Heterogeneous Processors: the Cell Broadband Engine (Plus Processor History & Outlook)
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Wind Rose Data Comes in the Form >200,000 Wind Rose Images
Making Wind Speed and Direction Maps Rich Stromberg Alaska Energy Authority [email protected]/907-771-3053 6/30/2011 Wind Direction Maps 1 Wind rose data comes in the form of >200,000 wind rose images across Alaska 6/30/2011 Wind Direction Maps 2 Wind rose data is quantified in very large Excel™ spreadsheets for each region of the state • Fields: X Y X_1 Y_1 FILE FREQ1 FREQ2 FREQ3 FREQ4 FREQ5 FREQ6 FREQ7 FREQ8 FREQ9 FREQ10 FREQ11 FREQ12 FREQ13 FREQ14 FREQ15 FREQ16 SPEED1 SPEED2 SPEED3 SPEED4 SPEED5 SPEED6 SPEED7 SPEED8 SPEED9 SPEED10 SPEED11 SPEED12 SPEED13 SPEED14 SPEED15 SPEED16 POWER1 POWER2 POWER3 POWER4 POWER5 POWER6 POWER7 POWER8 POWER9 POWER10 POWER11 POWER12 POWER13 POWER14 POWER15 POWER16 WEIBC1 WEIBC2 WEIBC3 WEIBC4 WEIBC5 WEIBC6 WEIBC7 WEIBC8 WEIBC9 WEIBC10 WEIBC11 WEIBC12 WEIBC13 WEIBC14 WEIBC15 WEIBC16 WEIBK1 WEIBK2 WEIBK3 WEIBK4 WEIBK5 WEIBK6 WEIBK7 WEIBK8 WEIBK9 WEIBK10 WEIBK11 WEIBK12 WEIBK13 WEIBK14 WEIBK15 WEIBK16 6/30/2011 Wind Direction Maps 3 Data set is thinned down to wind power density • Fields: X Y • POWER1 POWER2 POWER3 POWER4 POWER5 POWER6 POWER7 POWER8 POWER9 POWER10 POWER11 POWER12 POWER13 POWER14 POWER15 POWER16 • Power1 is the wind power density coming from the north (0 degrees). Power 2 is wind power from 22.5 deg.,…Power 9 is south (180 deg.), etc… 6/30/2011 Wind Direction Maps 4 Spreadsheet calculations X Y POWER1 POWER2 POWER3 POWER4 POWER5 POWER6 POWER7 POWER8 POWER9 POWER10 POWER11 POWER12 POWER13 POWER14 POWER15 POWER16 Max Wind Dir Prim 2nd Wind Dir Sec -132.7365 54.4833 0.643 0.767 1.911 4.083 -
Ray Tracing on the Cell Processor
Ray Tracing on the Cell Processor Carsten Benthin† Ingo Wald Michael Scherbaum† Heiko Friedrich‡ †inTrace Realtime Ray Tracing GmbH SCI Institute, University of Utah ‡Saarland University {benthin, scherbaum}@intrace.com, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract band”) architectures1 to hide memory latencies, at exposing par- Over the last three decades, higher CPU performance has been allelism through SIMD units, and at multi-core architectures. At achieved almost exclusively by raising the CPU’s clock rate. Today, least for specialized tasks such as triangle rasterization, these con- the resulting power consumption and heat dissipation threaten to cepts have been proven as very powerful, and have made modern end this trend, and CPU designers are looking for alternative ways GPUs as fast as they are; for example, a Nvidia 7800 GTX offers of providing more compute power. In particular, they are looking 313 GFlops [16], 35 times more than a 2.2 GHz AMD Opteron towards three concepts: a streaming compute model, vector-like CPU. Today, there seems to be a convergence between CPUs and SIMD units, and multi-core architectures. One particular example GPUs, with GPUs—already using the streaming compute model, of such an architecture is the Cell Broadband Engine Architecture SIMD, and multi-core—become increasingly programmable, and (CBEA), a multi-core processor that offers a raw compute power CPUs are getting equipped with more and more cores and stream- of up to 200 GFlops per 3.2 GHz chip. The Cell bears a huge po- ing functionalities. Most commodity CPUs already offer 2–8 tential for compute-intensive applications like ray tracing, but also cores [1, 9, 10, 25], and desktop PCs with more cores can be built requires addressing the challenges caused by this processor’s un- by stacking and interconnecting smaller multi-core systems (mostly conventional architecture. -
IBM System P5 Quad-Core Module Based on POWER5+ Technology: Technical Overview and Introduction
