Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System
WA-RD 777.1 Julia Kintsch July 2011 Patricia C. Cramer
WSDOT Research Report Office of Research & Library Services
TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT 3. RECIPIENTS CATALOG NO ACCESSION NO. WA-RD 777.1 4. TITLE AND SUBTILLE 5. REPORT DATE Permeability of Existing Structures for Wildlife: Developing a Passage Assessment System 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. Julia Kintsch and Patricia Cramer 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND 10. WORK UNIT NO. ADDRESS Patricia Cramer, Utah State University, Dept. of Willdand Resources, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-5230 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.
Julia Kintsch, ECO-resolutions, LLC, 1149 Downing St., Denver, Colorado 80218
12. CPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT) 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES This study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 16. ABSTRACT A Passage Assessment System (PAS) was developed to help the Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT) evaluate existing transportation infrastructure for its ability to facilitate terrestrial wildlife movement from one side of a roadway to the other. The outcomes of this research provide mechanisms to allow transportation agencies to identify both opportunities and barriers to wildlife passage along roads. The PAS presented in this report provides an assessment process that differentiates – for different types of wildlife – between structures that are currently functional, those that could be enhanced to become more functional, and those that are not based on how the wildlife respond to roads and crossing structures. Structural Functional Classes were also defined to classify road infrastructure, such as bridges, culverts and pipes, to create a common understanding of terminology related to wildlife crossings. The field research was conducted for six months in six locations in central and western Washington with the objective of ascertaining which species of wildlife approached and used different types of structures. The PAS was then developed on the basis of these field data, research on wildlife use of crossings across North America, and the organization provided by the Species Movement Guilds and Structural Functional Classes. The PAS guides practitioners through a series of targeted questions designed to characterize a bridge or culvert relative to its potential to function as a wildlife passage for the full range of wildlife known to occur at a given site. The PAS is intended as an evaluation tool to ensure that biologists ask the right questions in the field and fully document the conditions that may affect passage functionality for the diversity of target species. By answering questions about the structure characteristics, vegetation, land use, roadway, barriers and fencing, the biologist will have a complete passage assessment including preliminary ideas for improving the structure, which can be further refined during the project planning and design processes. The PAS provides an effective mechanism for determining which structures are suitable for enhancements to improve their functionality as wildlife passages or, if no such enhancements are appropriate, identify structure replacement needs for improved highway permeability for wildlife. A Passage Enhancement toolbox is provided to complement the PAS and presents a number of infrastructure adjustments and maintenance actions that may be implemented to help wildlife better move through structures. This toolbox may be used to help guide users in developing site-specific recommendations.
The Passage Assessment System supports timely inclusion of wildlife passage needs from the onset of highway corridor planning, project planning and design. It offers potential cost-savings and minimized project delays by identifying passage modifications that may be significantly less costly than new infrastructure. Where existing culverts and bridges can be shown to pass wildlife, it would help to reduce future construction costs for wildlife crossings in those areas and help to prioritize which areas are lacking in potential crossings and need additional mitigation. 17. KEY WORDS: wildlife, wildlife crossing, 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT permeability, connectivity, retrofit, bridge, culvert, fence, enhancements
19. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of this report) 20. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of this page) 21. NO. OF PAGES 22. PRICE None None
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Rocky Mt Species Guild Common Name Scientific Name Subalpine Alpine Vancouverian Matrix Forest Matrix Low Mobility Small Fauna Cascades Frog Rana cascadae X Columbia Spotted Frog Rana luteiventris X X Creeping Vole Microtus oregoni X Gopher Snake Pituophis catenifer X X Least Chipmunk Tamias minimus X Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora X Northwestern Garter Thamnophis Snake ordinoides X Northern Alligator Lizard Gerrhonotus coerulea X Pika Ochotona princeps X Sagebrush Lizard Sceloporus graciosus X Gerrhonotus Southern Alligator Lizard multicarinatus X Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X Vagrant Shrew Sorex vagrans X X X Western Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis X X Western Toad Bufo boreas X X XX Western Yellow-bellied Racer Coluber constrictor X X Yellow Pine Chipmunk X Moderate Mobility Small Fauna American Badger Taxidea taxus X American Marten Martes americana X X X Black-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus californicus X Fisher Martes pennanti X X X Mink Mustela vison X Olympic Marmot Marmota olympus X X Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus X X Spotted Skunk Spilogale putorius X Washington Ground Spermophilus Squirrel washingtoni X White-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus townsendii X Western Gray Squirrel Sciurus griseus X Yellow-Bellied Marmot Marmota flaviventris X !""#$%&'(!)(*+,-.(/"#,�(-$%(/"#,�(1+2#3#$4(56&.%0(7+8(49#(/4-4#(+7(:-09&$;4+$( ( ( ( ( "#$! ! ! Bioregion Semi-Desert N. Rocky Mt Species Guild Common Name Scientific Name Subalpine Alpine Vancouverian Matrix Forest Matrix Adaptive High Mobility Fauna Black Bear Ursus americanus X X X X Bobcat Lynx rufus X Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis X Coyote Canis latrans X X X High Openness High Mobility Carnivores Mountain Lion Felis concolor X X Gray Wolf Canis lupus X X Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos X X X X Wolverine Gulo gulo X X Adaptive Ungulates Odocoileus hemionus Black-tailed Deer columbianus Moose Alces alces X X Mountain Goat Oreamnos americanus X X XX X Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus XX XX X X White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus Very High Openness Fauna Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis X Elk Cervus elaphus X X X X Greater Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus X Pronghorn Antilocapra americana Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus Y White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus X X X Woodland Caribou Rangifer tarandus X (limited) Arboreal Fauna Northern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus X X Aerial Fauna Fringed Myotis Myotis thysanodes X Long-legged Myotis Myotis volans Y Northern Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis X X Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus Y (limited) Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans X Townsend's Big-eared Bat Plecotus townsendii X ! !""#$%&'(!)(*+,-.(/"#,�(-$%(/"#,�(1+2#3#$4(56&.%0(7+8(49#(/4-4#(+7(:-09&$;4+$( ( ( ( ( "#$! ! !""#$%&'()*((((("!++!,#(!++#++-#$.(+/+.#-( PASSAGE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM: GENERAL QUESTIONS Please complete this form for each structure visited Date: Location ID: Location Code: Route #: Milepost: GPS ID: GPS Latitude: GPS Longitude: Structure Functional Class: Class 1: small underpass Class 2: medium underpass Class 3: large underpass Class 4: extensive bridge Class 5: wildlife overpass Class 6: specialized culvert Class 7: canopy bridge Species Movement Guild Low Mobility Small Moderate Adaptive High High Openness Adaptive Ungulates (select all that apply): Fauna Mobility Small Mobility Fauna High Mobility Fauna Fauna Very High Arboreal Fauna Aerial Fauna Openness Fauna Briefly describe the general environmental conditions at the time of the assessment (e.g., water levels, vegetation): Bridge Number: Divided or Undivided: Divided Undivided Highway Direction: East/West North/South Roadway Photos Numbers: 1: 2: 3: 4: Appendix B: PAS - General Form Location #:______Page 1 PASSAGE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM: DIVIDED HIGHWAY Special Note About Divided Highways with One Long Structure: This form is designed for divided highways with two separate structures cross under or over opposing traffic lanes, although it may also be use where one long structure crossing the entire roadway, including the median. In this case, users need not complete the sections of the Assessment that correspond to the median side inlet/outlet, which are not present when there is just one long culvert. Users should complete the Median section of the assessment regardless. Preliminary Questions (i.e., fatal flaws) Assess each of the following questions relative to the species guild of interest to determine whether the structure is fatally flawed for members of the Species Movement Guilds indicated: Is the structure longer than 300 feet? Consider each structure under a divided No (continue) Yes (structure is not suitable highway separately. (fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates and Very High Openness for enhancement) Fauna) Is the culvert slope > 30 degrees and 100' or longer? (fatal flaw for all Species No (continue) Yes (structure is not suitable Movement Guilds) for enhancement) Is there extensive development/pavement in the immediate vicinity of one or No (continue) Yes (structure is not suitable both sides of the structure? (fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds) for enhancement) Can you see through the structure to the other (for divided highways, consider Yes (continue) No (structure is not suitable for each structure individually)? (if no, fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates, Very High enhancement) Openness Fauna and High Openness High Mobility Carnivores) West/North Structure What is the shape of the structure? Round Pipe Squash Pipe Box Culvert Arch Culvert Bridge Underpass - sloped Bridge Underpass - straight Bridge Overpass Other (text) sides sides What is the structure material? Concrete Metal Plastic/Fiberglass Other (text) [If Shape = Box] Are there multiple chambers? No Yes - Describe: **If Yes, select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions. [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] Is this a single span or multispan structure? Single span Multispan (1 or more supports) **If Multispan, select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions. [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the West/North side? Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt) -What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical) 0:1 1:1 2:1 [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the East/South side? Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt) -What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical) 0:1 1:1 2:1 Road Attributes Number of lanes of road: Is there parallel infrastructure such as railroads, recreational paths, frontage roads, etc? No Yes - Describe: Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 1 INLET SIDE (West/North Structure) Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: (route_mp_date_photo#):Is there an apron at the inlet? No Yes, metal Yes, concrete Does the culvert have wing walls? No Yes Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried) Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single Chamber For each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – distance from side to side for animal crossing over/under road -Length (feet) – distance through the structure for animal crossing over/under road Obstructions Is the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuous Thick Vegetation Gate Other: Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh Fence Boulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope Fill Slope Is the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slope Approach Vegetation & Cover Is there vegetation/cover within 25' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Is there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Land Use Within 100 feet of inlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other: Noise What does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure? Silent Low Rumble Loud and Jarring Road Attributes How wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)? 0' 0-6' 6-30' Undetermined Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above No Yes, structure only Yes, extensive the structure? Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 2 INSIDE STRUCTURE (West/North Structure) Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: (route_mp_date_photo#):Visibility Does the inside of the structure appear much darker than the outside lighting? High Contrast Low Contrast Is there a clear line of sight from one end of the structure(s) to the other? No Obscured Yes, complete visibility Water Features Is there perennial water flow through structure? No < 3' deep 3-10' deep >10' deep Does there appear to be a dry natural substrate/dirt pathway through the structure during average flows? None Dry Dirt Pathway Rock/Dirt Pathway Dry Rocky Pathway Is there evidence that the dry pathway may be obliterated seasonally or during high water events? No Yes Uncertain Substrate What is the substrate of the floor at the bottom/center of the structure? Concrete/Asphalt Metal Plastic Rocks Dry Soil Stream Bottom Other (txt) -Is there a natural bottom through the length of the structure? Yes No -Is there a natural bottom across the width of the structure? Yes No, > 6" No, 6" or greater Pathway Floor Substrate Does the substrate through the structure appear similar to substrate outside of the structure? Yes No -If No, what is the floor substrate? Concrete Concrete with Baffles/StabilizersSteel Riprap Riprap Boulders Other (text) (> baseball) (> volleyball) -If Yes, what is the minimum width of the dry natural pathway all the way through the structure? <2 feet 2-5 feet 5-10 feet 10-20 feet 20-50 feet Over 50 feet Vegetation Is there vegetative cover and/or woody debris through the structure? None Some Logs, Down Trees Some Grass/Brush Grasses Brush/Bushes/Trees Noise What does passing traffic sound like from the middle of the structure? Silent Low Rumble Loud and Jarring Other Is there a road or trail through the structure? None Paved Road Dirt Road Railroad Paved Trail Dirt Trail Are there obstructions inside the structure? None Debris Soil Baffles Gaps/TrenchesMan-made Items Is there a sky light in structure? No Yes Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 3 OUTLET SIDE (West/North Structure) Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: Is(route_mp_date_photo#): there an apron at the outlet? No Yes, metal Yes, concrete Is the outlet perched? No Yes, < 0.5 feet Yes, > 0.5 feet Does the culvert have wing walls? No Yes Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried) Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single Chamber For each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road -Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road Obstructions Is the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuous Thick Vegetation Gate Other: Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh Fence Boulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope Fill Slope Is the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slope Approach Vegetation & Cover Is there vegetation/cover within 25' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Is there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Land Use Within 100 feet of outlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other: Noise What does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure? Silent Low Rumble Loud and Jarring Road Attributes How wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)? 0' 0-6' 6-30' Undetermined Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above No Yes, structure only Yes, extensive the structure? Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 4 Fencing/Walls (West/North Structure) Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: Is(route_mp_date_photo#): there fencing present on the West/North side of the structure? Yes No Select type of fencing to right when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 10-50 feet 50-100 feet >100 feet ~" mile 1 mile Miles End not visible/known Select type of fencing to left when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 101 feet 120-250 feet # mile " mile 2 mile Miles End not visible/known What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence needed Vegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order Is there an escape ramp(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 1 Yes - 2 or more Is there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 2 Yes - 2 or more Are there uncontrolled driveways or intersections that cause breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? None 1 2-5 6-10 >10 Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 5 East/South Structure What is the shape of the structure? Round Pipe Squash Pipe Box Culvert Arch Culvert Bridge Underpass - sloped Bridge Underpass - straight Bridge Overpass Other (text) sides sides What is the structure material? Concrete Metal Plastic/Fiberg Other (text) lass [If Shape = Box] Are there multiple chambers? No Yes - Describe: **If Yes, user will be prompted "Select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions" [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] Is this a single span or multispan structure? Single span Multispan (1 or more supports) **If Multispan, user will be prompted "Select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions" [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the West/North side? Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt) -What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical) 0:1 1:1 2:1 [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the East/South side? Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt) -What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical) 0:1 1:1 2:1 Road Attributes Number of lanes of road: Is there parallel infrastructure such as railroads, recreational paths, frontage roads, etc? No Yes - Describe: Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 6 INLET SIDE (East/South Structure) Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: Is(route_mp_date_photo#): there an apron at the inlet? No Yes, metal Yes, concrete Does the culvert have wing walls? No Yes Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried) Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single Chamber For each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road -Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road Obstructions Is the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuous Thick Vegetation Gate Other: Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh Fence Boulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope Fill Slope Is the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slope Approach Vegetation & Cover Is there vegetation/cover within 25' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Is there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Land Use Within 100 feet of inlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other: Noise What does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure? Silent Low Rumble Loud and Jarring Road Attributes How wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)? 0' 0-6' 6-30' Undetermined Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above No Yes, structure only Yes, extensive the structure? Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 7 INSIDE STRUCTURE (East/South Structure) Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: (route_mp_date_photo#): Visibility Does the inside of the structure appear much darker than the outside lighting? High Contrast Low Contrast Is there a clear line of sight from one end of the structure(s) to the other? No Obscured Yes, complete visibility Water Features Is there perennial water flow through structure? No < 3' deep 3-10' deep >10' deep Does there appear to be a dry natural substrate/dirt pathway through the structure during average flows? None Dry Dirt Pathway Rock/Dirt Pathway Dry Rocky Pathway Is there evidence that the dry pathway may be obliterated seasonally or during high water events? No Yes Uncertain Substrate What is the substrate of the floor at the bottom/center of the structure? Concrete/Asphalt Metal Plastic Rocks Dry Soil Stream Bottom Other (txt) -Is there a natural bottom through the length of the structure? Yes No -Is there a natural bottom across the width of the structure? Yes No, > 6" No, 6" or greater Pathway Floor Substrate Does the substrate through the structure appear similar to substrate outside of the structure? Yes No -If No, what is the floor substrate? Concrete Concrete with Baffles/StabilizersSteel Riprap Riprap Boulders Other (text) (> baseball) (> volleyball) -If Yes, what is the minimum width of the dry natural pathway all the way through the structure? <2 feet 2-5 feet 5-10 feet 10-20 feet 20-50 feet Over 50 feet Vegetation Is there vegetative cover and/or woody debris through the structure? None Some Logs, Down Trees Some Grass/Brush Grasses Brush/Bushes/Trees Noise What does passing traffic sound like from the middle of the structure? Silent Low Rumble Loud and Jarring Other Is there a road or trail through the structure? None Paved Road Dirt Road Railroad Paved Trail Dirt Trail Are there obstructions inside the structure? None Debris Soil Baffles Gaps/TrenchesMan-made Items Is there a sky light in structure? No Yes Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 8 OUTLET SIDE (East/South Structure) Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: Is(route_mp_date_photo#): there an apron at the outlet? No Yes, metal Yes, concrete Is the outlet perched? No Yes, < 0.5 feet Yes, > 0.5 feet Does the culvert have wing walls? No Yes Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried) Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single Chamber For each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road -Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road Obstructions Is the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuous Thick Vegetation Gate Other: Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh Fence Boulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope Fill Slope Is the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slope Approach Vegetation & Cover Is there vegetation/cover within 25' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Is there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Land Use Within 100 feet of outlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other: Noise What does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure? Silent Low Rumble Loud and Jarring Road Attributes How wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)? 0' 0-6' 6-30' Undetermined Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above No Yes, structure only Yes, extensive the structure? Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 9 Fencing/Walls (East/South Structure) Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: Is(route_mp_date_photo#): there fencing present on the East/South side of the structure? Yes No Select type of fencing to right when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 10-50 feet 50-100 feet >100 feet ~" mile 1 mile Miles End not visible/known Select type of fencing to left when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 101 feet 120-250 feet # mile " mile 2 mile Miles End not visible/known What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence needed Vegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order Is there an escape ramp(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 1 Yes - 2 or more Is there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 2 Yes - 2 or more Are there uncontrolled driveways or intersectionsthat cause breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? None 1 2-5 6-10 >10 Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 10 Median Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: Is(route_mp_date_photo#): there an open median? Yes No [Include checkbox for each measurement below - Actual Measurements?} -What is the length of the median (distance between the two structures)? What is the substrate of the median? Concrete/Asphalt Mix: Man-made & Natural Natural [if substrate = natural] Is there vegetation in the median? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Is their median fencing/walls to prevent animals from accessing the highway via the median? Yes No -Select type of fencing Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) 4-Strand Wire Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence needed Vegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order Notes: General Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: (route_mp_date_photo#):Wildlife Use Are there signs of wildlife use in the structure such as tracks? Tracks Scat Live Animal None Other (text) -If yes, describe Are there signs of wildlife within 30 feet of the entrances? Tracks Scat Roadkill Live Animal None -If yes, describe Other (text) Human Use Is there apparent human activity in the structure? Yes - Frequent/Daily Yes - Occasional No evidence Found -What type(s) of activity? (check all that apply): Camping/Occupancy Vehicle/ATV use Trail Recreation Dog Night Use Other: Which description best matches human activities immediately adjacent to the structure? Daily human activity at both entrances Daily human activity at one entrance Recreational use in a wild setting Wild setting with infrequent human activity Other: Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 11 Species Movement Guild Rankings When ranking the structure, consider how changes in water levels and vegetation growth may affect passage for each Species Movement Guild. A = This animal could make it though as is, or with small modifications C = With modest modifications this structure could be functional F = Can't be fixed with a retrofit Rate this structure for Low Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., slow-moving animals that require a consistent environmental conditions, such as frogs or salamanders: A C F Comments: Rate this structure for Moderate Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., small animals that are fairly adaptable, such as squirrels, skunks, raccoons, fishers and some turtles: A C F Comments: Rate this structure for Adaptive High Mobility Fauna, e.g., fairly tolerant medium-sized animals, such as bobcat, coyote and black bear: A C F Comments: Rate this structure for High Openness High Mobility Carnivores, e.g., larger animals that prefer larger structures, such as grizzly bear or mountain lion A C F Comments: Rate this structure for Adaptive Ungulates, e.g., ungulates that require good visibility through a structure, such as deer, moose or mountain goats: A C F Rate this structure for Very High Openness Fauna, e.g., animals that require large structures with clear lines of sight that are less than 100' long, such as elk, pronghorn and turkey: A C F Comments: Which features could be changed to make the structure more functional for each target Species Movement Guild given an A or C rank? Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:______Page 12 PASSAGE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM: UNDIVIDED HIGHWAY Preliminary Questions (i.e., fatal flaws) Assess each of the following questions relative to the species guild of interest to determine whether the structure is fatally flawed for members of the Species Movement Guilds indicated: Is the structure longer than 300 feet? (fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates and Very No (continue) Yes (structure is not suitable High Openness Fauna) for enhancement) Is the culvert slope > 30 degrees and 100' or longer? (fatal flaw for all Species No (continue) Yes (structure is not suitable Movement Guilds) for enhancement) Is there extensive development/pavement in the immediate vicinity of one or No (continue) Yes (structure is not suitable both sides of the structure? (fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds) for enhancement) Can you see through the structure to the other (for divided highways, consider Yes (continue) No (structure is not suitable for each structure individually)? (if no, fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates, Very High enhancement) Openness Fauna and High Openness High Mobility Carnivores) Structure What is the shape of the structure? Round Pipe Squash Pipe Box Culvert Arch Culvert Bridge Underpass - sloped Bridge Underpass - straight Bridge Overpass Other (text) sides sides What is the structure material? Concrete Metal Plastic/Fiberglass Other (text) [If Shape = Box] Are there multiple chambers? No Yes - # of Chambers? (num) **If Yes, select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions. [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] Is this a single span or multispan structure? Single span Multispan (1 or more supports) **If Multispan, select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions. [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the West/North side? Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt) -What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical) 0:1 1:1 2:1 [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the East/South side? Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt) -What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical) 0:1 1:1 2:1 Road Attributes Number of lanes of road: Is there parallel infrastructure such as railroads, recreational paths, frontage roads, etc? No Yes - Describe: Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:______Page 1 INLET SIDE Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: (route_mp_date_photo#):Is there an apron at the inlet? No Yes, metal Yes, concrete Does the culvert have wing walls? No Yes Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried) Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single Chamber For each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road -Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road Obstructions Is the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuous Thick Vegetation Gate Other: Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh Fence Boulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope Fill Slope Is the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slope Approach Vegetation & Cover Is there vegetation/cover within 25' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Is there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Land Use Within 100 feet of inlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other: Noise What does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure? Silent Low Rumble Loud and Jarring Road Attributes How wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)? 0' 0-6' 6-30' Undetermined Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above No Yes, structure only Yes, extensive the structure? Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:______Page 2 Inlet Side: Fencing/Walls Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: Is(route_mp_date_photo#): there fencing associated with the inlet side of the structure? Yes No Select type of fencing to right when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 10-50 feet 50-100 feet >100 feet ~" mile 1 mile Miles End not visible/known Select type of fencing to left when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 101 feet 120-250 feet # mile " mile 2 mile Miles End not visible/known What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence needed Vegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order Is there an escape ramp(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 1 Yes - 2 or more Is there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 2 Yes - 2 or more Are there uncontrolled driveways or intersectionsthat cause breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? None 1 2-5 6-10 >10 Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:______Page 3 INSIDE STRUCTURE Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: (route_mp_date_photo#): Visibility Does the inside of the structure appear much darker than the outside lighting? High Contrast Low Contrast Is there a clear line of sight from one end of the structure(s) to the other? No Obscured Yes, complete visibility Water Features Is there perennial water flow through structure? No < 3' deep 3-10' deep >10' deep Does there appear to be a dry natural substrate/dirt pathway through the structure during average flows? None Dry Dirt Pathway Rock/Dirt Pathway Dry Rocky Pathway Is there evidence that the dry pathway may be obliterated seasonally or during high water events? No Yes Uncertain Substrate What is the substrate of the floor at the bottom/center of the structure? Concrete/Asphalt Metal Plastic Rocks Dry Soil Stream Bottom Other (txt) -Is there a natural bottom through the length of the structure? Yes No -Is there a natural bottom across the width of the structure? Yes No, > 6" No, 6" or greater Pathway Floor Substrate Does the substrate through the structure appear similar to substrate outside of the structure? Yes No -If No, what is the floor substrate? Concrete Concrete with Baffles/StabilizersSteel Riprap Riprap Boulders Other (text) (> baseball) (> volleyball) -If Yes, what is the minimum width of the dry natural pathway all the way through the structure? <2 feet 2-5 feet 5-10 feet 10-20 feet 20-50 feet Over 50 feet Vegetation Is there vegetative cover and/or woody debris through the structure? None Some Logs, Down Trees Some Grass/Brush Grasses Brush/Bushes/Trees Noise What does passing traffic sound like from the middle of the structure? Silent Low Rumble Loud and Jarring Other Is there a road or trail through the structure? None Paved Road Dirt Road Railroad Paved Trail Dirt Trail Are there obstructions inside the structure? None Debris Soil Baffles Gaps/TrenchesMan-made Items Is there a sky light in structure? No Yes Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:______Page 4 OUTLET SIDE Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: Is(route_mp_date_photo#): there an apron at the outlet? No Yes, metal Yes, concrete Is the outlet perched? No Yes, < 0.5 feet Yes, > 0.5 feet Does the culvert have wing walls? No Yes Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried) Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single Chamber For each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road -Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road Obstructions Is the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuous Thick Vegetation Gate Other: Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh Fence Boulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope Fill Slope Is the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slope Approach Vegetation & Cover Is there vegetation/cover within 25' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Is there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees Land Use Within 100 feet of outlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other: Noise What does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure? Silent Low Rumble Loud and Jarring Road Attributes How wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)? 0' 0-6' 6-30' Undetermined Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above No Yes, structure only Yes, extensive the structure? Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:______Page 5 Outlet Side: Fencing/Walls Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: Is(route_mp_date_photo#): there fencing associated with the outlet side of the structure? Yes No Select type of fencing to right when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 10-50 feet 50-100 feet >100 feet ~" mile 1 mile miles end not visible/known Select type of fencing to left when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 101 feet 120-250 feet # mile " mile 2 mile miles end not visible/known What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence needed Vegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order Is there an escape ramp(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 1 Yes - 2 or more Is there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 2 Yes - 2 or more Are there uncontrolled driveways or intersections that cause breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? None 1 2-5 6-10 >10 Notes: Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:______Page 6 General Photo Number 1: 2: 3: 4: (route_mp_date_photo#):Wildlife Use Are there signs of wildlife use in the structure such as tracks? Tracks Scat Live Animal None Other (text) -If yes, describe Are there signs of wildlife within 30 feet of the entrances? Tracks Scat Roadkill Live Animal None -If yes, describe Other (text) Human Use Is there apparent human activity in the structure? Yes - Frequent/Daily Yes - Occasional No evidence Found -What type(s) of activity? (check all that apply): Camping/Occupancy Vehicle/ATV use Trail Recreation Dog Night Use Other: Which description best matches human activities immediately adjacent to the structure? Daily human activity at both entrances Daily human activity at one entrance Recreational use in a wild setting Wild setting with infrequent human activity Other: Notes: Species Movement Guild Rankings When ranking the structure, consider how changes in water levels and vegetation growth may affect passage for each Species Movement Guild. A = This animal could make it though as is, or with small modifications C = With modest modifications this structure could be functional F = Can't be fixed with a retrofit Rate this structure for Low Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., slow-moving animals that require a consistent environmental conditions, such as frogs or salamanders: A C F Comments: Rate this structure for Moderate Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., small animals that are fairly adaptable, such as squirrels, skunks, raccoons, fishers and some turtles: A C F Comments: Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:______Page 7 Rate this structure for Adaptive High Mobility Fauna, e.g., fairly tolerant medium-sized animals, such as bobcat, coyote and black bear: A C F Comments: Rate this structure for High Openness High Mobility Carnivores, e.g., larger animals that prefer larger structures, such as grizzly bear or mountain lion A C F Comments: Rate this structure for Adaptive Ungulates, e.g., ungulates that require good visibility through a structure, such as deer, moose or mountain goats: A C F Comments: Rate this structure for Very High Openness Fauna, e.g., animals that require large structures with clear lines of sight that are less than 100' long, such as elk, pronghorn and turkey: A C F Comments: Which features could be changed to make the structure more functional for any Species Movement Guild given an A or C rank? Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:______Page 8 User's Guide to Passage Assessment System This User's Guide is a reference document to assist users of the Passage Assessment System. For each structure that is being evaluated, the user will complete (1) General Assessment Questions, and (2) Divided or Undivided Highway Assessment Questions, depending on whether the structure is located on a divided or undivided highway. Each of the questions in these sections are fully explained in this User's Guide. MATERIALS: Clipboard, GPS unit, camera, 200' measuring tape Special Note About Seasonality and Using the PAS: The time of year at which the PAS is conducted can greatly later perspectives on the functionality of the structure for a given Species Movement Guild because of changes in water flows in different seasons. At locations where terrestrial passage may be significantly affected by changes in water levels, it is recommended that the PAS be conducted two or more times throughout the year to more accurately capture the impacts on terrestrial passage through the structure. Multiple assessments can also provide additional information relating to changes in vegetation growth and signs of animal activity throughout the year. Special Note About Urban Environments: The Passage Assessment System was developed for the purpose of assessing highway infrastructure located in non-urban environments. This evaluation system may also be applied to structures located in urban environments, however, users should be aware that urban wildlife are more adapted to human activity and infrastructure than their non-urban counterparts and may, therefore, have different tolerances for which the user will need to account when developing enhancement solutions. Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 1 TAB 1: GENERAL QUESTIONS This form should be completed for each structure being evaluated. Date: Today's date (dd/mm/yyyy) Location ID: Unique location number assigned to a given structure during a given field session (i.e., 01, 02, 03, etc) Location Code: Unique identifier code for a given structure written as: route number_milepost_location id (e.g., 90_234_07 for US90, MP 234, Location #7) Route #: Highway number (e.g. US 101) Milepost: Milepost number to the nearest tenth mile GPS ID: Record ID number automatically generated by the GPS unit GPS Latitude: Derived from the GPS unit GPS Longitude: Derived from the GPS unit Structure Functional Class: Select the appropriate Functional Class of the structure being evaluated: 1 = small underpass (<5' span); 2 = medium underpass (5-8' span x 8' rise); 3 = large underpass (! 20' span x 8' rise, or ! 10' span x 10' rise) ; 4 = extensive bridge; 5 = wildlife overpass; 6 = specialized culverts; 7 = canopy bridge. Refer to the document Functional Classes of Structures for complete descriptions. Species Movement Guild: Identify the Species Movement Guilds that have been identified for this location (select all that apply): Low Mobility Fauna; Moderate Mobility Small Fauna; Adaptive High Mobility Fauna; High Openness High Mobility Fauna; Adaptive Ungulates; Very High Openness Fauna; Arboreal Fauna; Aerial Fauna. Refer to the document Terrestrial Species Guilds for complete descriptions. Bridge Number: WSDOT identification number Divided or Undivided: Note if the highway along this segment is divided or undivided at the point of the structure being evaluated. Highway Direction: Note if the primary direction of the roadway is east-west or north-south. Roadway Photo Numbers: Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot! Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 2 TAB 2 or 3: DIVIDED OR UNDIVIDED HIGHWAY Select the appropriate form for evaluating a given structure based on whether the structure is at a divided or undivided highway. While the questions posed are the same for a divided or undivided highway, they must be posed independently for each structure at a divided highway site. Evaluation questions are divided into distinct sections to guide the evaluation process. Some questions are repeated to capture conditions on both sides of a structure. Preliminary Questions These are a collection of targeted questions designed to determine if there is a ‘fatal flaw’ with the structure relative to the Species Movement Guild(s) of interest. Each question should be considered relative to the Species Movement Guilds indicated. If a fatal flaw is identified, then the user need not complete all of the Passage Evaluations System questions as the fatal flaw renders the structure unsuitable for a enhancement; a redesigned and reconstructed structure is required to pass wildlife at that location. Is the structure longer than 300 feet? A 'Yes' response is considered a fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates and Very High Openness Fauna and the structure is not suitable for enhancements. If the response is 'No', the user continues with the evaluation. Is the culvert slope > 30 degrees and A 'Yes' response is considered a fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds and the structure is not 100' or longer? suitable for enhancement. If the response is 'No', the user continues with the evaluation. This threshold is intended as a general guideline; it may be adjusted based on additional research or local expertise. Is there extensive human A 'Yes' response is considered a fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds and the structure is not development/pavement in the suitable for enhancement. While structures in a developed landscape may pass some animals that immediate vicinity of one or both have adapted to that landscape, these structures offer limited use for passing wildlife populations and sides of the structure? improving connectivity. If the response is 'No', the user continues with the evaluation. Can you see through the structure to A 'No' response is considered a fatal flaw for several species guilds and the structure is not suitable for the other side (for divided highways, enhancement. If the response is 'No', the user continues with the evaluation. consider each structure individually)? Structure What is the shape of the structure? Select one: Round Pipe, Squash Pipe, Box Culvert, Arch Culvert, Bridge Underpass with sloped sides, Bridge Underpass with straight sides, Bridge Overpass or Other (describe). What is the structure material? Refers to the material used to construct the structure, on the inside of the structure that an animal passing through would experience. This question does not refer to the presence of natural or deposited sediment on the floor of the structure. Select one: Concrete, Metal, Plastic/Fiberglass Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 3 [If Shape = Box] Are there multiple If the structure is a box culvert, the user is prompted to answer this question. Multiple chambers occur chambers? if the box has one or more divisions, resulting in discrete chambers. If the response is yes, there are multiple chambers, then the user if prompted to select the most appropriate chamber for responding to all subsequent questions (e.g., the largest or driest chamber) [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] Is this If the structure is a Bridge Underpass, the user is prompted to answer this question. A single span a single span or multispan structure? bridge has supports only at either end of the structure; a multispan bridge has one or more supports at intervals along the length of the structure. [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What If the structure is a Bridge Underpass, the user is prompted to answer this question. Select one: is the material of the abutments on Concrete, Concrete/Soil mix; Soil, Riprap, Gabian Wall, or Other (describe) the West/North side? -What is their ratio? What is the approximate ratio of the side slope on the West or North side of the structure? [If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What If the structure is a Bridge Underpass, the user is prompted to answer this question. Select one: is the material of the abutments on Concrete, Concrete/Soil mix; Soil, Riprap, Gabian Wall, or Other (describe) the East/South side? -What is the slope ratio? 0:1 = vertical; 1:1 = 45° angle; 2:1 = gentle low slope Road Attributes Number of lanes of road: Enter the total number of lanes, in both travel directions, including center lanes and turning lanes. Do not include highway exits or frontage roads. Is there parallel infrastructure such Describe any additional transportation infrastructure adjacent to the roadway. as railroads, recreational paths, frontage roads, etc? Notes: Provide any additional information about the structure or its situation in the surrounding environment that is not covered elsewhere. INLET/OUTLET SIDE For sites without water flow through the structure, the user should designate the uphill side as the inlet and the downhill side as the outlet. At locations where an uphill and downhill side cannot be distinguished, the user should simply designate one entrance to represent the inlet and the other the outlet. Photo Number: Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot! Is there an apron at the inlet/outlet? Yes or No. If yes, indicate whether metal or concrete Does the culvert have wing walls? Yes or No Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 4 Is the outlet perched? A perched outlet refers to a culvert whose base is perched above the ground level. This situation often occurs with pipes either by design, or because the ground immediately beneath the culvert has eroded. Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried) Actual or Estimated Measurements? Indicate whether the structure was measured precisely or if the measurements were estimated. -Height/Rise (feet): Measure the height of the structure in feet -Width/Span (feet): Measure the width (span) of the structure in feet. Refers to the width of the structure from the perspective of an animal passing through. -Length (feet): Measure the length of the structure in feet. Refers to the length of the structure from the perspective of an animal passing through. Obstructions Is the immediate entrance blocked? Are there physical barriers at the immediate entrance that may block entry for target species that may try to enter the structure? Select one: None, Cattle Fence (4-strand barbed wire), Boulders so big a human would have to climb over them, Riprap larger than a volleyball, Riprap larger than a baseball, Some rocks (not continuously blocking the entrance), Thick Vegetation, Gate, or Other (describe). Are there structures that block the Are there physical barriers within 25 feet that may block passage through the structure? Select one: entrance within 25 feet? None, Cattle Fence, Small Mesh Fence, Boulder Field, Stream Flow, High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope. Fill Slope Is the structure located in a fill slope? Select one: No or Yes. If yes, is the slope less than 20' high or greater than or equal to 20' high? -If yes, how is the structure situated Note the location of the structure relative to the fill slope. Select one: At the base; Midway on fill slope; in the slope? or Near the top of fill slope Approach Vegetation & Cover Is there vegetation/cover within 25' of Select one: No, Yes - partial cover, or Yes - complete cover the inlet? -If yes, select predominant type: Select one: Grasses, Bushes, Bushes/Trees mix Is there vegetation/cover within 25-50' Select one: No, Yes - partial cover, or Yes - complete cover of the inlet? -If yes, select predominant type: Select one: Grasses, Bushes, Bushes/Trees mix Land Use Within 100 feet Predominant land use: Select the predominant land use within 100 feet of the structure entrance: Forest, Prairie/Grassland, Agriculture, Wetlands, Shrub/Steppe, Mixed Human/Natural, Residential, Commercial, or Other (describe) Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 5 Noise What does passing traffic sound like Loud traffic noise at the entrance to a structure my deter passage use by some species. Select one of at the entrance to the structure? the following to best characterize how passing traffic sounds when standing in front of the entrance to a structure: Silent; Low Rumble; or Loud and Jarring. Road Attributes How wide is zone of maintained This refers to the portion of the right-of-way that is maintained to keep it clear of high vegetation and vegetation (allowing extra visibility other obstructions. Note the approximate width of the apparent zone of maintained vegetation to the along the road shoulder)? left and right of the structure. Is there a guard rail or jersey wall No, Yes - immediately above the structure only, or Yes - extensive along the roadway segment above the structure? Notes: INSIDE STRUCTURE Photo Number: Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot! Visibility Does the inside of the structure Note High or Low Light Contrast. In some cases, animals (e.g., ungulates) may be deterred from appear much darker than the outside structures where the lighting inside the structure contrasts significantly with the lighting outside the lighting? structure. Is there a clear line of sight from one A clear sight line means that you have visibility from one end of the structure to the other. Some end of the structure(s) to the other? wildlife have a higher tendency to use structures with clear lines of sight than those they cannot see the open area out the other end. Note if the line of sight is completely clear, partially obscured, or completely obscured. Water Features Is there perennial water flow through Note the depth of perennial water flow through the structure: None; < 3' deep; 3-10' deep; or >10' deep structure? Does there appear to be a dry natural A dry, natural pathway through a structure from one end to the other is important to structure substrate/dirt pathway through the functionality for a number of terrestrial species. Select one: None, Dry Dirt Pathway, Rock/Dirt structure during average flows? Pathway, or Dry Rocky Pathway. Is there evidence that the dry The purpose of this question is to determine whether there are certain time periods when a structure pathway may be obliterated may become unusable for certain species due to high water. Select: No, Yes, or Uncertain. seasonally or during high water events? Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 6 Substrate What is the substrate of the floor at Select one: Concrete/Asphalt, Metal, Plastic, Rocks, Soil, Stream Bottom, or Other (describe). the bottom/center of the structure? -Is there a natural bottom through the Does a natural surface (non-manmade) extend the full length of the structure, for as least some length of the structure? portion of the width of the structure? Answer Yes or No. -Is there a natural bottom across the Does a natural surface (non-manmade) extend across the entire width or some portion of the width of width of the structure? the structure? Answer Yes, No - less than 6"; No - 6" or greater Pathway Floor Substrate Does the substrate through the Yes or No. structure appear similar to substrate outside of the structure? -If No, what is the floor substrate? Select one: Concrete, Concrete with Baffles/Stabilizers, Steel, Riprap greater than a baseball, Riprap greater than a volleyball, Boulders, or Other (describe) -If Yes, what is the minimum width of Select one: <2 feet; 2-5 feet; 5-10 feet; 10-20 feet; 20-50 feet; or Over 50 feet the dry natural pathway all the way through the structure? Vegetation Is there vegetative cover and/or Vegetation in a structure may provide protective cover which can encourage use by some species. woody debris through the structure? Select one: None; Some Logs or Down Trees; Some Grass/Brush; Grasses; Mix of Brush/Bushes/Trees. Noise What does passing traffic sound like A broad, subjective assessment of traffic noise levels for animals crossing through the structure. from the middle of the structure? Question does not consider traffic volumes. Select one: Silent; Low Rumble; or Loud and Jarring Other Is there a road or trail through the Select all that apply: None, Paved Road, Dirt Road, Railroad, Paved Trail, Dirt Trail. structure? Are there obstructions inside the Indicate whether there are any features that could obstruct movement through the structure for the structure? Species Guilds of interest. Select all that apply: None, Natural Debris, Soil, Human Structures/Equipment, Gaps/Trenches, Baffles. Is there a sky light in structure? Yes or No Notes: Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 7 Fencing/Walls (completed for both inlet and outlet sides of the structure) Photo Number: Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot! Is there fencing associated with the Yes or No structure? Select type of fencing to right/left These questions apply to the fencing only, they do not apply to structure wingwalls. Select one: Curb when facing structure: (short wall to guide amphibians), Wall, Chain Link Fence, Wildlife Fence, Sediment Fence, 4-Strand Wire Fence, or Other (specify). -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes or No. (A lip inhibits animals from climbing over the wall) -What is the height of fencing/wall? Select one: ! 6"; > 6" to !2'; 2' to 4'; 4 to 6'; 6 to 8', >8' -What is the mesh size? Mesh size refers to the spacing of the fence strands. Small animals may be able to pass through larger mesh sizes. Select one: None; 6x6"; 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base; Other (describe) -Is it connected to the structure? Note if there are gaps between the structure and the start of the fencing or wall, where an animal may be able to pass through. Select one: Yes, No - small gap (!0.5'), No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way Yes or No. Animals may be able to pass underneath fencing if it does not extend to ground level along to ground level without gaps? the full length of the fencing. -Is the fencing entrenched in the Yes or No. Digging animals may be able to pas underneath fencing that is not entrenched into the ground to prevent animals from digging ground. under it? - Is the ROW fencing the same as the Yes or No. If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls); Walls (not including fencing that is immediately adjacent to wingwalls); Chain Link; Wildlife Fence; Sediment Fence; 4-Strand Wire; or Other (specify). the structure? -Minimum distance fence extends This question characterizes the purpose of the fencing as guide fencing or continuous fencing along a from structure: segment of roadway. Select the option that best approximates the length of the fencing: ! 10 feet; 10- 50 feet; 50-100 feet; >100; ~1/2 mile; miles (may be determined if the user has driven a long segment of roadway); or end not known or visible. What is the general condition of the The condition of fencing is important to capture in the evaluation as poorly maintained fencing with fencing? gaps may allow animals to pass through and become trapped inside the right-of-way. Select all that apply: Gaps and areas where fence is down; Some tacking up of fence needed; Vegetation needs to be cleared from fence; Fence in good working order. Is there an escape ramp(s) within a Escape ramps are designed to allow ungulates (in particular) and other large mammals that have 1/2 mile of the structure in either become trapped inside the right-of-way to escape back to the other side of the fencing. Indicate if direction? ramps are present along the fencing: No; Yes - 1; Yes - 2 or more. Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 8 Is there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 One-way gates are a previously-used mechanism for allow ungulates that have become trapped mile of the structure in either inside the right-of-way to escape back to the other side of the fencing, however they are difficult to direction? maintain and often themselves become gaps in the fencing. Their installation is no longer recommended as an effective mitigation measure. Indicate if ramps are present along the fencing: No; Yes - 1; Yes - 2 or more. Are there uncontrolled driveways, An uncontrolled driveway, intersection or exit ramp is point where there is a break in the fencing to intersections or exit ramps that cause allow vehicular access to adjacent infrastructure that also acts as a gap in the fencing for wildlife. Such breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile breaks may be controlled by double cattle guards, specifically-designed electric mats, gates, or other of the structure in either direction? mechanisms, however controlling these breaks can be expensive if there are multiple breaks in a segment of fencing. Select one: None; 1; 2-5; 6-10; >10 Notes: Provide any additional information about fencing and/or walls. General Photo Number: Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot! Wildlife Use Are there signs of wildlife use in the Select all that apply: Tracks, Scat, Live Animal, None or Other (describe) structure such as tracks? -If yes, describe Note species, if known, and other pertinent information Are there signs of wildlife within 30 Select all that apply: Tracks, Scat, Live Animal, None or Other (describe) feet of the entrances? -If yes, describe Note species, if