Hamdard Medicus 5 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015

Scientific and Historical Research on Medicinal Plants*

Shaheed Hakim Mohammed Said (1920-1998)

The historical contributions of Muslim scholars in the form of manuscripts contain records of authentic and verified research. These manuscripts are a treasure of knowledge for those who are interested. A greater part of these manuscripts comprise scientific, especially medical knowledge. According to some conservative estimates, the number of manuscripts written or compiled by Muslims during the period of their ascendancy, is more than 3,000,000. They lie scattered in many parts of the world. The neglect of this huge collection of manuscripts, (representing the science of medicine, materia medica and pharmacology in particular) is greatly regretted. Many of these manuscripts have been reviewed and translated by scholars of the present age and by those of the Middle Ages. We come across Indian works translated into Arabic or Persian and the Arabic books translated into Persian or vice versa. Examples of these works are given in this paper with brief annotations. Introduction to some medical manuscripts and rare books in Persian, Arabic and Urdu languages preserved at the Bait al-Hikrnah, (Hamdard Library) at Madinat al-Hikmah, is also given in this paper.

Introduction

Muslim scholarship has, In fact, no parallel anywhere in the world. Rhetorically, it is more evident in the field of bibliography and national biography. Ibn al-Nadim gives a list (in his Fihrist) of manuscripts known to him upto his time, completed about 887 A.D. Outstanding contributions to national biography were made by Ibn Abi Usaybiah through his masterpiece ‘Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba. This work is indispensable for a study of Islamic Medicine and related sciences. We can mention other writers like Ibn Khallikan (Wafayat al-A’yan) and Ibn al-Qifti (Ikhbar al-‘Ulama bi-Akhbar al-Hukama) and several others –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– *Paper presented at the International Congress of the History of Medicine in Islam and Iran, Tehran, Iran, 3-6 October, 1992. Hamdard Medicus 6 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 who are well known for their written compilations in the realm of medical knowledge, particularly pharmacy, materia medica and medicinal plants or natural herbal wealth. Many of the works described by Ibn al-Nadim are no longer extant and we would not have known about many works, now extinct, without recourse to him. Somewhat similar is the position of ‘Uyun al-Anba for bibliographies of notable figures in history.

The Case of Islamic Literature Produced in the Past Islamic Science encompasses a vast spectrum of intellectual activity over a period of a millennium of human history and within a geographical area extending from Spain to Eastern Asia. Besides being a very important component of Islamic civilization and culture, related to fields as far apart as mysticism and technology, it has influenced profoundly science and learning in the Latin West, in Byzantium, in India and even in China. The literature produced in the Medieval Ages particularly remains in many of its aspects to this day as a part of the life pattern of the Muslims and offers the modern world precious documentary evidence and valuable practical insight as to how man can live with nature without destroying the natural environment in the process. The importance of the Islamic Sciences for an understanding of Western Science and philosophy was not lost to Western scholars, nor was the significance of the sciences as an integral part of Islamic and the Oriental Studies in general. Therefore, with the rise of historical interest in the Orient in the Middle Ages, methodical research began in the West on various branches of the Islamic Sciences, although nearly all this research has been from the beginning and is to this day from the point of view of Western Medicine. With the establishment of the history of science as a distinct discipline early during this century, further impetus was given to studies in the Islamic Sciences and as a result thousands of articles and books have appeared in various countries. The translation and editing of available works, done by Muslim scholars and scientists, as manuscripts, is another huge task to be taken as priority assignment to explore the supremacy of their experimental knowledge over other nations throughout the Medieval Ages and later.

Masters and Masterpieces on Medicinal Plants or Natural Herbal Drugs

It has been held until recent times that the oldest treatise in Persian on medicaments, noted for its philological rather than medical importance, was the Kitab al-Abniyah ‘an Haqaiq al-Adwiyah (The Book of the Fundamentals of the Properties of Remedies) by Abu Mansur Muwaffaq. Hamdard Medicus 7 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015

It marks the beginning of a long tradition of pharmacological works in Persian which has spanned over a millennium. During this century also, important works continued to” be written in Arabic, including the first treatise on the subject to appear in Spain, the Kitab al-Jami’ bi Aqwal al-Qudama wa’l Muhaddithin min al-Atibba wa’l Mutafalsafin fi’l Adwiyat al-Mufradah (The Comprehensive Book on the views of the Ancients and Moderns among Physicians and Philosophers concerning Simple Drugs) by Abu Bakr ibn Samghun of Cordova in which drugs are alphabetically arranged and the commentary of Ibn Juljul upon Dioscorides as well as his treatise on those drugs which are not mentioned by Dioscorides. Al-Zahrawi has also devoted a good part of his al-Tasrif to plants and drugs. Besides these contributions, there are certain brilliant figures connected to Muslim Botanical Sciences in the realm of history especially of the Medieval Ages.

