DOCSLIB.ORG

Highly Efficient Extraction Procedures Based on Natural Deep Eutectic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Highly Efficient Extraction Procedures Based on Natural Deep Eutectic molecules Article Highly Efficient Extraction Procedures Based on Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents or Ionic Liquids for Determination of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Spinach Sylwia Bajkacz 1,2,*, Kornelia Rusin 1, Anna Wolny 3, Jakub Adamek 2,4 , Karol Erfurt 3 and Anna Chrobok 3 1 Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] 2 Biotechnology Center of Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Organic Chemical Technology and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] (A.W.); [email protected] (K.E.); [email protected] (A.C.) 4 Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editors: Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos and Miroslaw Hawryl Received: 23 September 2020; Accepted: 13 October 2020; Published: 15 October 2020 Abstract: A novel, efficient extraction procedure based on natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and ionic liquids (ILs) for determination of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) in spinach has been developed. NADES, the first green extraction agent, with different hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are screened in order to determine extraction efficiencies. NADES consisting of lactic acid and levulinic acid at a molar ratio of 1:1 exhibits the highest yields. ILs, the second green extraction agent, with various cations and anions are also investigated, where [TEA] [OAc] AcOH, χ = 0.75 displays · AcOH the highest recovery. Moreover, NADES-SLE and IL-SLE (SLE, solid-liquid extraction) parameters are investigated. Using the obtained optimized method, the recoveries of the target compound in spinach are above 93% and 88% for NADES-SLE and IL-SLE procedure, respectively. The methods display good linearity within the range of 0.5–30 µg/g and LODs of 0.17 µg/g. The proposed NADES-SLE-UHPLC-UV and IL-SLE-UHPLC-UV procedures can be applied to the analysis of 20-E in real spinach samples, making it a potentially promising technique for food matrix. The main advantage of this study is the superior efficiency of the new, green extraction solvents, which results in a significant reduction of extraction time and solvents as compared to those in the literature. Keywords: natural deep eutectic solvent; ionic liquid; ecdysone; spinach; natural products 1. Introduction Ecdysteroids are steroid hormones that were first discovered in silkworm larvae in 1954. In the 1960s, researchers showed that they could also be produced by plants. Ecdysones belong to polar ecdysteroids, which are generated by plants to protect against insects. Moreover, biologically active phytoecdysones affect many physiological functions of mammals and display a wide range of pharmacological properties, such as protein synthesis and anti-cancer [1]. Ecdysones have been discovered in 150 above-ground plant families, but only a few of them have high concentrations (about 1%), these include the Chenopodiaceae family, e.g., spinach (50 µg/g dry mass)[2]. The onset of ecdysteroid production in spinach requires the appropriate ontogenetic development within the plant, which is related to leaf development. Importantly, Molecules 2020, 25, 4736; doi:10.3390/molecules25204736 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2020, 25, x 2 of 14 Molecules 2020, 25, 4736 2 of 14 dry mass) [2]. The onset of ecdysteroid production in spinach requires the appropriate ontogenetic development within the plant, which is related to leaf development. Importantly, the content of these thecompounds content ofchanges these compoundsdepending on changes season dependingor development on season phase, or as development well as geographical phase, as location, well as geographicalnatural environment, location, and natural plant environment, variety [3]. Accord and planting varietyto reports, [3]. Accordingthe highest to concentrations reports, the highest occur concentrationsduring flowering. occur during flowering. 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) is the most common ecdysone in the plant andand mammalianmammalian world (Figure(Figure1 1).). InIn animals,animals, itit actsacts asas aa moltingmolting hormone,hormone, whereaswhereas inin plantsplants itit protectsprotects againstagainst pestpest attack.attack. Additionally, plants plants greater greater amounts amounts (up (up to 3%to 3% dry dry mass) mass) compared compared to animals to animals (up to (up0.025% to 0.025% dry mass dry). Variousmass). Various studies arestudies examined are examined the pharmacological the pharma propertiescological ofproperties this compound. of this 20-E compound. stimulates 20-E the formationstimulates ofthe antibodies, formation reducesof antibodies, the amount reduces of the cholesterol, amount of and cholesterol, is responsible and is for responsible the anabolic for and the hypoglycemicanabolic and hypoglycemic effect [4]. effect [4]. Figure 1. Chemical structure of 