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Index ix-x, 62, 64, 67, 75, 95-100, 152, Black (Lophocebus aterrimus) 159, 161, 217, 237-238, 245-248, 253- 77 See also ; Old World 255, 276, 279, 288 See also entries for monkey individual countries (Cercopithecus mitis) 111- Aging xiii, 2, 95, 191-193, 195, 197-199, 112, 119-120 See also Monkey; Old 201, 205, 207-208, 210-213 See also World monkey Alzheimer’s Disease; Dementia; Bonobo (Pan paniscus) aging and, 198, Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; 212; conservation and, ix, xi-xiii, 1-2, Great Aging Project; Menopause; 55-72, 83-90, 95, 108, 152, 155, 160, National Institute of Aging; 192-193, 243-244, 259-271, 277; Parkinson’s disease copulation and, 192, 217-228; models Alzheimer’s disease 192, 196, 198-199, of human evolution and, 5-14; 207-209, 211-213 See also Aging; personhood and, 286-287; Dementia reproduction and, 203, 217-228 See American Sign Language (ASL) ix, 49, also Ape; Great ; Hominoid 167-168, 288 See also Gardner; Koko; Bonobo in Situ Project 64, 72, 238, 260 Language; Michael; Washoe Bonobo Protection Fund 68, 81, 265 American Zoo and Aquarium Association Budongo Forest 88, 99 (AZA) 104, 191, 197 Burundi 98 See also Africa Amis des Animaux du Congo 69, 71 Bushbaby 212 See also Prisomians Angola 153 See also Africa Bushmeat xiii, 63-64, 66, 71, 97, 99, 149, Angolan black and white colobus monkey 153-154, 159-160, 162, 165, 172, 217, (Colobus angolensis) 77 See also 237-238, 241-248, 250-253, 255, 259- Monkey; Old World monkey 261, 263-266, 268-269, 271, 277 See rights xiii, 101-102 also Bushmeat Project; Conservation Anterior cingulate cortex 198, 212 Bushmeat Project 172 See also Anthropoid 21, 26, 28, 36-37, 41, 44, 46 Bushmeat; Conservation See also Hominoid; New World Bwindi gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) monkey; Old World monkey; entries See also Gorilla for Anthropoidea See Anthropoid Cameroon 64, 97, 128, 152-153, 160, Aotus See Owl monkey 172, 240, 243-244, 247-248, 253, 277 Ape ix, xi-xiv, 1-3, 5, 14, 37-38, 40-41, See also Africa 45-46, 49-50, 55-56, 91, 95, 104, 135, Captive ix, xiii, 91-92, 96, 100-103, 149- 146, 161, 191-192, 195, 197-198, 205, 151, 153-155, 157-158, 161-162, 177, 210-213, 227, 231, 237-239, 243-244, 189, 191-192, 196, 205, 217, 228, 246, 248, 250, 275-278, 281, 283, 239, 243, 245 See also Captive 286-290 See also ; Great Apes; management; Captive Breeding Hominoid; species entries Specialist Group; Sanctuaries; Zoos Aquinas, Thomas 286 Captive Breeding Specialist Group Aristotle 285 (CBSG) 158 See also Captive ASL See American Sign Language Captive management 151, 158, 228 See also Captive 25, 111, 117, 212 See also Capuchin (Cebus) 37, 108 See also Monkey; Old World monkey; Monkey; Savannah baboon; Cardiovascular disease 153, 196, 202 See Basankusu 61, 68, 72, 238, 262, 266-272 also Aging See also Democratic Republic of CBSG See Captive Breeding Specialist Congo Group Biomedical research 95, 101-101, 197 Cebus See Capuchin Blackback gorilla See Gorilla Census 55-56, 84-86, 88-89, 122, 124, 217, 271 See also Nest count 293 294 Index