Some Well-known Muslim Contributions in Botanical Sciences

1. Abu Hanifa al-Dinawari (d. 282 A.H.), Kitab al-Nabat. The work combines a philological, historical and botanical approach in its study of plants. The work has been quoted many times over the centuries. 2. Abu Jafar Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ghafiqi, Kitab al-Adwiya al-Mufrada (The Book of Simple Drugs) is exceptional for its accurate descriptions of plant drugs and richness of information. Considered by many as the most notable work especially on herbals. 3. Ibn al-Rumiya, often called al-Nabati, Tafsir Asma al-Adwiyat al-Mufrada min Kitab Descuridus; Maqala fi-Tarkib al-Adwiya; Kitab al-Rihla – In this book the author has mentioned those medicinal plants which came under his observation. 4. Ibn al-Baitar, Kitab al-Jami‘ li-Mufradat al-Adwiya wal-Aghdhiya, Kitab al-Mughni fi-l-Adwiya al-Mufrada – lists some 1400 drugs of plants, animal and mineral origin. 5. Ibn abi Usaybiah, ‘Uyiiti al-Anbii fi-Tabaqiit al-Atibba’. 6. Daud al-Antaki, Tadhkirah Kitab al-Adwiya al-Mujarraba. 7. Abu Raihan al-Biruni, Kitab al-Saydanah fi al-Tibb – A vast compilation of pharmacological knowledge concerning 850 drugs drawn from every conceivable source with names of the drugs given in several languages. 8. Al-Razi, the Medical Encyclopaedia al-Hawi, contains explanatory and research-based references on simple medicinal herbs. 9. Ibn Sina, Canon contains specific section on simple botanical drugs, Hamdard Medicus 8 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015

however, in other places wherever he has mentioned treatment for individual diseases, he has included herbs as panacea. The Seventh Chapter of the Tabi’yyat (Natural Philosophy) of his Shifa (Book of Healing) deals extensively with plants from both philosophical and scientific point of view. 10. Ibn Wahshiyyah, Nabataean Agriculture. Concerned with ancient agricultural practices – A work which greatly influenced later Muslim authors. 11. Abu S’aid al-Asma’i, Kitab al-Nabiit wa’l-Shajar (The Book of Plants and Trees) – in which is assembled information about the morphology, properties, as well as names. 12. The Ikhwan al-Safa, devoted one of their Epistles to the morphology, genesis and manner of growth of plants as well as the numerical symbolism of their various parts and their place in the total cosmic order. 13. Ibn Bajjah, regarded as an authority in the field of botanical sciences wrote two works on the subject the Kitab al-Tajribatayn (The Book of the Two Experiences) dealing with the medical properties of herbs and the Kitab fi’l-Nabat (The Book on Plants) dealing with the physiology of plants. 14. Ibn al-Awwam, wrote a treatise on agriculture entitled Kitab al-Falaha which deals with 585 plants and explains the cultivation of more than 50 different fruit trees.

Manuscripts on Medicinal Botanics

As a whole, this topic covers the subjects of materia medica, crude drugs, their taxonomy or identification (pharmacognosy), pharmacology, distribution as well as their procurement from different sources or through cultivation. Muslims have not only made remarkable contributions of indexing the medicinal flora of various regions but they have added new experiences in therapeutics to the existing knowledge especially in the Medieval Ages. According to some conservative estimates the number of manuscripts written or compiled by Muslims in Middle Ages number more than three million. These lie scattered in many parts of the world e.g., in Cairo, Istanbul, Hyderabad, London, Leipzig, Leiden, Berlin, Calcutta, Patna, the Bodleian, the Bibliotheque Nationale and in the special collections of individuals. These manuscripts are mostly in Arabic and Persian in which most of the manuscripts of biological sciences have been compiled in the Middle Ages. Some of the publications/compilations in manuscript form as referred by the Institute of History of Medicine and Medical Research are mentioned in Appendix 1. Hamdard Medicus 9 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015

The Manuscript Section of Bait al-Hikmah, Hamdard Library

The section contains over 118 manuscripts of mostly the Muslim masters of Medicine and Pharmacy. Hamdard Foundation Pakistan having a full-fledged publication unit has also published a catalogue of these manuscripts entitled Tauzihi Fihrist Makhtutat Kutub Khana Hamdard. Being the very first volume of its manuscripts’ holdings in medicine (Tibbi-Uloom) it has been compiled in Urdu by Fuzlullah Faruqi Nadvi (in 1981) in which MSS have been described in brief. A list of these MSS is given in Appendix 2. Another Catalogue of Persian MSS in the Bait al-Hikmah Library has been published in 1989 by Iran-Pakistan Institute of Persian Studies. This catalogue contains introduction to about 150 manuscripts on medicine and pharmacy included in the list of more than 590 manuscripts on 36 subjects under 444 topics. This list of Persian MSS was prepared by Syed Khizar A. Naushahi in 1988 at Hamdard Foundation Library and at present he is working on other MSS at the Bait al-Hikmah. As regards the translation, editing and publication of works, Hamdard published the text and edited translation of Al-Biruni’s Kitab al-Saydanah which contains information about several hundred drugs used in Greco-Arab System of Medicine. At the Bait al-Hikmah (Hamdard Library), a Centre for Academic Research, and a research oriented Translation Bureau is being established and other facilities for higher education and research are being provided under a research cell comprising learned scholars of international repute. Hamdard University plans to mobilize research and translation work on manuscripts as an academic endeavour particularly to identify the Muslim contributions towards medical and botanical sciences and to explore the supremacy of Muslim scholars in Theoretical as well as in Natural and Applied Sciences.

