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·Ihe Fish Egg ·ihe Fish Egg: Its Biology and Culture Symposium Proceedings Don MacKinlay Maxwell Eldridge -1~'''~~lMt ~ /lie eM g'~ ot ';f44a San Francisco State University July 14-18, 1996 QL 639.1 The Fish egg: its biology 15 and culture: symposium F5 proceedings. 1996 The Fish Egg: Its Biology and Culture Symposium Proceedings Don MacKin lay Maxwell Eldridge ) I ~ 1~ ~ 0# t4e g'~", 7i4ke4 San Francisco Siale University July 14-18, 1996. Copyright © 1996 Physiology Section, American Fisheries Society All rights reserved International Standard Book Number (ISBN) 0-9698631-0-7 Notice This publication is made up of camera-ready, extended abstracts submitted by the authors without peer review or line editing, and therefore the papers in the volume should not be cited as primary literature. Since much of this work has been or will be published in the primary literature, please contact the authors if you are interested in a proper citation for their work. The quality of the papers printed here, both scientifically and typographically, are the sole responsibility of the authors. The Physiology Section of the American Fisheries Society offers this compilation of papers in the interests of information exchange only, and makes no claim as to the validity of the conclusions or recommendations presented in the papers. 2 PREFACE In the disciplines of fish biology and fisheries biology, few other subjects have experienced the growth and interest as bas the area of early life stage biology - namely, fish eggs and larvae. Its rapid rise in popularity can be seen in comparing the size, content and list of references of 1.H.S. Blaxter's chapter on fish eggs and larval development in the 1969 Fish Physiology Volume III with the specificity and diversity of an entire volume (same series, Volume XI) devoted to the subject, published in 1988. Today, one need only peruse any of the major "fish" journals and there will be a significant number of articles focusing on eggs andlor larvae. IchthyopJankton surveys and studies of larval fish ecology have become essential to fisheries and natural resource conservation and management. Egg and larval development and physiology are integral parts of studies in aquatic ecology. Early life stages of fish now serve as standard experimental models for many research fields, including poilutant effects, toxicology, pharmacology and developmental biology. It is no wonder that a call for papers for an egg symposium should elicit such a positive response. Yet our original preconception for this symposium, as part of the International Congress on the . Biology of Fishes, was to have a series of papers that would cover "egg" topics that would deal with issues, problems and research relating mostly to aquaculture (read 'hatcheries') and to salmonids. Much of the explanation for this position was due to the public and governmental concern, and thus funding, over the declining stocks of Pacific coast salmon. To our pleasant surprise, the collection of papers submitted for presentation soon made us aware that our preconception was a misconception. The international scope of interest extended far beyond our regional perspective and, in fact, reflected a full diversity of disciplines. The approximate 32 papers comprising this symposium come from 13 countries, representing four continents. Topics are international and diverse, covering a full phylogenetic range of species from freshwater, estuarine and marine habitats. Under the general heading of fish egg, there are papers on pre-fertilized oocytes and the traditional early life stages of embryos and larvae. In an atlempt to logically organize the various papers, they appeared to fall into three general categories: effects, egg quality, and development and physiology. Under the topic of effects, we examine how ex(rinsic factors such as temperature, pH, petrochemicals, mechanical shock, pathogens and transport handling affect fish eggs and larvae. The broader category of egg quality explores more intrinsic factors that include the determinants of egg size, and varied nutritional components such as lipids, proteins, and free amino acids. In the last section on egg development and physiology, topics range from traditional descriptions of development to functional studies on factors that influence egg and larval development, metabolism and physiology. The success of this symposium was the result of the combined effort ofall the contributors and their shared concern for and scientific interest in some of the most interesting critters around - fish eggs and larvae. Without them, we would not have adult fish to enjoy. Mickey Eldridge Don MacKinlay Tiburon Laboratory, Salmonid Enhancement Program NOAA US Dept. Commerce Fisheries and Oceans Canada 3 CONGRESS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Symposium is part of the International Congress on