Tektites - the Age Paradox Controversy Revisited
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Spring 1998 Gems & Gemology
VOLUME 34 NO. 1 SPRING 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 1 The Dr. Edward J. Gübelin Most Valuable Article Award FEATURE ARTICLE 4 The Rise to pProminence of the Modern Diamond Cutting Industry in India Menahem Sevdermish, Alan R. Miciak, and Alfred A. Levinson pg. 7 NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES 24 Leigha: The Creation of a Three-Dimensional Intarsia Sculpture Arthur Lee Anderson 34 Russian Synthetic Pink Quartz Vladimir S. Balitsky, Irina B. Makhina, Vadim I. Prygov, Anatolii A. Mar’in, Alexandr G. Emel’chenko, Emmanuel Fritsch, Shane F. McClure, Lu Taijing, Dino DeGhionno, John I. Koivula, and James E. Shigley REGULAR FEATURES pg. 30 44 Gem Trade Lab Notes 50 Gem News 64 Gems & Gemology Challenge 66 Book Reviews 68 Gemological Abstracts ABOUT THE COVER: Over the past 30 years, India has emerged as the dominant sup- plier of small cut diamonds for the world market. Today, nearly 70% by weight of the diamonds polished worldwide come from India. The feature article in this issue discuss- es India’s near-monopoly of the cut diamond industry, and reviews India’s impact on the worldwide diamond trade. The availability of an enormous amount of small, low-cost pg. 42 Indian diamonds has recently spawned a growing jewelry manufacturing sector in India. However, the Indian diamond jewelery–making tradition has been around much longer, pg. 46 as shown by the 19th century necklace (39.0 cm long), pendant (4.5 cm high), and bracelet (17.5 cm long) on the cover. The necklace contains 31 table-cut diamond panels, with enamels and freshwater pearls. -
Cross-References ASTEROID IMPACT Definition and Introduction History of Impact Cratering Studies
18 ASTEROID IMPACT Tedesco, E. F., Noah, P. V., Noah, M., and Price, S. D., 2002. The identification and confirmation of impact structures on supplemental IRAS minor planet survey. The Astronomical Earth were developed: (a) crater morphology, (b) geo- 123 – Journal, , 1056 1085. physical anomalies, (c) evidence for shock metamor- Tholen, D. J., and Barucci, M. A., 1989. Asteroid taxonomy. In Binzel, R. P., Gehrels, T., and Matthews, M. S. (eds.), phism, and (d) the presence of meteorites or geochemical Asteroids II. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 298–315. evidence for traces of the meteoritic projectile – of which Yeomans, D., and Baalke, R., 2009. Near Earth Object Program. only (c) and (d) can provide confirming evidence. Remote Available from World Wide Web: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/ sensing, including morphological observations, as well programs. as geophysical studies, cannot provide confirming evi- dence – which requires the study of actual rock samples. Cross-references Impacts influenced the geological and biological evolu- tion of our own planet; the best known example is the link Albedo between the 200-km-diameter Chicxulub impact structure Asteroid Impact Asteroid Impact Mitigation in Mexico and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Under- Asteroid Impact Prediction standing impact structures, their formation processes, Torino Scale and their consequences should be of interest not only to Earth and planetary scientists, but also to society in general. ASTEROID IMPACT History of impact cratering studies In the geological sciences, it has only recently been recog- Christian Koeberl nized how important the process of impact cratering is on Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria a planetary scale. -
NEW HIGH-PRECISION POTASSIUM ISOTOPES of TEKTITES. Y. Jiang1,2, H