Epilogue

Over the centuries, Greco-Arab System of Medicine, mainly based on herbal medicines for relief of ailments, has developed with time. Muslims practising this system have not only taken advantage of materia medica used in the therapeutic arts of ancient civilizations but they have also made remarkable contributions as a written heritage of knowledge to this therapeutic art and to the herbo-medical wealth for the new comers. In order to achieve the Goal of Health for all by the year 2000 and beyond, it is high time to take maximum benefit from the knowledge rendered by the Muslim Masters of botanical sciences. Work on these manuscripts may unfold before the world, supremacy of these professionals in such fields. It would be a new chapter in the history of Hamdard Medicus 10 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 medico-botanical sciences on the one hand and the task of editing and translation of manuscripts as a new field on the other hand for the generations to come. There is a strong need of editing and publication of all such manuscripts particularly those in our Museums, Libraries and private collections for the benefit of the Scholars and Scientists interested in Greco-Arab or Islamic System of Medicine. Therefore, with reference to the subject discussed and for the whole academic world particularly those related to the history of science and medicine, I would like to suggest the following as of utmost importance for the preservation and transmission of our written legacy from the past to the future:

1. Collection and Procurement of MSS. 2. Cataloguing of MSS. 3. Translation, Editing and Publication of MSS. 4. Development of Preservation Techniques of MSS. 5. Dissemination and Exchange of Information about MSS.

REFERENCES

1. Ibn al-Nadim, Abu al-Faraj Mohammad bin Ishaq, (1969). Al-Fihrist (completed about 887 A.D.). This indispensable work has appeared in more than one edition and translation. Al-Fihrist has been translated into Urdu by Maulana Mohammad Ishaq Bhatti, Lahore, 1969. 2. Ibn Abi Usaybiah, Ahmad bin al-Qasim, (died 1270 A.D.) Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba (on Classes of Physicians). It was edited at the Wahabiyah Press, Cairo, in 2 Vols. (1882) and also in Konigsberg, Sebstverlag (1888) with annotations and introduction in German by Muller. It is a work that is considered absolutely essential in the history of Arab medicine and science. The copy referred has been edited by Dr. Nizar Raza, and published through Dar Maktabat al-Hayat (1965). 3. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, (1975). An Annotated Bibliography of Islamic Science, Vols. 1-2, Publication No. 1, (Imperial) Iranian Academy of Philosophy, Tehran. 4. Najmabadi, Dr. Mahmood, (1353 A.H./1934 A.D.). Tarikh Tibb Dar Iran Pas az Islam, Vol. 2. It has been stated or tip. 634-40 that Abu Mansur Muwaffaq was alive in 447/1055, Tehran University Publication. 5. Nasr, S.H., (1976). Islamic Science an Illustrated Study, World of Islam Festival Publishing Co. Ltd., Tehran. 6. Said, Hakim Mohammed, (1991). Country Report Pakistan – Presented at the WHO Symposium on Plants and Health for All – Scientific Advancements – Kobe, Japan (Aug. 26-28, 1991). 7. Roper, G., (1991). (Gen. Ed.), World Wide Survey of Islamic Manuscripts Inaugural Volume, Al-Furqan Heritage Foundation, London. Hamdard Medicus 11 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015

08. Anonymous, (ynm). Physician-authors of Greco-Arab Medicine in India, Institute of History of Medicine and Medical Research, New Delhi, India, n.d., 162 pp. 09. Nadvi, F.F., (1981). Tauzihi Fihrist Makhtutat Kutub Khana Hamdard (Tibbi Uloom), (Catalogue of Medical Manuscripts in Hamdard Library now Bait al-Hikmah, Hamdard Library), Hamdard Foundation Press, Karachi. 10. Naushahi, S.K.A., (1989). Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the Hamdard Foundation Library, Karachi, Iran-Pakistan Institute of Persian Studies. 11. Said, Hakim Mohammed, (1973). (Edited with English Translation) Kitab al-Saydanah fi al-Tibb (Al-Biruni’s Book on Pharmacy and Materia Medica), Hamdard Foundation Pakistan, (contains also the Arabic text). Paper presented at the International Congress of the History of Medicine in Islam and Iran, Tehran, Iran, 3-6 October, 1992. Hamdard Medicus 12 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 Contd...... Reference ehran, British Museum Majmu’a-i-Ziya-i Majmu’a-i Ziya-i London, Berlin T

Properties of Drugs Subject and Age A.H./ A.D. A.D. of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1329 1-1237 T ear — 730 121 to whom dedicated Iltutmish 608-634 Sultan Shams al-Din Y or A.D. y APPENDIX I Kitab al-Saidala Some Known Publications/Compilations of Medieval A.H./13th and 14th Centur ranslation of y (As Referred by the Institute of History Medicine and Medical Research) (Collection by Shams) Majmu’a-i Muhammadi (Collection by Muhammad) Majmu’a-i Shamsi Medica (by al-Biruni) T Book of Pharmacy and Materia Name of Book Abu Author Ali aj al-Din T 7th and 8th Centur ranslator T al-Din Mustaufi Khwaja Bakr Firuz Jahi Hakim Khwaja Shams Abu Bakr bin A) bin Uthman Name of the or Hamdard Medicus 13 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 ) , and Shrubs

