9781108722100 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-72210-0 — The Cambridge Handbook of Surveillance Law Edited by David Gray , Stephen E. Henderson Index More Information

757

Index

Abika.com, 720 , 725 Amsterdam, Anthony, 609 Abortion, 317 Anderson, Joel, 635 Accountability, 72 , 160 , 172 , 193 , 277 , 463 , 503 , 606 , Andrejevic, Mark, 134 610 , 617 , 694 , 701 Angry Birds, 204 , 422 Accusearch, 720 Angwin, Julie, 426 ACLU v. Clapper, 33 , 262 , 587 Anonymity, 291 , 306 , 372 , 479 , 480 . See also Acxiom, 423 , 433 Constitutional Regulation of Surveillance, First Adams, John, 534 Amendment Adams, Samuel, 404 AOL, 440 Adblock Plus, 211 Apex Air Entry and Exit Re- Engineering Project, 146 Addington, David, 252 Apple, 222 , 239 , 240 , 243 , 334 , 355 , 424 , 432 , Administrative Procedure Act, 616 , 733 579 , 721 Rule making, 733 Encryption Controversy, 222 , 240 , 242 , 243 , 245 , Notice and Comment, 617 , 733 336 , 337 , 355 , 424 , 579 , 721 Notice of Inquiry, 734 Arab Spring, 146 Administrative Regulation of Surveillance, 178 , Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice, 645 , 654 276 , 433 , 511 , 542 , 574 , 599 , 615 , 677 , 681 , Article 29 Working Party, 649 708 – 26 , 727 Ashcroft, John, 13 , 252 , 549 Consent Decree, 735 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 554 , 583 Enforcement Actions, 734 Assembly, Freedom of. See Constitutional Regulation Inspectors General, 557 of Surveillance, First Amendment Intraagency Review, 18 , 22 , 500 Associated Press, 475 Administrative Surveillance, 395 – 419 Association, Freedom of, 438 , 470 , 471 . See also Adversarial Judicial System, 512 Constitutional Regulation of Surveillance, First Advertisers, 174 Amendment Aerial Surveillance, 264 AT&T, 11 , 424 , 582 , 731 , 750 Afghanistan, 127 Atlantic, 219 Aftergood, Steven, 260 Attorney General, 10 , 39 , 80 , 109 , 600 Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research, 145 Audit Logs, 22 , 280 , 284 Air Transportation and Security, 71 Auditing, 34 al Qaeda, 12 , 21 , 252 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), 14 Alexander, Keith, 352 Automated License Plate Recognition, 182 , 186 , 188 , Alien and Sedition Act, 534 194 , 271 , 387 , 423 Alito, Samuel, 58 , 69 , 215 , 264 Autonomy, 457 , 466 , 471 , 477 All Writs Act, 242 , 384 , 505 , 580 Auto- Surveillance. See Self- Surveillance Amar, Akhil, 407 Aviation and Transportation Security Act, 77 Amazon, 473 Avoidance of Surveillance, 713 Amazon Echo, 208 Awad, Nihad, 565 America Online, 239 American Civil Liberties Union, 163 , 274 , 280 , 283 , Backbone (Telecommunications), 30 300 , 568 , 637 , 703 Bailyn, Bernard, 406 American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper, 703 Baker, Stewart, 425 American Colonies, 309 , 533 Balancing Approach, 40 American Friends Service Committee, 536 Balkin, Jack, 135 Amirahmadi, Hooshang, 565 Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 282

757

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-72210-0 — The Cambridge Handbook of Surveillance Law Edited by David Gray , Stephen E. Henderson Index More Information

758

758 Index

Bamford, James, 253 Brand, Rachel, 692 Bank Secrecy Act, 188 Brandeis, Louis, 346 , 431 Barbie, 220 Bratton, William, 320 , 566 Barbulescu v. Romania, 515 Brave New World, 134 Barnosky, Jason, 163 Brazil, 670 , 674 Bates v. Little Rock, 478 Brennan Center for Justice, 165 , 573 Bates, John, 31 , 107 , 569 Brennan, William, 323 Beck, Charles, 194 Brewer, John, 401 Behavioral Marketing, 175 Brexit, 464 Belgium, 523 Brightest Flashlight, 427 Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 554 , 583 Brittain, Craig, 725 Bellia, Patricia, 612 Brookings Institute, 163 BellSouth, 11 Brown, Jerry, 635 Benner- Beck, Dru, 330 Brown, Michael, 282 Berger v. New York, 298 , 496 , 506 , 589 , 598 Bucella, Donna, 87 Beria, Lavrenti, 422 Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, 670 , 671 Berk, Richard, 134 Bulk Metadata Surveillance, 7 – 43 Bernstein v. United States, 349 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Beware (Policing App), 221 (ATF), 192 Big Data, 121 – 49 , 171 – 97 , 484 , 494 , 642 , 737 Burger, Warren, 430 Big Data Governance, 125 Bush, George W., 8 , 77 , 78 , 108 , 248 , 550 , 688 , 691 Bilateral Treaty, 672 Biles, Simone, 220 Cable Communications Act, 730 , 731 , 744 Binary Searches, 322 Cable Communications Privacy Act, 605 Binney, William, 436 , 440 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Biometric Surveillance, 121 – 49 , 185 , 186 , 188 , 194 , Competition Act, 730 489 , 642 Caldwell, Leslie, 241 Behavioral, 126 , 129 , 142 , 273 CALEA. See Communications Assistance for Law DNA, 122 , 128 , 130 , 172 , 508 , 644 Enforcement Act Rapid DNA, 146 California, 636 Facial Recognition, 122 , 142 , 182 , 185 , 194 , 211 , California Communications Privacy Act (CalECPA), 273 , 281 , 423 , 489 299 , 384 , 623 Fingerprinting, 122 , 145 , 185 California District Attorneys Association, 639 Hard (Primary), 125 California Police Chiefs Association, 639 Iris Scan, 122 , 145 California Research Bureau, 274 Soft (Secondary), 125 California State Sheriffs’ Association, 639 Voice Recognition, 130 , 141 California v. Ciraolo, 264 Black Lives Matter, 567 Calo, Ryan, 467 Blacklists, 72 . See also Watchlists Capitalism, 456 , 466 Blackstone, William, 402 Carter, David L., 152 Blasi Casagran, Cristina, 642 Casablanca , 71 , 99 Blasi, Vincent, 439 Catholic Worker, 567 Blatchford, Samuel, 414 Cell Phone Surveillance, 190 , 231 Blitz, Mark, 263 Cell Site Location Information, 45 , 47 , 235 , 494 , 605 . Bloomberg, Michael, 271 See also Location Surveillance Bluetooth, 201 , 746 Center for Democracy and Technology, 703 Body Cameras, 281 , 604 Central Intelligence Agency, 25 , 115 , 118 , 220 , Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, 402 535 , 688 Border Security, 130 Director of, 80 Bork, Robert, 487 Certifi cation Order, 500 , 631 Boston, USA Cheney, Richard, 12 , 252 Boston Police Department, 143 Chertoff, Michael, 272 Boston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), 161 , Chicago, Illinois, USA, 192 , 272 , 282 164 , 165 Child Pornography, 323 , 325 , 493 , 640 Marathon Bombing . See Terrorism, USA Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, 180 , 188 Bot, Yves, 656 Chilling Effect, 178 , 277 , 353 , 420 – 36 , 437 – 48 , Boundary Management, 458 , 460 , 465 460 , 470 Bournemouth, England, 270 China, 242 , 259 , 351 , 373 , 374 , 670 Boyd v. United States, 415 Church, Frank, 74 , 250 boyd, danah, 285 Church Committee, 74 , 250 , 260 , 533 , 536 , 686 Bradley, Joseph, 416 Cider Tax of 1763, 403