known, and other pertinent information Human Use Is there apparent human activity in Yes - Frequently/Daily; Yes - Occasional; or No evidence Found the structure? -What type(s) of activity? Select all that apply: Camping/Occupancy, Vehicle/ATV use, Trail, Recreation, Dog, Night Use, Other (describe) Which description best matches The purpose of this question is to get a general understanding of human activity - not including human activities immediately permanent development - at the structure, in terms of frequency, location (at one or both entrances) adjacent to the structure? and the setting itself. Select one: Daily human activity at both entrances; Daily human activity at one entrance; Recreational use in wild setting; Wild setting with infrequent human activity; Other. Notes: Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 9 Species Movement Guild Rankings The following questions are designed to get a general impression while the user is in the field of how functional the structure is for each of the Species Movement Guild of interest. They are subjective and responses should be based on the user's overall impression having completed the rest of the structure assessment. Refer to Species Movement Guilds for complete descriptions. Each question should be ranked as follows: A = This animal could make it though as is, or with small modifications C = With modest modifications this structure could be functional F = Can't be fixed with a retrofit Rate this structure for Low Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., slow-moving animals that require a consistent environmental conditions, such as frogs or salamanders: A C F Rate this structure for Moderate Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., small animals that are fairly adaptable, such as squirrels, skunks, raccoons, fishers and some turtles: A C F Rate this structure for Adaptive High Mobility Fauna, e.g., fairly tolerant medium-sized animals, such as bobcat, coyote and black bear: A C F Rate this structure for High Openness High Mobility Carnivores, e.g., larger animals that prefer larger structures, such as grizzly bear or mountain lion A C F Rate this structure for Adaptive Ungulates, e.g., ungulates that require good visibility through a structure, such as deer, moose or mountain goats: A C F Rate this structure for Very High Openness Fauna, e.g., animals that require large structures with clear lines of sight that are less than 100' long, such as elk, pronghorn and turkey: A C F Which features could be changed to make the structure more functional for any Species Movement Guild given an A or C rank? This question offers an opportunity for the user to suggest potential retrofits to improve the structure functionality. These may, of course, be amended later, but it is often helpful to capture initial impressions and ideas while still in the field. Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:______Page 10 APPENDIX C. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT TOOLBOX FOR IMPROVING EXISTING STRUCTURES FOR TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE STRUCTURE PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT FUNCTIONAL NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS CLASS Remove Obstacles to Wildlife Passage Remove obstruction or barrier at Low Mobility Small Fauna ALL one or both structure entrances, Moderate Mobility Small inside the structure, or in the Fauna approaches to the structure Adaptive High Mobility Fauna (e.g.,cattle fencing across structure High Openness High entrances; trash or debris). Mobility Carnivores Adaptive Ungulates Very High Openness Fauna Clear debris and install sediment Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 1, 2 Yanes, M., J.M. Velasco, and F. traps and/or regularly maintain to Moderate Mobility Small Suárez. 1995. Permeability of prevent structure from being Fauna roads and railways to vertebrates: blocked, filled or clogged. Adaptive High Mobility Fauna the importance of culverts. Biological Conservation 71:217- 222. Keep culvert enterances clear of Class 1, 2, 3 Clevenger, A.P., B. Chruszcz, and heavy vegetation growth that could K. Gunson. 2001. Drainage block wildlife passage. culverts as habitat linkages and factors affecting passage by mammals. Journal or Applied Ecology 38:1340-1349. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Facilitate Movement and Create Pathways Add a dry, natural pathway Adaptive Ungulates Class 3, 4, 5 Forman, R. T., Sperling, D., through structure, on both sides Very High Openness Fauna Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., of waterway if a stream or river Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H., et al. is present. 2003. Mitigation for wildlife. Pages 139-167 in: Road Ecology: Science and Solutions. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Minimize or cover riprap on side- Adaptive Ungulates Class 3, 4, 5 slopes with dirt to create a dry, Very High Openness Fauna smooth pathway. Install interlocking brick to Adaptive Ungulates Class 3, 4, 5 support slopes instead of riprap Very High Openness Fauna toopen up a pathway and facilitate wildlife passage. Install a raised shelf through Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 1, 2 water-filled culverts to provide a dry pathway for small mammals; Include a shelf tube to provide protective cover for voles. Add baffles to culvert floor to Moderate Mobility Small Fauna Class 1, 2, 3 retain sediment on artifical Adaptive High Mobility Fauna culvert floor (where water flows High Openness High Mobility occasionally through the Carnivores culvert). Adaptive Ungulates Very High Openness Fauna PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Install woody debris (e.g., down Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 2, 3, 4, 5 Ehinger, W., P. Garvey-Darda, R. logs) through a structure for Moderate Mobility Small Fauna Gersib, K. Halupka, P. McQueary, W. small species requiring cover Meyer, R. Schanz and P. Wagner. from predators. 2006. Interstate 90 Snoqualmie Pass East Mitigation Development Team: Recommendation package. Submitted to: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration and Washington State Department of Transportation. Maintain natural streambanks Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 2, 3, 4 through the structure. Moderate Mobility Small Fauna (riparian species) Add a strip of natural substrate Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 3 and vegetation along one or Moderate Mobility Small Fauna both sides of a road through a structure. Where scour has resulted in Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 1, 2, perched culverts, build up scour Moderate Mobility Small Fauna resistant materials to create a navigable pathway into the culvert. Use natural materials; if riprap is used to build up the entrance pathway, it should be covered with natural substrate. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Rerrange substrate material Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 1 around inlet/outlet of small Moderate Mobility Small Fauna culverts to allow greater visibility through structures. Add salamander ramps at curbs. Low Mobility Small Fauna Add grates to existing culverts Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 1, 6 Carr, T., R. Dacanay, K. Drake, C. to allow Everson, A. Sperry and K. Sullivan. light/moisture/temperature 2003. Wildlife Crossings: Rethinking penetration into the culvert. Road Design to Improve Safety and Reconnect Habitat. Portland State University Planning Workshop, Prepared for Metro. 111 pp. Modify existing trenched drains Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 6 Bank, F.G., C.L. Irwin, G.L. Evink, to allow animals to enter. M.E. Gray, S. Hagood, J.R. Kinar, A. Levy, D. Paulson, B. Ruediger, and R.M. Sauvajot. 2002. Wildlife Habitat Connectivity Across European Highways. Federal Highway Administration. Alexandria, VA. URL: http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/wildl ife_web.htm PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS For Multi-chambered structures Moderate Mobility Small Fauna Class 2, 3, 4 with waterflow, divert waterflow Adaptive High Mobility Fauna so that one chamber remains High Openness High Mobility dry for terrestrial wildlife. Carnivores Adaptive Ungulates Very High Openness Fauna Promote waterflow through Moderate Mobility Small Fauna Class 1, 2, 3 culverts to prevent standing Adaptive High Mobility Fauna water from inhibiting passage High Openness High Mobility through a culvert or detering Carnivores entry into the culvert. Adaptive Ungulates Very High Openness Fauna Prevent polluting agents and Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 1, 6 road sediment from being Moderate Mobility Small Fauna flushed through culverts. Reduce Intimidation Replace steep abutment slopes Adaptive Ungulates Class 2, 3, 4 Dodd, N.L., J.W. Gagnon, A.L. Manzo, or walls with natural 2:1 slopes. Very High Openness Fauna and R.E. Scheinsburg. 2007. Video surveillance to assess highway underpass use by elk in Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2):637-645. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Remove fill predator perches - Adaptive Ungulates Class 2, 3, 4 Little, S.J., R.G. Harcour, A.P. ledges or places where prey Very High Openness Fauna Clevenger. 2002. Do wildlife passages species may be fearful of act as prey-traps? Biological unseen predators. Conservation 107:135-145. Add median skylights or Adaptive Ungulates Class 2 Reed, D.F., T.N.Woodard, T.M. Pojar. openings. Very High Openness Fauna 1975. Behavioral Response of Mule [This measure is not Deer to a Highway Underpass. J. Wild appropriate for all culvert Manage. 39(2):361-367. situations. Avoid creating very high contrast conditions inside the culvert; Avoid where there is a narrow median that would result in a large increase in traffic noise inside the culvert; Avoid allowing precipitation to enter the culvert where winter temperatures could cause the creation of ice mounds inside the culvert, thereby inhibiting wildlife passage]. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Avoid/remove highway lighting ALL ALL Jackson, S. D. (2000). Overview of near structure entrances. Transportation Impacts on Wildlife Movement. Wildlife and Highways: Seeking Solutions to an ecological and Socio-economic Dilemma. T. A. Messmer and B. West, The Wildlife Society. Implement measures to reduce ALL ALL Jackson, S. D. (2000). Overview of traffic noise inside culvert Transportation Impacts on Wildlife and/or at structure entrances Movement. Wildlife and Highways: (e.g., concrete shoulder barriers Seeking Solutions to an ecological placed above the structure) and Socio-economic Dilemma. T. A. Messmer and B. West, The Wildlife Society. To the extent possible, avoid High Openness High Mobility Class 2, 3, 4, 5 Hartmann, M. (2003). Evaluation of laying trails or other human Carnivores Wildlife Crossing Structures: Their access through crossing Adaptive Ungulates Use and Effectiveness. structures. Where trails do pass Very High Openness Fauna through a structure, separate human trails from wildlife pathways through the structure. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Install signs near crossing ALL ALL Clevenger, A. and N. Waltho. 2005. structures or where trails cross Performance indices to identify through structures to limit attributes of highway crossing human activity in and around structures facilitating movement of wildlife crossings [Avoid large mammals. Biological drawing attention to Conservation 121:453-464. unobtrusive crossing structures with unnecessary signage] Install barriers (e.g., large High Openness High Mobility Class 3, 4, 5 boulders) to prevent motorized Carnivores travel through crossing Adaptive Ungulates structures. Very High Openness Fauna Enhance Structure Approaches Enhance/maintain native ALL ALL Ng, S., J. Dole, R. Sauvajot, S. Riley, vegetation cover in front of and T. Valone. 2004. Use of highway structure entrances. undercrossings by wildlife in southern California. Biological Conservation 1115:499-507. Thin heavy vegetation that may Adaptive High Mobility Fauna Class 2, 3 Maintain a balance between enough obstruct wildlife passage at High Openness High Mobility cover for prey species to feel safe structure entrances. Carnivores entering a culvert, but not so much Adaptive Ungulates that animals cannot enter or have Very High Openness Fauna good visibility into and through the culvert. Avoid the use of herbicides Low Mobility Small Fauna ALL around structure entrances. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Plant bushes in the median to High Openness High Mobility Wherever open median is provide better cover and Carnivores present insulation from highway traffic Adaptive Ungulates noise and lights. Very High Openness Fauna Avoid the use of erosion netting Moderate Mobility Small Fauna ALL in landscaping around crossing structures, which may ensnare snakes. Convert cattle fencing near Adaptive Ungulates Class 2, 3, 4 structure approaches to wildlife- Very High Openness Fauna friendly rail fencing to allow young to pass through to access structures. Fencing and Barriers Add wildlife fencing and/or ALL - type, design & height of N/A For guidance on different types of guide walls to existing suitable fencing or guide wall depends on wildlife fencing, see: structures - do not install species (see notes) http://www.azdot.gov/highways/EPG/ extensive fencing where there EPG_Common/PDF/Technical/Wildlife_ are no suitable crossing Connectivity/Wildlife_Funnel_Fencing/ structures. Wildlife_Funnel_Fencing_Summary.pd f Modify existing right-of way High Openness High Mobility N/A FHWA. Keeping it Simple - Arizona. fencing by adding height to Carnivores http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment convert it to wildlife fencing. Adaptive Ungulates /wildlifeprotection Very High Openness Fauna PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Angle fence ends away from ALL Clevenger, A. P., B. Chruszcz, and K. roadway to preven 'end- E. Gunson. 2001. Highway mitigation arounds'. fencing reduces wildlife–vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society. Do not end fencing in good Hardy, A.R., J. Fuller, M.P. Huijser, A. wildlife habitat; end in Kociolek and M. Evans. 2006. transitional areas (e.g., steep Evaluation of wildlife crossing terrain, change in habitat or structures and fencing on US Highway land use). 93, Evaro to Polson. Phase I: Preconstruction data collection and finalization of evaluation plan. Final report. Western Transportation Institute, College of Engineering, Montana State University. Place large boulders at fence Adaptive Ungulates N/A Clevenger, A.P., B. Chruszcz, K. ends to prevent animals at- Very High Openness Fauna Gunson, K. and M. Brumfit. 2002. grade crossings at fence ends. Highway mitigation monitoring: Three Sisters Parkway interchange. Final report, August 1999 - July 2002. Prepared for Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Canmore, Alberta, Canada. Install wildlife fencing across a ALL N/A median to adjacent structures. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Install escape ramps along Adaptive Ungulates N/A Bissonette, J.A. and M. Hammer. fenced sections. Very High Openness Fauna 2000. Effectiveness of earthen ramps in reducing big game highway mortality in Utah: Final Report. Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Report Series 2000 (1): 1-29. http://www.azdot.gov/highways/EPG/ EPG_Common/PDF/Technical/Wildlife_ Connectivity/Wildlife_Connectivity/Des cription_of_Wildlife_Escape_Measures. pdf Replace one-way gates with Adaptive Ungulates N/A Bissonette, J.A. and M. Hammer. escape ramps. Very High Openness Fauna 2000. Effectiveness of earthen ramps in reducing big game highway mortality in Utah: Final Report. Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Report Series 2000 (1): 1-29. Maintain fencing to prevent Adaptive Ungulates N/A gaps in fence. Very High Openness Fauna PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Install Electromat at gaps in Adaptive Ungulates N/A http://www.electrobraid.com/wildlife/ fencing, such as highway on/off Very High Openness Fauna highway_fence.html ramps, driveways. Dodd, N. and J. Wise. The Nation's Most Advanced Game Crossing System. IMSA Journal 45(2); T.W. Seamans, Z.J. Patton, and K.C. VerCauteren. ElectroBraid Fencing for Use as a Deer Barrier. http://www.itre.ncsu.edu/cte/icoet Construct crosswalk at Adaptive Ungulates N/A Gagnon, J.W., N.L. Dodd, S.C. controlled gap in fencing to Very High Openness Fauna Sprague, K. Ogren, and R.E. allow animals to cross at-grade. Schwuinsburg. 2010. Preacher Canyon Fence and Crosswalk Enhancement Project Evaluation. Report No. JPA 04-088. Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoeniz, AZ. http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/StateRoute _260_Elk_Crosswalk.shtml Install shoulder or median Moderate Mobility Small Fauna N/A Clevenger, A.P. and A.V. Kociolek. barriers with scuppers (at least 2006. Highway median impacts on 25cm high and 100cm wide) wildlife movement and mortality: every 5th barrier to faciliate state of the practice survey and gap small animal passage through analysis. Report No. F/CA/MI- the barrier. 2006/09. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Arrange shoulder or median Moderate Mobility Small Fauna Clevenger, A.P. and A.V. Kociolek. barriers with intermittent gaps Adaptive High Mobility Fauna 2006. Highway median impacts on to faciliate wildlife passage at- High Openness High Mobility wildlife movement and mortality: grade. Carnivores state of the practice survey and gap Adaptive Ungulates analysis. Report No. F/CA/MI- Very High Openness Fauna 2006/09. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA. Replace concrete shoulder and Moderate Mobility Small Fauna N/A Clevenger, A.P. and A.V. Kociolek. median barriers with cable Adaptive High Mobility Fauna 2006. Highway median impacts on median barriers where it is High Openness High Mobility wildlife movement and mortality: desirable to facilitate at-grade Carnivores state of the practice survey and gap wildlife passage [cable barriers Adaptive Ungulates analysis. Report No. F/CA/MI- are considered more permeable Very High Openness Fauna 2006/09. California Department of for all species guilds than box- Transportation, Sacramento, CA. beam barriers, though more research is needed]. Install double cattle-guards and Adaptive Ungulates N/A Hardy, A.R., J. Fuller, M.P. Huijser, A. convert existing flat-bar cattle Very High Openness Fauna Kociolek and M. Evans. 2006. guards with round bars at Evaluation of wildlife crossing controlled gaps in wildlife structures and fencing on US Highway fencing, e.g., driveways or 93, Evaro to Polson. Phase I: county roads. [May not be Preconstruction data collection and effective for all species] finalization of evaluation plan. Final report. Western Transportation Institute, College of Engineering, Montana State University. Avoid gaps in wildlife fencing or ALL N/A walls. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SPECIES MOVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES & REFERENCES SOLUTION GUILDS FUNCTIONAL CLASS Add or Adjust Structural Features Fix perched outlets to allow Moderate Mobility Small Fauna Class 1 access into culvert. Add a gutter pipe for small Moderate Mobility Small Fauna Class 1 Foresman, K.R. 2004. The effects of mammals. highways on fragmentation of small mammal populations and modifications of crossing structures to mitigate such impacts. Final Report. FHWA/MT-04-005/8161. Bore new dry culverts adjacent Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 1 to innundated culverts to Moderate Mobility Small Fauna promote wildlife passage through drainages. Add bat boxes. Aerial Fauna (bats) Classes 3, 4, 5 Install poles placed on bridge Aerial Fauna Animal-vehicle collision FHWA. Keeping it Simple - Oklahoma. edges to help birds perceive the prevention mechanisms barrier and avoid colliding with at roadway bridges http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment vehicles. bisecting flyways /wildlifeprotection Install aerial bridges across Arboreal Fauna Class 6 NCDOT flying squirrel platforms highways between poles to Rope bridges over roads facilitate arboreal crossings. 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