Contd...... Herbs Reference

Nuzhat al-Khawatir Hyderabad has mentioned the Asafia Library

Indian In this work the author with their Indian Names Subject and ( Sirat-i Firuz Shahi A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1329 A.H./1385 T ear ughlaq Shah 726-752 Muhammad bin T to whom dedicated 730 A.H./1325-1351 Y — Firuz Shah 752-791 A.H./1351-1390 787 or — ibbiya Art) (Book of uz Shahi Kitab fi’l-Sana’at al-T Kitab al-Kulliyat wa Juziyat Principles and Particulars) (Book of Medical ibb-i Fir (Collection by Ziya) Majmu’a-i Ziya-i 1. 2. Name of Book 1. 1. 2. (Repose for Human Beings) T Rahat-ul Insan (Medicine of Firuz Shah) Author Alias A.H./ ughlaq T A.H./ A.D.) A.D.) ranslator T Masu’ud Rashid Zangi Umar Gazawi 1350 Ziya Muhammad Ziya al-Din Bakhshi Mubarakbad Name of the (Died in 751 known as Ziya Sultan Muhammad Ilyas bin Shihab or Firuz Shah (Died 791 1388 Hamdard Medicus 14 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 Contd...... Reference form This work deals with interesting versified the basic principles Subject and and treatment in an This is a comprehen- sive book like the Canon. It deals with general principles, drugs and method of treatment. This is a collection of the anato- mical knowledge of the period. wwal) A A.D. A.D. A.H./1422- far Shah A.D.) of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1391 A.H./1388 T ear to whom dedicated 794 790 Y Sultan Zafar Khan, (Muzaf the Ruler of Gujarat Sultan Zain al-Abidin, or Ruler of Kashmir 1473 (826-877 A.D. y and 16th Centur ibb-i-Shihabi ashrih-i-Mansuri Kifaya-i Mujahidya T T Shif al-Khani A.H./15th (Medicine of Shihab) (Remedy of Khan) y 1. Name of Book 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. Author Abd ranslator 9th and 10th Centur T usuf bin Ilyas B) Shihab al-Din al-Karim Nagori Name of the or Mansur bin Muhammad Y Hamdard Medicus 15 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 Contd...... s work in Reference aghbat’ ranslation of History of Medicine Persian T

V Subject and A.D.) Abu’l Fath A.H./ 1 of Compilation ranslation and Abd al- Razzaq T ear bin Compiled by the order of Hakim Gilani 1457-151 (863-917 Sultan Mahmud to whom dedicated Y Ruler of Gujarat or (Chiefs of First aim on the statement of the Learned Men who lived before Islam Second aim on the statement of the Hakims (Physicians) who lived following the advent of Islam Conclusion on various Schools and Theories of Hakims ibb-i-Shifa Mahmud Shahi Khassat al-Hayat the Life) 1. 2. 3. Mahmud Shah) T Name of Book (Curative Medicine of A.D.) Author Asili ranslator A.H./1587 T 996 Ahmad bin Nasrallah of Sindh (Died in Muhammad bin Isma’il Name of the Asawali or Hamdard Medicus 16 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 Contd...... Reference reatment) ested Medicine Nuzhatul Khawatir Indian Medicine (T Subject and T Sexology Salarjung A.D. A.D. A.H./1488- A.D.) of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1512 A.H./1587 T ear to whom dedicated — Sikander Shah Lodhi Y 918 (894-922 1516 Barid Shah of Bidar or 996 (Mine of Cure ested Medicine by Sharah-i Qanuncha Shahi Name of Book Ma’dan al-Shifa Sikander (Commentary on Qanuncha) Sikander Shah) (T Hakim Bina) Intikhab-i Ratiras Mujarrabat-i Hakim Bina A.D.) Author Akbarabad Abu’) Fath ranslator A.H./1588 Abd al-Razzaq T Hakim bin Khan of Name of the Bahwa-bin-Khawwas Gilani (Died in 997 or Khwajagi Shirwani Hakim Bina Lahori Hamdard Medicus 17 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 Contd...... Reference Salarjung Simple Drugs

according to the Ophthalmology Salarjung General Medicine Asafia Subject and diseases A.H./ A.D. A.D. A.D.) of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1547 A.H./1496 Ahmed Nagar T ear to whom dedicated 954 Burhan Nizam Shah Shah (972-1020 Muhammad Quli Qutb 1564-1612 Y of 902 or reasure of ranslation of T omen) T W Kitab al-Mughni (Thesaurus or Zakhira-i Nizam Shahi Nizam Shah) by Ibn al-Baitar Asrar al-Nisa (Secrets of Hummiyat-i Murakkaba (Compound Fevers) the Book Ali Bin Isa al-Kahhal ibb-i Salman Shahi azhirat-ul-Kahhalin by l. (Memoir of Oculists) Name of Book T 2. (Medicine of Salman Shah) 3. T Author Ali ranslator T Rustam Jurjani al-Husaini Name of the Shams al-Din Salman Shah or Hamdard Medicus 18 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 ibbi T Contd...... Reference College, Hyderabad

Asafia, Salarjung and the Nizamia commentary is parts are found also in A complete copy of this preserved in Rampur Library and some of its Subject and Sexology A.D. A.H./ A.D.) A.D.) A.H./ Akbar of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1578 T ear — to whom dedicated Y 1606-1627 (963-1014 Emperor Jahangir (1014-1037 Emperor — 1555-1606 987 or — adhkirat (Selection Commentary on particular diseases Drugs (Materia Medica) Commentary on Simple Commentary on Principle of Medicine Commentary on General diseases Commentary on dispensatory (Pharmacology/ Qarabadin) : V: vicenna) A Part III: Part IV Intikhab-i T of Name of Book Part II: (Commentary on Canon Part I: Sharh-i Qanun-i Ibn-i Sina Part al-Shahwat of Memoir Desire) Author Ali Husain ranslator T Hakim Safi al-Din Name of the Gilani or Muhammad Gilani Hakim Hamdard Medicus 19 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 Contd...... Reference Asafia Asafia Asafia Sexology