759

Index 759

Cisco Systems, Inc., 243 Constitutional Regulation of Surveillance, 495 Citron, Danielle Keats, 291 Due Process, 148 , 186 , 213 City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 587 Notice, 72 , 94 , 244 Civil Liberties and Privacy Offi cers, 683 , 694 Equal Protection, 186 , 187 , 214 Civil Society, 465 Fifth Amendment Clapper, James, 7 , 258 , 259 , 351 Right against Compelled Self- Incrimination, 490 Clapper v. Amnesty International, 439 , 487 , 584 , 680 First Amendment, 20 , 22 , 178 , 278 , 353 , 470 , 549 , Clarke, Roger, 134 679 , 699 , 722 Classifi ed Information, 74 , 117 , 575 Anonymity, 479 , 480 Clear Channel Outdoors, 206 Freedom of Speech, 476 Clipper Chip, 363 Freedom of the Press, 483 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Surveillance, 133 , Right of Assembly, 477 182 , 186 , 211 , 263 , 321 , 515 , 601 Fourth Amendment, 10 , 15 , 26 , 32 , 40 , 52 , 86 , 102 , Cloud Computing/ Cloud Storage, 334 , 372 , 494 , 552 108 , 111 , 113 , 148 , 186 , 200 , 212 , 221 , 264 , Cloud Security Alliance, 443 267 , 296 , 322 , 338 , 381 , 427 , 433 , 483 – 86 , 493 , Cloudwash, 208 506 , 512 , 534 , 538 , 589 , 597 , 699 , 709 Cohen, Julie, 455 Digital Search Protocol, 229 Coke, Edward, 399 Exigent Circumstances, 68 Cold War, 533 Foreign Intelligence, 113 Collins, Elisabeth, 692 National Security, 486 Colon v. Netherland, 514 Oath or Affi rmation, 503 Colombia, 750 Particularity Requirement, 230 , 232 , 298 , 496 , 500 Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), 185 The People, 105 , 113 , 251 Combined Intelligence Fusion Cell, 141 Plain View Doctrine, 229 , 503 Comey, James, 13 , 42 , 239 , 241 , 252 , 355 , 361 , 474 , Private Search Doctrine, 297 562 , 703 Probable Cause, 628 Common Carriers, 730 Search Incident to Arrest, 231 Common Foreign and Security Policy, 654 , 657 Special Needs, 15 Commonwealth v. Dana, 410 Standing, 105 . See also Judicial Regulation of Communications Act, 730 – 32 Surveillance Section 201, 741 State Agency Requirement, 434 Section 222, 736 Taint Team, 229 Customer Proprietary Information, 738 Trespass Concept, 58 Customer Proprietary Network Information, 737 Warrant Requirement, 534 Section 227, 752 Constitutional Regulation of Surveillance, First Section 229, 748 Amendment, 163 Section 301, 745 Consular Lookout and Support System (CLASS), 75 Section 303, 745 Contact Chaining. See Social Network Analysis Section 333, 755 Contextual Integrity, 458 Section 631, 744 , 754 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Section 705, 743 , 747 , 755 Fundamental Freedom Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, Article 8, 475 52 , 245 , 363 , 748 Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Communications Decency Act, 386 , 720 , 730 regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Communications Surveillance, 7 – 43 , 102 , 296 , 372 , Data (Council of Europe), 647 , 654 382 , 496 , 537 , 603 , 727 , 737 , 742 Cook, Timothy, 241 Communism, 480 Cookies, 206 , 304 , 423 , 460 , 464 , 516 , 518 , 533 , 543 , CompStat, 195 , 320 556 , 565 , 566 , 607 , 618 , 690 , 713 , 733 , 754 Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of Corn, Geoffrey, 330 1988, 180 Corruption, 311 Computer Search, 228 , 494 Cotton, Thomas, 562 Confl ict of Laws, 669 Council Framework Decision 2006/ 960/ JHA (Swedish Conformity, 474 Initiative), 644 , 648 Congressional Oversight. See Legislative Regulation of Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Surveillance 523 , 529 Connecticut, 602 Council of the European Union, 651 Consent, 217 , 425 , 430 , 467 , 598 , 601 , 708 , Council on American– Islamic Relations, 168 723 , 751 Counselman v. Hitchcock, 414 , 415 Constable, 309 Counter- Terrorism Group, 644 Constitution of Massachusetts, 407 Counterterrorism Task Force, 650 Constitution of Virginia, 405 Court of Justice of the European Union, 646

760

760 Index

Cox Communications, Inc., 754 Department of Education, 490 Craig, Gregory, 254 Department of Homeland Security, 75 , 78 , 142 , Crime Rates, 310 , 312 150 , 274 Critical Infrastructure, 351 Director of, 80 Cuddihy, William, 399 , 402 , 407 Offi ce of Intelligence and Analysis, 166 Cummings, Homer, 534 Department of Justice, 74 , 255 , 736 , 749 Customer Proprietary Network Information, 731 , 750 National Security Division, 553 Customs and Immigration, 75 Offi ce of Community- Oriented Policing, 283 Cyber Espionage, 352 Offi ce of International Affairs, 663 Cyber Harassment, 291 Offi ce of Legal Counsel, 10 , 13 , 252 , 557 Defamation, 292 Department of State, 74 , 75 , 76 , 79 , 354 Emotional Distress, 292 Department of the Treasury, 80 , 598 Threats, 292 DesignerWare, 724 Underreporting, 295 Determann, Lothar, 372 Cyber Stalking. See Cyber Harassment Deterrence, 291 , 318 Cybersecurity, 130 , 255 , 494 , 717 Dewey, Charles, 410 Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act, 215 , 563 Dialing Services, LLC, 753 CyberSpy, 716 , 724 Diamantis, Mihailis, 420 – 36 Cybersurveillance Architecture, 124 Dick, Philip K., 121 Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 386 Dark Web, 493 Digital Rights Ireland, 515 , 646 Dash Cameras, 281 Digitization of Evidence, 660 Daskal, Jennifer, 101 – 20 Dignity, 462 Data Breach Notifi cation, 738 Directive (EU) 2016/ 680, 649 Data Brokers, 175 , 214 , 422 Director of National Intelligence, 33 , 37 , 109 , 252 , Data Localization, 669 255 , 559 , 600 , 681 , 683 Data Mining, 16 , 42 , 59 , 73 , 122 , 128 , 182 , 190 , 425 , Dirtbox, 51 439 , 552 , 737 Discrimination, 619 Data Protection Authorities, 510 , 523 Disparate Impact Data Protection Commission Age, 293 Decision 2000/ 520, 524 Gender Identity, 293 Data Protection Directive 95/ 46/ EC, 523 , 527 , 647 , Race, 187 , 191 , 293 , 329 , 465 , 619 654 , 656 Religion, 466 Data Retention Directive, 646 Sex, 187 , 293 , 466 Data Surveillance, 721 Sexual Preference, 293 Databases, 42 , 74 , 122 , 127 , 182 , 186 , 279 , 552 Wealth, 191 , 426 , 465 , 609 Access, 59 , 279 , 284 DNA. See Biometric Surveillance Confi dentiality and Security, 279 , 569 , 570 Do Not Call Lists, 752 Deletion and Retention, 109 , 229 , 279 , 284 , 373 , Do Not Call Registry, 743 374 , 385 Doe v. Reed, 483 Integrity and Reliability, 79 , 96 , 284 Domain Awareness System, 182 , 196 , 271 , 272 , 273 , Security, 34 274 , 276 , 278 , 279 , 281 . See New York, New Davies, Thomas, 407 York, USA Davis, Andre, 235 Donahue, John, 317 De Hert, Paul, 509 Donohue, Laura, 148 , 185 , 300 Deceptive Trade Practices, 468 , 708 – 26 , 741 Dragojevic ́ v. Croati , 514 Declaration of Independence, 405 Dreeben, Michael, 56 Defamation, 292 Driver’s Privacy Protection Act, 180 , 611 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 123 , 137 Drones, 140 , 142 , 182 , 277 , 489 , 601 Defense Appropriations Act of 2004, 138 Dropbox, 334 Defense Intelligence Agency, 546 Drug Crime, 195 , 314 , 324 , 473 DeFrancesco, Lindsay, 727 Drug Enforcement Administration, 473 , 562 Deleuze, Gilles, 459 DuckDuckGo, 447 Dellinger, Walter, 57 Due Process, 187 , 675 . See Constitutional Regulation DeLong, John, 255 of Surveillance Democracy, 353 , 456 , 462 , 470 , 477 Duration Limits, 10 , 41 , 501 , 599 , 602 Dempsey, James, 692 Denial- of- Service Attack, 293 Eagan, Claire, 23 , 32 Department of Agriculture, 545 Earls, Felton, 313 Department of Defense, 78 , 80 , 127 , 145 , 196 , East Germany, 421 , 437 , 443 , 473 535 , 546 Eavesdropping. See Communications Surveillance