Giuliano Anselmi Redpaper Bernard Filhol SahngShin Kim Gregor Linzmeier Ondrej Plachy Scott Vetter IBM System p5 Quad-Core Module Based on POWER5+ Technology: Technical Overview and Introduction The quad-core module (QCM) is based on the well-known POWER5™ dual-core module (DCM) technology. The dual-core POWER5 processor and the dual-core POWER5+™ processor are packaged with the L3 cache chip into a cost-effective DCM package. The QCM is a package that enables entry-level or midrange IBM® System p5™ servers to achieve additional processing density without increasing the footprint. Figure 1 shows the DCM and QCM physical views and the basic internal architecture. to I/O to I/O Core Core 1.5 GHz 1.5 GHz Enhanced Enhanced 1.9 MB MB 1.9 1.9 MB MB 1.9 L2 cache L2 L2 cache switch distributed switch distributed switch 1.9 GHz POWER5 Core Core core or CPU or core 1.5 GHz L3 Mem 1.5 GHz L3 Mem L2 cache L2 ctrl ctrl ctrl ctrl Enhanced distributed Enhanced 1.9 MB Shared Shared MB 1.9 Ctrl 1.9 GHz L3 Mem Ctrl POWER5 core or CPU or core 36 MB 36 MB 36 L3 cache L3 cache L3 DCM 36 MB QCM L3 cache L3 to memory to memory DIMMs DIMMs POWER5+ Dual-Core Module POWER5+ Quad-Core Module One Dual-Core-chip Two Dual-Core-chips plus two L3-cache-chips plus one L3-cache-chip Figure 1 DCM and QCM physical views and basic internal architecture © Copyright IBM Corp. 2006. -
Power4 Focuses on Memory Bandwidth IBM Confronts IA-64, Says ISA Not Important
VOLUME 13, NUMBER 13 OCTOBER 6,1999 MICROPROCESSOR REPORT THE INSIDERS’ GUIDE TO MICROPROCESSOR HARDWARE Power4 Focuses on Memory Bandwidth IBM Confronts IA-64, Says ISA Not Important by Keith Diefendorff company has decided to make a last-gasp effort to retain control of its high-end server silicon by throwing its consid- Not content to wrap sheet metal around erable financial and technical weight behind Power4. Intel microprocessors for its future server After investing this much effort in Power4, if IBM fails business, IBM is developing a processor it to deliver a server processor with compelling advantages hopes will fend off the IA-64 juggernaut. Speaking at this over the best IA-64 processors, it will be left with little alter- week’s Microprocessor Forum, chief architect Jim Kahle de- native but to capitulate. If Power4 fails, it will also be a clear scribed IBM’s monster 170-million-transistor Power4 chip, indication to Sun, Compaq, and others that are bucking which boasts two 64-bit 1-GHz five-issue superscalar cores, a IA-64, that the days of proprietary CPUs are numbered. But triple-level cache hierarchy, a 10-GByte/s main-memory IBM intends to resist mightily, and, based on what the com- interface, and a 45-GByte/s multiprocessor interface, as pany has disclosed about Power4 so far, it may just succeed. Figure 1 shows. Kahle said that IBM will see first silicon on Power4 in 1Q00, and systems will begin shipping in 2H01. Looking for Parallelism in All the Right Places With Power4, IBM is targeting the high-reliability servers No Holds Barred that will power future e-businesses. -
SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Research Infrastructures
SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Research Infrastructures INFRA-2007-2.2.2.1 - Preparatory phase for 'Computer and Data Treat- ment' research infrastructures in the 2006 ESFRI Roadmap PRACE Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe Grant Agreement Number: RI-211528 D8.3.2 Final technical report and architecture proposal Final Version: 1.0 Author(s): Ramnath Sai Sagar (BSC), Jesus Labarta (BSC), Aad van der Steen (NCF), Iris Christadler (LRZ), Herbert Huber (LRZ) Date: 25.06.2010 D8.3.2 Final technical report and architecture proposal Project and Deliverable Information Sheet PRACE Project Project Ref. №: RI-211528 Project Title: Final technical report and architecture proposal Project Web Site: http://www.prace-project.eu Deliverable ID: : <D8.3.2> Deliverable Nature: Report Deliverable Level: Contractual Date of Delivery: PU * 30 / 06 / 2010 Actual Date of Delivery: 30 / 06 / 2010 EC Project Officer: Bernhard Fabianek * - The dissemination level are indicated as follows: PU – Public, PP – Restricted to other participants (including the Commission Services), RE – Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services). CO – Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services). PRACE - RI-211528 i 25.06.2010 D8.3.2 Final technical report and architecture proposal Document Control Sheet Title: : Final technical report and architecture proposal Document ID: D8.3.2 Version: 1.0 Status: Final Available at: http://www.prace-project.eu Software Tool: Microsoft Word 2003 File(s): D8.3.2_addn_v0.3.doc -