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone, 20-E). Many analytical methods for the study of ecdysoneecdysone in plantsplants havehave beenbeen established,established, includingincluding thin layer chromatography (TLC) [[5–7],5–7], high performanceperformance liquid chromatography [[8–10],8–10], ultra-high performance liquidliquid chromatography chromatography [11 [11,12],12] with with diode diode array array detector detector (HPLC-DAD (HPLC-DAD or UHPLC-DAD) or UHPLC- andDAD) liquid and chromatography-massliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry spectrometry or (LC-MS) or (LC-MS) [13,14]. [13,14]. Sample extraction and clean-up are normally required prior to chromatographic analysis due to the matrixmatrix eeffect.ffect. ReportsReports have have shown shown that that methanol methanol [9 ,[9,10,14],10,14], ethanol ethanol [12 [12,13],,13], and and ethyl ethyl acetate acetate [8] are[8] crucialare crucial solvents solvents for the for extraction the extraction of ecdysones of ecdyso fromnes plants. from However,plants. However, the majority the ofmajority known of extraction known methodsextraction have methods drawbacks, have drawbacks, such as time such consuming as time consuming procedures, procedures, large consumption large consumption of toxic solvents, of toxic costlysolvents, equipment, costly equipment, and complicated and complicated sample preparation sample procedures. preparation Therefore, procedures. an economical Therefore, andan environmentallyeconomical and environmentally friendly extraction friendly method extraction of phytoecdysones method of phytoecdysones is highly desirable. is highly desirable. The development of green extraction agents as a su substitutebstitute for organic solvents is mainly focused on natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) [15] [15] and ionic liquids (ILs) called “green solvents” [16]. [16]. Additionally, NADESsNADESs are aa modernmodern typetype ofof greengreen solventssolvents withwith comparablecomparable properties to ILs and can possibly replace replace conventional conventional solvents solvents and and ILs. ILs. NADESs NADESs are are merely merely gene generatedrated by by mixing mixing two two or ormore more naturally naturally obtaining, obtaining, inexpensive, inexpensive, and andbiodegra biodegradabledable constituents constituents that thatare susceptible are susceptible to self- to self-association,association, mostly mostly via viahydrogen hydrogen bond bond interactions, interactions, to toform form a aeutectic eutectic mixture mixture that that exhibits exhibits melting points significantlysignificantly lowerlower thanthan individualindividual compoundscompounds [[15,16].15,16]. Compared to standard organic solvents, NADESs and ILs display unusual properties, such as thermal and chemical stability, non-toxicity,non-toxicity, andand non-flammability.non-flammability. OtherOther ILIL properties—includingproperties—including density, viscosity,viscosity, polarity,polarity, andand hydrophobicity—canhydrophobicity—can bebe ‘designed’‘designed’ byby matchingmatching a cationcation andand anion entering the IL structure [[17].17]. ILs can be applied to the extracti extractionon of various compounds from plants, such as galantamine galantamine [18], [18], indolylbutyric acidacid [[19],19], cacaffeoylquinicffeoylquinic acidsacids [[20],20], glaucynaglaucyna [[21],21], rutin,rutin, and quercetin [[22].22]. In all all cases, cases, extraction isis supportedsupported byby sonicationsonication or or mixing mixing to to enhance enhance e ffiefficiency.ciency. NADESs NADESs have have also also been been used used as solventsas solvents to extractto extract a wide a wide range range of non-polarof non-polar and and polar polar bioactive bioactive compounds compounds from from plant plant materials materials in combinationin combination with with ultrasound-assisted ultrasound-assisted extraction extraction (UAE) (UAE) [ 23[23–25]–25] and and microwave-assisted microwave-assisted extractionextraction (MAE)(MAE) [[26,27].26,27]. However, the extraction of ecdysones from spinach by ILs and NADESs has not yetyet been reported. The main goals goals of of this this study study were were to to develop develop an an IL ILand and NADES-based NADES-based extraction extraction procedure procedure for forisolation isolation of 20-hydroxyecdysone of 20-hydroxyecdysone from from spinach.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemistry Courses 2005-2006