Drugs Asafia Subject and A.D. A.D. A.D. A.H./ A.H./ Adil Shah of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1516 T usuf ear Emperor Humayun 937 -963 1530-1556 933-937 1526-1530 Emperor Babur Y to whom dedicated 922 Y Akbar or (Benefits for Adil Shahi enesection) V Khawas al-Ashia (Properties of Things) (Role of Dustur al-Fasd 2. 1. (A Key of Pleasure) Fawa’id al-Insan Name of Book Human Beings) Miftah al-Surur A.H./ Author A.D.) Adil Shah ranslator T usuf Beg and Burhan Nizam Shah Hakim Muhammed 1466-1565 Court Physician of Y (about 872-971 Hakim Fidai Dawai Name of the Hakim Qasim Beg or Hamdard Medicus 20 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 Contd...... ibbi Library ibbi Library T T Reference ranslated in Urdu Patna Sexology Nizamia Patna Sexology Nizamia T Indigenous Drugs and compound Medicines

Asafia, Salarjung also Subject and A.D. A.D. A.D. Adil Shah of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1536 A.H./1537 A.H./1589 Ahmadnagar and T ear Bahadur Khan 943 944 Faruqi, Ruler of Gujarat Miran Muhammad Shah Murtuza Nizam Shah of to whom dedicated 998 Ibrahim Y or ibb-e-Farishta T (Selection of Qasim) Ikhtiyarat-i Qasimi Dustur al-Atibba (Constitution of Physicians) or Risala Faizia (Aim of Couples) Matlab al-Mubashshirin 1. 2. Name of Book Author A abib T Ahmad- ranslator T Mulla Pir Gilani Murtuza Nizam Shah of nagar and Ibrahim Adil Shah Hakim Muharnmad Bijapuri: known as the Farishta and Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah. famous Indian historian in the reign of Name of the or Hamdard Medicus 21 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 Contd...... Reference eights and Measures Drugs

W Salarjung Subject and Hygiene Asafia Salarjung Salarjung General Diseases Salarjung A.H./ A.H./ A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1654 A.H./1508 A.H./1508 T ear to whom dedicated 972 Sultan Muhammad Qutb Y Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah 972-1020 1564-1612 914 Burhan Nizam Shah or 1612-1627 Shah, 1020-1035 914 Burhan Nizam Shah oz eights and W reatise on Hygiene) reatise on able of Diseases) aqwim al-Amr Ikhtiyarat-i Qutb Shahi Risola-i Miqdariyan (Selections of Qutb Shah) (T (T Risala Hifz-i Sihhat T Measurements) (T 1. 2. Name of Book 1. 2. Author ali Gilani W ranslator Ali al-Husaini T bin Muhammad Mumin Name of the or Hakim Hamdard Medicus 22 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 Reference Hygiene General Medicine Hygiene Diagnosis Drugs Diagnosis Subject and

A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. of Compilation ranslation and A.H./1526 A.H./1526 A.H./1539 A.H./1539 A.H./1530 A.H./1539 A.H./1539 A.H./1539 T ear 933 Babur 933 Humayun 946 946 Babur 937 Humayun 946 Babur 946 Humayun 946 Humayun Humayun to whom dedicated Y or usuf) Y (All these books have been published) usufi ibb-i Y Jami’ al-Fauia’id (Collection of Benefits) Fauiaid al-Akhbar Sitta-i Zururiya Qasida fi-Hifz al-Sihhat (Six Obligatory Things) Dala’il al-Nabz (Medicine of (Ode on Hygiene) Riyaz al-Adwiya (Conditions of Pulse) Dala’il al-Baul (Garden of Drugs) T (Conditions of Urine) 1. 2. 6. 3. 7. 4. 8. 5. Name of Book Author usufi Y ranslator T usuf bin Muhammad Physician of the Emperor Babur and surname Humayun Y or Name of the Hamdard Medicus 23 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.D. ear Y Contd...... — — ca. 1214 Compilation — ca. 1863 Persian Persian Persian Language Arabic Persian Arabic abib Ali Khan Author/Compiler APPENDIX II

Anonymous Hazari Srimal Rahm Auhad Ibn al-Fazl al-Hasan Nasiruddin Kazim al-T Atibba ahrir wa Biza’at Medical Manuscripts at the Bait al-Hikmah Hamdard Library ibb ahrir wa Biza’at arjuma Farsi Hummiyat Qanun atimah Badi al-T afsir Maqalah al-Thania min Title al-Atibba Mutalliq Hummiyat T Athar al- T Kitab Jalinus Badi al-T T T Akmal al-Sana’h 5. 1. 3. 4. 6. 2. S.No. Hamdard Medicus 24 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. A.H. A.H. A.H. 1 ear 157 Y Contd...... — — ca. 131 — ca. 1293 ca. 992 — — Compilation ca. 1261 ca. 1 Persian Persian Persian Persian Arabic Arabic Persian Urdu Language Persian Persian Aqsarai Aqsarai Amrohavi Amaan Afzal Baig Afzal Baig abib Khurasani T Ali Ali Khan Author/Compiler Anonymous Syed Mohammad Sajjad Mohani Kamaluddin Mohammad Kamaluddin Mohammad

Mohammad Niaz Mohammad Sultan Kamal Mohammad adbir al-Fasd ahqiq al-Hummiyat Hazaqat Muhaan al-Mo’ruf ba Qanunal-Ilaj Hall al-Mujaz Hall al-Mujaz Title Dastur al-Fasd Dastur al-Fasd Risalah T Dastur al-Ilaj Risalah T Risalah Qarurah wa Nabz Manzum Riyaz al-Fawaid 7. 8. 9. 1. 0 0 0 S.No. 12. 1 13. 10. 14. 15. 16. Hamdard Medicus 25 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. 19 11 1269 ear Y Contd...... ca. — Compilation — — — — ca. — — — Arabic Arabic Language Arabic Persian Persian Arabic Arabic Arabic Arabic Arabic Author/Compiler

