Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum LC Indigenous Asteraceae Gazania krebsiana LC Indigenous Fabaceae Lessertia depressa LC Indigenous Asteraceae Lasiopogon glomerulatus LC Indigenous Theophrastaceae Samolus valerandi LC Indigenous Fabaceae Melilotus albus NE notIndigenous; Naturalised Malvaceae Hermannia linnaeoides LC Indigenous Poaceae Setaria sp.
Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani notIndigenous; Naturalised
Zygophyllaceae Roepera pubescens Indigenous
Malvaceae Abutilon rehmannii LC Indigenous Amaranthaceae Gomphrena celosioides notIndigenous; Naturalised
Vahliaceae Vahlia capensis Indigenous
Poaceae Aristida meridionalis LC Indigenous Fabaceae Crotalaria sp.
Scrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia tysonii LC Indigenous; Endemic Celastraceae Gymnosporia buxifolia LC Indigenous Fabaceae Caesalpinia gilliesii NE notIndigenous; Naturalised; Invasive Agavaceae Chlorophytum fasciculatum Indigenous
Boraginaceae Heliotropium strigosum LC Indigenous Asteraceae Felicia muricata LC Indigenous Santalaceae Lacomucinaea lineata Indigenous; Endemic
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Family Genus Sp1 IUCN Ecology Scrophulariaceae Nemesia lilacina LC Indigenous Asteraceae Gazania krebsiana LC Indigenous Fabaceae Indigofera daleoides NE Indigenous Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica notIndigenous; Naturalised
Typhaceae Typha capensis Indigenous
Fabaceae Leobordea platycarpa LC Indigenous Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum polyphyllum LC Indigenous Ruscaceae Eriospermum sp.
Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens LC Indigenous Cleomaceae Cleome angustifolia LC Indigenous Boraginaceae Heliotropium nelsonii LC Indigenous Poaceae Digitaria eriantha LC Indigenous Asteraceae Nidorella resedifolia LC Indigenous Malvaceae Hermannia erodioides LC Indigenous Poaceae Fingerhuthia africana LC Indigenous Poaceae Hordeum stenostachys NE notIndigenous; Naturalised Boraginaceae Heliotropium ovalifolium LC Indigenous Anacardiaceae Searsia tridactyla Indigenous; Endemic
Scrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia atropurpurea LC Indigenous Urticaceae Forsskaolea candida Indigenous
Malvaceae Melhania burchellii LC Indigenous Caryophyllaceae Herniaria erckertii Indigenous
Plantaginaceae Veronica anagallis-aquatica LC Indigenous Poaceae Schmidtia pappophoroides LC Indigenous Capparaceae Boscia albitrunca LC Indigenous Fabaceae Melilotus indicus NE notIndigenous; Naturalised; Invasive Poaceae Eragrostis sp.
Asteraceae Arctotis arctotoides LC Indigenous Asteraceae Bidens bipinnata notIndigenous; Naturalised
Fabaceae Indigofera filipes LC Indigenous Cucurbitaceae Coccinia sessilifolia LC Indigenous Convolvulaceae Seddera capensis LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus muricinux LC Indigenous Lophiocarpaceae Lophiocarpus polystachyus LC Indigenous Poaceae Eragrostis echinochloidea LC Indigenous Poaceae Cynodon dactylon LC Indigenous Hyacinthaceae Ledebouria luteola LC Indigenous Asteraceae Felicia fascicularis LC Indigenous Poaceae Eragrostis trichophora LC Indigenous Cyperaceae Afroscirpoides dioeca Indigenous; Endemic
Thymelaeaceae Lasiosiphon polycephalus LC Indigenous; Endemic
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Family Genus Sp1 IUCN Ecology Poaceae Eragrostis superba LC Indigenous Poaceae Aristida congesta LC Indigenous Malvaceae Corchorus pinnatipartitus LC Indigenous Malvaceae Sida ovata LC Indigenous Acanthaceae Dicliptera leistneri Indigenous; Endemic
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APPENDIX B. BIRD SPECIES LIST FOR QDS
