Antonine Wall - Seabegs Wood

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Property in Care (PIC)no: PIC176 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90014) Taken into State care: 1953 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2005 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL - SEABEGS WOOD We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH ANTONINE WALL - SEABEGS WOOD BRIEF DESCRIPTION The property is part of the Antonine Wall and comprises a 400m stretch of well- preserved rampart, ditch and upcast bank. 30m south of the rampart is an extant section of the Military Way. The property sits in an area of woodland known as Seabegs Wood. The Antonine Wall is a linear Roman frontier system of wall and ditch accompanied at stages by forts and fortlets, linked by a road system termed the Military Way, stretching 60km from Bo’ness on the Forth to Old Kilpatrick on the Clyde. It is one of only three linear barriers along the 2000km European frontier of the Roman Empire. These systems are unique to Britain and Germany. CHARACTER OF THE MONUMENT Historical Overview Antonine Wall construction initiated by Emperor Antoninus Pius (AD 138– 161) after a successful campaign in AD 139/142 by the Governor of Britain, Lollius Urbicus Antonine Wall system abandoned, possibly after AD 165, and the line of frontier shifted again to Hadrian’s Wall Brought into Guardianship in 1953 Archaeological Overview 1732: Stretch of the Military Way and Wall noted by J Horlsey. 1899: Military Way and Wall sectioned by Glasgow Archaeological Society. 1934: Line of Wall and Military Way surveyed by George Macdonald. 1957: Line of Wall and Military Way surveyed by Ordnance Survey. 1962: Military Way sectioned by D Hunter. 1980: Line of Wall and Military Way surveyed by Ordnance Survey. 1981: A low mound, thought to be a signal platform, to the south of the Antonine Wall was excavated. Some evidence for habitation and cooking in the lee of the rampart was established. The property provides evidence on the line and form of the Antonine Wall and Military Way. Artistic/Architectural Overview The ditch and Military Way are here very close to their original forms. The ditch is over 12m wide and 2m deep, while the rampart is c. 1.4m high. The Military Way here shows close to its original camber as a causeway c. 7m wide. Social Overview The property is popular with local people, and greatly appreciated as being a rare stretch of woodland in this area. In 2003 the Scottish Executive announced that the Antonine Wall (including this stretch) would be nominated as a World Heritage Site. Such a designation will bring enhanced social significance to the monument and its setting. Spiritual Overview The site does not have a current spiritual role. Aesthetic Overview The well-preserved nature of the Antonine Wall and Military Way forms a pleasant vista flanked by trees which shield the monument from the nearby modern road to the north. The wood has been in existence in this form since at least 1787. What are the major gaps in understanding of the property? N/A ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Key Points Second best preserved Roman frontier after Hadrian’s Wall Good survival of rampart, ditch and upcast bank Best surviving section of Military Way along the whole Antonine Wall Juxtaposition of both in pleasant setting Associated Properties Barrhill; Hillhead; Bearsden Bathhouse; Croy Hill; Castlecary; Rough Castle; Tamfourhill; Westerwood; Cumbernauld Airfield–Wyndford Road; Wyndford Road Keywords Roman frontier; limes; Antonine Wall; Hadrian's Wall; World Heritage Site .

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The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142

Breeze The Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier in Scotland, was the most and northerly frontier of the Roman Empire for a generation from AD 142. Hanson It is a World Heritage Site and Scotland’s largest ancient monument. The Antonine Wall Today, it cuts across the densely populated central belt between Forth (eds) and Clyde. In The Antonine Wall: Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Papers in honour of nearly 40 archaeologists, historians and heritage managers present their researches on the Antonine Wall in recognition of the work Professor Lawrence Keppie of Lawrence Keppie, formerly Professor of Roman History and Wall Antonine The Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, who spent edited by much of his academic career recording and studying the Wall. The 32 papers cover a wide variety of aspects, embracing the environmental and prehistoric background to the Wall, its structure, planning and David J. Breeze and William S. Hanson construction, military deployment on its line, associated artefacts and inscriptions, the logistics of its supply, as well as new insights into the study of its history. Due attention is paid to the people of the Wall, not just the ofcers and soldiers, but their womenfolk and children. Important aspects of the book are new developments in the recording, interpretation and presentation of the Antonine Wall to today’s visitors. Considerable use is also made of modern scientifc techniques, from pollen, soil and spectrographic analysis to geophysical survey and airborne laser scanning. In short, the papers embody present- day cutting edge research on, and summarise the most up-to-date understanding of, Rome’s shortest-lived frontier.
Some Rescue Excavation on the Line of the Antonine Wall, 1973-6

