Filey Flood Alleviation North Yorkshire

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Report no. 2555

January 2014

Client: Royal HaskoningDHV

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

Filey Flood Alleviation North Yorkshire

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Summary

An archaeological desk-based assessment was undertaken on land surrounding the seaside town of Filey, North Yorkshire in advance of proposed flood alleviation works. It is proposed to establish two large ponds at the north of town and to create a series of channels, embankments and culverts in the north and the south of the town. There is evidence for prehistoric activity in the area and a signal station was built on Carr Naze in the later Roman period. The settlement of Filey was probably established in the Anglo-Saxon period and it remained a small fishing village throughout the medieval and post-medieval period. The increase in popularity of seaside tourism and the building of the railway in the 19th century resulted an increase in the size and population of the town.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

Report Information Client: Royal HaskoningDHV Address: WestOne, 114 Wellington Street, Leeds, LS1 1BA Report Type: Desk-based Assessment Location: Filey County: North Yorkshire Grid Reference: TA 1126 8086 Period(s) of activity Prehistoric to Modern Report Number: 2555 Project Number: 4154 Site Code: FFA13 Date of report: January 2014 Project Management: Jane Richardson BSc MSc PhD MIfA Report: Alexandra Grassam BA MSc Illustrations: Alexandra Grassam Photography: Alexandra Grassam Research: Alexandra Grassam

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Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

Contents Report information ...... ii Contents ...... iii List of Figures ...... iv List of Plates ...... iv Acknowledgements ...... iv

1 Introduction ...... 1 Site location and topography ...... 1 Geology and soils ...... 1 2 Information Sources ...... 1 Archaeological archives and databases ...... 1 Designated heritage assets ...... 2 Published and unpublished sources ...... 2 National Mapping Programme data ...... 2 Site visit ...... 2 3 Assessment Criteria ...... 2 4 Archaeological Baseline ...... 3 Study area...... 3 Designated heritage assets ...... 3 Previous investigations ...... 4 Archaeological background and heritage assets ...... 4 5 Catalogue of Heritage Assets and Investigations ...... 8 6 Impact Assessment and Mitigation ...... 25 Recorded heritage assets ...... 25 Potential sub-surface remains ...... 25 Further assessment and mitigation recommendations ...... 26 7 Conclusion ...... 26

Figures Plates

Bibliography

iii Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

List of Figures 1 Site location 2 Plan of the proposed flood alleviation works showing study area and catalogued heritage assets 3 Extract from a reproduction of the 1788 Filey Enclosure Map (East Riding Archives Ref. IA61) showing the showing the study area and the proposed works 4 Combined extracts from the 1852 Ordnance Survey Map 6 inch edition (sheets 110 and 94) showing the study area and the proposed works 5 Combined extracts from the 1913 Ordnance Survey Map 6 inch edition (sheets 110 NE and 94 SE) showing the study area and the proposed works 6 Combined extracts from the 1928 Ordnance Survey Map 6 inch edition (sheets 110 NE and 94 SE) showing the study area and the proposed works 7 Combined extracts from the 1938 Ordnance Survey Map 6 inch edition (sheets 110 NE and 94 SE) showing the study area and the proposed works

List of Plates

1 Proposed site of Pond A, facing east 2 Proposed site of Pond A, facing north-west 3 Proposed site of Pond B, facing south-west 4 Proposed site of Pond B, facing south 5 Proposed location of channel running east into Pond A, facing west 6 Proposed location of culvert running east from Pond B, facing west 7 Proposed location of culvert running east from Pond B, facing east towards caravan park 8 Proposed location of channel and embankment at south-west side of Filey, facing south-east towards Filey School 9 Proposed location of channel at south-east side of Filey, facing north-east along playing field boundary 10 Proposed location of channel at south-west side of Filey, facing north-west towards Filey Dams 11 View along Carr Naze and site of Roman Signal Station, facing east 12 View from Country Park south towards Filey town

Acknowledgements ASWYAS would like to thank Scarborough Borough Council for the provision of the modern Ordnance Survey mapping for the project.

iv Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

1 Introduction Archaeological Services WYAS (ASWYAS) was commissioned by Royal HaskoningDHV, to undertake a desk-based assessment on land around Filey, North Yorkshire in advance of flood alleviation works. The works comprise the creation of two ponds, embankments, drains and culverts around the outskirts of the town. An assessment of the significance of any recorded heritage assets within 250m buffer zone around Filey has been undertaken, together with an assessment of any potential impacts, in line with the requirements of National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF; Chapter 12: ‘Conserving and enhancing the historic environment’, paragraph 128).

Site location and topography The town of Filey is located on the east coast, approximately 15m north of Bridlington and 12km south of Scarborough (centred at TA 1129 8086). The proposed development areas all lie on the outskirts of the town (Fig. 2) in areas used for agriculture, predominately arable cultivation. The land here lies at a height between approximately 40m and 45m AOD.

Geology and soils The solid geology in Filey comprises Ampthill Clay and Kimmeridge clay formations. A band of upper calcareous grit formation sandstone runs east-west to the north of the town. A superficial deposit of Devensian Till occurs throughout the study area (http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html).

The soils in the study area are of the Bulingham 2 classification, described as deep fine loamy soils with slowly permeable subsoils and slight seasonal waterlogging (Soil Survey of England and Wales 1983).

2 Information Sources The following sources of information have been consulted in order to meet the requirements of the desk-based assessment and are in line with guidelines laid down by the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA 2011).