Center for Reproduction of Endangered Conservation xixiii, 2, 30, 55, 57-58, 62, Species (CRES) 217-217, 227 65-72, 75, 77-81, 91, 96, 99-100, 151- Central African Republic 11, 153, 159, 152, 158-161, 171-174, 191, 228, 237- 277-280 See also Africa 239, 241-242, 244-255, 260-261, 265, Central Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes 270, 272 See also Bushmeat Project; troglodytes) See Chimpanzee Confiscation; Convention on Cercopithecoidea See Old World monkey International Trade in Endangered Cercopithecus aethiops See Vervet Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; monkey Endangered species; Species Survival Cercopithecus ascanius See Red-tailed Plan monkey Convention on International Trade in Cercopithecus mitis See Blue monkey Endangered Species of Wild Fauna Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): aging and Flora (CITES) 102, 238, 251-252, and, 193, 202-203, 210-213; 278-280 See also Confiscation; cannibalism and, 111; census and, 85, Conservation; Endaghered Species 87-88; coalition and, 125; cognition Convergence (in evolutionary theory) 14, and 47, 131-146, 167, 170; 22, 202, 262 conservation and, ix, xi-xii, 55-57, 60, Cote d’Ivoire See Ivory Coast 62, 67-68, 76, 91-92, 95-106, 152, Coulston Foundation 102, 197 154-157, 159-160, 165, 177, 238, 243- CRES See Center for Reproduction of 247, 249, 255, 259-260, 277, 280-281; Endangered Species copulation and, 193, 231-235; Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla entertanment industry and, 91, 95, diehli) See Gorilla 100, 103, 246, 248; language and, 167; models of human evolution and, Declaration on Great Apes 286 1-2, 5-14, 275; predation (hunting) Dementia 207 See also Aging; and, 13, 91-92, 107-126; personhood Alzheimer’s Disease and, 283-290; evolution and, Democratic Republic of Congo 57, 63-64, 19-21, 25, 27-31; sexual behavior and, 67, 69-72, 75, 80, 83, 85, 159, 238, 193, 196-198, 232-234; sharing and, 257, 271, 276-277, 279-280 See also 110 See also Ape; Great ape; Africa; Basankusu; Isamondje; Hominoid Kinshasa;Zaire Christian Environmental Council 250, Descartes, René 283 256 Diabetes 144, 192, 196, 201-202, 204- CITES See Convention on International 205 See also Aging; National Institute Trade in Endangered Species of Wild on Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Fauna and Flora Disorders Cognition 2-3, 35, 49-50, 92, 149, 166, Diet See Nutrition 170, 195-196, 198-199 See also Disease 97-98, 99, 110, 153-154, 191- Cognitive maps; Self-awareness 192, 196-199, 202, 205, 207-209, 211- Cognitive maps 132 See also Cognition 213, 238, 249, 289 See also Captive Colobus angolensis See Angolan black Management and white colobus monkey DNA 1-2, 19, 29-30, 278-281, 287 Colobus badius See monkey Dominance 13, 193, 231, 235 Confiscation 70-71, 100-101, 278 See also Convention on International East Nigeria – West Cameroon Trade in Endangered Species of Wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes Fauna and Flora vellerosus) See Chimpanzee Congo 55, 57-59, 61, 63, 69, 71-72, 75, Eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes 83, 85, 78, 89, 153, 159, 210, 238, schweinfurthii) See Chimpanzee 243, 245, 253, 259, 261-262, 264, Endangered species 70, 165, 217, 251, 271-272, 276, 278 See also Africa 262 See also Conservation Congo River 55, 58-59, 61, 63, 71, 259 Index 295