    Chemistry Courses 2005-2006 Autumn 2005 Chem 11101 General Chemistry I, Variant A Lee Chem 11102 General Chemistry I, Variant B Norris Chem 12200 Honors General Chemistry I Levy Chem 22000 Organic Chemistry I Yu Chem 22300 Intermediate Organic Chemistry Mrksich Chem 26100 Quantum Mechanics Mazziotti Chem 30100 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Hopkins Chem 30900 Bioinorganic Chemistry He Chem 32100 Physical Organic Chemistry I Ismagilov Chem 32200 Organic Synthesis and Structure Rawal Chem 32600 Protein Fundamentals Piccirilli Chem 36100 Wave Mechanics & Spectroscopy Butler Chem 36400 Chemical Thermodynamics Dinner Winter 2006 Chem 11201 General Chemistry II, Variant A Scherer Chem 11202 General Chemistry II, Variant B Butler Chem 12300 Honors General Chemistry II Dinner Chem 20100 Inorganic Chemistry I Hillhouse Chem 22100 Organic Chemistry II Rawal Chem 23100 Honors Organic Chemistry II Kozmin Chem 26200 Thermodynamics Norris Chem 26700 Experimental Physical Chemistry Levy Chem 30200 Synthesis & Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry Jordan Chem 30400 Organometallic Chemistry Bosnich Chem 32300 Tactics of Organic Synthesis Yamamoto Chem 32400 Physical Organic Chemistry II Mrksich Chem 36200 Quantum Mechanics Freed Chem 36300 Statistical Mechanics Mazziotti Chem 38700 Biophysical Chemistry Lee Spring 2006 Chem 11301 General Chemistry III, Variant A Kozmin Chem 11302 General Chemistry III, Variant B Guyot-Sionnest Chem 20200 Inorganic Chemistry II Jordan Chem 22200 Organic Chemistry III Kent Chem 23200 Honors Organic Chemistry III Yamamoto Chem 22700 Advanced Organic / Inorganic Laboratory (8 students) He Chem 26300 Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics Sibner Chem 26800 Computational Chemistry & Biology Freed Chem 30600 Chemistry of the Elements Hillhouse Chem 31100 Supramolecular Chemistry Bosnich Chem 32500 Bioorganic Chemistry Piccirilli Chem 32900 Polymer Chemistry Yu Chem 33000 Complex Systems Ismagilov Chem 36500 Chemical Dynamics Scherer Chem 36800 Advanced Computational Chemistry & Biology Freed .
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum of Department of Pharmacy (6-Year Program)
    Curriculum of Department of Pharmacy (6-year program) 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year 6th year Basic Subjects for Pharmacy Student; Lectures and Practices of Basic Specialized Lectures and Practices Drug Therapy and its Related Practical Training and Beginning of Research for Graduation and SGL and more Sciences Research for Graduation Advanced Lectures Fundamental Education Professional Education Ⅰ Professional Education Ⅱ ■Humanism ■Humanism ■Preparatory Pharmacy Education ■Professional Pharmacy Education ■Practical Training ■Advanced Education Introduction to Humanism I Introduction to Humanism Ⅱ English for Pharmacy Oriental Medicine Preparation for Practical Training Research for Graduation Pharmacotherapeutics Practical Training in Hospital Advanced Clinical Training ■Preparatory Pharmacy Education ■Professional Pharmacy Education Drug Information Science Practical Training in Community Phrarmacy General Pharmacy Practice II ■Introduction of Pharmacy Basic English and English for Pharmacy Clinical Chemistry Drug Development and Production Japanese Traditional Medicine Invitation to Pharmacy Basic Statistics Synthesis of Target Molecules Pharmacy and Society ■Advanced Education Clinical Pharmacokinetics Early Exposure to Pharmacy Practical Trainings for Pharmacy Bioorganic Chemistry General Pharmacy Practice Research for Graduation Clinical Drug Evaluation Students Pharmaceutical Health Care Training Medical Economy Natural Products Chemistry ■Practical Training Education Drug Safty Evaluation and Pharmacoepidemiology
    [Show full text]
  • Recreating Ancient Metabolic Pathways Before Enzymes Kamila B
    Recreating ancient metabolic pathways before enzymes Kamila B. Muchowska, Elodie Chevallot-Beroux, Joseph Moran To cite this version: Kamila B. Muchowska, Elodie Chevallot-Beroux, Joseph Moran. Recreating ancient metabolic path- ways before enzymes. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Elsevier, 2019, 27 (12), pp.2292-2297. 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.012. hal-02516541 HAL Id: hal-02516541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02516541 Submitted on 23 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Graphical Abstract To create your abstract, type over the instructions in the template box below. Fonts or abstract dimensions should not be changed or altered. Recreating ancient metabolic pathways Leave this area blank for abstract info. before enzymes Kamila B. Muchowskaa* , Elodie Chevallot-Berouxa, and Joseph Morana* University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 67000 Strasbourg, France Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com Recreating ancient metabolic pathways before enzymes Kamila B. Muchowska,a* Elodie Chevallot-Beroux,a and Joseph Morana* a University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 67000 Strasbourg, France. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The biochemistry of all living organisms uses complex, enzyme-catalyzed metabolic reaction Received networks.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Carbon Fixation Pathways Through a Quantitative Lens
    Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 2325–2342, 2012 doi:10.1093/jxb/err417 Advance Access publication 26 December, 2011 REVIEW PAPER A survey of carbon fixation pathways through a quantitative lens Arren Bar-Even, Elad Noor and Ron Milo* Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Received 15 August 2011; Revised 4 November 2011; Accepted 8 November 2011 Downloaded from Abstract While the reductive pentose phosphate cycle is responsible for the fixation of most of the carbon in the biosphere, it http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/ has several natural substitutes. In fact, due to the characterization of three new carbon fixation pathways in the last decade, the diversity of known metabolic solutions for autotrophic growth has doubled. In this review, the different pathways are analysed and compared according to various criteria, trying to connect each of the different metabolic alternatives to suitable environments or metabolic goals. The different roles of carbon fixation are discussed; in addition to sustaining autotrophic growth it can also be used for energy conservation and as an electron sink for the recycling of reduced electron carriers. Our main focus in this review is on thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, including thermodynamically challenging reactions, the ATP requirement of each pathway, energetic constraints on carbon fixation, and factors that are expected to limit the rate of the pathways. Finally, possible metabolic structures at Weizmann Institute of Science on July 3, 2016 of yet unknown carbon fixation pathways are suggested and discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial Highlights for Organi Chemistry: Current Research
    n ISSN: 2161-0401 Organic Chemistry: Current Research Editorial Editorial Note on Bioorganic Chemistry Sandhya Kille Department of Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, India EDITORIAL structure-function studies of therapeutics, and bio conjugates. Students focused on this area at Oregon Bioorganic chemistry could also be a rapidly growing develop a solid foundation in synthetic chemistry and even content that mixes science and biochemistry. It’s that have the good thing about the outstanding branch of bioscience that deals with the study of biochemistry/molecular biology research environment at biological processes using chemical methods. UO. Bioorganic chemistry applies the principles and Protein and enzyme function are samples of those techniques of chemistry to unravel problems of biological processes. Sometimes biochemistry is utilized relevance, taking inspiration from biology to develop new interchangeably for bioorganic chemistry; the excellence chemical processes. being that bioorganic chemistry is chemistry that's Cornell bioorganic chemists emphasize chemical and focused on the biological aspects. While biochemistry molecular approaches to solving important biological aims at understanding biological processes using problems. Research areas include the applying of chemistry, bioorganic chemistry attempts to expand synthetic and scientific discipline to the study of enzymes, organic-chemical researches (that is, structures, metabolic pathways and nucleic acids. This includes the synthesis, and kinetics) toward biology. event of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors; elucidation When investigating metalloenzymes and cofactors, of enzyme mechanism and structure and studies of bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry. coenzyme reactivity. Chemical investigations are extended Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, broadly to studies of receptor recognition, hormone and drug defined, are fields during which organic synthetic activity, and also the mechanism of chemical chemistry plays an unlimited role within the life sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Classes in Bioorganic Chemistry
    MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF REPUBLIC OF BELARUS VITEBSK STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY LABORATORY CLASSES IN BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY L.G. Hidranovich, O.A. Khodos ( 2 - e « З Д / ) For Foreign students of the 1-st year Vitebsk 20t£ УДК 54 (042.3/4) ББК 24.239 L.G. Hidranovich, О.Л. Khodos LABORATORY CLASSES IN BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY for foreign students of the 1-sl year: Manual./ L.G. Hidranovich, O.A. Khodos. - Vitebsk: v s m u , 20i b - 128 p. ( 2 - е м а д д ISBN 978-985-466-5$S‘-3 This issue contains program questions, problems, laboratory' works for the classes in bioorgamc chemistry, examination questions, tests, reference tables.The issue was wrote according to the typical educational program for the students o f higher medical educa­ tional establishments. Утверждено и рекомендовано к изданию Центральным учебно-научно­ методическим Советом непрерывного медицинского и фармацевтического образо­ вания Витебского государственного медицинского университета, 21.04________ 2007 г , протокол №4. ISBN 978-985-466-581-3 У Д К 54 (042.3/4) ББК 24.239 © Гидранович Л.Г., Ходос О А., 20/3 ©УО «Витебский государственный медицинский университет», 20'Й CONTENTS Thematic p!a:: of the lectures. 4 Thematic plan of the laboratory classes. 5 Accident prevention. 6 Theme 1. Classification and FJPAC nomenclature of organic com­ 7 pounds. Theme 2. Electronic structure of chemical bonds. Inductive and reso­ 9 nance effects. Theme 3. Stereochemistry of organic compounds. 11 Configuration and conformation of the organic compounds. Theme 4 Acid-base properties of organic compounds. 14 Theme 5. Classification and mechanisms of the reactions in organic 16 chemistry Saturated, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioorganic Chemistry