Anonymous Anonymous Aliuddin Ibn al-Hazm Al-Hidad Ibn Shaikh Qutbuddin Anonymous Ibn Sina Burhanuddin Nafis ibn Iwaz Ibn Sina Ibn Sina Ibn Sina ibb-e-Qadri Title Sharah Risalah Qabnyyah Buqrat Zubdaiial-Kamalat Sharah. al-Kitab al-Rabi’ min Kutub al-Qanun Ibn Sina T Sharali Kulliyat Qanun AI-Qanun Sharah Mujaz Nofiei AI-Qanun AI-Qanun AI-Qanun S.No. 18. 17. 19. 22. 20. 23. 21. 24. 25. 26. Hamdard Medicus 26 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. A.H. ear Y Contd...... — Compilation — ca. 1200 — ca. 1218 ca. 1219 — — Arabic Language Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Arabic Arabic Author/Compiler Ibn Sina

Mansur bin Mohammad Ahmad Mansur bin Mohammad Ahmad Mansur bin Mohammad Ahmad Mansur bin Mohammad Ahmad Mansur bin Mohammad Ahmad Anonymous Sadiduddin ibn Ziauddin or ) or or or or or Kitab al-Suda‘ ( Title Al-Qanun Kifayah Mujahidiyyah Kifayah Mansuri Kifayah Mujahidiyyah Kifayah Mansuri Kifayah Mujahidiyyah Kifayah Mansuri Kifayah Mujahidiyyah Kifayah Mansuri Kifayah Mujahidiyyah Kifayah Mansuri Sadidi Majm’ al-Jawami Al-Mughni fi Sharah al-Mujaz S.No. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Hamdard Medicus 27 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. A.H. A.H. ear 135 Y Contd...... — — Compilation ca. 1210 ca. 1204 — — ca. 1094 — — ca. 1 Persian Persian Language Persian Persian Arabic Persian Persian Persian Arabic Persian Arzani Arzani Arzani Akbar Akbar Akbar Abu Hamid Samarqandi Attar Shirazi Ali Mianji Author/Compiler t

Sadiduddin Ibn Ziauddin Mohammad Mohammad Mohammad Alauddin Ibn Nafis Anonymous Anonymous Najibuddin Jura’ Zainuddin or arakib ibb Usul T - arakib aafiyyah aafiyyah Title Sadidi Mufarrih al-Qulub Mufarrih al-Qulub Al-Mughni fi Sharah al-Mujaz Mufarrih al-Qulub Mujaz al-Qanun fi al-T W W al-Adwiyyah Risalah Nabz wa Qarurah Usul al- T Ikhtiyarat Badi’i S.No. 36. 37. 35. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 44. 43. Hamdard Medicus 28 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. A.H. ear 188 Y Contd...... — Compilation — ca. 1242 — — ca. 1241 — ca. 1 Persian Language Persian Persian Arabic Arabic Persian Urdu Persian abib abib T T usuf usuf Y Y Ashrafi Ahmad Author/Compiler

Nuruddin Mohammad bin Abdullah Shirazi Nuruddin Mohammad bin Abdullah Shirazi Nuruddin Mohammad bin Abdullah Shirazi Harawi Mohammad bin Harawi Mohammad bin Hakim Mohammad Sharif Khan Anwar Hussaini Momin bin Mohammad Zaman or uhfah al-Asafiyyah fi Sino’h uhfah-e-Hakim Momin uhfah al-Mominin alif-e-Sharif Title Alfaz al-Adviyyah Aifaz al-Adviyyah Alfaz al-Adviyyah Lughat al-Saer Bohr al-Jawahir fi Hall-e- Lughat al-Saer Bahr al-Jawahir fi Hall-e- T T al-Adwiyyah T T S.No. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. Hamdard Medicus 29 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. A.H. A.H. ear Y Contd...... ca. 1233 — ca. 1231 ca. 1265 Compilation — — — ca. 1262 Persian Persian Persian Persian Language Persian Persian Persian Persian usufi usufi Y Y Al-Shifai Author/Compiler usuf bin Mohammad usuf bin Mohammad

Hussaini Hussaini Hussaini Momin bin Mohammad Zaman Momin bin Mohammad Zaman Momin bin Mohammad Zaman Hakim Mohammad Sharif Khan Y Y Hakim Mohammad Sharif Khan Muzaffar bin Mohammad Al-Hussaini or or or uhfah-e-Hahini Momin uhfah-e-Hahim Momin uhfah-e-Hakim Momin uhfah al-Mominin uhfah al-Mominin uhfah al-Mominin Title T T T Risalah Khawas al-Jawahir T T T Riyaz al-Adviyyah Riyaz al-Adviyyah Ilaj al-Amraz al-Maruf ba Qarabadin Dehlavi Qarabadin Shifai S.No. 56. 55. 53. 54. 57. 58. 59. 60. Hamdard Medicus 30 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.D. A.D. A.H. A.H. A.H ear 197 Y Contd...... Compilation — — — ca. 1269 ca. 1899 — ca. 1649 ca. 1222 — ca. 1 Language Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Arabic Persian Arzani Arzani Arzani Arzani Abdul Karim Akbar Akbar Akbar Akbar Al-Shifai Author/Compiler sum bin