49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083) 1311.pdf NEW HIGH-PRECISION POTASSIUM ISOTOPES OF TEKTITES. Y. Jiang1,2, H. Chen2, B. Fegley, Jr.2, K. Lodders2, W. Hsu3, S. B. Jacobsen4, K. Wang (王昆)2. 1CAS Key Laboratory of Planetary Sciences, Purple Moun- tain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences ([email protected]), 2Dept. Earth & Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis ([email protected]), 3Space Sci- ence Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, 4Dept. Earth & Planetary Sciences, Harvard University. Introduction: Tektites are natural glassy objects crater of Hawaii (BHVO-1), are also analyzed. Hainan formed from the melting and rapid cooling of terrestri- Tektite is a typical splash-form tektite from Hainan al rocks during the high-energy impacts of meteorites, Island, China and of a dumbbell shape. We analyzed K comets, or asteroids upon the surface of the Earth [1]. isotopes of 15 chips along the longitudinal axis of its Chemical and isotopic compositions indicate that pre- profile, on a Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS at Washington cursor components of tektites are the upper terrestrial University in St. Louis [14]. Except for Hainan tektite, continental crust, rather than extraterrestrial rocks. all other samples were only analyzed in bulk, with a Tektites are characterized by the depletion of volatile GV Instruments IsoProbe P MC-ICP-MS at Harvard elements and water, and heavy Cd, Sn, Zn and Cu iso- University following the description in [13]. K isotope topic compositions [2-5]. Since volatilities of elements compositions are reported using the per mil (‰) nota- 41 41 39 41 39 are defined by their 50% condensation temperature (Tc) tion, where δ K = ([( K/ K)sample/( K/ K)standard – of the solar nebula gas at 10-4 bars [6], there is no rea- 1]×1000). -
The Hamburg Meteorite Fall: Fireball Trajectory, Orbit and Dynamics
The Hamburg Meteorite Fall: Fireball trajectory, orbit and dynamics P.G. Brown1,2*, D. Vida3, D.E. Moser4, M. Granvik5,6, W.J. Koshak7, D. Chu8, J. Steckloff9,10, A. Licata11, S. Hariri12, J. Mason13, M. Mazur3, W. Cooke14, and Z. Krzeminski1 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6130-7039 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada 2Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada 3Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada ( 4Jacobs Space Exploration Group, EV44/Meteoroid Environment Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA 5Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 6 Division of Space Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Kiruna, Box 848, S-98128, Sweden 7NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, ST11, Robert Cramer Research Hall, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA 8Chesapeake Aerospace LLC, Grasonville, MD 21638, USA 9Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA 10Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 11Farmington Community Stargazers, Farmington Hills, MI, USA 12Department of Physics and Astronomy, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA 13Orchard Ridge Campus, Oakland Community College, Farmington Hills, MI, USA 14NASA Meteoroid Environment Office, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA Accepted to Meteoritics and Planetary Science, June 19, 2019 85 pages, 4 tables, 15 figures, 1 appendix. Original submission September, 2018. 1 Abstract The Hamburg (H4) meteorite fell on January 17, 2018 at 01:08 UT approximately 10km North of Ann Arbor, Michigan. -
Naretha Meteorite (Synonyms Kingoonya, Kingooya)
Rec. West. Aust. Mus., 1976, 4 (1) NARETHA METEORITE (Sync;>nyms: Kingoonya, Kingooya) W.H. CLEVERLY* [Received 27 May 1975. Accepted 1 October 1975. Published 31 August 1976.1 ABSTRACT Much of the missing portion of the Naretha (Western Australia) meteorite has been located in museums as an un-named specimen and as two smaller specimens masquerading under the name 'Kingoonya' (or 'Kingooya'). The use of the junior synonyms with their implications of a South Australian site of find should be discontinued. INTRODUCfION Naretha meteorite, an L4 chondrite, was found in 1915 about 3 km north of the 205-mile station during construction of the Trans-Australian Railway. It was broken into at least three major pieces which were acquired by Mr John Darbyshire, Supervising Engineer for the construction of the western end of the railway (construction was proceeding simultaneously from both Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta ends - Fig. 1). Mr Darbyshire donated the meteorite to the W.A. School of Mines in Kalgoorlie where one' piece was retained and exhibited with a photograph of the reassembled meteorite (Fig. 2). A second fragment which was passed on to the Geological Survey of Western Australia was noted briefly by Simpson (1922) who first used the name 'Naretha', the name which had been given to the 205-mile station. There is strong presumptive evidence that the third fragment was passed on to Mr S.F.C. Cook of Kalgoorlie, a private collector from whose inaccurate verbal statements and undocumented collection, the subsequent confusion arose. In late 1926 Mr Cook gave a small piece of 'meteorite to Mr G.W. -
