Crescimento E Funcionalidade Do Sistema Radicular De Bromélias Epífitas Ornamentais Submetidas a Concentrações De Nitrogênio E Regimes Hídricos

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Crescimento E Funcionalidade Do Sistema Radicular De Bromélias Epífitas Ornamentais Submetidas a Concentrações De Nitrogênio E Regimes Hídricos KARINA GONÇALVES DA SILVA Crescimento e funcionalidade do sistema radicular de bromélias epífitas ornamentais submetidas a concentrações de nitrogênio e regimes hídricos Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. SÃO PAULO 2015 1 KARINA GONÇALVES DA SILVA Crescimento e funcionalidade do sistema radicular de bromélias epífitas ornamentais submetidas a concentrações de nitrogênio e regimes hídricos Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. ORIENTADOR: DR. ARMANDO REIS TAVARES 2 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus. A minha família, principalmente a minha mãe por todo apoio, dedicação, compreensão e incentivo. Ao programa de pós-graduação do Instituto de Botânica pela oportunidade de realizar este projeto. A Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela concessão de bolsa de estudos. Ao Dr. Armando Reis Tavares, pela orientação e toda ajuda no decorrer de todo o projeto. Pela disposição, dedicação, disponibilidade, pelo compartilhamento de conhecimentos, por confiar no meu trabalho e pela amizade. Ao Dr. Shoey Kanashiro por toda a ajuda em todas as etapas deste estudo e pelos conhecimentos transmitidos. Ao Dr. Mauricio Lamano por toda ajuda, apoio, incentivio, dedicação, disponibilidade, compartilhamento de conhecimentos e amizade. Ao Dr. Emerson Alves da Silva pelos equipamentos utilizados, pelos conhecimentos transmitidos e auxilio na intepretação das respostas fisiológicas. Ao Dr. Marcos Aidar pela disponibilidade, sugestões que contribuíram muito com o desenvolvimento do trabalho e conhecimentos transmitidos. Ao Dr Plinio Barbosa de Carvalho e aos técnicos do laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica pela recepção e ajuda com as analises de isotópia. Ao doutorando Evandro Viera e a Dr. Patricia Giampaoli, pela ajuda nas analises de trocas gasosas e teores de pigmentos respectivamente. Aos funcionários e colegas do Núcleo de Plantas Ornamentais pela ajuda e convivência. E a todos que não foram citados, mas que contribuíram direto ou indiretamente com o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Muito Obrigada!!! i Índice Resumo................................................................................................................ ix Abstract................................................................................................................ xi Capítulo I – Introdução Geral.............................................................................. 01 1. Introdução........................................................................................................ 01 2. Referências...................................................................................................... 07 Capítulo II – Potencial de absorção dos órgãos vegetativos das bromélias 11 epífitas ornamentais Guzmania lingulata e Vriesea `Harmony´......................... 1. Introdução........................................................................................................ 11 2. Material e Métodos.......................................................................................... 17 2.1. Cultivo e exposição das plantas aos tratamentos.......................................... 17 2.2. Condições ambientais da casa de vegetação............................................... 18 2.2. Parâmetros de crescimento......................................................................... 18 2.2.1. Biometria............................................................................................... 18 2.2.2. Biomassa............................................................................................... 18 2.3. Parâmetros Fisiológicos.............................................................................. 18 2.3.1. Eficiência fotossintética........................................................................ 18 2.3.2. Fluorescência da clorofila a.................................................................. 19 2.3.3. Teor de umidade do substrato (U%)..................................................... 19 2.3.4. Teor Relativo de Água (TRA).............................................................. 19 2.3.5. Discriminação isotópica do Carbono.................................................... 20 2.3.6. Determinação da Acidez Titulável........................................................ 21 2.3.7. Teores de Pigmentos fotossintéticos..................................................... 21 2.3.8. Análise Estatística................................................................................. 21 3. Resultados e Discussão.................................................................................... 22 4. Comclusão...................................................................................................... 45 5. Referências...................................................................................................... 46 Capítulo III – Absorção e eficiência do uso de nitrogênio pelos diferentes órgãos vegetativos das bromélias epífitas ornamentais Guzmania lingulata e 53 Vriesea `Harmony´.............................................................................................. 1. Introdução........................................................................................................ 53 2. Material e Métodos.......................................................................................... 56 2.1. Variáveis de crescimento e desenvolvimento............................................. 57 2.1.1. Biometria............................................................................................... 57 2.1.2. Biomassa............................................................................................... 57 2.2. Variáveis Fisiológicas................................................................................. 58 2.2.1. Eficiência fotossintética........................................................................ 58 2.2.2. Fluorescência da clorofila a.................................................................. 58 ii 2.2.3. Análise nutricional................................................................................ 58 2.2.4. Eficiência do uso do nitrogênio............................................................ 58 2.2.5. Teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos......................................................... 59 2.3. Análise estatística....................................................................................... 59 3. Resultados e discussão.................................................................................... 59 4. Conclusão...................................................................................................... 79 5. Referências...................................................................................................... 79 Capítulo IV – Leaf quilling in ornamental bromeliads is related to water 84 deficit................................................................................................................... Abstract.............................................................................................................. 84 1. Introduction.................................................................................................... 85 2. Materials and methods..................................................................................... 86 3. Results and discussion..................................................................................... 86 4. Conclusions..................................................................................................... 91 5. References....................................................................................................... 92 Capítulo V – Considerações Finais..................................................................... 94 iii Índice de Tabelas Capítulo II Tabela 1. Médias das variáveis número de folhas, altura (cm), diâmetro da roseta (cm), diâmetro do caule (mm) e área foliar (cm2) de Guzmania lingulata e Vriesea 28 `Harmony´ submetidas aos diferentes regimes hídricos, aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de cultivo............................................................................................................................... Tabela 2. Médias das variáveis massa de matéria fresca das folhas (g), caule (g), raiz (g) e total (g), e razão das massas de matéria fresca de raiz e parte aérea de Guzmania 29 lingulata e Vriesea `Harmony´ submetidas aos diferentes regimes hídricos, aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de cultivo........................................................................................................... Tabela 3. Médias das variáveis massa de matéria seca das folhas (g), caule (g), raiz (g) e total (g), e razão das massas de matéria secas de raiz e parte aérea de Guzmania 30 lingulata e Vriesea `Harmony´ submetidas aos diferentes regimes hídricos, aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de cultivo........................................................................................................... Tabela 4. Teores dos pigmentos fotossintéticos clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila total e razão de clorofila a/b de Guzmania lingulata e Vriesea `Harmony´, submetidas
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