Entebbe Wildlife Education Center 99 Ape; Gibbon; Great ape; Hominid; Epictetus 284 See also species entries Equatorial Guinea 153 See also Africa Homo 11, 13, 19-21, 25, 27-30, 35, 37, patas See 275, 284, 287 See also Hominid; Estrogen 192, 218-221, 225-228 Homo sapiens Homo sapiens 29, 37, 275, 284, 287 See Gabon 64, 153, 159, 244 See also Africa also Hominid; Homo 114 See also Prosimians Hunting xiii, 13, 55, 58, 61-65, 70-71, 77- Gardner, Beatrice and Allen R. 167 See 79, 83, 87-88, 91-92, 98-99, 108-110, also American Sign Language; 114-118, 120, 122, 124-126, 149, 166, Washoe 172, 237-239, 242-245, 247-248, 253, Gibbon (Hylobatidae) ix, 2-3, 5, 25, 37, 261-267, 270-271, 276-278, 280 See 41, 45, 47, 50, 203, 212 See also Ape; also Bushmeat Hominoid; Siamang Hylobatidae See Gibbon Gorilla (Gorilla): aging and, 198, 203, 211-212; captive management and, In Defense of 102 153-158; cognition and, 2, 37, 49, Infections See Disease 149-151, 165-175; conservation and, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation ix, xii, 62, 70, 95, 149-162, 238-239, de la Nature 68 242-245, 247-249, 255, 275-281; International Species Inventory System models of human evolution and, 1, 5- 197 12; moral status and, 160-161; Isamondje 59, 260 See also Domocratic personhood and, 283-290; primate Republic of Congo evolution and, 25, 27; social behavior ISIS See International Species Inventory and, 177-189 System Gorilla beringei beringei See Gorilla IUCN See World Conservation Union Gorilla beringei graueri See Gorilla Ivory Coast 98, 107 See also Africa Gorilla gorilla diehli See Gorilla Iyema-Lomako 59, 63, 260 Gorilla gorilla gorilla See Gorilla Gorilla Foundation 151, 154, 156, 158, Kant, Imanuel 283, 287 160-162, 166, 169, 171, 173 Kenya 98, 277-281 See also Africa Grauer’s gorilla (Gorilla beringei Kibale 85, 87, 89, 99 graueri) See Gorilla Kinshasa 60, 65-66, 68-72, 238, 244, 263, Great Ape Aging Project 191-192, 195- 265-266, 272, 277-279 See also 197, 205, 210-213 See also Aging Democratic Republic of Congo Great apes ix-xiii, 2-3, 9-11, 45, 47-50, Koko 149, 151, 155-156, 160-162, 165- 70, 72, 95-96, 135, 151, 156, 161-162, 175, 248, 288 See also American Sign 167, 170, 174, 177, 191-192, 195-199, Language; Language; Michael; 201-205, 207-213, 217, 231, 237-239, Washoe 242, 245-247, 276, 286-290 See also Ape; Hominoid; See also species Language 3, 48-49, 78, 91, 131-133, 149, entries 155, 158, 160, 165-172, 277, 288 See also American Sign Language; Koko; Habitat destruction 58, 95, 217, 237 See Michael; Washoe also Logging 212 See also Prosimians Habituation 98 Lesser apes See Gibbon Hominid xiii, 13-14, 20, 192, 212, 255, Logging 56, 62-64, 67, 70, 76, 97, 99, 275 See also Hominoid; Homo; Homo 153, 159-160, 237-238, 242-245, 253, sapiens 258, 260-264, 271 See also Habitat See Hominid Destruction Hominoid 3, 5-6, 20, 21, 27, 35, 38-42, 44-47, 50, 275 See also Anthropoid; 296 Index

Lomako Forest 62-63, 67-68, 80, 87, 259- Necropsy 197, 204 262, 270-271 See also Lomoko Nest count 56, 61, 85, 87-89 See also Reserve Census Lomako Forest Pygmy Chimpanzee Neurobiology 195, 198-199 Project 59, 67, 260, 262 New Iberia Research Center 197 Lomako Reserve 60-61, 67-68, 260-261, New World monkey 20, 27-28, 212 See 265, 271 See also Lomoko Forest also Anthropoid; Monkey; See also Lomami River 58 species entries Lophocebus aterrimus See Black Ngogo 91-92, 107-109, 119, 122, 124, mangabey 126 Lukuru Wildlife Research Project 55, 59, NIA see National Institute on Aging 67,75, 81 Nigeria 152-153, 159 See also Africa Luo Scientific Reserve 56, 68, 70, 83-85 NIH See National Institutes of Health Nonhuman 103-104, 133, 201- Macaca maurus See Sulawesi 204, 231, 246, 249, 255 See also Macaca mulatta See Rhesus Primates; See also species entries Macaca nigra See Sulawesi macaques Nutrition 10, 88, 91, 196 See also Captive Macaque 47, 134, 198, 202-203, 208, 212 Management; Husbandry See also Monkey; Old World monkey; ; Sulawesi macaques; Ohio State University Chimpanzee Center See also species entries 135 Mahale 91-92, 98, 107-112, 114-120, Old World monkey 26, 203, 208 See also 122-127 Anthropoid; Baboon; Macaque; 1-2, 12, 19-20, 24, 92, 99, 107- Monkey; See also species entries 109, 111-112, 114-115, 120, 122, 198, Orangutan (Pongo) ix, xi-xiii, 2, 9-11, 20, 242, 279 25, 29-30, 56, 95, 108, 170, 177, 198- Max-PlanckInstitute 71 199, 202-203, 205, 210-212, 231, 249, Menopause 192, 218, 225, 227-228 See 286-289 also Aging Ouranopithecus 21, 28 Michael 110, 127, 151, 155-156, 160, Ovulation 12, 14, 225, 228, 231-232 165-166, 168-169, 172-173, 175, 288 Owl monkey (Aotus) 212 See also See also American Sign Language; Monkey; New World monkey Language; Koko; Washoe Mitochondrial DNA 1, 29-30 See also Paleontology 19-20, 27 DNA Pan paniscus See Bonobo Monkey 20, 26-28, 37-45, 47-50, 77, 92, Pan troglodytes See Chimpanzee 107-112, 114-120, 122-125, 134, 161, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii See 203, 212, 241-243, 246-248, 250 See Chimpanzee also Anthropoid; Baboon; Macaque; Pan troglodytes troglodytes See New World monkey; Old World Chimpanzee monkey; See also species entries Pan troglodytes vellerosus See Mount Sinai School of Medicine 199, 211 Chimpanzee Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei Pan troglodytes verus See Chimpanzee beringei) See Gorilla Papio cynocephalus See Yellow baboon Parallelism (in evolution) 22, 133, 222 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 102, Parkinson’s disease 197, 207-208, 211, 199, 205, 213, 234, 236 213 See also Aging National Institute on Aging (NIA) 199, Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) 37, 205 See also Aging 203 See also Monkey; Old World National Institute on Diabetes and monkey Digestive and Kidney Disorders 204- Pet trade 63, 66, 91, 95, 100, 103, 149 205 See also Diabetes Pongo See Orangutan Index 297