    Lecture 1. Biomedical and Bioorganic Chemistry Lecturer Yanovska Anna Olexandrivna Calculate grade: • Total (200) • General module (80 total) • Tests (Nomenclature - 10 points, Heterofunctional compounds – 14 points, Lipids – 14 points, Aminoacids, Peptides – 14 points). • Individual homework (30 possible) • 20 points (laboratory works) • 18 points work in class • Grades: • 170-200 - excellent • 169 – 140 - good • 139 – 120 – satisfied • Less than 120 - unsatisfied Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of carbon. Bioorganic chemistry is the part of organic chemistry that studies the carbon compounds, which are present in the living organism – the so-called biomolecules. The major biomolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It also studies drugs and their derivatives. By carbon chain organic compounds are classified in following way: Organic Chemistry • The chemistry of carbon compounds. • What’s special about carbon? – tetravalent (sp3 hybridization) – wide choice in oxidation states – CO2 C, +4 – CH4 C, -4 – bonds well to O, N, halides,itself,etc. – Covalent bonds are very strong Bond formation in molecules of organic compounds Functional Groups Term used to refer to parts of organic molecules where reactions tend to occur. By amount of functional groups and their type organic compounds are classified onto - Monofunctional (one functional group): alcohol C2H5-OH, carboxylic acid CH3COOH - Polyfunctional – has two or more same functional groups: HO-CH2-CH2-OH - Heterofunctional – has two or more different functional groups: HO-CH2-CH2-NH2 Functional Group is a part of an organic compound, by which it belongs to class of organic compounds and has specific properties. Structure of Carbon Compounds • There are three hybridization states and geometries found in organic compounds: – sp3 Tetrahedral – sp2 Trigonal planar – sp Linear Hydrocarbons (contain only H and C) • Four types: – Alkanes – Alkenes – Alkynes – Aromatic hydrocarbon s Alkanes • Only single bonds.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiral Monolithic Silica-Based HPLC Columns for Enantiomeric
    molecules Review Chiral Monolithic Silica-Based HPLC Columns for Enantiomeric Separation and Determination: Functionalization of Chiral Selector and Recognition of Selector-Selectand Interaction Mufarreh Asmari 1, Xiaoyu Wang 2 , Natalia Casado 3 , Marjan Piponski 4 , Sergiy Kovalenko 5, Liliya Logoyda 6, Rasha Sayed Hanafi 7 and Sami El Deeb 8,* 1 College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 4 Replek Farm Ltd., st. Kozle 188, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; [email protected] 5 Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Maiakovskyi avenue 26, 69035 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; [email protected] 6 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli 1, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine; [email protected] 7 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Citation: Asmari, M.; Wang, X.; Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt; rasha.hanafi@guc.edu.eg 8 Casado, N.; Piponski, M.; Kovalenko, Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, S.; Logoyda, L.; Hanafi, R.S.; El Deeb, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-531-391-7301 S. Chiral Monolithic Silica-Based HPLC Columns for Enantiomeric Abstract: This review draws attention to the use of chiral monolithic silica HPLC columns for the Separation and Determination: enantiomeric separation and determination of chiral compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioorganic Chemistry
    Hermann Dugas Christopher Penney Bioorganic Chemistry A Chemical Approach to Enzyme Action With 82 Figures Spri nger-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin Dr. Hermann Dugas Dr. Christopher Penney Departement de Chimie Connaught Research Institute Universite de Montreal Willowdale, Ontario Montreal, Quebec Canada M2N 5T8 Canada H3C 3Vl Series Editor: Prof. Charles R. Cantor Columbia University Box 608 Havemeyer Hall New York, New York 10027 USA Cover: The green illustration represents the hypothetical mode of binding of a rigid structural analogue of N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester at the active site of a-chymotrypsin. The illustration emphasizes the equilibration toward the favored configuration (see text page 224). The background design is taken from a diagrammatic representation of the primary structure of a-chymotrypsin. After Nature with permission [B.W. Matthews, P.B. Sigler, R. Henderson, and D.M. Blow (1967), Nature 214, 652-656]. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Dugas, Hermann, 1942- Bioorganic chemistry. (Springer advanced texts in chemistry.) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Enzymes. 2. Biological chemistry. 3. Chemistry,. Organic. I. Penney, Christopher, 1950- joint author. II. Title. m. Series. [DNLM: 1. Biochemistry. 2. Enzymes-Metabolism. QUl35 D866b] QP60 1. D78 574.19'25 80-16222 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 Chemistry in the 21St Century
