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Home , Rosette (award), Rosette (decoration)

The Journal of the Orders and Society of America

Knight with Grand Cordon - A broad breast star in the center, and a bar adorned with with the of the (67mm in diameter) two gold crowns. suspended at the bottom from a large bow plus the eight- pointed breast star of the order (85mm in diameter). Giuspatronato - Badge of the order suspended from breast ribbon adorned with the Grand Cross - The badge of the order badge of the order, with the badge of the order in (37mm in diameter) suspended from bow ribbon with a the center, and a ribbon bar adomed with the badge of the gold zig-zag stripe inset from each edge. order.

Knight Grand Officer - The badge of the order Knight Commander - Badge of the order suspended (50ram in diameter) suspended from neck ribbon plus the from breast ribbon adorned with a gold crown, rosette four-pointed breast star of the order (75mm in diameter). with a gold crown in the center, and a ribbon bar adorned with one gold crown. Knight Commander Giuspatronato - The badge of the order (50mm in diameter) suspended from neck Dame Commander - Badge of the order suspended ribbon plus the badge of the order without the crown that from bow ribbon. is worn on the breast. Knight Officer - Badge of the order suspended from Knight Commander - The badge of the order breast ribbon adorned with a silver crown, rosette with a (50mm in diameter) suspended from neck ribbon. silver crown in the center, and a ribbon bar adorned with one silver crown. Dame Commander - The badge of the order (37mm in diameter) suspended from bow ribbon without the gold Knig,~t - Badge of the order without the gold crown zig-zag stripes. suspended from breast ribbon and an unadorned rosette and unadorned ribbon bar. Knight Officer - The badge of the order (35mm in diameter) suspended from breast ribbon. Dame - Badge of the order without the gold crown suspended from bow ribbon. Knight - The badge of the order (35mm in diameter) suspended from breast ribbon. The suspension device for The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ceased to be an the badge is a loop instead of a gold crown. Italian national order when the Italian Republic was founded in 1946. The last reigning King of Italy, Dame - The badge of the order (37mm in diameter) Umberto II, never abdicated and spent his remaining suspended from bow ribbon. The suspension device is a years in exile. However, he continued to confer the order loop instead of a gold crown. until his death in 1983. The properties of the order in Italy were reconstituted by the Italian Government into a There are also miniature insignia that are suspended from nonprofit corporation that was placed under the High either dark green breast or bow ribbon plus dark green Patronage of the President of the Republic. Revenues rosettes and ribbon bars for male members of the order. from the corporation are used to support the hospitals, Miniature insignia, rosettes, and ribbon bars by class are: schools, and other charitable activities left by the order. The corporation is managed from a building in Rome that Knight Grand Cross with Grand Cordon - Eight- formerly housed the Chancery of the Orders of Knight- pointed breast star suspended from breast ribbon, rosette hood. with an eight-pointed breast star in the center, and a ribbon bar adomed with three gold crowns. Since 1946, the status of the order has been in dispute between the Italian Government and the House of Savoy. Dame Grand Cross - Badge of the order suspended In 1947 and 1951, the Italian Republic enacted legislation from bow ribbon with gold zig-zag stripes. that established its own orders. The 1951 law also abolished all previous orders of the Kingdom except for Knight Grand Officer - Four-pointed breast star the for Labor, but in fact the Republic suspended from breast ribbon, rosette with a four-pointed could not restrict the bestowal of the dynastic orders of

17 Volume 52 Number 2 the House of Savoy, which is legally the prerogative of Rangoni, Maeehiavelli Luigi, Onorificenze e Medaglie Nazionali - the reigning Duke.5 UJficio Storico Stato Maggiore Esercito, Rome, 1927 Ravaglia, F.L., Storia dei Principali Ordini Cavallereschi, Cooper- The order is organized today into various national and ativa Tipografica, Bologna, 1920 regional delegations and associations. The order is ad- Rossi, Vittorio, Storia Popolare Illustrata degli Ordini Equestrt ministered by the Council of the Order, which is headed Italiani, Rome, 1893 Seandaluzzi, Franeo, Ordini Equestri, Medaglie Decorazioni Itali- by the Grand . Besides the thirteen dele- ano, 1962 gations from Italy, there are delegations from Argentina, Werlieh, Robert, Orders and Decorations of All Nations, 2nd Ed., Belgium, Hungary, Ireland, Monaco, Poland, Portugal, Quaker Press, Washington, DC, 1974 Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Internet Sources: ~vww.ehivalrieorders.org/orders/italian/mauriee.htm (An extensive Bibliography’ history of the order by Guy Stair Sa~nty) www.knightlyorders.org/mauriziano.html (A history of the order by Amone, Carmelo, Ordini Cavallereschi e Cavalieri, Eitore Ciarroeea, Louis Mendola) Malan, 1954 www.osml.org/savoia.htm (The order’s official web site. In Italian, Baseapr, Giacomo C., Gli Ordini Cavallereschi in Italia, Cesehina but contains illustrations of the order’s full-size and miniature Ed~tore, Milan, 1972 insignia and rosettes and ribbon bars by class). Cartone, Massimo, Ordini Cavallereschi del Regno d ’ltalia, Milan, 1984 In the News Cimano, Alessandro, and Montella, Carlo, 11Libro d’Oro degli Onori, Nardini, Florence, 1990 Cuomo, Raffaele, Ordini Cavalleresctn Antichi e Moderni, Naples, Teddy Roosevelt Awarded the of Honor 1894 Degli Uberti Pierfelice, Ordini Cavallereschi ed Onorificenze, De ’7 am entitled to the , and I want it !" Vecehi Editore, Milan, ! 993 Gdlingham, Harold E., ltalian Orders of and Medals of Theodore Roosevelt Honor, New York, 1923 Gritzner, Maximilian, Hanbuch der Ritter und Verdienst Orden, Roosevelt’s biggest battle was not his charge up San Juan Leipzig, 1893 Hill on 1 July 1898 but his attempts to be recognized for Hieronymussen, Paul, Orders, Medals and Decorations of Britain the action by the of the Moll. Three Army and Europe, Blandford Press, London, 1967 Mendola, Louis A.M., "The Order of Saints Mauriee and Lazarus," generals above Roosevelt in the chain of command, in- The Jozo~al of the Orders and Medals Research Society, Vol. cluding two who had already won the Moll themselves, 32, No. 1 (Spring 1993), pp. 3-6. recommended him for the medal. However, Secretary of Napoli, Orazio, Storia degli Ordini Equestri d 7talia, Istituto Italiano War Russell Alger refused to act because Roosevelt had del Libro Storieo, Milan, 1927 criticized President McKinley’s administration for failing ..... Ordini Cavallereschi del Regno d’ltalia, Edizioni Impero, Rome, 1939 to promptly bring the troops home from Cuba to protect Perrot, A.M., Ritterorden, Leipzig, 1921 them from disease. Roosevelt’s strenuous and public campaign for the medal also didn’t help his cause.

