BOA1.2 Introduction of Amphibians.Key

Home , Batrachia, Cacops, Diplocaulus, Eocaecilia, Eryops, Gerobatrachus

The Biology of Amphibians @ Agnes Scott College

Mark Mandica Executive Director The Amphibian Foundation [email protected] 678 379 TOAD (8623) Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis moreletii 1.2: Introduction of Amphibians

Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium valeroi Evolution of Amphibians

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Actinopterygian Coelacanth, Tetrapodomorpha †Amniota *Gerobatrachus (Ray-ﬁn Fishes) Lungﬁsh (stem-tetrapods) (Reptiles, Mammals)Lepospondyls † (’frogomander’) Eocaecilia GymnophionaKaraurus Caudata Triadobatrachus

Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †)

Salientia

Batrachia

Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia

Tetrapods

Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-ﬁn Fishes) Amphibian Reign

Time Period Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Millions of Years Ago (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day

resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day

The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Plate Tectonics

Evolution of Amphibians

† †

Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †)

Salientia

Batrachia

Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia

Tetrapods

Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-ﬁn Fishes) Amphibian Reign

Time Period Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Millions of Years Ago (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day

resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day

The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Evolution of Amphibians

† †

Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †)

Salientia

Batrachia

Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia

Tetrapods

Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-ﬁn Fishes) Amphibian Reign

Time Period Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Millions of Years Ago (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day

resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day

The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Phylogenetic tree (or cladogram) clade = monophyletic A group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members and all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor paraphyletic A group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members, but not all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor X polyphyletic A group of organisms which does not include the most recent common ancestor of those organisms; the ancestor does not possess the character shared by members of the group. node The point at which the branch of a phylogenetic tree (or cladogram) intersects or terminates.

phylogeny -- The evolutionary relationships among organisms; the patterns of lineage branching produced by the true evolutionary history of the organisms being considered. Phylogenetic tree (or cladogram) derived Refers to a character or feature found within a sister group single lineage of a larger group; it is not shared The two clades resulting from the 2 with all organisms in the larger group. Derived splitting of a single lineage characters are used to infer evolutionary ‘E’ (node 2) is the ‘sister group’ to node 1 relationships, as derived characters evolved after primitive characters (eg: node 2) 1 apomorphy pleisiomorphy A novel derived evolutionary trait that is A primitive character state for the unique to a particular species taxa under consideration. synapomorphy A character which is derived, and because it basal is shared by the taxa under consideration, is The earliest diverging group used to infer common ancestry within a clade (eg: node 1)

systematics -- Field of biology that deals with the diversity of life. Systematics is usually divided into the two areas of phylogenetics and taxonomy.

Evolution of Amphibians

† †

Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †)

Salientia

Batrachia

Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia

Tetrapods

Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-ﬁn Fishes) Amphibian Reign

Time Period Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Millions of Years Ago (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day

resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day

The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Actinopterygii: Ray-ﬁnned Fishes

Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi Evolution of Amphibians

† †

Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †)

Salientia

Batrachia

Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia

Tetrapods

Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-ﬁn Fishes) Amphibian Reign

Time Period Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Millions of Years Ago (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day

resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day

The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Sarcopterygii: Lobe-ﬁnned Fishes

Bichir

Coelacanth

Lungﬁsh

Sarcopterygii: Eusthenopteron † Tetrapodomorph ﬁsh

Late Devonian period, about 385 million years ago Sarcopterygii: Panderichthys † Tetrapodomorph ﬁsh

Late Devonian period, about 380 million years ago Sarcopterygii: Tiktaalik † Tetrapodomorph ﬁsh

Late Devonian period, about 375 million years ago Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Why would Devonian vertebrates want to leave the water? Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations

What types of changes would need to occur to support life on land? Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations

Respiration

Gills ————> Lungs Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations

Gravitational Support

Bending of wrists and ankles Well developed ribs Weight bearing bones Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations

Sensory Perception

Smells, sights and sounds are transmitted differently in air and water Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations

Larval Development

A free-swimming aquatic larval stage metamorphoses into a terrestrial adult Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations

Neck Mobility

Cervical vertebrae provide ﬂexion for locating prey and predators Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations

Hindlimb Locomotion

Development of sacrum and sacral vertebrae Preparations for Terrestrial Life Pre-adaptations

Feeding

Changes in feeding mechanism from suction feeding to biting Evolution of Amphibians

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Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †)

Salientia

Batrachia

Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia

Tetrapods

Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-ﬁn Fishes) Amphibian Reign

Time Period Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Millions of Years Ago (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day

resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day

The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Tetrapodomorpha: Acanthostega †

Late Devonian period, about 365 million years ago Tetrapodomorpha: Ichthyostega †

Late Devonian period, about 365 million years ago Evolution of Amphibians

† †

Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †)

Salientia

Batrachia

Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia

Tetrapods

Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-ﬁn Fishes) Amphibian Reign

Time Period Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Millions of Years Ago (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day

resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day

The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Lepospondyl: Diplocaulus †

Permian period, about 300 million years ago Lepospondyl: Diplocaulus †

Permian period, about 300 million years ago Evolution of Amphibians

† †

Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †)

Salientia

Batrachia

Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Temnospondyls † to Batrachia

Tetrapods

Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-ﬁn Fishes) Amphibian Reign

Time Period Devonian Carboniferus Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Millions of Years Ago (420 MYA) (350 MYA) (300 MYA) (250 MYA) (200 MYA) (150-65 MYA) Present Day

resembles Plate Tectonics Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks present day

The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Temnospondyl: Cacops †

Carboniferous period, about 320 million years ago

Temnospondyl: Prionosuchus †

Permian period, about 300 million years ago Temnospondyl: Eryops †

Permian period, about 300 million years ago Temnospondyl: Gerobatrachus † The ‘Frogamander’

Permian period, about 290 million years ago Temnospondyl: Koolasuchus †

Cretaceous period, about 120 million years ago Temnospondyl: Koolasuchus †

Cretaceous period, about 120 million years ago Tune in next time for The Lissamphibia

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