Common_name Taxon_name Avocet, Pied Recurvirostra avosetta Barbet, Acacia Pied Tricholaema leucomelas Barbet, Black-collared Lybius torquatus Barbet, Crested Trachyphonus vaillantii Batis, Pririt Batis pririt Bee-eater, European Merops apiaster Bee-eater, Swallow-tailed Merops hirundineus Bee-eater, White-fronted Merops bullockoides Bishop, Southern Red Euplectes orix Bishop, Yellow-crowned Euplectes afer Bittern, Little Ixobrychus minutus Bokmakierie, Bokmakierie Telophorus zeylonus Brubru, Brubru Nilaus afer Bulbul, African Red-eyed Pycnonotus nigricans Bunting, Cape Emberiza capensis Bunting, Cinnamon-breasted Emberiza tahapisi Bunting, Golden-breasted Emberiza flaviventris Bunting, Lark-like Emberiza impetuani Bustard, Kori Ardeotis kori Bustard, Ludwig's Neotis ludwigii Buttonquail, Kurrichane Turnix sylvaticus Buzzard, Jackal Buteo rufofuscus Buzzard, Steppe Buteo vulpinus Canary, Black-throated Crithagra atrogularis Canary, White-throated Crithagra albogularis Canary, Yellow Crithagra flaviventris Chat, Anteating Myrmecocichla formicivora Chat, Familiar Cercomela familiaris Chat, Sickle-winged Cercomela sinuata Cisticola, Cloud Cisticola textrix Cisticola, Desert Cisticola aridulus Cisticola, Grey-backed Cisticola subruficapilla Cisticola, Levaillant's Cisticola tinniens Cisticola, Rattling Cisticola chiniana Cisticola, Wing-snapping Cisticola ayresii Cisticola, Zitting Cisticola juncidis Cliff-swallow, South African Hirundo spilodera Coot, Red-knobbed Fulica cristata Cormorant, Reed Phalacrocorax africanus Cormorant, White-breasted Phalacrocorax carbo
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Common_name Taxon_name Courser, Burchell's Cursorius rufus Courser, Double-banded Rhinoptilus africanus Courser, Temminck's Cursorius temminckii Crake, Black Amaurornis flavirostris Crane, Blue Anthropoides paradiseus Crombec, Long-billed Sylvietta rufescens Crow, Pied Corvus albus Cuckoo, African Cuculus gularis Cuckoo, Black Cuculus clamosus Cuckoo, Diderick Chrysococcyx caprius Cuckoo, Jacobin Clamator jacobinus Darter, African Anhinga rufa Dove, Laughing Streptopelia senegalensis Dove, Namaqua Oena capensis Dove, Red-eyed Streptopelia semitorquata Dove, Rock Columba livia Drongo, Fork-tailed Dicrurus adsimilis Duck, Fulvous Dendrocygna bicolor Duck, Maccoa Oxyura maccoa Duck, White-faced Dendrocygna viduata Duck, Yellow-billed Anas undulata Eagle, Booted Aquila pennatus Eagle, Martial Polemaetus bellicosus Eagle, Tawny Aquila rapax Eagle, Verreaux's Aquila verreauxii Eagle-owl, Spotted Bubo africanus Egret, Cattle Bubulcus ibis Egret, Great Egretta alba Egret, Little Egretta garzetta Egret, Yellow-billed Egretta intermedia Eremomela, Yellow-bellied Eremomela icteropygialis Falcon, Amur Falco amurensis Falcon, Lanner Falco biarmicus Falcon, Peregrine Falco peregrinus Falcon, Pygmy Polihierax semitorquatus Finch, Red-headed Amadina erythrocephala Finch, Scaly-feathered Sporopipes squamifrons Firefinch, Red-billed Lagonosticta senegala Fiscal, Common (Southern) Lanius collaris Fish-eagle, African Haliaeetus vocifer Flamingo, Greater Phoenicopterus ruber
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Common_name Taxon_name Flamingo, Lesser Phoenicopterus minor Flycatcher, Chat Bradornis infuscatus Flycatcher, Fairy Stenostira scita Flycatcher, Fiscal Sigelus silens Flycatcher, Marico Bradornis mariquensis Flycatcher, Spotted Muscicapa striata Francolin, Orange River Scleroptila levaillantoides Goose, Egyptian Alopochen aegyptiacus Goose, Spur-winged Plectropterus gambensis Goshawk, Gabar Melierax gabar Goshawk, Southern Pale Chanting Melierax canorus Grebe, Little Tachybaptus ruficollis Greenshank, Common Tringa nebularia Guineafowl, Helmeted Numida meleagris Gull, Grey-headed Larus cirrocephalus Hamerkop, Hamerkop Scopus umbretta Harrier, Montagu's Circus pygargus Heron, Black-headed Ardea melanocephala Heron, Goliath Ardea goliath Heron, Grey Ardea cinerea Heron, Purple Ardea purpurea Heron, Squacco Ardeola ralloides Honeyguide, Greater Indicator indicator Honeyguide, Lesser Indicator minor Hoopoe, African Upupa africana Hornbill, Southern Yellow-billed Tockus leucomelas House-martin, Common Delichon urbicum Ibis, African Sacred Threskiornis aethiopicus Ibis, Glossy Plegadis falcinellus Ibis, Hadeda Bostrychia hagedash Kestrel, Greater Falco rupicoloides Kestrel, Lesser Falco naumanni Kestrel, Rock Falco rupicolus Kingfisher, Brown-hooded Halcyon albiventris Kingfisher, Malachite Alcedo cristata Kingfisher, Pied Ceryle rudis Kite, Black-shouldered Elanus caeruleus Korhaan, Blue Eupodotis caerulescens Korhaan, Northern Black Afrotis afraoides Korhaan, Red-crested Lophotis ruficrista Korhaan, Southern Black Afrotis afra