the Biology of Fishes, whose main sponsors were Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the US National Biological Service (NBS) and San Francisco State University (SFSU). The main organizers of the Congress, on behalf of the Physiology Section of the American Fisheries Society, were Alec Maule of NBS (overall chair and registrations), Don MacKinlay ofDFO (program and proceedings) and Ralph Larson ofSFSU Oaeal arrangements). I would like to extend a sincere 'thank you' to the many contributors who took the time to prepare a written submission for these proceedings. Your efforts are very much appreciated. Don MacKinlay 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Effects on Eggs and Larvae The effects of egg size and incubation temperature on the hatching and early growth of larval herring. Morley, SA and RS Batfy . .. 9 Thennal marking of alevins to enable identification of hatchery stocks. MacKin/ay, DD, CC Cross, K Dover and W Hoyseth . ..... 19 The effect of temperature on the rowth and yolk conversion efficiency of Atlantic salmon alevins from three European rivers. McCarrhy, I. D Houlihan and L Hackney .... 25 Sensitivity to mechanical shock in Atlantic salmon eggs during their first six hours after fertilization. Krise, WF .................... ............ _......... 35 Early life-stage outbreaks of systemic bacterial cold-water disease - is the causal agent Flexibacter psychrophilus vertically transmitted in salmonids? Brown, LL, W Cox and RP Levine. .39 Some teratogenic and pathologic impact on fish and embryos in Lake Mariut. Zaki, Ml, MI Michael and SG Ghabrial ........... .45 Viability of milkfish eggs and larvae after simulated and actual transport. Toledo, JD, M Do; and MN Duray. ....... _ _ . _51 Developing spawning and incubation techniques for migratory mahseer in the Himalayan rivers of NepaL Shrestha, TJ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _59 Egg Quality Parental size and perceived brood value: are all eggs created equal? Galvani, AP and RM Coleman ___ .. _. _.. __ ........... _ ....... 67 Evolution of egg size in neotropical cichlid fishes. Coleman, Rlw. ................. .73 Free amino acids and protein content in pelagic and demersal eggs of tropical marine fishes. Ronnestad, 1. R Robertson and HJ Fyhn .81 Synthesis of free and conjugated 17r:t, 20P-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one by embryos of Arctic charr. Khan, MN, R Renaud and JF Leatherland . 85 Lipid and protein changes during egg and embryo development in the viviparous genus Sebastes: application to the assessment of reproductive success. MacFarlane, RB and EC Norton. .. 95 Egg quality of grouper fed different acid sources. QUinitio. GF. RM Coloso, NB Caberoy. D Toledo and DM Reyes . 103 Egg size detennines offspring size in neotropical cichlid fishes. Coleman, RM and AP Galvan; . 109 Development and Physiology Delayed hatching in the terrestrial eggs of grunion. Martin. KLM, RA Darkin and MC Fisher .... 121 Oogenesis in Sparl/s al/rara. Ramos. MA _.... .. .......... 125 5 Development and energy utilization in early life stages of viviparous yellowtail rockfish. Eldridge, MB and BM Jarvis . ................. _ . 131 Embryological characteristics of two Oreochromis spp. and their hybrid using the induced spawning method. Zaki, Ml. MI Michael and SG Ghabrial . .. 141 Direct evidence of physotomous gas bladder inflation in physoc1istous fish larvae. Rieger, PW .. _ ... " ... .. '. ... .. .. ... 149 Embryonic and larval development of Pun/ius schwanejeldii. Hal'min, SA and J Jais . 157 Temperature and efficiency of development during endogenous feeding in herring embryos and yolk sac larvae. Overnell, J ..... 161 A specialized role for the Pacific herring egg chorion in spenn motility initiation. Vines, CA, et af. 167 Study of milt of Puye. ValdebenilO, 1, er af. .. 173 In vitro cortisol metabolism by embryonic tissues of Arctic charr and rainbow trout. Khan, MN, PK Reddy, R Renaud and JF Leather/and ......... 179 Effect ofhCG dosages on hatching success in white bass. Kohler, ce, RJ Sheehan, A Suresh. L Allyn and} RlIdacille .... 189 6 Effects on Eggs and Larvae 7 8 THE EFFECTS OF EGG SIZE AND INCUBAnON TEMPERATURE ON THE HATCHING AND EARLY GROWTH OF LARVAL HERRING Simon A. Morley· and Robert S. Batty Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 3, Oban, Argyll, PA34 4AD. Scotland Phone: (1631) 562244 Fax: (1631)565518 SMOR@DML.AC.UK "'Registered for PhD at University of Liverpool Introduction Egg size variation has been well studied in N.E. Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus, stocks (Almatar and Bailey, 1989, Hempel and Bla.xter, 1967 and Blaxter and Hempel, 1963). Egg size not only varies between herring stocks which spawn in different seasons and at different geographical locations but also amongst individuals within the same spawning
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