761

Index 761

E- commerce, 373 Europol Convention, 650 ECPA. See Electronic Communications Privacy Act Regulation on the European Union Agency for Law Edgar, Timothy, 248 Enforcement Cooperation, 650 Effi ciency, 456 Ex parte Jackson, 413 , 483 E- Government Act of 2002, 188 Exclusion of Evidence, 119 , 381 , 385 , 504 , 598 , 599 , Eisenhower, Dwight, 535 601 , 634 Election. See Political (Election) Surveillance Executive Agreements, 672 Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 52 – 55 , 60 , Executive Order, 11 , 20 , 30 , 41 , 104 , 110 , 250 , 256 , 180 , 187 , 246 , 276 , 298 , 384 , 486 , 495 , 497 , 552 , 560 , 681 , 683 , 693 543 , 588 , 599 , 603 , 608 , 623 , 662 , 671 , Exigent Circumstances, 116 , 602 680 , 747 Extraterritoriality, 243 Electronic Frontier Foundation, 240 , 300 , 582 , 637 , 703 Facebook, 137 , 144 , 173 , 174 , 179 , 184 , 189 , 211 , 218 , Electronic Mail, 110 , 229 , 382 , 495 , 515 , 623 , 747 239 , 300 , 302 , 423 , 430 , 448 , 464 , 656 , 738 Electronic Privacy Information Center, 166 Facial Recognition. See Biometric Surveillance Ellsberg, Daniel, 537 Fair Credit Reporting Act, 179 , 188 , 214 , 543 , 557 Elonis, Anthony, 302 Fair Information Practices (FIPs), 179 Email. See Electronic Mail Fairey, Shepard, 257 Email Privacy Act, 489 , 581 Falkenrath, Richard, 77 Emergency Crime Prevention and Emergency Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 180 , 188 Amendment Act, 274 Fancy Bear, 220 Emergency Powers, 732 Farber, David, 139 Emergent Subjectivity, 458 Federal Aviation Administration, 71 , 277 , 490 Employer Surveillance. See Workplace Surveillance Federal Bureau of Investigation, 25 , 46 , 74 , 80 , 118 , Encryption, 24 , 240 , 245 , 331 , 373 , 374 , 561 , 563 , 580 , 128 , 472 , 534 , 688 , 737 , 749 669 , 721 , 732 Attorney General's Guidelines, 549 English Country Party, 397 Domestic Intelligence Division, 687 Entick v. Carrington, 401 , 403 , 416 General Intelligence Division of the Bureau of E- Passport, 128 Investigation, 686 Equal Protection. See Constitutional Regulation of Trilogy Case Management System, 365 Surveillance Federal Communications Act, 598 E- Readers, 174 , 435 Federal Communications Commission, 49 , 727 Espionage Act, 534 Broadband Privacy NPRM, 744 Estonia, 368 Enforcement Bureau, 734 , 749 Eurojust, 648 Letters of Inquiry, 735 European Criminal Records Information System, 645 Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, 735 European Cybercrime Centre, 655 Notice of Unauthorized Operation, 735 European Data Protection Supervisor, 649 , 651 Notice of Violation, 735 European External Action Service, 655 Open Internet Order, 738 European Investigation Order, 645 Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), European Police Offi ce. See Europol 157 European Security Strategy, 644 Federal Trade Commission, 176 , 179 , 214 , 296 , European Union, 385 , 390 , 423 , 475 , 642 708 – 26 , 728 , 742 Charter of Fundamental Rights, 646 , 656 , 658 Federal Trade Commission Act, 180 , 709 Court of Justice, 385 , 389 , 441 , 475 , 509 , 655 Unfair or Deceptive Trade Practices, 710 European Commission Decision 2000/ 520/ EC, 524 Federalism, 161 , 611 European Convention on Human Rights, 441 , 510 Federation of American Scientists, 536 Article 8, 441 , 509 Feinstein, Diane, 556 Article 13, 509 Ferguson, Andrew, 171 – 97 European Court of Human Rights, 475 , 509 , Ferguson, Missouri, USA, 282 510 , 512 Ferguson, Niels, 257 European Parliament, 645 , 649 Fifth Amendment, 416 External Security, 654 Financial Crime, 186 Intelligence and Situation Centre, 649 Financial Privacy Act, 188 , 609 Internal Security, 654 Financial Surveillance, 177 , 186 , 190 , 194 Joint Situation Centre, 651 Fingerprinting. See Biometric Surveillance Passenger Name Record Directive, 646 Firearms Treaty on European Union, 646 , 655 , 657 Concealed Carry, 319 Europol, 648 , 649 , 654 First Amendment. See Constitutional Regulation of Data Protection Offi cer, 651 Surveillance Drugs Unit, 649 First Unitarian Church of Los Angeles v. NSA, 587