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Common_name Taxon_name Lapwing, Blacksmith Vanellus armatus Lapwing, Crowned Vanellus coronatus Lark, Eastern Clapper Mirafra fasciolata Lark, Fawn-coloured Calendulauda africanoides Lark, Large-billed Galerida magnirostris Lark, Monotonous Mirafra passerina Lark, Pink-billed Spizocorys conirostris Lark, Red-capped Calandrella cinerea Lark, Rufous-naped Mirafra africana Lark, Sabota Calendulauda sabota Lark, Spike-heeled Chersomanes albofasciata Lark, Stark's Spizocorys starki Longclaw, Cape Macronyx capensis Martin, Banded Riparia cincta Martin, Brown-throated Riparia paludicola Martin, Rock Hirundo fuligula Martin, Sand Riparia riparia Masked-weaver, Southern Ploceus velatus Moorhen, Common Gallinula chloropus Mousebird, Red-faced Urocolius indicus Mousebird, Speckled Colius striatus Mousebird, White-backed Colius colius Myna, Common Acridotheres tristis Neddicky, Neddicky Cisticola fulvicapilla Night-Heron, Black-crowned Nycticorax nycticorax Nightjar, Rufous-cheeked Caprimulgus rufigena Ostrich, Common Struthio camelus Owl, Barn Tyto alba Owl, Marsh Asio capensis Owlet, Pearl-spotted Glaucidium perlatum Painted-snipe, Greater Rostratula benghalensis Palm-swift, African Cypsiurus parvus Peacock, Common Pavo cristatus Penduline-tit, Cape Anthoscopus minutus Pigeon, Speckled Columba guinea Pipit, African Anthus cinnamomeus Pipit, African Rock Anthus crenatus Pipit, Buffy Anthus vaalensis Pipit, Kimberley Anthus pseudosimilis Pipit, Long-billed Anthus similis Pipit, Plain-backed Anthus leucophrys
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Common_name Taxon_name Plover, Common Ringed Charadrius hiaticula Plover, Grey Pluvialis squatarola Plover, Kittlitz's Charadrius pecuarius Plover, Three-banded Charadrius tricollaris Pochard, Southern Netta erythrophthalma Prinia, Black-chested Prinia flavicans Pytilia, Green-winged Pytilia melba Quail, Common Coturnix coturnix Quailfinch, African Ortygospiza atricollis Quelea, Red-billed Quelea quelea Rail, African Rallus caerulescens Reed-warbler, African Acrocephalus baeticatus Robin-chat, Cape Cossypha caffra Rock-thrush, Short-toed Monticola brevipes Roller, European Coracias garrulus Roller, Lilac-breasted Coracias caudatus Ruff, Ruff Philomachus pugnax Sandgrouse, Burchell's Pterocles burchelli Sandgrouse, Namaqua Pterocles namaqua Sandpiper, Common Actitis hypoleucos Sandpiper, Curlew Calidris ferruginea Sandpiper, Marsh Tringa stagnatilis Sandpiper, Wood Tringa glareola Scimitarbill, Common Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Scrub-robin, Kalahari Cercotrichas paena Scrub-robin, Karoo Cercotrichas coryphoeus Secretarybird, Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius Shelduck, South African Tadorna cana Shoveler, Cape Anas smithii Shrike, Crimson-breasted Laniarius atrococcineus Shrike, Lesser Grey Lanius minor Shrike, Red-backed Lanius collurio Snake-eagle, Black-chested Circaetus pectoralis Snipe, African Gallinago nigripennis Sparrow, Cape Passer melanurus Sparrow, House Passer domesticus Sparrow, Southern Grey-headed Passer diffusus Sparrowlark, Grey-backed Eremopterix verticalis Sparrow-weaver, White-browed Plocepasser mahali Spoonbill, African Platalea alba Spurfowl, Swainson's Pternistis swainsonii