POWER® Processor-Based Systems
IBM® Power® Systems RAS Introduction to IBM® Power® Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability for POWER9® processor-based systems using IBM PowerVM™ With Updates covering the latest 4+ Socket Power10 processor-based systems IBM Systems Group Daniel Henderson, Irving Baysah Trademarks, Copyrights, Notices and Acknowledgements Trademarks IBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. These and other IBM trademarked terms are marked on their first occurrence in this information with the appropriate symbol (® or ™), indicating US registered or common law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published. Such trademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the Web at http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml The following terms are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both: Active AIX® POWER® POWER Power Power Systems Memory™ Hypervisor™ Systems™ Software™ Power® POWER POWER7 POWER8™ POWER® PowerLinux™ 7® +™ POWER® PowerHA® POWER6 ® PowerVM System System PowerVC™ POWER Power Architecture™ ® x® z® Hypervisor™ Additional Trademarks may be identified in the body of this document. Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. Notices The last page of this document contains copyright information, important notices, and other information. Acknowledgements While this whitepaper has two principal authors/editors it is the culmination of the work of a number of different subject matter experts within IBM who contributed ideas, detailed technical information, and the occasional photograph and section of description. -
Openpower AI CERN V1.Pdf
Moore’s Law Processor Technology Firmware / OS Linux Accelerator sSoftware OpenStack Storage Network ... Price/Performance POWER8 2000 2020 DRAM Memory Chips Buffer Power8: Up to 12 Cores, up to 96 Threads L1, L2, L3 + L4 Caches Up to 1 TB per socket https://www.ibm.com/blogs/syst Up to 230 GB/s sustained memory ems/power-systems- openpower-enable- bandwidth acceleration/ System System Memory Memory 115 GB/s 115 GB/s POWER8 POWER8 CPU CPU NVLink NVLink 80 GB/s 80 GB/s P100 P100 P100 P100 GPU GPU GPU GPU GPU GPU GPU GPU Memory Memory Memory Memory GPU PCIe CPU 16 GB/s System bottleneck Graphics System Memory Memory IBM aDVantage: data communication and GPU performance POWER8 + 78 ms Tesla P100+NVLink x86 baseD 170 ms GPU system ImageNet / Alexnet: Minibatch size = 128 ADD: Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI) FPGA CAPP PCIe POWER8 Processor ...FPGAs, networking, memory... Typical I/O MoDel Flow Copy or Pin MMIO Notify Poll / Int Copy or Unpin Ret. From DD DD Call Acceleration Source Data Accelerator Completion Result Data Completion Flow with a Coherent MoDel ShareD Mem. ShareD Memory Acceleration Notify Accelerator Completion Focus on Enterprise Scale-Up Focus on Scale-Out and Enterprise Future Technology and Performance DriVen Cost and Acceleration DriVen Partner Chip POWER6 Architecture POWER7 Architecture POWER8 Architecture POWER9 Architecture POWER10 POWER8/9 2007 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2017 TBD 2018 - 20 2020+ POWER6 POWER6+ POWER7 POWER7+ POWER8 POWER8 P9 SO P9 SU P9 SO 2 cores 2 cores 8 cores 8 cores 12 cores w/ NVLink -
Implementing Powerpc Linux on System I Platform