The 3D.Y Knom Example Is /1"<
t Sixth International Congress on Glass - Washington, D. C., 1962. Fossil Glasses Produced by Inpact of Meteorites, Asteroids 2nd Possibly Comets with the Planet Xarth* A. J. Zzhen :&uon Insticute, Pittsburgh, ?ennsylvania (U. S. A. ) Sunnary / (to be trmslzted izto Frerzh and German) - i in recent thes one of the nost intriging aysteries of geGlogy has ceen the occurrence of aerodgnasicdly-shaped glasses on five continents of the earth. Tnese glasses mder discussion are obviously not of f-d- guritic origin. 3ecent research indicates that these glasses laom as tektites are the result of meteorite, esteroid, or sossibly comet hpact. Lqact glass?s, io generzl, differ Tram volcanic glasses in that they are lo;;.tr in ?,iater zontent, have laver gallium and germiun ccntents, and are rot necessarily ia mgnaticalljr unstable continental areas. These hpac- tites may be divided as follovs: (1)Glasses found in or near terrestrial neteorite craters. These glasses usually contain numerous s-,'nerules 02 nickel-iron, coesite, chunlks of partially melted meteoritic inatter and even stishovite. Shattered or fractured melted mi-nerals such as quarts are comxonly gresent. Aerodpaaic-shaping nay or nay not be present in this t-ne. &m?les are Canyon Diablo and Wabar Crster glasses. (2) Impzct- glasses zssociated with craters uitn no evidence of meteoritic mterial i? the @.ass or surrounding the explosisn site. The 3d.y knom example is /1"< Tnis vork vas supported by Xatiocal A-eroEautizs and Space P.dministretioq,$ 3esezrch Grant NsG-37-6O Supplement 1-62. Page 2 glass associated with AoueUoul Crater in the Western Sahara Desert. -
1971 August Council Minutes
Minutes of the Council Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 34th Annual Meeting August, 1971 Tubingen, West Germany The meeting convened at 8:00 p.m. with President Wood presiding. In attendance were Vice Presidents Edward Anders and Robin Brett, Secretary Ted Bunch, Treasurer Ursula Marvin, Editor Carleton Moore, Director Meteor Section Peter Millman, Councilors Vagn Buchwald, Don Gault, Ahmed El Goresy, Ian Halliday and John Wasson. Also in attendance was Denis Shaw, Executive Editor of GCA. Visitors attending included Roy Clarke, Jr., and Peter Eberhardt. Program, 34th Annual Meeting President Wood presented the meeting program, followed by a brief discussion. The Council unanimously approved the program. Minutes and Secretary's Report The Secretary presented the minutes of the Council meeting of April 15, 1971 (Washington, D. C.) that were recorded by the Acting Secretary, Ursula Marvin. The minutes were approved as submitted. The Secretary presented a report to the Council summarizing membership activity and also informed the Council that he was the Society's Representative to the 24th International Geologic Congress in 1972. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer presented two balance sheets and pointed out that we are operating at an overall yearly deficit of approximately $1000. After consultation with the Editor, C. B. Moore, the Treasurer stated that the major cause of the deficit is the publication costs of Meteoritics ($1100jissue). Several suggestions were made to improve the situation. Brett suggested that we increase the membership for larger dues income. Bunch suggested a membership booth be established at the Meeting. Anders suggested a drive to increase library subscriptions. The President offered to contact the Membership Committee Chairman, Terry Offield, for initiating a membership drive. -
Investigating Possible Belize Tektites – Request of an Extended Database on Magnetic and Raman Spectroscopical Signature of Natural Glasses