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Common_name Taxon_name Starling, Cape Glossy Lamprotornis nitens Starling, Common Sturnus vulgaris Starling, Pied Spreo bicolor Starling, Red-winged Onychognathus morio Starling, Wattled Creatophora cinerea Stilt, Black-winged Himantopus himantopus Stint, Little Calidris minuta Stonechat, African Saxicola torquatus Stork, Abdim's Ciconia abdimii Stork, Saddle-billed Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Stork, White Ciconia ciconia Stork, Yellow-billed Mycteria ibis Sunbird, Dusky Cinnyris fuscus Sunbird, White-bellied Cinnyris talatala Swallow, Barn Hirundo rustica Swallow, Greater Striped Hirundo cucullata Swallow, Pearl-breasted Hirundo dimidiata Swallow, Red-breasted Hirundo semirufa Swallow, White-throated Hirundo albigularis Swamphen, African Purple Porphyrio madagascariensis Swamp-warbler, Lesser Acrocephalus gracilirostris Swift, African Black Apus barbatus Swift, Alpine Tachymarptis melba Swift, Bradfield's Apus bradfieldi Swift, Horus Apus horus Swift, Little Apus affinis Swift, White-rumped Apus caffer Tchagra, Brown-crowned Tchagra australis Teal, Cape Anas capensis Teal, Hottentot Anas hottentota Teal, Red-billed Anas erythrorhyncha Tern, Whiskered Chlidonias hybrida Tern, White-winged Chlidonias leucopterus Thick-knee, Spotted Burhinus capensis Thrush, Groundscraper Psophocichla litsipsirupa Thrush, Karoo Turdus smithi Tit, Ashy Parus cinerascens Tit-babbler, Chestnut-vented Parisoma subcaeruleum Turtle-dove, Cape Streptopelia capicola Vulture, Lappet-faced Torgos tracheliotus Vulture, White-backed Gyps africanus
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Common_name Taxon_name Wagtail, Cape Motacilla capensis Warbler, Rufous-eared Malcorus pectoralis Warbler, Willow Phylloscopus trochilus
Waxbill, Black-faced Estrilda erythronotos Waxbill, Common Estrilda astrild Waxbill, Violet-eared Granatina granatina Weaver, Cape Ploceus capensis Weaver, Sociable Philetairus socius Wheatear, Capped Oenanthe pileata Wheatear, Mountain Oenanthe monticola White-eye, Cape Zosterops virens White-eye, Orange River Zosterops pallidus Whydah, Pin-tailed Vidua macroura Wood-hoopoe, Green Phoeniculus purpureus Woodpecker, Cardinal Dendropicos fuscescens Woodpecker, Golden-tailed Campethera abingoni
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APPENDIX C MAMMAL SPECIES LIST
Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category Bovidae Aepyceros melampus Impala Least Concern Bovidae Alcelaphus buselaphus Hartebeest Not listed Bovidae Alcelaphus caama Red Hartebeest Least Concern Bovidae Antidorcas marsupialis Springbok Least Concern Bovidae Connochaetes gnou Black Wildebeest Least Concern Bovidae Connochaetes taurinus taurinus Blue wildebeest Least Concern Bovidae Damaliscus lunatus Common Tsessebe Least Concern (IUCN 2008) Bovidae Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi Blesbok Least Concern Bovidae Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope Vulnerable Bovidae Hippotragus niger niger Sable antelope Vulnerable Bovidae Oryx gazella Gemsbok Least Concern Bovidae Raphicerus campestris Steenbok Least Concern Bovidae Sylvicapra grimmia Bush Duiker Least Concern Bovidae Syncerus caffer African Buffalo Least Concern Bovidae Tragelaphus oryx Common Eland Least Concern Bovidae Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater Kudu Least Concern Canidae Canis mesomelas Black-backed Jackal Least Concern Canidae Otocyon megalotis Bat-eared Fox Least Concern Cercopithecidae Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon Least Concern Equidae Equus Asses and Zebras Not listed Equidae Equus quagga Plains Zebra Not listed Southern African Erinaceidae Atelerix frontalis Near Threatened Hedgehog Felidae Felis catus Domestic Cat Introduced Felidae Felis nigripes Black-footed Cat Least Concern
Giraffidae Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis Nubian Giraffe Least Concern
Herpestidae Atilax paludinosus Marsh Mongoose Least Concern Herpestidae Cynictis penicillata Yellow Mongoose Least Concern Hyaenidae Proteles cristata Aardwolf Least Concern Hystricidae Hystrix africaeaustralis Cape Porcupine Least Concern Leporidae Lepus capensis Cape Hare Least Concern Leporidae Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Least Concern Eastern Rock Elephant Macroscelididae Elephantulus myurus Least Concern Shrew Muridae Gerbilliscus leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil Data Deficient Southern African Muridae Mastomys coucha Least Concern Mastomys Southern African Pygmy Muridae Mus minutoides Least Concern Mouse Xeric Four-striped Grass Muridae Rhabdomys pumilio Least Concern Rat Mustelidae Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat Least Concern