Population Habitat Viability Analysis 70- Southwest Foundation for Biomedical 71, 158 Research 100, 197 Prey selectivity 108, 122-124 Species Survival Plan (SSP) 153, 157, Primarily Primates 100, 102, 197 191-192, 197, 217 See also Primates 1-2, 19-23, 25-31, 35-38, 47, Conservation 62-63, 72, 75, 83, 91, 99-100, 102- Squirrel monkey (Saimiri) 134, 212 See 104, 108, 112, 114, 116, 133, 135, also Monkey; New World monkey 149, 159, 162, 171, 174, 191-192, Stenophagous 108 196-199, 201-205, 208-209, 212, 231, Sulawesi macaques (Macaco nigra and 237, 241-242, 244-250, 252, 255, 266, Macaca maurus) 202-203 See also 268 See also Nonhuman Primates; See Macaque; Monkey; Old World also species entries monkey Primate evolution 26, 31, 35, 38 Primate Foundation of Arizona 100, 197 Taï Forest 107-109, 119, 122, 125-126 [badius] tholloni See Red Tanzania 98, 107, 109-110, 122, 127 See colobus monkey also Africa Progestin 219, 222, 224-228 212 See also Prosimians Prosimians 26, 212 See also Bushbaby; Tourism xii, 72, 99, 158, 250-251, 272 Galago; Lemur; See also Tourism

Red colobus monkey (Colobus badius) U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 77, 107, 111-112, 114 See also 101, 104 Monkey; Old World monkey USDA See U.S. Department of Red List of Threatened Species 70, 91, Agriculture 96, 149, 152-153, 242 See also World Uganda 85, 96, 98-100, 107, 153, 158- Conservation Union 159, 278-280 See also Africa Red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus University of Texas M.D. Anderson ascanius) 111-112, 114-116, 120, Cancer Center 100, 197 122-124 See also Monkey; Old World monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Reserve xiii, 56, 60-61, 67-68, 70, 83-88, 111-112, 119-120 See also Monkey; 98, 152, 242, 244-245, 247, 251, 253, Old World monkey 259-263, 265, 270-271 Virunga National Park 159 Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) 134, 198, 203 See also Macaque; Monkey; Old World monkey Wamba 59-60, 67-68, 80, 83, 88 Washoe 167, 288 See also American Sign Language; Gardner; Language; Koko; Saimiri See Squirrel monkey Michael Salonga National Park 55-56, 59-62, 68, Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes 70-71, 78, 80, 261 verus) See Chimpanzee Sanctuaries 55, 69-71, 79, 100, 102-104, Western lowland gorilla See Gorilla 151, 160, 174, 197-198, 245, 250 See Wildlife Waystation 100, 102, 197 also Captive World Conservation Union (IUCN) 68, Savannah baboon 108 See also Baboon; 70, 75, 91-92, 96, 149, 152-153, 242, Monkey; Old World monkey 250-251 See also Red List of Scripps Research Institute 220, 229 Threatened Species Self-awareness 2, 155, 160, 165, 170, World Heritage Site 68 199, 284, 288 See also Cognition World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 61, 63 Siamang 203 See also Gibbon WWF See World Wildlife Fund Siforco 63-64, 67, 80, 260, 262, 271 Silverback gorilla See Gorilla Small apes See Gibbon Yekokora River 61, 63, 262-263, 266, 270 298 Index

Yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) 37, 111, 117 See also Baboon; Monkey; Old World monkey Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center 37, 197 Yerkes, Robert 154

Zaire 57, 59, 66, 68, 83, 259, 262 See also Africa; Democratic Republic of Congo Zoological Society of Milwaukee 68, 71 Zoos 81, 100, 104, 150, 152, 155-157, 163, 178-180, 188-192, 197, 201, 203, 217, 228, 242, 245, 250, 289 See also Captive