762

762 Index

FISA Amendments Act, 24 , 30 , 107 , 114 , 254 , 487 , Gillian & Quinton v. United Kingdom, 514 551 , 582 Gindrat v. People , 417 Section 702, 24 , 30 , 101 – 20 , 237 , 440 , 551 , 553 , Giuliani, Rudolph, 320 569 , 584 , 593 , 706 Global Positioning System, 44 , 233 , 484 , 601 , 746 Fisher v. McGirr, 412 Glorious Revolution, 398 Fitbit, 199 , 202 , 203 GoDaddy, 230 Florida, 602 Goitein, Elizabeth, 533 Florida v. Jardines, 345 Goldsmith, Jack, 13 , 252 Fogelson, Robert, 311 Gonzales, Alberto, 13 , 21 , 252 Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 413 Gonzales v. Raich , 325 Foreign Intelligence, 14 , 24 , 108 , 115 , 538 , 547 Google, 173 , 174 , 179 , 205 , 218 , 230 , 239 , Foreign Intelligence Court of Review, 540 240 , 300 , 334 , 355 , 432 , 437 – 48 , 464 , 669 , 674 , Foreign Intelligence Information, 40 709 , 755 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, 12 , 14 , 17 , 114 , Street View, 755 188 , 495 , 497 , 539 , 600 , 653 , 687 Google Maps, 205 , 427 Agent of Foreign Power, 540 Google Plus, 205 Electronic Surveillance, 249 , 540 Google Trends, 444 , 568 Minimization, 551 Gordon, Thomas, 402 Targeting, 551 Graber, Mark A., 395 – 419 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Gramm- Leach- Bliley Act, 188 Amendments Act of 2008. See FISA Grand Jury, 23 , 190 Amendments Act Gray, David, 1 – 3 , 300 , 408 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, 7 – 43 , 103 , Gray, Freddie, 282 107 , 115 , 249 , 253 , 254 , 428 , 539 , 547 , 585 , Green, Matthew, 257 600 , 685 , 689 , 701 Greenpeace, 567 Special Advocate, 37 , 261 , 562 Greenwald, Glenn, 83 , 250 Foucault, Michel, 459 Greer, Olivia, 281 Fourth Amendment. See Constitutional Regulation of Griswold v. Connecticut, 479 Surveillance Guardian, 7 Fox News, 98 Framework Decision 2008/ 977/ JHA, 647 Hacking, 215 , 220 , 259 , 343 , 351 , 386 , 570 , 713 France, 671 Hague Programme, 644 Fraud, 373 , 481 Hard Look, 618 Freedom of Contract, 430 Harlan, John, 414 Freedom of Information Act, 559 , 695 Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 588 Freiwald, Susan, 507 , 623 Harris Corporation, 65 Fresno, California, 221 Harris, Kamala, 295 Friedland, Steven, 198 Harris, Shane, 144 Fusion Centers, 150 , 181 , 184 , 613 , 615 Hart, Gary, 573 Future Attribute Screening Technology, 142 Hash Functions, 304 , 323 Hayden, Michael, 12 , 220 , 251 , 261 , 337 G10 Commission, 528 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Gag Orders, 244 , 428 , 505 . See also Notice 180 , 188 Game Act, 400 Healy, Timothy, 80 , 99 Gandhi, Mahatma, 536 Hemnes, Thomas, 174 Gang Crime, 74 , 184 , 192 , 315 Henderson, Stephen, 1 – 3 , 486 Gang of Eight, 544 , 556 , 573 Henry, Patrick, 406 Gang of Four, 556 , 573 Hepting v. AT&T, 582 Garner, Eric, 282 High Crime Area, 320 Gaylord Opryland, 755 HIPAA. See Health Insurance Portability and General Warrants, 96 , 117 , 395 – 419 , 494 , 533 , 685 Accountability Act Genetic Information Non- Discrimination Act, History of Surveillance, 395 – 419 , 533 180 , 188 Hogan, Thomas, 114 , 115 , 119 Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law Holder, Eric, 254 and Human Rights, 529 Homeland Security Presidential Directive Six Gen- O- Pak, 719 (HSPD- 6), 79 German Democratic Republic (GDR). See East Hoofnagle, Chris, 708 – 26 Germany Hoover, J. Edgar, 74 , 534 Germany, 374, 386 , 512 , 518 , 519 , 523 Hot Spot. See High Crime Area Ghafoor, Asim, 565 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Gill, Faisal, 566 544 , 682

763

Index 763

Howard, Malcolm, 21 Search Records, 190 HTC America, 718 , 724 Surveillance, 173 , 296 , 423 , 445 , 474 , 492 , 493 , Hu, Margaret, 121 – 49 569 , 712 Huawei Technologies, 259 Internet Protocol Address. See Internet:IP Address Human Rights, 354 , 511 Interstate Commerce, 325 Human Rights Watch, 568 Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, 730 Hungarian Security Services Act, 652 Interstate Commerce Commission, 414 , 729 Hungary, 521 Interstate Commerce Commission v. Brimson, 414 Huvig v. France, 511 , 512 , 531 Intrado, 196 Irish Data Protection Authority, 656 IBM, 142 , 273 ISIS. See Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Ibrahim, Rahinah, 92 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, 360 , 448 , 562 Ibrahim v. DHS, 91 IC on the Record, 260 Jackson, Michael, 76 Identity Management, 126 Jackson, Robert, 534 Illinois v. Lidster, 275 Java, 719 Immigration. See Customs and Immigration Jefferson, Thomas, 405 Impact of Surveillance, 437 – 48 , 568 Jeffress, Amy, 115 Implementing Recommendations of the 9/ 11 Jeter, Marcus, 283 Commission Act, 691 Jewel v. NSA, 582 , 586 IMSI Catchers, 50 , 65 , 216 , 236 , 592 , 627 , 746 Joel, Alexander, 260 Incapacitation, 318 Johnson, Loch, 544 Incidental Collection, 34 , 37 Johnson, Lyndon, 535 Indonesia, 374 Joint Investigation Teams, 650 Information Sharing, 151 Joint Terrorism Task Force, 161 , 165 Federal– State, 82 , 89 , 97 , 194 Judicial Regulation of Surveillance, 72 , 86 , 89 , 492 , Government– Private, 122 , 129, 145 , 157 , 171 , 187 , 499 , 528 , 537 , 541 , 553 , 572 , 579 , 599 189 , 202 , 216 , 271 , 375 , 422 , 457 , 492 , 603 , 709 In Camera Review/ Under Seal, 91 , 572 , 599 Interagency, 75 , 78 , 145 , 548 Civil Penalties, 599 , 708 – 26 Information Silos. See Information Sharing Class Action Lawsuits, 722 Information Society, 455 Consent Decree, 711 , 720 Informationalism, 457 Discovery, 85 , 91 Inquisitorial Judicial System, 512 Exhaustion of Remedies, 91 Inspector General Act, 544 , 557 Immunity, 582 Instagram, 211 , 448 Jurisdiction, 91 , 93 Institutional Competence, 19 , 606 Mootness/ Ripeness, 90 IntCen, 657 Parallel Construction, 593 Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identifi cation Pleading Standards, 554 , 583 System (IAFIS), 185 Privilege, 66 , 92 Intellectual Freedom, 470 State Secrets, 553 , 572 Intelligence Community, 34 , 76 , 546 , 678 Qualifi ed Immunity, 586 , 588 Intelligence Oversight Board, 684 Relief, 586 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, Sovereign Immunity, 586 , 589 683 , 691 Standing, 90 , 93 , 105 , 439 , 441 , 446 , 482 , 488 , 554 , Intelligence Transparency Working Group, 559 572 , 584 , 680 Intelligence- Led Policing, 183 Strategic Appeal, 590 Intelligent Operations Center, 143 U.S. Constitution Intercept, 83 Article III, 584 Interest Convergence, 222 Watchlists, 90 Interests Balancing Approach, 18 , 26 , 291 , 430 , Justifi cation Standards, 498 , 675 491 , 728 Internal Revenue Service, 74 , 473 , 536 , 605 Kahn, Jeffrey, 71 International Association of Chiefs of Police, 285 Kaminski, Margot, 470 International Business Machines. See IBM Katz v. United States, 56 , 212 , 296 , 344 , 484 , 486 , 496 , International Mobile Subscriber Identity Catchers. See 506 , 538 , 589 , 598 , 754 IMSI Catchers Keith Case. See United States v. United States Internet, 11 , 294 , 323 , 659 , 731 , 748 District Court Governance, 670 Kelling, George, 312 Internet of Things, 135 , 176 , 198 Kelly, Raymond, 566 Internet Service Provider, 108 , 189 , 383 , 680 , 738 Kennedy, Edward, 78 IP Address, 65 , 200 , 296 , 384 , 499 Kennedy, John, 536