Muzaffar bin Mohammad Al-Hussaini Alawi Khan Mir Mohammad Hashim Mohammad Mohammad Mohammad Mohammad Ma’ — — Abu Ibrahim Ismail Jurjani sumi ibb Title Qarabadin Shifai Qarabadin Alawi Khan Qarabadin Qadri Qarabadin Qadri Qarabadin Qadri Qarabadin Qadri Qarabadin Ma’ Kitab al-Adviyyah Mufradah Al-Murakkabat al-Shnhiyyah Aghraz al-T S.No. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. Hamdard Medicus 31 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. 166 1 1250 ear Y Contd ...... — Compilation — — — — — ca. ca. Arabic Language Persian Urdu Persian Arabic Arabic Persian Persian usufi usufi Y Y usuf usuf Y Y Ahmad bin Ali al-Kahhal Aziz bin Author/Compiler

Abdul Hamid Multani Khalifah Rahmatullah Marehravi Hakim Mumtazuddin Badayuni Isa bin Lutfullah al-Misri Lutfullah al-Misri Mohammad bin Mohammad bin usufi usufi ibb-e-Y ibb-e-Y T T ehravi or or wah Min Ilal wah Min Ilal al-Fawaid al-Fawaid wih al-Ar unh. al-Ar azkerah al-Kahhalin ajribat-e-Hakim Khalifah alifat-e-Hakim Mumtazuddin ar ar Title Ikseer Azam T Badayuni T T Rahmatullah Mar T al-Ashbah T al-Ashbah Jami’ Jami’ S.No. 71. 72. 74. 73. 75. 76. 77. 78. Hamdard Medicus 32 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. A.H. ear Y Contd...... — Compilation — ca. 1244 — — ca. 939 ca. 1232 — — — — Persian Language Persian Persian Persian Persian Arabic Arabic Arabic Arabic Persian Persian usufi usufi usufi Y Y Y Arzani Arzani Arzani usuf usuf usuf Y Y Y Akbar Akbar Akbar Allahdin Author/Compiler

Mohammad bin Mohammad bin Mohammad bin Anonymous Hakim Mahmud bin Ziauddin al-Shirazi Mohammad Mohammad Mohammad Hakim Bina Ibn Hasan Anonymous usufi usufi usufi ibb-e-Y ibb-e-Y ibb-e-Y T T T or or or adawi al-Fawaid al-Fawaid al-Fawaid Title Jami’ Jami’ Jami’ Jawahir al-Mufradat Chiragh al-Ilaj Al-Hawi fi al-T Hudud al-Amraz Hudud al-Amraz Hudud al-Amraz Khulasa Binai Khulasa al-Kifayah S.No. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. Hamdard Medicus 33 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.D. A.H. A.H. ear Y Contd...... ca. 1275 — — — ca. 1877 — ca. 1262 — Compilation ca. 1255 — — Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Language Persian Arabic Persian Altuni Azam Khan Ali Abdul Fattah Andesh Khan Andesh Khan Andesh Khan Author/Compiler Khair Khair Khair Mohammad

Hakim Darvish Mohammad Qutbuddin Anonymous Asghar Hussain Darwaish Khan Habibullah bin Nuruddin ’zani -e-A Ikseer or ajarib ajarib ajarib -e-Ilaj Title Khair al-T Khair al-T Khair af-T Dastur Dastur al-’Arnal Risalah Judri wa al-Hasbah Risalah Dar Amraz-e-Mukhtalifah Risalah Dar Ilaj-e-Zakhm Risalah Dar Haiza Sittali Zaruriah Shafi al-Auja’ 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. S.No. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100. Hamdard Medicus 34 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. A.D. 1369 1874 1312 1874 ear Y Contd...... — — — Compilation — ca. — ca. ca. 1866 ca. ca. Persian Arabic Persian Language Arabic Persian Arabic Persian Arabic Persian Persian abib al-Kirmani Arzani Arzani Alam Akbar Akbar Ali bin al-Khatib Author/Compiler Mohammad Salih bin Nasrullah aI-HaIabi

Barkhurdar Nafis Ibn Iwaz al-T Pir Khizr bin Mohammad Alauddin Ibn Nafis Mohammad Hassamuddin Mohammad Noor or ibb-e-Ahbari ibb-e-Ahbari T T dar dar or or eez hhur ibb al-Jadid al-Kimiyai ibb-e-Barkhur ibb-e-Akbar ibb-e-Pir ibb-e-Ahbar Al-T Title Biyaz-e-Bar T T Sharah al-Asbab wa al-Alamat Shira al-Asqam wa Dawa al-Alaam T T Sharah Mualijat al-Qanun Shira al-‘Alil Shira al-Mar 10. 1 S.No. 108. 107. 101. 104. 109. 106. 102. 103. 105. Hamdard Medicus 35 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.D. A.H. ear 163 Y Contd...... — — ca. 1 Compilation — — — ca. 1283 ca. 1838 — Persian Persian Persian Language Urdu Persian Persian Arabic Persian Persian Abdul Abdul Abdul ahir ahir T T Author/Compiler Shihabuddin Nagori ibn Karim