47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016) 2482.pdf INVESTIGATING POSSIBLE BELIZE TEKTITES – REQUEST OF AN EXTENDED DATABASE ON MAGNETIC AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPICAL SIGNATURE OF NATURAL GLASSES. V.H. Hoffmann1,2, Kaliwoda M.3, Hochleitner R.3, M. Funaki4, M. Torii5. 1Faculty of Geosciences, Dep. Geo- and Envi- ronm. Sciences, Univ. Munich; 2Dep. Geosciences, Univ. Tuebingen, 3MSCM, Munich, Germany; 4Tokyo, Japan; 5Okayama, Japan. Introduction m (gr) MS (10-9 m3/kg) Log MS Since 1992 findings of possible tektite glasses have- Belize A 1.35 123.5 2.09 been reported from Tikal region, Guatemala, and later Belize 1 0.61 131.5 2.12 from Belize, here most likely in situ. Therefore the Belize 2 0.67 128.5 2.11 existence of a Central American tektite strewn field Belize 3 0.42 178.7 2.25 was proposed [1,2]. Ages of between 780 and 820 ± Belize 4 0.33 212.8 2.33 40 ka have been determined for Belize glasses [3-5]. The radiometric age constraints are indistinguishable Belize 5 0.53 168.3 2.23 from the ages of the Australite-Indochinite tektite Belize 6 0.52 195.4 2.29 strewn field (~770 ka). However, additional investiga- Belize 7 0.36 170.5 2.23 tions on Belize glasses reported different geochemical Belize 8 0.56 129.0 2.11 signatures in comparison to the Australite-Indochinite Range 123.5 – 212.8 2.09 – 2.33 tektites [6-10]. Pantasma structure in Nicaragua was Average 159.8 2.20 proposed as a possible impact crater [11]. -
DISTRIBUTION of PULTUSK METEORITE FRAGMENTS. T. Brachaniec1 and J. W. Kosiński2, 1University of Silesia; Faculty of Earth Science; Bedzinska Str
45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 1067.pdf DISTRIBUTION OF PULTUSK METEORITE FRAGMENTS. T. Brachaniec1 and J. W. Kosiński2, 1University of Silesia; Faculty of Earth Science; Bedzinska str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec; email: [email protected], 2Comet and Meteor Workshop - Meteorites Section, Warsaw; email: [email protected]. Pultusk meteorite, which is classified as a brec- Modern research of literature and field working ciated H5 chondrite [1] fell at 30th of January 1868 in (Fig. 1) clearly show that the map created by Sam- Central Poland. The bolide was witnessed over a huge sonowicz is only a approximate picture of the distribu- part of Europe, from cities in Hungary and Austria in tion of Pultusk meteorites. The result of a field search- the south, to Gdańsk (Poland), Russia, in the north, ing is an observation that in a small area occur small and big specimens. Author has been claimed that in and from Berlin (Germany), in the west to Grodno the central part of the ellipse should be found speci- (Belarus), in the east. The shock from the bolide re- mens from 0.2 to 2 kg, however, in this area occur portedly collapsed structures in Warsaw, 60 km south small meteorites, weighing a few grams, called “Pul- of where it impacted. Within a few days of the fall, tusk peas”. There are many indications that Sam- about 400 pieces of the meteorite were collected. sonowicz also overestimated the amount of fallen me- After 80 years after the fall Samsonowicz as first teorites [3][4]. published his field working results [2]. -
Antartic Meterorite Newsletter Volume 3
A periodical issued by the Antarctic Meteorite Working Group to inform scientists of the basic characteristics of specimens recovered in the Antarctic. I Volume 3, Number March, 1980 I Supported by the National Science Foundation, Division of Polar Programs, and compiled at Code SN2, Johnson Space Center, NASA, Houston, Texas 77058 The Meteorite Working Group will meet next on April 10, 1980, to consider sample requests for Antarctic meteorites. Please submit requests to: John O. Annexstad Secretary, Meteorite Working Group Curator's Branch/SN2 NASA-JohnsonSpace Center Houston, TX 77058 Availability of Large Chondrites for Studies of Cosmic-Ray-lnteractions: Two large ordinary chondrites, Allan Hills 78084 (_ 15 kg) and Meteorite Hills 78028 (_ 20 kg), appear to be complete specimens in that they are nearly fully covered with a fusion crust. Preliminary examination suggests that neither meteorite is appreciably weathered or fractured. It is the intention of the MWGthat samples of one of these