764

764 Index

Kennedy, Robert, 537 MacDonald, Laquan, 282 Kennedy v. United Kingdom, 514 , 522 , 525 MAINWAY, 429 . See also National Security Agency Kerr, Orin, 429 , 606 , 613 , 627 Major League Baseball, 218 Kersch, Ken, 413 Malgieri, Gianclaudio, 509 Key Escrow, 331 Malone v. United Kingdom, 512 Keystroke Logging, 358 Malware, 492 , 493 , 506 , 713 , 715 Kilbourn v. Thompson, 414 Manning, Chelsea, 570 King, Jonathan, 216 Marketplace of Ideas, 477 King, Martin Luther Jr., 473 , 536 , 537 Markets, 466 Kirby, Chester, 399 Marriott, 755 Klass and Others v. Federal Republic of Germany, 512 , Marthews, Alex, 437 – 48 518 , 519 , 521 , 523 Martin, Beverly, 63 Klayman v. Obama, 33 , 265 , 441 Martin, Luther, 407 Klein, Mark, 584 Mass Surveillance. See Panvasive Surveillance Kollar- Kotelly, Colleen, 19 Massachusetts Body of Liberties and the Pennsylvania Koskela, Hille, 460 Charter of Liberties, 399 Kozinski, Alex, 91 , 420 – 36 Mateescu, Alex, 285 Kris, David, 670 Maybury, Mark, 136 Krissler, Jan, 131 Mayo v. Wilson , 409 KTVX, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 753 McCaul, Michael, 246 Kurdistan, 141 McConnell, Michael, 253 , 337 Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK), 141 McDonald, Laquan, 289 Kyllo v. United States, 67 , 345 , 493 McIntyre v. Ohio, 480 , 482 McLaughlin, Mary, 33 Laird v. Tatum, 439 , 482 McNealy, Scott, 209 Lamont v. Postmaster General, 480 McSweeny, Terrell, 721 Latif v. Lynch, 93 Media Access Control (MAC) Address, 304 Leadership Task Force on Civil and Human MediaMax, 718 Rights, 285 Medine, David, 677 Leahy, Patrick, 261 , 561 , 702 Mengozzi, Paolo, 658 LeBlanc, Travis, 727 Merkel, Angela, 258 Lee, Michael, 561 Mesa, Arizona, 282 Legislative Regulation of Surveillance, 178 , 214 , 276 , Metadata, 9 , 110 , 252 , 304 , 384 , 425 , 438 , 547 , 600 , 497 , 505 , 556 , 573 , 581 , 597 – 622 , 623 , 642 , 624 , 662 671 , 680 Metropolitan Police Department (Washington, D.C., Oversight, 544 , 682 USA), 273 , 277 Leno, Mark, 635 Mexico, 750 Lessig, Lawrence, 134 Microsoft, 182 , 193 , 239 , 243 , 271 , 300 , 440 , 673 , 674 Levi, Edward, 541 Ireland Case, 243 Levi Guidelines, 541 Microtargeting, 463 Levinson, Sanford, 135 Military- Civilian Transfer, 195 Levinson- Waldman, Rachel, 7 – 43 Miller v. Texas , 413 Levitt, Steven, 317 MINARET , 250 . See also National Security Agency Lewinsky, Monica, 473 Minecraft, 204 Libel, 481 Minerva Research Initiative, 145 Library Awareness Program, 487 Minimization, 10 , 18 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 32 , 38 , 103 , 109 , 115 , License Plate Reader Systems, 130 502 , 508 , 551 , 599 , 633 Lidsky, Lyrissa, 481 Minnesota, USA, 98 Lincoln, Abraham, 534 Minority Report, 121 – 49 , 206 Litt, Robert, 42 Mission Creep, 536 Local Area Network, 201 Modulation, 457 , 463 Location Surveillance, 44 , 46 , 51 , 110 , 128 , 141 , 175 , Monahan, Torin, 158 , 160 189 , 208 , 233 , 238 , 264 , 358 , 382 , 423 , 425 , Mondale, Walter, 573 484 , 494 , 505 , 515 , 603 , 604 , 605 , 631 , 714 , 717 Moore, Mark, 312 London, England, 206 , 269 , 270 , 275 , 285 , 675 Moore, R. Taj, 227 Los Angeles, California, USA, 182 , 183 , 193 , 194 , 587 Morin, Esteban, 677 Los Angeles Police Department, 183 , 194 , 587 Morozov, Pavel, 421 , 429 Strategic Extraction and Restoration, 183 Motus Global, 218 Lott, John, 319 Mt. Vernon, New York, USA, 270 Lynn, William III, 352 Mukasey, Michael, 261 Lyon, David, 134 Multilateral Treaties, 670

