A Índia Imaginada No Filme Mission Kashmir (2000)

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A Índia Imaginada No Filme Mission Kashmir (2000) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS O MELODRAMA DO TERROR: A ÍNDIA IMAGINADA NO FILME MISSION KASHMIR (2000) GUARULHOS 2017 BRUNO TADEU NOVATO RESENDE O MELODRAMA DO TERROR: A ÍNDIA IMAGINADA NO FILME MISSION KASHMIR (2000) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação à Universidade Federal de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Área de concentração: História Orientação: Prof. Dra. Samira Adel Osman GUARULHOS 2017 RESENDE, Bruno Tadeu Novato O melodrama do terror: A Índia imaginada no filme Mission Kashmir (2000). 155 f. Dissertação Mestrado em História – Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Guarulhos, 2017. Orientador: Professa Dra. Samira Adel Osman Título em Inglês: The melodrama of terror: India imagined in the film Mission Kashmir (2000) 1. Terrorismo. 2. Melodrama. 3. Índia. I. Samira Osman. II. O melodrama do terror: A Índia imaginada no filme Mission Kashmir (2000). BRUNO TADEU NOVATO RESENDE TÍTULO: O MELODRAMA DO TERROR: A ÍNDIA IMAGINADA NO FILME MISSION KASHMIR (2000) Aprovação: ____/____/________ Prof. Dra. Samira Adel Osman Instituição: Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP Prof. Dr. Jorge Luzio Matos Silva Instituição: Centro Universitário Assunção – Unifai/Puc-SP Prof. Dra. Carolyn Overhoff Ferreira Instituição: Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a minha orientadora Prof. Dra. Samira Osman por acreditar nesse projeto e oferecer o suporte necessário desde o começo. Agradeço também a disponibilidade da professora em elaborar as aulas da graduação levando em conta as nossas temáticas de pesquisa, o que permitiu que pensássemos os objetos de pesquisa a partir de uma perspectiva mais didática. Agradeço ainda aos professores de História do programa de Pós-Graduação da Universidade Federal de São Paulo e da Universidade de São Paulo, sobretudo aos professores Rafael Villa, Mariana Martins Villaça e Patrícia Teixeira Santos pelas contribuições concernentes ao pressuposto teórico desse trabalho. Agradeço também a professora Ana Lúcia Lana Nemi e a professora Carolyn Overhoff Ferreira pelas considerações pertinentes que serviram como base para elaboração dessa dissertação. Agradeço ao professor Eduardo Morettin e ao grupo “História e Audiovisual: circularidades e formas de comunicação” por simplificar e exemplificar as diversas nuances da metodologia referente à relação História e Cinema. Agradeço também as orientações recebidas durante a semana de História da UERJ. Agradeço aos meus pais, irmãos, amigos e minha namorada por compartilharem todas as etapas de construção desse e de outros trabalhos produzidos durante o percurso do mestrado. Agradeço em especial, Thassia Moro, Maria Sueli Francesquini, Renato Gomes, Juliete Anjos, Victor Figols, Lygia Mello, Kauan Santos, Danielle Suguyama e César Nakashima pelo apoio durante o processo seletivo e a Paula Carvalho e Marcos Paulo Amorim por oferecerem conselhos importantes sobre o modo narrativo empregado. I - Resumo: O objetivo da pesquisa de mestrado proposta é analisar como o fenômeno do terrorismo, e seus estereótipos, são problematizados pelo filme Mission Kashmir. Pretendemos compreender esse fenômeno, e suas associações a grupos sociais e confessionais específicos, a partir do pressuposto de que os filmes possuem uma capacidade de evidenciar as formas de representação e o imaginário social de uma determinada sociedade. A partir dessa perspectiva, essa pesquisa pretende considerar como o terrorismo é representado no filme indiano Mission Kashmir. Analisar como os militantes, suas motivações e seus métodos de ação são representados no longa-metragem de Vinod Chopra a partir da articulação entre as principais obras referentes ao terrorismo e os pressupostos incontornáveis ao uso do cinema como fonte histórica como a análise sócio- histórica e os conceitos de Representação e Imaginação Social. Palavras-Chave: Terrorismo, Melodrama, Índia, Representação, Bollywood Abstract: The goal of the proposed master's research is to analyze how the film Mission Kashmir conceives the phenomenon of terrorism, and its stereotypes. We intend to understand this phenomenon, and its associations to specific social and confessional groups, based on the assumption that films have an ability to evidence the forms of representation and the social imaginary of a given society. That research is intending to consider how terrorism has been represented in the Indian film Mission Kashmir. To reflect how the militants, their motivations and their methods of action are represented in Vinod Chopra's feature film, based on the articulation between the main works related to terrorism and the unavoidable assumptions