meteorites be made available to investigators wishing to make detailed studies of products of cosmic ray interactions as a function of depth in a relatively large chondrite. For such studies, the MWG will entertain moderately elaborate requests for multiple samples from accurately determined subsurface depths. The MWGwill also entertain requests from investi- gators who wish to organize and lead a consortium-like study of the products of cosmic ray interactions in one of these chondrites. Although the descriptions and petrographic classifications of these chondrites will not be announced until the next Newsletter, persons wishiing to participate in the planned investigations of cosmogenic products are encouraged to transmit a sample request or a statement of their intent to participate to the MWGbefore the April meeting. -
The Tennessee Meteorite Impact Sites and Changing Perspectives on Impact Cratering
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND THE TENNESSEE METEORITE IMPACT SITES AND CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ON IMPACT CRATERING A dissertation submitted by Janaruth Harling Ford B.A. Cum Laude (Vanderbilt University), M. Astron. (University of Western Sydney) For the award of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 ABSTRACT Terrestrial impact structures offer astronomers and geologists opportunities to study the impact cratering process. Tennessee has four structures of interest. Information gained over the last century and a half concerning these sites is scattered throughout astronomical, geological and other specialized scientific journals, books, and literature, some of which are elusive. Gathering and compiling this widely- spread information into one historical document benefits the scientific community in general. The Wells Creek Structure is a proven impact site, and has been referred to as the ‘syntype’ cryptoexplosion structure for the United State. It was the first impact structure in the United States in which shatter cones were identified and was probably the subject of the first detailed geological report on a cryptoexplosive structure in the United States. The Wells Creek Structure displays bilateral symmetry, and three smaller ‘craters’ lie to the north of the main Wells Creek structure along its axis of symmetry. The question remains as to whether or not these structures have a common origin with the Wells Creek structure. The Flynn Creek Structure, another proven impact site, was first mentioned as a site of disturbance in Safford’s 1869 report on the geology of Tennessee. It has been noted as the terrestrial feature that bears the closest resemblance to a typical lunar crater, even though it is the probable result of a shallow marine impact. -
1/Keticanjfllsdum
>1/keticanJfllsdum PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK 24, N.Y. NUMBER 2069 DECEMBER 29, I96I The Composition of the Ottawa, Chateau-Renard, Mocs, and New Concord Meteorites BY BRIAN MASON' AND H. B. WIIK2 THE OTAWA, KANSAS, METEORITE This meteorite fell near Ottawa, Kansas, on the evening of April 9, 1896. The only accounts of this fall we have been able to trace ap- peared in the Ottawa Weekly Times of April 16, 1896, and in the Ottawa Weekly Herald of the same date. The latter reads as follows: "A meteorite, weighing 31 ounces, was on exhibition at C. L. Becker and Co.'s drug store last week which fell the evening of April 9 on the farm ofJ. T. Black, nine miles northwest of town. The surface of the meteorite was blackened as though it had been subjected to great heat. It is globular in form, with an uneven surface." The account from the Ottawa Weekly Times reads as follows: "Last Thursday afternoon while Joe Black, of this city, was out to his farm northeast of Peoria, and was at work in his orchard trimming trees, between five and six o'clock, there was a terrific explosion in mid air just above him, followed by a number of explosions in quick succes- sion resembling the fireing of musketry. The sky was clear; not a cloud was visible; the heavens appeared to be filled with explosives, and whizzing missiles, resembling bullets and cannon balls; the noise was heard in Ottawa, and reports say, at a distance of 30 to 40 miles.