Some rescue excavatio Antonine linth e f th e o n no e Wall, 1973-6 KeppiF J byL e The Antonine Wall is 60 km (37 miles) in length, but only 4-3-4-8 m (14-16 ft) wide; if the ditch which accompanies the Wall on the N side and the Military Way on its S side are included, we have her zonea f archaeologicaeo l importanc potentiad widem an 0 e6 runninc l g across central Scotland. As the Wall passes through some of the most populous districts of Scotland it particularls i y expose modero dt n development t merel No fort .e t als yWalth e sbu oth l curtain itsel constantle ar f t riskya , fro extensioe mth housinf no g estate industriad san l premises, from constructioe th improvemenr o n roaf o t d links frod layine an m, th pipelinef go cablesd an sr fo , electricity (Skinnel ,oi waterr o s r ga ,thi1973 n I . s respect,8) Antonine th , e Wall frontie hardls ri y unique t wherea provbu ,y ma et s i possibl rerouto et e road pipeliner so avoio st d known archaeo- logical sites or field monuments, the Wall runs across Scotland without a break: roads and pipe- lines wit hnorth-souta h alignment hav croso et t somewheresi followine Th . g pages give details excavation2 o1 f watching-briefr so Antonine linth e f sth e o carrie n o e t Waldou l curtain between June 197 Octobed 3an r 1976. Where possible, excavation took plac advancn ei f constructioeo n work or pipelaying, but in some cases all that could be achieved was for the archaeologist to be on hand as an observer, to collect as much information as could be gleaned in the short time available.
Some Excavations on the Line of the Antonine Wall, 1994–2001

Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 132 (2002), 259–304 Some excavations on the line of the Antonine Wall, 1994–2001 Prepared for publication by Andrew Dunwell*, Geoff Bailey†, Alan Leslie‡ & Andrea Smith** from reports and contributions by J Atkinson, G Bailey, K Cameron, A Duffy, C Ellis, J Evans, B Glendinning, J Gooder, M Hastie, A Leslie, R McCullagh, E Photos-Jones, P Robins, K Speller & R Strachan ABSTRACT The results of over 30 separate excavations and watching briefs along the line of the Antonine Wall are presented. The alignment and character of the frontier works and fort defences were clarified in several places. New information was obtained regarding a possible enclosure on the north side of the Wall near Auchendavy. INTRODUCTION Roman Temporary Camp (Lowe & Moloney 2000), Falkirk Roman fort (Bailey, forthcom- This report pulls together the results of over ing a), Kinneil (Glendinning 2000), and Mum- 30 excavations and watching briefs conducted rills annexe (Bailey, forthcoming b). A ford along the line of the Antonine Wall between discovered near Rough Castle, which was 1994 and 2001. Preliminary accounts of the originally thought to have been Roman, as it results of these investigations have been pub- lay beside the Military Way, was subsequently lished in the relevant issues of Discovery and proved to have been prehistoric (Discovery Excavation in Scotland and Britannia. Excav Scot 1995,12&1996, 42; Hamilton et Summary mention is made of some of the al 2001). interventions recorded here in the recently The format of this report follows those of revised fifth edition of The Antonine Wall: A previous compilations (most recently Keppie Handbook to the Surviving Remains (Robert- et al 1995) in many respects.
Antonine Wall Rough Castle Statement of Significance

Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC175 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90013) Taken into State care: 1953 (Guardianship) Last Reviewed: 2019 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL – ROUGH CASTLE We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH © Historic Environment Scotland 2019 You may re-use this information (excluding logos and images) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this document should be sent to us at: Historic Environment Scotland Longmore House Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 1SH +44 (0) 131 668 8600 www.historicenvironment.scot Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL – ROUGH CASTLE CONTENTS
The Antonine Wall in the Context of Spatial Analysis

STUDIA HERCYNIA XX/2, 40–66 To See and to be Seen – the Antonine Wall in the Context of Spatial Analysis Michal Dyčka ABSTRACT How did frontiers actually work? This essential question has been discussed over the last centuries through and through and the presented paper tries to offer a new perspective – this time by means of a landscape study and gaining an understanding of the positioning of individual forts on one of the short‑lived Roman frontiers, the Antonine Wall. In the spotlight of this study is the spatial positioning of individual forts and fortlets on the above‑mentioned frontier in terms of what could have been seen from them (visibility to the landscape and intervisibility with other Roman military installations) and how unique their locations were in terms of general accessibility (could they serve as natural blocking points?). A new approach is presented by using the Viewshed and Cost path analyses of the digital elevation model of the broader area around the Antonine Wall. KEYWORDS Antonine Wall; Viewshed analysis; Cost path analysis. INTRODUCTION Whenever we study the theme of Roman frontiers, we should always try to answer the fun- damental question: how did Roman frontiers actually work? This paper offers some new ideas about this subject, primarily on the basis of evidence collected by the use of the spatial analyses performed in the programs ArcGIS 10.3 and QGIS 1.8.0 Lisboa of one particular part of the Roman frontier system, the Antonine Wall. Two major issues are discussed in this paper: the visibility and intervisibility on the limes and questions concerning the accessibility of individual sites on the Antonine Wall.
Antonine Wall World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council Area World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council Area