Front cover Implementing POWER Linux on IBM System i Platform Planning and configuring Linux servers on IBM System i platform Linux distribution on IBM System i Platform installation guide Tips to run Linux servers on IBM System i platform Yessong Johng Erwin Earley Rico Franke Vlatko Kosturjak ibm.com/redbooks International Technical Support Organization Implementing POWER Linux on IBM System i Platform February 2007 SG24-6388-01 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page vii. Second Edition (February 2007) This edition applies to i5/OS V5R4, SLES10 and RHEL4. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2005, 2007. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Notices . vii Trademarks . viii Preface . ix The team that wrote this redbook. ix Become a published author . xi Comments welcome. xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Linux on System i platform . 1 1.1 Concepts and terminology . 2 1.1.1 System i platform . 2 1.1.2 Hardware management console . 4 1.1.3 Virtual Partition Manager (VPM) . 10 1.2 Brief introduction to Linux and Linux on System i platform . 12 1.2.1 Linux on System i platform . 12 1.3 Differences between existing Power5-based System i and previous System i models 13 1.3.1 Linux enhancements on Power5 / Power5+ . 14 1.4 Where to go for more information . 15 Chapter 2. Configuration planning . 17 2.1 Concepts and terminology . 18 2.1.1 Processor concepts . -
From Blue Gene to Cell Power.Org Moscow, JSCC Technical Day November 30, 2005
IBM eServer pSeries™ From Blue Gene to Cell Power.org Moscow, JSCC Technical Day November 30, 2005 Dr. Luigi Brochard IBM Distinguished Engineer Deep Computing Architect [email protected] © 2004 IBM Corporation IBM eServer pSeries™ Technology Trends As frequency increase is limited due to power limitation Dual core is a way to : 2 x Peak Performance per chip (and per cycle) But at the expense of frequency (around 20% down) Another way is to increase Flop/cycle © 2004 IBM Corporation IBM eServer pSeries™ IBM innovations POWER : FMA in 1990 with POWER: 2 Flop/cycle/chip Double FMA in 1992 with POWER2 : 4 Flop/cycle/chip Dual core in 2001 with POWER4: 8 Flop/cycle/chip Quadruple core modules in Oct 2005 with POWER5: 16 Flop/cycle/module PowerPC: VMX in 2003 with ppc970FX : 8 Flops/cycle/core, 32bit only Dual VMX+ FMA with pp970MP in 1Q06 Blue Gene: Low frequency , system on a chip, tight integration of thousands of cpus Cell : 8 SIMD units and a ppc970 core on a chip : 64 Flop/cycle/chip © 2004 IBM Corporation IBM eServer pSeries™ Technology Trends As needs diversify, systems are heterogeneous and distributed GRID technologies are an essential part to create cooperative environments based on standards © 2004 IBM Corporation IBM eServer pSeries™ IBM innovations IBM is : a sponsor of Globus Alliances contributing to Globus Tool Kit open souce a founding member of Globus Consortium IBM is extending its products Global file systems : – Multi platform and multi cluster GPFS Meta schedulers : – Multi platform -
Recent Developments in Supercomputing
John von Neumann Institute for Computing Recent Developments in Supercomputing Th. Lippert published in NIC Symposium 2008, G. M¨unster, D. Wolf, M. Kremer (Editors), John von Neumann Institute for Computing, J¨ulich, NIC Series, Vol. 39, ISBN 978-3-9810843-5-1, pp. 1-8, 2008. c 2008 by John von Neumann Institute for Computing Permission to make digital or hard copies of portions of this work for personal or classroom use is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise requires prior specific permission by the publisher mentioned above. http://www.fz-juelich.de/nic-series/volume39 Recent Developments in Supercomputing Thomas Lippert J¨ulich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum J¨ulich 52425 J¨ulich, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Status and recent developments in the field of supercomputing on the European and German level as well as at the Forschungszentrum J¨ulich are presented. Encouraged by the ESFRI committee, the European PRACE Initiative is going to create a world-leading European tier-0 supercomputer infrastructure. In Germany, the BMBF formed the Gauss Centre for Supercom- puting, the largest national association for supercomputing in Europe. The Gauss Centre is the German partner in PRACE. With its new Blue Gene/P system, the J¨ulich supercomputing centre has realized its vision of a dual system complex and is heading for Petaflop/s already in 2009. In the framework of the JuRoPA-Project, in cooperation with German and European industrial partners, the JSC will build a next generation general purpose system with very good price-performance ratio and energy efficiency. -