Shihabuddin Nagori ibn Karim Shihabuddin Nagori ibn Karim Anonymous Nuruddin Mohammad bin Abdullah Shirazi Mubarak Mujir Abu Mansur al-Husain al-Qamari Shaikh Shaikh eez eez eez or Shira al-Mar Shira al-Mar Shira al-Mar or or or ibb-e-Dara Shikoh ibb-e-Shihab ibb-e-Shihab ibb-e-Shihab Title T T T Ilaj-e-Feel T llajat Dara Shikoh ‘Ain al-Bayat Ghina uia-Muna Fuwad al-Fuwad Fuwad al-Fuwad 1. 13. 12. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. S.No. 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hamdard Medicus 36 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. A.H. A.D. A.H 1 ear Y Contd...... Compilation ca. 1248 ca. 1247 — ca. 131 ca. 1296 ca. 1232 — — — Language Persian Persian Arabic Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian usufi Y Arzani Arzani Arzani Arzani Alavi Khan Akbar Akbar Akbar Akbar Abdullah al- Author/Compiler usuf bin Mohammad ahya al-Baladi

Y Mohammad Ahmad bin Mohammad Y Hussain bin Hassan al-Shabar al-Kazmi Mohammad Ziaulhaq Farooqi Mohammad Mohammad Mohammad Mohammad or usufi adbir al-Hubala wa Title Fawaid-e-Akhyar Fauiaid-e-Y Qawanin al-Ilaj al-Atfai Kitab T Lawami’ ai-Shabariyyah fi Ilaj al-Bashariyyali Mujarrabat-e-Atibba Mujarrabat-e-Akbari Mujarrabat -e-Akbari Mujarrabat-e-Akbari Mujarrabat-e-Akbari S.No. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. Hamdard Medicus 37 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. A.H. A.H. A.H. ear Y Contd...... ca. 1282 Compilation — ca. 1322 ca. 1269 — ca. 1213 ca. 1227 — — Persian Language Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Arabic Persian Aimanabadi sum bin Syed Aimanabadi Ahmad bin Hamid Ali Aziz Author/Compiler

Hafeezi Mohammad Ishaq Abdul Rahim Ghulam Imam Ghulam Imam Darwaish Mohammad Darwaish Abdul Mohammad Ma’ Safai al-Husaini ) Manzum ( d ibyan al-Rumuz Title Mujarrabat-e-Bahiyyah Al-Murakabaat al-Ishaqiyyah wa Mujarrabat wa Nikat-e-lshaqiyyah Matab Khur Mu’alijat al-Nabawi Mu’alijat al-Nabawi Miftah al-Hikmat Miftah al-Hikmat Miftah al-Kunuz wa T Mufradat-e-Nami S.No. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. Hamdard Medicus 38 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.H. A.H. A.H. A.H. 1 ear 188 Y Contd...... Compilation — ca. 1218 ca. 121 — — ca. 1 — — — ca. 1309 Language Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Amin Abdullah Arzani Arzani Arzani Akbar Akbar Akbar ranslator Hunain Ibn Andesh Khan Andesh Khan Author/Compiler Afzal ibn Mohammad

Shaikh Mohammad Mohammad Ali Mohammad Abd ... Karim Khan Qizwini Mohammad Khair Khair Anonymous Buqrat (T Ishaq) ibb ibb ibb ajarib ajarib Title Mufid-e-‘Aam Munafi‘ Afzaliyyah Muntakhab al-Atibba Mizan al-T Mizan al-T Khair al-T Mizan al-T Khair al-T Munafi‘ Haiwanat Risalah Qabriyyah S.No. 138. 139. 143. 142. 141. 144. 140. 145. 146. 147. Hamdard Medicus 39 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 A.D. A.H. A.H. A.H. ear Y 1853-54 Contd...... ca. 917 ca. 942 Compilation — — — — ca. 1309 — ca. — — — Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Persian Arabic Language Persian Urdu Persian Persian Urdu abib Anonymous) ranslator Ali Author/Compiler usuf ibn Muhammad al-T Anonymous Buqrat (T Y Anonymous Anonymous Pir Mohammad al-Haravi

Mohammad bin Mahmud Chagmini Imam Shaikh Pir Mohammad Anonymous Ziauddin Bakhshi Hasan ) ) ) usufi Manzoom ( Manzoom Manizoom ( ( Allopathy ibb-e-Jadid Jami’ al-Fawaid Majmu’a Rasail Y Risalah Qabriyyah Dalail al-Nabz Qasidah Dar ‘Hifz Sehat Badan Title Dalail al-Baul Qanuncha T Dalail-e-Nabz Bayaz Lazzat al-Nisa Masnawi Rumuz al-’Arifin 158. 156. 155. 159. 157. S.No. 154. 148. 149. 153. 152. 151. 150. Hamdard Medicus 40 Vol. 58, No. 3, 2015 AH. AH. ear Y — ca. 942 Compilation ca. 913 — — — — — — — Persian Persian Language Persian Persian Persian Arabic Arabic Arabic Arabic Arabic Ali Ali bin Author/Compiler

Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Anonymous Abdul Karimullah Abu al-Faraj al-Hasan bin Hindu Mohammad bin Zakariya Razi Mohammad Mazhar Hunain ibn Ishaq Anonymous (Untitled MSS are not mentioned, the number of is increading with time) ibb ) Manzoom Title Dalail al-Baul Fawaid al-Ahhyar Risalah Makul wa Mashrub ( Sittah Zururiah Muntakhib al-Attibbo. Miftah al-T Risalah Bar us’ Saa’li Miftah al-Kunuz wa Misbah al-Rumuz Masa’il Hunain Ibn Ishaq Jawami’ Kitab Jalinus fi al-Baul S.No. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169.