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Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category Mustelidae Poecilogale albinucha African Striped Weasel Data deficient Southern African Pouched Nesomyidae Saccostomus campestris Least Concern Mouse Nesomyidae Steatomys krebsii Kreb's African Fat Mouse Least Concern African Straw-colored Near Threatened (IUCN ver Pteropodidae Eidolon helvum Fruit Bat 3.1) South African Ground Sciuridae Xerus inauris Least Concern Squirrel Suidae Phacochoerus africanus Common Wart-hog Least Concern
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APPENDIX D HERPETOFAUNA LIST
Reptiles
Family Genus Species Subspecies Common name Red list category
Agamidae Agama aculeata aculeata Common Ground Agama Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Agamidae Agama atra Southern Rock Agama Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis capensis Cape Worm Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo dilepis dilepis Common Flap-neck Chameleon Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Colubridae Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Red-lipped Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Colubridae Dasypeltis scabra Rhombic Egg-eater Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Colubridae Dispholidus typus viridis Northern Boomslang Not evaluated Elapidae Elapsoidea sundevallii media Highveld Garter Snake Not listed Elapidae Naja nivea Cape Cobra Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Gekkonidae Chondrodactylus bibronii Bibron's Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Gekkonidae Lygodactylus capensis capensis Common Dwarf Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Gekkonidae Pachydactylus capensis Cape Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Gekkonidae Pachydactylus mariquensis Marico Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Lacertidae Meroles squamulosus Common Rough-scaled Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Lacertidae Nucras intertexta Spotted Sandveld Lizard Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Lamprophiidae Aparallactus capensis Black-headed Centipede-eater Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Lamprophiidae Boaedon capensis Brown House Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Lamprophiidae Lycophidion capense capense Cape Wolf Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Lamprophiidae Prosymna bivittata Two-striped Shovel-snout Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Lamprophiidae Psammophis trinasalis Fork-marked Sand Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Lamprophiidae Pseudaspis cana Mole Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Lamprophiidae Xenocalamus bicolor bicolor Bicoloured Quill-snouted Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa galeata South African Marsh Terrapin Not evaluated
Scincidae Trachylepis capensis Cape Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Scincidae Trachylepis punctatissima Speckled Rock Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Testudinidae Homopus femoralis Greater Padloper Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Testudinidae Psammobates oculifer Serrated Tent Tortoise Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Testudinidae Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Typhlopidae Rhinotyphlops lalandei Delalande's Beaked Blind Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Varanidae Varanus albigularis albigularis Rock Monitor Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Viperidae Bitis arietans arietans Puff Adder Least Concern (SARCA 2014)
Amphibians
Red list Family Genus Species Common name category Brevicepitidae Breviceps adspersus Bushveld Rain Frog Least Concern Southern Pygmy Bufonidae Poyntonophrynus vertebralis Least Concern Toad Hyperoliidae Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina Least Concern Pipidae Xenopus laevis Common Platanna Least Concern Pyxicephalidae Amietia fuscigula Cape River Frog Least Concern Pyxicephalidae Cacosternum boettgeri Common Caco Least Concern Pyxicephalidae Tomopterna cryptotis Tremelo Sand Frog Least Concern