    Ch 14 Chemistry in the 21st century 14 CHEMISTRY IN THE 21ST CENTURY Since the beginning of its modernization at the end of the 18th century, chemistry has been continuously and rapidly developing. Since the basis of this development is through the atomic/molecular theory, we can call these 200 years the era of molecular chemistry. As the beginning of the 21st century approached, chemistry had much success in greatly enlarging its scope. The role of weak interactions was recognized, and the new prospect of supramolecular chemistry opened up. On the other hand, chemistry has a major responsibility to sustain the environment of the earth, and we must find ways for humans and nature to coexist indefinitely, that is, in modern terminology, to achieve sustainable societies. There is much that chemistry and all chemists should do. 14.1 A novel view of matter (a) Detection of weak interaction From the birth of modern chemistry at the end of the 18th century to the end of the 20th century, chemistry has been based on molecules which are composed of atoms and covalent and ionic bonds to connect these. The structure, properties and functions have been explained in terms of molecules. It has been taken for granted that if one can understand each molecule, one can understand the properties and functions of all substances. Chemistry based on such an assumption may be called the molecular chemistry. There were, however, some chemists who suspected such a view might be too shortsighted. Indeed as early as the 1920s, it was already recognized that there were some materials whose structure or properties and functions could not be explicable in terms of molecules.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Silica Hydride Based Amide Stationary Phase for High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Aqueous Normal Phase Separations
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2020 Evaluation of Silica Hydride Based Amide Stationary Phase for High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Aqueous Normal Phase Separations Emma Tardiff San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Tardiff, Emma, "Evaluation of Silica Hydride Based Amide Stationary Phase for High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Aqueous Normal Phase Separations" (2020). Master's Theses. 5112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.jv7z-a6rn https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/5112 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EVALUATION OF SILICA HYDRIDE BASED AMIDE STATIONARY PHASE FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND AQUEOUS NORMAL PHASE SEPARATIONS A Thesis Presented to the Department of Chemistry San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By Emma R. Tardiff May 2020 © 2020 Emma R. Tardiff ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled EVALUATION OF SILICA HYDRIDE BASED AMIDE STATIONARY PHASE FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND AQUEOUS NORMAL PHASE SEPARATIONS by Emma R. Tardiff APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY May 2020 Dr. Joseph J. Pesek Chemistry Department Dr. Roger H. Terrill Chemistry Department Dr. Ningkun Wang Chemistry Department ABSTRACT EVALUATION OF SILICA HYDRIDE BASED AMIDE STATIONARY PHASE FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND AQUEOUS NORMAL PHASE SEPARATIONS by Emma R.
    [Show full text]
  • Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging of ZP1609 and Amyloid Beta
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 9-11-2018 2:00 PM Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging of ZP1609 and Amyloid Beta Jasmine S. H. Wang The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Yeung, Ken K.-C. The University of Western Ontario Co-Supervisor Whitehead, Shawn N. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Chemistry A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Jasmine S. H. Wang 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Wang, Jasmine S. H., "Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging of ZP1609 and Amyloid Beta" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5744. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5744 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract The revolutionary development of soft ionization techniques like matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has opened up the possibilities for mass spectrometry (MS) in protein detection, identification, and sequencing. The ability of MALDI MS to acquire images of intact tissue sections offer an additional dimension of analysis where location information can be attained. Visualization of biological systems help to unravel the complexities of cells, drug pathways, and disease pathology. However, the capabilities of MALDI MS imaging are often being questioned, as signals are typically biased towards the most abundant component within a complex sample.
    [Show full text]