Introduction to the Cell Multiprocessor
Introduction J. A. Kahle M. N. Day to the Cell H. P. Hofstee C. R. Johns multiprocessor T. R. Maeurer D. Shippy This paper provides an introductory overview of the Cell multiprocessor. Cell represents a revolutionary extension of conventional microprocessor architecture and organization. The paper discusses the history of the project, the program objectives and challenges, the design concept, the architecture and programming models, and the implementation. Introduction: History of the project processors in order to provide the required Initial discussion on the collaborative effort to develop computational density and power efficiency. After Cell began with support from CEOs from the Sony several months of architectural discussion and contract and IBM companies: Sony as a content provider and negotiations, the STI (SCEI–Toshiba–IBM) Design IBM as a leading-edge technology and server company. Center was formally opened in Austin, Texas, on Collaboration was initiated among SCEI (Sony March 9, 2001. The STI Design Center represented Computer Entertainment Incorporated), IBM, for a joint investment in design of about $400,000,000. microprocessor development, and Toshiba, as a Separate joint collaborations were also set in place development and high-volume manufacturing technology for process technology development. partner. This led to high-level architectural discussions A number of key elements were employed to drive the among the three companies during the summer of 2000. success of the Cell multiprocessor design. First, a holistic During a critical meeting in Tokyo, it was determined design approach was used, encompassing processor that traditional architectural organizations would not architecture, hardware implementation, system deliver the computational power that SCEI sought structures, and software programming models. -
Power Architecture® ISA 2.06 Stride N Prefetch Engines to Boost Application's Performance
Power Architecture® ISA 2.06 Stride N prefetch Engines to boost Application's performance History of IBM POWER architecture: POWER stands for Performance Optimization with Enhanced RISC. Power architecture is synonymous with performance. Introduced by IBM in 1991, POWER1 was a superscalar design that implemented register renaming andout-of-order execution. In Power2, additional FP unit and caches were added to boost performance. In 1996 IBM released successor of the POWER2 called P2SC (POWER2 Super chip), which is a single chip implementation of POWER2. P2SC is used to power the 30-node IBM Deep Blue supercomputer that beat world Chess Champion Garry Kasparov at chess in 1997. Power3, first 64 bit SMP, featured a data prefetch engine, non-blocking interleaved data cache, dual floating point execution units, and many other goodies. Power3 also unified the PowerPC and POWER Instruction set and was used in IBM's RS/6000 servers. The POWER3-II reimplemented POWER3 using copper interconnects, delivering double the performance at about the same price. Power4 was the first Gigahertz dual core processor launched in 2001 which was awarded the MicroProcessor Technology Award in recognition of its innovations and technology exploitation. Power5 came in with symmetric multi threading (SMT) feature to further increase application's performance. In 2004, IBM with 15 other companies founded Power.org. Power.org released the Power ISA v2.03 in September 2006, Power ISA v.2.04 in June 2007 and Power ISA v.2.05 with many advanced features such as VMX, virtualization, variable length encoding, hyper visor functionality, logical partitioning, virtual page handling, Decimal Floating point and so on which further boosted the architecture leadership in the market place and POWER5+, Cell, POWER6, PA6T, Titan are various compliant cores.