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APPENDIX E. CURRICULUM VITAE OF SPECIALIST
CURRICULUM VITAE
B J Henning PhD Plant Ecology
PERSONAL DETAILS Name: BAREND JOHANNES HENNING Date of Birth: 1976-09-06 Profession/Specialization: Senior Ecologist / Associate Years with Firm: 12 years (Ages & Exigo) Nationality: South African Years experience: 15 years
QUALIFICATIONS
University attended: University of Pretoria, Pretoria (1995- 2002) PhD Plant Ecology, MSc (Botany), BSc (Hons.), BSc
KEY QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE
Senior Ecologist for Exigo (previously AGES Gauteng) since November 2012. Involved in the following aspects:
o Vegetation surveys, sensitivity and zoning analysis of development sites, including eco-estates, mines, residential developments, shopping centres, roads, water supply and other related infrastructure etc (Reference: Mr Herman Gildenhuys, Exigo; 0127512160; Mr Johan Botha, AGES Limpopo; 0152911577)
o Faunal analysis and scoping reports (Reference: Mr Herman Gildenhuys, Exigo; 0127512160; Mr Johan Botha, AGES Limpopo; 0152911577)
o Agricultural potential and land capability studies of soils on farms. (Reference: Mr Herman Gildenhuys, Exigo; 0127512160; Mr Johan Botha, AGES Limpopo; 0152911577)
o Avifauna studies related to solar plant and power line connection developments;
o Wetland delineations and functional capacity assessments (completed advanced wetland course of the Continued Education Department, University of Pretoria 2010 as well as Wetland rehabilitation course of the University of the Free State);
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o Wildlife Management Plans and habitat assessment for rare and endangered game species;
o Spatial Development Frameworks;
o Strategic Development Area Frameworks for local municipalities
o GIS related functions;
Previously employed as Senior Environmental Scientist for AGES Limpopo since September 2006 involved in all of the abovementioned aspects;
Environmental Consultant for Envirodel Wildlife & Ecological Services cc and Dubel Integrated Environmental Services, Polokwane 2004 - 2006. Involved in the following aspects:
o Wildlife management plans for game farms /reserves throughout the Limpopo Province
o Environmental impact assessments (vegetation surveys and faunal scoping reports), habitat suitability analysis and report compilation.
o Coordinating and performing grass monitoring surveys for the Limpopo Tourism and Parks Board
o Soil potential studies.
Environmental Consultant for Ficus – pro Environmental Services cc., Modimolle 2004 / 5. Involved mostly in fieldwork, report compilation or impact studies. Reference: Mr. R. Venter (0147173378)
Subconsultant for AGES (Africa Geo-Environmental Services 2005-2006. Vegetation surveys and sensitivity zoning and analyses. Mr Johan Botha (0836449957)
Eco-Agent environmental services cc, Pretoria 2002 - 2004. Involved in environmental impact studies. Prof G. J. Bredenkamp (0825767046), University of Pretoria.
Enviroguard environmental services cc, Heidelberg 2002 - 2004. Involved in environmental impact studies. Prof L. R Brown (0825767046).
GIS related aspects for all the abovementioned aspects on projects
POSITION AND DUTIES
Employed as Senior Ecological Specialist. Main duties and responsibilities include:
Compilation of project proposals;
Conducting specialist assessments o Ecological assessments o Soils and Land use potential studies; o Wetland assessments;
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o Agricultural assessments; o Avifauna assessments; o Wildlife Management Plans and assessments.
Liaison with clients; GIS and map compilation; Project admin and management; Integration and interaction with the environmental consultants; Travelling; Any ad hoc duties that may be given by immediate manager.
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