regarding the use of cinema as a historical source such as socio-historical analysis and the concepts of Representation and Social Imagination. Keywords: Terrorism, Melodrama, India, Representation, Bollywood Lista de Figuras: Ficha Técnica: Inayat Khan, Gurdeep Singh e Avinash Matoo..................................................40 Altaaf Khan........................................................................................................41 Sufiya Paarvez....................................................................................................41 Neelima Khan......................................................................................................41 Malik ul-Khan......................................................................................................42 Hilal Kohistani.....................................................................................................42 Shrafat, Hamid Rampuria e Balg…………………………………………….....43 Sadiq……………………………………………………………………………43 Zuber……………………………………………………………………………44 Koisha…………………………………………………………………………...44 Filme: Figura 1: Lago Dal como paraíso na terra……………………………………... 69 Figura 2: O Paraíso ameaçado pela violência……………………………………69 Figura 3: Mulher e filha do Dr. Aktar…………………………………………...71 Figura 4: Malik ul-Khan líder do movimento Azad……………………………...71 Figura 5: Irmã de Altaaf morta junto ao desenho que ele pintou na mesma manhã.74 Figura 6: Altaaf grava os olhos do Algoz da sua família.........................................74 Figura 7: O vilão Hilal Kohistani………………………………………………….76 Figura 8: Os patrocinadores………………………………………………………. 57 e 76 Figura 9: Altaaf e Sufiya durante a performance Bumbro………………………...78 Figura 10: Altaaf executa sua vingança.....................................................................84 Figura 11: Khan observa a explosão na torre de televisão........................................84 Figura 12: O sikh Gurdeep Singh e o hindu Avinash Matoo...................................91 Figura 13: A Batalha final: Altaaf x Inayat Khan.....................................................93 Figura 14: Kohistani tenta convencer Altaaf..............................................................96 Figura 15: Religiões da Índia.....................................................................................96 Figura 16: A “morte” de Altaaf..................................................................................98 Figura 17: Altaaf redimido........................................................................................99 Sumário Introdução...........................................................................................................09 Capítulo 1 – Mission Kashmir: Cinema e história......................................... 17 1.1. Cinema e história...........................................................17 1.2. Melodrama e imaginação melodramática....................26 1.3. Bollywood: História e influências do cinema hindi.......30 1.4. Similaridades com Hollywood.........................................33 1.5. Mission Kashmir: Ficha técnica......................................37 1.6. Proposta de análise fílmica...............................................45 Capítulo 2 – Mission Kashmir: Terrorismo e o melodrama do terror..........46 2.1.A ascensão do radicalismo islâmico na Ásia meridional....46 2.2. O terrorismo como conceito?.......................................54 2.3. O melodrama do terror...............................................69 Capítulo 3 – A Índia imaginada em Mission Kashmir.......................................101 3.1. Imaginário social e cultura política.............101 3.2. Análise sócio-histórica..................................105 3.3 Recepção e circulação....................................119 Considerações finais....................................................................................................128 Bibliografia...................................................................................................132 Anexo...............................................................................................................138 1. Gráfico demonstrativo.............................................132 2. Mapa da Linha de Controle......................................133 3. Músicas..........................................................................134 I - Introdução As questões políticas exploradas pelo nosso objeto de estudo remetem ao processo de independência da Índia, que ocorreu entre as décadas de 1930 e 1940 e estabeleceu fronteiras nacionais, em uma região multiétnica e multiconfessional, sob a égide da religião. Lord Mountbatten, governador das índias britânicas, em acordo com as principais pretensões dos grupos que comandavam o país e possuíam representação
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