765

Index 765

Multiple Communications Transactions, 31 Non- Delegation Doctrine, 621 Murphy, Erin, 188 , 195 , 609 , 614 Non- Disclosure Agreement, 46 , 592 Muslim American Civil Liberties Coalition, 568 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 643 Mustard, David, 319 North Charleston, SC, USA, 282 Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement, 244 , 643 , Notice, 244 , 374 , 384 , 504 , 541 , 555 , 573 , 599 , 602 , 644 , 659 609 , 632 , 675 , 742 . See also Constitutional Regulation of Surveillance NAACP, 536 Notice and Comment Rulemaking. See Administrative NAACP v. Alabama , 478 Procedure Act Napolitano, Janet, 166 National Association for the Advancement of Colored Oakland, California, USA, 282 People. See NAACP Obama, Barack, 26 , 33 , 248 , 282 , 352 , 431 , 553 , National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. See 9/ 11 696 , 704 Commission Obscenity, 480 National Counterterrorism Center, 29 , 71 Occupy Wall Street, 567 National Crime Information Center, 74 , 183 , 194 Offender Registries, 184 , 194 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 257 Offi ce of Inspector General, 545 National Operations Center, 445 Offi ce of Personnel Management, 570 National Reconnaissance Offi ce, 546 Ohm, Paul, 491 National Security, 12 , 73 , 78 , 99 , 118 , 518 , 535 , 604 , Oklahoma, USA, 751 618 , 643 , 652 , 653 Olean, New York, USA, 270 National Security Act, 535 , 544 , 556 , 573 , 682 Oliver, Wesley MacNeil, 396 National Security Advisor, 33 Olmstead v. United States, 346 , 431 , 483 , 598 , 686 National Security Agency, 7 – 43 , 115 , 118 , 138 , 220 , Olsen, Matthew, 254 227 , 237 , 248 , 387 , 424 , 428 , 439 , 524 , 535 , Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 546 , 582 , 604 , 642 , 677 , 688 154 , 680 Bulk Metadata Collection Program, 86 , 258 , 261 , Operation Virtual Shield, 272 441 , 500 , 547 , 553 , 580 , 587 , 688 , 689 , 690 , Operational- Search Activities Act, 518 696 , 697 , 701 , 702 , 705 , 707 Oracle, 719 Corporate Store, 22 Organization for Econonic Cooperation and Upstream Collection, 108 , 585 Development Guidelines on the Protection XKEYSCORE, 474 of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal National Security Council, 255 , 535 , 681 Data, 647 National Security Letter, 474 , 543 , 548 , 595 Orwell, George, 133 Necessity, 250 , 355 , 498 , 501 , 503 , 506 , 507 , 508 , 515, Osborne v. Ohio, 325 516 , 520 , 521 , 524 , 528 , 646 , 699 Otis, James, 406 Need to Know. See Selective Revelation Nelson, Richard, 169 Palantir, 183 , 193 , 194 Network Investigative Technique, 627 Palmer, Neal A., 158 Neuroscience, 490 Panvasive Surveillance, 159 , 181 , 430 , 534 , 621 Neutral Party Review, 675 Parallel Construction. See Judicial Regulation of New Jersey, USA, 97 Surveillance New York, New York, USA, 182 , 194 , 195 , 221 , 270 , Particularity Requirement. See Constitutional 272 , 281 , 282 , 286 , 314 , 318 , 320 , 474 , 566 Regulation of Surveillance , Fourth Amendment Lower Manhattan Security Initiative, 271 Particularized Description, 598 , 675 Mid- Town Security Initiative, 271 Patel, Faiza, 533 New York Police Department, 181 , 187 , 194 , 271 , Paternalism, 466 286 , 288 , 321 , 566 Paul, Rand, 259 , 572 Domain Awareness System, 615 Payton v. New York, 347 New York Civil Liberties Union, 271 Pell, Stephanie K., 44 New York Times, 20 , 535 , 550 , 557 Pelosi, Nancy, 696 Newburgh Four, 565 PEN America, 475 , 568 Next Generation Identifi cation, 185 Pen Register Act, 236 , 486 , 497 , 623 , 626 9/ 11 Commission, 35 , 75 , 548 , 558 , 683 , 690 Pen Register Trap and Trace, 67 , 233 , 236 , 497 , 500 , 1984 , 133 501 , 600 , 623 , 689 Nissenbaum, Helen, 458 Penney, Jon, 447 Nixon, Jay, 166 Pentagon, 137 Nixon, Richard, 8 , 536 , 537 Pentagon/ Twin Towers Bombing Investigation No- Fly List, 71 , 133 , 135 , 142 . See generally Watchlists (PENTTBOM), 77 Nolan, Thomas, 150 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 567 Noncompliance, 26 , 553 , 569 Personally Identifi able Information, 156 , 738 , 744 , 754

766

766 Index

Pervasive Surveillance, 123 , 458 Quantitative Privacy, 300 Pew Internet & American Life Project, 443 Philippines, 750 Race. See Disparate Impact Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 282 Racial Profi ling, 187 , 567 .See also Disparate Piehota, Christopher, 83 , 90 Impact, Race Pitt, William, 401 Radio Act of 1927, 730 Poindexter, John, 137 , 428 Radio Commission, 729 Polarization, 464 , 465 Radio Frequency Identifi cation (RFID), 206 Police Executive Research Forum, 283 Rakas v. Illinois, 106 Policing Rappaport, John, 610 , 614 History of, 309 , 408 Rational Basis, 618 Theory of, 308 Reagan, Ronald, 11 , 137 , 250 , 552 Political (Election) Surveillance, 177 , 480 , 483 Reasonable Expectation of Privacy, 45 , 56 , 186 , 212 , Population Management, 127 233 , 277 , 278 , 296 , 327 , 374 , 460 , 496 , 534 , Posner, Richard, 267 606 , 708 , 747 Postal Surveillance, 438 , 483 Reasonable Suspicion, 9 , 18 , 21 , 37 , 72 , 83 , 92 , 98 , Powell, Benjamin, 254 108 , 155 , 280 , 500 , 604 , 690 , 698 , 703 Precrime, 121 – 49 Regan, Priscilla, 160 Predicate Offense, 499 , 502 Regina v. Robert Mead, 400 Predictive Analytics, 128 , 466 Regulation of Investigatory Power Act, 518 Predictive Policing, 123 , 133 , 181 , 192 , 194 , 494 Relevance, 603 , 604 Preemption, 624 , 730 Rent See king, 607 , 608 President’s Board on Safeguarding Americans’ Civil Reporting Requirements, 22 , 29 , 505 , 639 , 641 , 675 Liberties, 691 Resource Limitations, 437 , 686 President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Retail Store Surveillance, 714 Technology, 136 Retention of Data. See Databases President’s Intelligence Advisory Board, 683 Revenge Porn, 292 Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 28, 33 , 261 , Review Group on Intelligence and Communications 560 , 681 Technologies, 36 Presidential Review Group on Intelligence and Rex v. Dr. Purnell, 400 Communications Technologies, 353 Rex v. Parnell , 403 Press, Freedom of. See Constitutional Regulation of Rialto, California, USA, 282 Surveillance Richards, Neil, 216 , 481 . See also Intellectual Pretexting, 719 , 754 Freedom Pretty Good Privacy, 335 Richardson, William Merchant, 409 PRISM, 30 , 108 , 237 , 428 , 439 , 524 , 656 , 706 . See also Right to Financial Privacy Act, 188 , 543 National Security Agency Rigmaiden, Daniel David, 65 Privacy, 232 , 292 , 455 , 477 Riley v. California , 16 , 231 , 238 , 265 , 342 , 484 , 493 , Privacy Act, 156 , 179 , 187 581 , 638 Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, 34 , 255 , Rinehart, Liz Clark, 291 260 , 262 , 430 , 551 , 677 Riseup, 426 Privacy Offi cer, 156 Risk Assessment and Horizon Scanning, 144 Privacy Policies, 375 Roberts, John, 56 , 342 Privacy Protection Act, 605 Robocall, 743 , 752 Private Surveillance, 171 , 172 , 297 , 422 , 581 , Rockefeller Commission (President’s Commission 607 , 709 on CIA Activitites within the Privilege United States), 74 Attorney- Client, 375 Rogers, Michael, 42 , 337 Privileged Communications, 40 Rohan v. Sawin, 410 Probable Cause, 108 , 117 , 228 , 326 , 491 , 598 , 600 Roosevelt, Franklin, 534 , 729 Profi ling, 157 , 166 , 168 , 215 , 221 , 619 Roper, Daniel, 729 Prohibition, 395 , 410 , 411 , 417 Roper Committee, 729 , 308 Propensity Evidence, 72 Rosenblat, Alex, 285 Protect America Act, 24 , 108 , 253 , 550 , 595 , 600 Rotaru v. Romania, 514 , 518 Protect.org, 639 Roudenbush, Stephen, 313 ProtonMail, 335 Rousseff, Dilma, 259 Prüm Implementation, Evaluation & Strengthening of Roviaro v. United States, 66 Forensic DNA Data Exchange, 644 , 648 RSA Security LLC, 367 Pryor, William, 63 Rumold, Mark, 579 Public Interest Declassifi cation Board, 575 Russia, 373 , 374 , 385 , 518 , 670 Puerto Rico, 751 Rustin, Bayard, 536