Discover The Frontiers of the Roman Empire Discover The Frontiers of the Roman Empire The Antonine Wal l The Antonine Wall World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council area World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council area Getting There Supported by Get your copy of the Falkirk Green Travel Map at www.falkirk.gov.uk/services or call 01324 504977 A NE FOR A' By Foot: If you live nearby. By Rail: Nearest train stations are at Camelon, Falkirk Grahamston, Falkirk High or Polmont. 9 0 0 2 . By Bus: For further information on bus l i c n times, No’s, routes etc. call the Transport u o Helpline on 01324 504724. C k r i k l a F , By Car: See location maps. s e c i v r e Thank you S d o To the many organisations, local o h r u individuals and landowners for their o b h co-operation and support. g i e N d easy to use n Further information a e t a www.antoninewall.org r o p r www.csft.org.uk o map and six C , t i www.falkirk.gov.uk n suggested locations U s n l www.falkirkonline.net i o c i t n a u www.historic-scotland.gov.uk c i o n something for C u k r www.kinneil.org.uk m i k m l everyone o a F www.srps.org.uk C y y b b www.thefalkirkwheel.co.uk d d e e c n u g www.visitscotland.com i d s o e r P D Discover The Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall The Antonine Wall Facts World Heritage Site in the Falkirk Council area Frontiers of the Roman Empire The Antonine Wall has been placed on the World Heritage List, inscribed by UNESCO in 2008, for its value to all humanity.
Management Plan 2007-12

FRONTIERS OF THE ROMAN E M P I R E WORLD HERITAGE SITE PROPOSED EXTENSION THE ▲ANTONINE▲ WALL MANAGEMENT PLAN 2007-2012 The nomination documents for the proposed extension of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site through the addition of the Antonine Wall (UK), including this Management Plan, are published in 2007 by Historic Scotland, Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH Historic Scotland is an executive agency of the Scottish Executive charged with safeguarding the nation’s historic environment on behalf of Scottish Ministers, and promoting its understanding and enjoyment. www.historic-scotland.gov.uk © Crown Copyright Historic Scotland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express permission of the publisher ISBN-13 978 1 904966 39 5 2 THE ANTONINE WALL Foreword by Ms Patricia Ferguson, MSP, Minister for Tourism, Culture and Sport In January 2003 Scottish Ministers marks the beginning of a new chapter in the proposed that the Antonine Wall should history of the Wall and is necessarily focussed go forward as a future UK World Heritage on work which lies ahead. Nevertheless, it Site nomination. In January 2007, the builds on previous plans and upon the work nomination, supported by maps and and commitment of my ofﬁcials in Historic this Management Plan, was submitted Scotland and of that of colleagues in the to UNESCO for consideration as an ﬁve local authorities along the line of the extension to the new World Heritage Site, Antonine Wall, East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, Frontiers of the Roman Empire.
Seabegs Wood Statement of Significance

Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC176 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90014) Taken into State care: 1953 (Guardianship) Last Reviewed: 2019 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL – SEABEGS WOOD We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH © Historic Environment Scotland 2019 You may re-use this information (excluding logos and images) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this document should be sent to us at: Historic Environment Scotland Longmore House Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 1SH +44 (0) 131 668 8600 www.historicenvironment.scot Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL – SEABEGS WOOD CONTENTS
Watling Lodge and Watling Lodge West Statement of Significance

Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC178 and PIC179 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90016) Taken into State care: 1967 (Ownership – Watling Lodge) 1998 (Ownership – Watling Lodge West) Last Reviewed: 2019 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL – WATLING LODGE & WATLING LODGE WEST We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH © Historic Environment Scotland 2019 You may re-use this information (excluding logos and images) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this document should be sent to us at: Historic Environment Scotland Longmore House Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 1SH +44 (0) 131 668 8600 www.historicenvironment.scot Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH HISTORIC
The Antonine Wall in the Context of Spatial Analysis