In 1996, the Theodore Roosevelt Association and 5 The new orders were the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity and the Roosevelt’s great-grandson, Tweed Roosevelt, began an Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. The Order of the Star ofltalmn all-out effort to lobby the Congress for the posthumous Solidarity was instituted on 27 January 1947 in three classes as an award of the Moll to the former President. On 21 award to Italians and foreigners who contributed to the rebuilding of October 1998, the Congress give final approval to the Italy after World War rl. The Order of Merit was instituted on 3 March 1951 in five classes. It was meant to replace the Order of award of the medal. Saints Mauriee and Lazarus and the Order of the Crown of Italy and is conferred to Italians and foreigners for merit to the nation in a The Moll was officially awarded to Theodore Roosevelt number of fields including the military. The of both by President Clinton during a 16 January 2001 ceremony orders is the President of the Italian Republic. at the White House. Tweed Roosevelt accepted the The Order of Labor Merit was estabhshed on 9 May 1901 by King medal in behalf of the Roosevelt family. Roosevelt’s Vittorio Emanuele U. It has one class (Knight) and is intended to Moll will be donated to the White House where it will be recognize outstanding achievement in labor relations. On 9 January displayed in the Roosevelt Room together with his Nobel 1956, the Republic also reinstituted the Military Order of Savoy as the Peace , which was awarded in 1906. Military Order of Italy. This order has five classes.

18 The Journal of the Orders and Medals Society of America

Chinese Warlord Period

Henry Hong, OMSA No. 6685

hinese awards can be grouped into the following C four major periods:

¯ Imperial Chinese Ching (Manchu) Dynasty - Late 1800s to 1911 ¯ Republic of China (Warlord Period) - 1912 to 1928 ¯ Chinese Nationalist Govermnent - 1927 to present ¯ People’s Republic of China - 1949 to present

In 1911, the six-year old Ching Emperor Pu Yi abdicated and ceded all power to Yuan Shih-Kai, who was the Viceroy and Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Army. Yuan declared himself President of the Republic of China and established Ins capital in Beijing. Meanwhile, in the south, Dr. Sun Yat-Sen was forming the Chinese Nation- alist Government with Nanking as its capital.

Yuan initially maintained control over north and central China by appointing loyal generals to be provincial governors, but after his death on 6 June 1916 the gover- nors became autonomous provincial rulers or "warlords." Three competing warlord factions soon emerged, and the fledgling Republic slid into civil war. To make matters worse, foreign powers allied themselves with different factions and sent troops to control the railways and major rivers under the pretext of preventing unrest. The war- Yuan Shih-Kai lord period finally ended in 1928 when Sun’s successor, First President of the Republic of China (1912-1916) Chiang Kai-Shek, invaded the north and united China The top breast star on the tunic is the Grand Order, and belmv to the r~ght is the breast star of the Japanese Order of under one government. the Rising Sun with pawlonia flowers. The Chinese and Japanese governments had close relations at the time which Information about the awards of the warlord period is frequently led to an exchange of o?ders among officials. sketchy at best, and little has been published on the subject. This short-lived period began and ended in turmoil, with the result that records were lost and few award specimens have survived. However, it is important Order of the Golden Grain to recognize that both the Republic’s central government in Beijing and individual warlords established orders and This order was instituted on 29 July 1912 by President decorations. This article will discuss three of these Yuan Shih-Kai for outstanding civil or military achieve- awards, two orders that were established by the central ment. It was conferred in nine classes. The First and government (Order of the Golden Grain and the Order of Second Classes were distinguished by the badge of the the Striped Tiger) and a warlord decoration (General Wu order suspended from a yellow sash with white edges plus Pei Fu Merit Medal). The Striped Tiger and the Golden a breast star, but the width of the Second Class sash is Grain are the most common of the Republic’s orders. narrower and the breast star is smaller in diameter than Compared to Japanese orders, the Striped Tiger is similar the First Class sash and breast star. In 1916, a special to the Order of the Golden Kite, and the Golden Grain is Second Class was instituted that omitted the sash and on a par with the Order of the Rising Sun. sash badge. The Third Class was identified by the badge

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