767

Index 767

Saeed, Agha, 566 Smith, Brad, 670 Safe Harbor, 430 , 475 , 656 Smith v. Maryland, 16 , 32 , 61 , 212 , 234 , 341 , 539 , Safe Harbor Agreement, 441 600 , 609 SafeSearch, 447 Snowden, Edward, 7 , 32 , 134 , 140 , 142 , 214 , 217 , 227 , Safi re, William, 138 237 , 248 , 359 , 387 , 389 , 424 , 428 , 439 , 474 , Sampson, Robert, 313 487 , 500 , 524 , 547 , 559 , 570 , 584 , 585 , 593 , San Bernardino Attack. See Terrorism, USA 604 , 642 , 692 , 696 , 702 Sand, Leonard, 111 Social Desirability Bias, 443 Savage, Charles, 254 Social Engineering, 754 SCA. See Stored Communications Act Social Media Surveillance, 131 , 174 , 184 , 189 , 192 , Scalia, Antonin, 57 194 , 386 , 423 , 445 , 461 Scheindlin, Shira, 282 Social Network Analysis, 12 , 17 , 42 , 175 , 184 , 193 Schengen Information System, 654 Social Radar, 136 Schlesinger, James, 544 Social Security Card, 128 Schmidt, Eric, 241 , 423 , 433 Social Security Number, 750 Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 339 Socialist Workers Party, 536 Schrems, Maximilian, 389 , 423 , 441 , 656 Solove, Daniel, 174 , 439 , 458 , 607 Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner, 389 , 475 , SOMALGET, 552 510 , 515 , 524 Sony, 718 Schulhofer, Stephen, 432 Sotomayor, Sonia, 58 , 215 , 342 , 358 , 431 Schwartz, Adam, 281 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 537 Schwartz, Paul, 174 , 611 Spain, 653 Schwarz, Fritz, 533 Spanish Broadcasting System Holding, 753 Scott, Walter, 282 Speech, Freedom of, 438 . See also Constitutional Search Engines, 173 , 437 – 48 Regulation of Surveillance, First Amendment Search Incident to Arrest. See Constitutional SpiderOak, 426 Regulation of Surveillance , Fourth Amendment Spielberg, Steven, 121 Sears, 723 Spokeo v. Robins, 488 Secretary of State, 80 Sprint Communications, 752 Section 1983, 381 Stack, Kevin, 618 Secure Flight, 89 Stakeout, 266 Secure Information Exchange Network, 651 Standing. See Judicial Regulation of Surveillance Security Clearance. See Classifi ed Information Standing Committee on Operational Cooperation on Security Directives, 75 Internal Security, 652 Segerstedt- Wiberg and others v. Sweden, 524 Stanley v. Georgia , 480 Selective Revelation/ Need to Know, 82 , 280 Starr, Kenneth, 473 Self- Governance. See Democracy Stasi, 473 Self- Surveillance, 176 , 198 State Attorneys General, 295 Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 7 , 246 , State Jurisdiction, 674 544 , 682 State Secrets Privilege, 92 Sense Networks, 423 State Secrets Protection Act, 572 Sensenbrenner, James, 261 , 546 State Sovereignty, 673 Sensor Surveillance. See Internet of Things State v. Holden, 268 Separation of Powers, 72 , 99 , 499 State v. McCann, 417 September 11, 2001, 8 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 123 , 137 , 196 , 251 , Steeves, Valerie, 458 271 , 366 , 389 , 422 , 533 , 546 , 583 , 608 , 642 , STELLARWIND, 8 , 252 . See also National 688 , 695 . See also Terrorism, USA Security Agency Sexual Predators, 373 Stennis, John, 544 SHAMROCK , 250 , 536 . See also National Stewart, Potter, 296 Security Agency StingRays. See IMSI Catchers Shaw, Clifford, 313 Stop and Frisk, 86 , 187 , 320 , 515 , 566 Shaw, Lemuel, 412 Storage of Information, 190 , 712 Shelton v. Tucker, 479 Stored Communications Act, 53 , 187 , 233 , 243 , 497 , Shipley, Ruth, 74 500 , 581 , 588 , 630 Ship- Money, 399 Story, Joseph, 409 Shumow, Daniel, 257 Stovepipes. See Information Sharing Signal (Messaging App), 360 Stoycheff, Elizabeth, 448 Silverpush, 721 Strandburg, Katherine, 485 Singapore, 144 Strasbourg Court. See European Union , European Skype, 230 , 239 , 335 , 440 Court of Human Rights Slobogin, Christopher, 597 – 622 Strict Scrutiny, 618

768

768 Index

Stuntz, William, 328 , 418 Terrorist Screening Database, 71 , 74 , 80 Subjectivity, 459 , 465 Terrorist Surveillance Program, 688 Subpoena, 375 , 383 , 384 , 428 , 603 , 609 , 624 Terrorist Threat Integration Center, 71 Sunstein, Cass, 260 Terry v. Ohio, 61 , 86 , 98 , 221 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System Tesla Motors, 208 (SCADA), 351 Texas, USA, 751 Surveillance The Guardian, 559 , 696 Benefi ts of, 295 , 308 , 456 The King v. Jane Warwickshall, 411 Surveillance Capitalism, 457 , 459 Third Party Doctrine, 16 , 33 , 45 , 59 , 187 , 212 , 234 , Surveillance of Muslim Communities, 564 239 , 296 , 327 , 382 , 427 , 434 , 485 , 539 , 571 , Surveillance State, 123 , 131 , 133 , 135 , 149 , 473 636 , 679 , 700 Surveillance Studies, 456 , 465 Thomas v. Collins, 477 Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 584 Threats, 292 Suspicious Activity Reports, 157 Tice, Russell, 440 Swire, Peter, 260 , 608 , 614 TIPOFF, 75 , 79 Szabò and Vissy v. Hungary, 514 , 516 , 518 , 520 Tor, 354 Total Information Awareness, 123 , 137 , 428 T. J. Maxx, 350 Totalitarian Surveillance, 134 , 420 – 36 , 456 Talley v. California, 479 Totalitarianism/ Authoritarianism, 420 – 36 Target Corporation, 173 , 350 Totenberg, Nina, 57 Targeted Repeat- Offender Apprehension and Touch Tone Information, Inc., 719 Prosecution (TRAP) Program, 71n2 Traffi c Analysis, 357 Targeting, 125 , 140 , 142 Transparency, 42 , 46 , 72 , 117 , 160 , 172 , 260 , 277 , 281 , Taser Axon. See Body Cameras 504 , 559 , 562 , 574 , 581 , 609 , 617 , 624 , 633 , Tea Party, 473 694 , 698 , 701 , 738 Technologically Assisted Physical Surveillance, 601 Transparency Reports, 373 Tele2 case, 658 Transportation Security Administration (TSA), 71 Telecommunications Act of 1996, 730 , 736 Traveler Redress Inquiry Program (TRIP), 91 Telegram, 360 Treaty of Lisbon, 642 , 643 , 645 , 654 Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 743 , 752 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 645 Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of Trenchard, John, 402 2006, 188 TRENDnet, 717 TEMPORA, 440 Trennungsgebot, 518 , 653 Terms of Service Agreement, 425 Trespass, 310 , 598 , 606 TerraCom, Inc., 751 Trump, Donald, 464 Terrorism, 9 , 37 , 79 , 80 , 83 , 602 Tsarnaev, Tamerlan, 165 England Tucker, Catherine, 437 – 48 London, July 7, 2005, 276 , 644 , 651 , 657 Turkey, 141 France Twitter, 144 , 175 , 189 , 240, 300 , 448 , 738 Paris, November 13, 2015, 562 , 563 Germany Udall, Thomas, 572 Munich, September 5– 6, 1972, 649 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See USSR Known Terrorist, 84 United Kingdom, 475 , 512 , 518 , 671 , 674 , 675 Norway Interception of Communications Commissioner, Oslo, July 22, 2011, 651 522 , 525 Spain Investigatory Powers Tribunal, 522 , 525 , 527 Madrid, March 11, 2004, 642 , 644 , 646 , 651 , 657 United Nations, 643 Suspected Terrorist, 84 Human Rights Council, 475 USA, 484 . See also September 11, 2001 International Covenant on Civil and Political Boston, Massachusetts, April 15, 2013, 142 , Rights, 476 160 , 165 Security Council, 643 Orlando, Florida, June 12, 2016, 562 , 563 Resolution 1373, 643 San Bernardino, California, December 2, 2014, Special Rapporteur on Encryption, Anonymity and 222 , 242 , 243 , 245 , 246 , 336 , 337 , 562 , 563 , 579 the Freedom of Expression, 353 Terrorism Information Awareness, 137 Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy in the Terrorism, Radicalism, Extremism, and Political Digital Age, 475 Violence (TREVI) Group, 649 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 476 Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment, 71 , 79 United States Constitution Terrorist Screening Center, 71 Article II, 12 , 252 Location of, 80 United States Marshals Service, 51