STUDIA HERCYNIA XX/2, 40–66 To See and to be Seen – the Antonine Wall in the Context of Spatial Analysis Michal Dyčka ABSTRACT How did frontiers actually work? This essential question has been discussed over the last centuries through and through and the presented paper tries to offer a new perspective – this time by means of a landscape study and gaining an understanding of the positioning of individual forts on one of the short‑lived Roman frontiers, the Antonine Wall. In the spotlight of this study is the spatial positioning of individual forts and fortlets on the above‑mentioned frontier in terms of what could have been seen from them (visibility to the landscape and intervisibility with other Roman military installations) and how unique their locations were in terms of general accessibility (could they serve as natural blocking points?). A new approach is presented by using the Viewshed and Cost path analyses of the digital elevation model of the broader area around the Antonine Wall. KEYWORDS Antonine Wall; Viewshed analysis; Cost path analysis. INTRODUCTION Whenever we study the theme of Roman frontiers, we should always try to answer the fun- damental question: how did Roman frontiers actually work? This paper offers some new ideas about this subject, primarily on the basis of evidence collected by the use of the spatial analyses performed in the programs ArcGIS 10.3 and QGIS 1.8.0 Lisboa of one particular part of the Roman frontier system, the Antonine Wall. Two major issues are discussed in this paper: the visibility and intervisibility on the limes and questions concerning the accessibility of individual sites on the Antonine Wall.
The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142

Breeze The Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier in Scotland, was the most and northerly frontier of the Roman Empire for a generation from AD 142. Hanson It is a World Heritage Site and Scotland’s largest ancient monument. The Antonine Wall Today, it cuts across the densely populated central belt between Forth (eds) and Clyde. In The Antonine Wall: Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Papers in honour of nearly 40 archaeologists, historians and heritage managers present their researches on the Antonine Wall in recognition of the work Professor Lawrence Keppie of Lawrence Keppie, formerly Professor of Roman History and Wall Antonine The Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, who spent edited by much of his academic career recording and studying the Wall. The 32 papers cover a wide variety of aspects, embracing the environmental and prehistoric background to the Wall, its structure, planning and David J. Breeze and William S. Hanson construction, military deployment on its line, associated artefacts and inscriptions, the logistics of its supply, as well as new insights into the study of its history. Due attention is paid to the people of the Wall, not just the ofcers and soldiers, but their womenfolk and children. Important aspects of the book are new developments in the recording, interpretation and presentation of the Antonine Wall to today’s visitors. Considerable use is also made of modern scientifc techniques, from pollen, soil and spectrographic analysis to geophysical survey and airborne laser scanning. In short, the papers embody present- day cutting edge research on, and summarise the most up-to-date understanding of, Rome’s shortest-lived frontier.
Some Excavations on the Line of the Antonine Wall, 1985-93

Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 125 (1995), 601-671 Some excavations on the line of the Antonine Wall, 1985-93 L J F Keppie*, G B Baileyt, A J Dunwellft, J H McBrien§ &Speller*K * with contribution BatesonD J y sb BoardmanS , Dickson,C Henig,M , R Tippin WebsteV P g& r ABSTRACT The results excavations21 of watchingand briefs Antoninealong the line the of Wallare presented, in due order from east to west, together with notification of some recent small finds. The alignment of the Wall and the position of fort defences were identified in several places. New information about superstructurethe Wall, soldiers'the the of contemporarythe dietand environment was obtained. The projects were financed by Historic Scotland, Falkirk Museums, the Hunterian Museum, Strathclyde Regional Council, and developers. INTRODUCTION This repor continuatioa s i t f earlieno r such compilations e mosth , t recen f whico t h covered the years 1980-5 (Keppie & Walker 1989). The opportunity is also taken to report briefly on some casual find s vicinits it e Wall fro d th e lin f man th ,o ey (see Appendi . Preliminar1) x y reporte worth f k o shav e appeare e relevanth n i d t issue f Discoveryo s Excavation& n i Scotland and in the annual survey contained within the academic journal Britannia. In the same time period, larger-scale work (not reported on here) was undertaken by G B Bailey at Callendar Park, Falkirk (Bailey, this volume); the Pleasance, Falkirk (Bailey, forthcoming 1); Dollhouse, Polmont; and the West Burn, Falkirk (Bailey, forthcoming 2); by L Keppie at Westerwood (Keppie Centre 1994)th r Fiely b efo ; d Archaeology, Universit f Edinburghyo t a , Inveravon (Dunwell 1992; Dunwel Ralston& l , this volume) Glasgod an ; w Bridge (Dunwell, Coles & Mann forthcoming); and by D J Woolliscroft at Garnhall Farm (Burnham et al 1993, 279-80).