769

Index 769

United States Offi ce of Personnel Management, 351 Video Privacy Protection Act, 180 , 188 , 487 , 605 United States Secret Service, 737 Video Surveillance, 263 United States Senate Select Committee to Study Vietnam War, 535 , 536 , 537 Governmental Operations with Respect to VieVu PR. See Body Cameras Intelligence Activities. See Church Committee Vinson, Roger, 108 United States Telecom Association v. FCC, 748 Violent Gang/ Terrorist Organization File, 74 United States v. Anderson- Bagshaw, 268 Virginia v. Moore, 601 United States v. Burr, 409 Vladeck, Stephen, 101 – 20 United States v. Calandra, 19 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), 737 United States v. Comprehensive Drug Testing, Inc., 229 von Steuben, Wilhelm Freidrich (Baron), 545 United States v. Elonis, 302 United States v. Gonzalez, 268 Wald, Patricia, 692 United States v. Graham, 235 Walt Disney, 129 United States v. Hoffa, 64 Walton, Reggie, 27 , 254 , 569 United States v. Houston, 269 War Department, 686 United States v. Jackson, 266 , 268 War on Terror, 158 , 688 United States v. Jacobsen, 323 Warner, Mark, 246 United States v. Jones, 45 , 55 – 60 , 187 , 216 , 264 , 268 , Warrant, 45 , 55 , 117 , 228 , 280 , 298 , 309 , 383 , 384 , 624 300 , 342 , 358 , 426 , 484 , 489 , 493 , 581 Warren, Mercy, 406 United States v. Karo, 264 Washington Post, 41 , 535 , 559 United States v. Katz, 686 Washington, District of Columbia, USA, 8 , 273 United States v. Knotts, 56 , 264 Watchlists, 71 , 122 , 128 , 133 , 562 United States v. Miller, 64 , 212 , 234 , 327 , 485 , Watchlisting Guidance, 83 , 84 , 85 539 , 609 Watchtower Bible v. City of Stratton, 481 United States v. Pineda- Moreno, 426 Waterboarding, 252 United States v. Reynolds, 554 Watergate, 443 , 545 United States v. The La Jeune Eugenie, 409 Webcam, 110 United States v. Torres, 267n17 Weber, Max, 456 United States v. Truong Dinh Hung, 538 Weinstein, Jason, 227 United States v. United States District Court, 15 , 484 , WhatsApp, 335 486 , 538 , 600 , 687 Wheeler, Thomas, 747 United States v. Van Horn, 66 Wi- Fi, 746 , 754 , 755 United States v. Vankesteren, 268 Wikimedia v. NSA , 585 United States v. Verdugo- Urquidez, 105 Wikipedia, 447 , 585 United States v. Warshak, 383 , 581 , 672 Wilde, Samuel, 410 United States v. Wells, 268 Wilkes, John, 401 University of Michigan, 218 The North Britain 43, 403 Unmanned Aerial Systems. See Drones Wilkes v. Wood, 401 , 403 Urban Crime, 313 Williams, Serena, 220 U.S. Virgin Islands, 751 Williams, Venus, 220 USA Freedom Act, 37 , 214 , 261 , 489 , 561 , 604 , Wilson, Woodrow, 534 702 , 705 Wiretap Act, 109 , 114 , 188 , 215 , 267 , 276 , 298 , 487 , USA PATRIOT Act, 214 , 252 , 254 , 261 , 428 , 473 , 546 , 491 , 495 , 497 , 501 , 538 , 541 , 623 , 680 , 600 , 603 , 653 , 678 , 685 747 , 755 Section 215, 7 – 43 , 237 , 441 , 547 , 553 , 580 , 604 , Wiretapping, 103 , 252 , 298 , 356 , 382 , 431 , 438 , 483 , 688 , 696 512 , 534 , 598 , 627 , 642 , 680 , 686 , 717 , 742 , 745 USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Wise, Robert, 169 Act, 688 Woods, Andrew, 659 USA Today, 562 Words with Friends, 204 Use Restrictions, 36 , 39 , 188 , 609 Workforce Surveillance, 373 , 388 USSR, 421 , 535 Working Party on the Application of Specifi c Measures US- VISIT, 146 to Combat Terrorism (CP 931), 644 Uzun v. Germany, 514 , 515 Workplace Surveillance, 515 World War II, 742 Vance, Cyrus, 241 , 355 , 361 Worldwide Industrial Enterprises, 753 Venice Commission, 529 Writs of Assistance, 533 Verizon, 11 , 230 , 243 , 440 , 750 WSKQ, New York, New York, USA, 753 Verizon Wireless, 751 Wyden, Ron, 7 , 551 , 572 Verrilli, Donald, 593 Video Interactive Patrol Enhancement Response, 271 XKEYSCORE, 440 . See also National Security Agency

770

770 Index

Yahoo, 230 , 424 , 440 Zephyr Technology Corporation, 218 Yik Yak, 306 Zhenghei, Ren, 259 Yoo, John, 12 Zuboff, Shoshana, 457 YourTel America, 751 Zuckerberg, Mark, 239 YouTube, 205 , 289

Zakharov v. Russia, 514 , 518 Zeide, Elana, 490