Where sites listed in the catalogue (Section 5) are mentioned in the text, the relevant catalogue numbers are given in bold-type.

Archaeological archives and databases Information on recorded heritage assets and archaeological investigations within a 250m buffer around the edge of Filey was obtained from the North Yorkshire Historic Environment Record (HER) and the English Heritage’s National Monuments Record (NMR) through PastScape (http://www.pastscape.org.uk/). The holdings of the North Yorkshire County Record Office, Northallerton, and the East Riding Archives, Beverley, were consulted for historic maps and plans, antiquarian histories and other relevant documentary sources.

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Designated heritage assets The HER and English Heritage’s National Heritage List for England Database were consulted for information on all designated Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, registered Parks and Gardens, registered Battlefields, Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites within the study area.

Published and unpublished sources A range of published and unpublished material has been researched and consulted. This includes academic articles together with general sources on the area and its wider archaeological and historical background. These are listed in the bibliography.

National Mapping Programme data Permission to reproduce crop mark data held by the HER and obtained during the Yorkshire RCZAS National Mapping Programme was granted by English Heritage for the purpose of this assessment (Permission No. 3446, date granted 4th December 2013).

Site visit The area of the proposed works readily accessible from public footpaths were visited on 28th November 2013. Not all areas could be accessed, including those located to the south side of the town to the east of Muston Road, as the site is currently being developed for housing.

3 Assessment Criteria An assessment of the significance of any recorded heritage assets within 500m radius from the centre of proposed development area has been undertaken, in line with the requirements of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF; Chapter 12: ‘Conserving and enhancing the historic environment’, paragraph 128). Scheduled Monuments, Grade I and II* Listed Buildings, registered Parks and Gardens, registered Battlefields and World Heritage Sites are assessed to be of high significance, in line with paragraph 132 of the NPPF.

The significance of other heritage assets has been determined based on the following criteria, and broadly follows levels of national designation.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

Significance Type of Heritage Asset

Scheduled Monuments Listed Buildings (Grade I and II*) High Registered Parks and Gardens Registered Battlefields World Heritage Sites Listed Buildings (Grade II) Conservation Areas

Medium Heritage Assets identified as being of regional or local importance on the HER Sites identified within this assessment considered to be of regional of local importance Non-designated Heritage Assets recorded on the HER Low Previously unrecorded sites identified in this assessment and not considered to be significant

None Previously recorded heritage assets or sites recorded in documentary sources now destroyed Potential but previously unrecorded sub-surface archaeological remains Unknown Historical sites or features identified through documentary evidence as part of this assessment

The assessed significance of each individual heritage asset identified as part of this assessment has been listed in the catalogue in Section 5. Where it is considered that there is potential for an impact on a heritage asset, this impact is discussed in Section 4.

4 Archaeological Baseline Where heritage assets listed in the catalogue (Section 5) are mentioned in the text, the relevant catalogue number is given in bold type.

Study area A total of 94 recorded heritage assets and archaeological investigations have been identified within the study area. These are discussed below and have been listed in a catalogue in Section 5.

Designated heritage assets There are 24 Listed Buildings in the study area (36, 53 to 56, 58 to 61, 64, 67, 69, 71, 75 to 84 and 86). The study areas contains one Conservation Area (see Fig. 2). No Scheduled Monuments, Registered Battlefields, Registered Parks or Gardens or World Heritage Sites are situated within the study area.

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Previous investigations An archaeological excavation undertaken on Queen Street by the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society in 1976 identified settlement evidence from as early as the mid-10th century (70).

Between June 2004 and June 2005, an archaeological desk-based assessment of a 1km strip inland from the coastline was undertaken by John Buglass Archaeological Services as part of the Filey Bay Initiative (Buglass 2005a).

An archaeological watching brief undertaken by John Buglass Archaeological Services and members of the Filey Bay Initiative in 2005 during footpath works at Church Cliffe House revealed remains thought to represent 17th-century agricultural buildings and a cobbled courtyard (66; Buglass 2005b).

A rapid coastal zone assessment was undertaken by Humber Field Archaeology between September 2007 and February 2008. It formed part of a country wide project undertaken on a 1km wide strip of coastland from the low water line to inland. The aim of the project was identify any heritage assets that may be under threat (Buglass and Brigham 2008).

A programme of archaeological investigations undertaken in advance of the redevelopment of land off Muston Road by North Pennines Archaeology in 2008 identified ditches and a possible roundhouse of Iron Age date (24; Railton 2008; Liddell 2008).

A programme of archaeological investigations undertaken by the York Archaeological Trust on land to the rear of the Crown Hotel, Mitford Street between 2009 and 2011 identified settlement remains from the medieval and post-medieval period (74, Milstead and Evans 2009; Pritchard 2010; Antoni 2012).

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by Northern Archaeological Associates during a scheme to upgrade the surface water sewer on Muston Road. It was noted that the ground had been heavily disturbed following flooding in 2007. No archaeological finds or features were observed (65; Cooper 2012).

Archaeological background and heritage assets Prehistoric Periods (c. 500,000 BC to AD 43) During the very early Prehistoric period, before the end of the last ice age, the East Yorkshire coast formed part of a landbridge which connected Britain to the continent. Research into this former landbridge, also known as Doggerland, has revealed this to have been a varied landscape, with rivers, hills and valleys which would have provided the ideal location for mobile hunter-gatherer societies to inhabit (e.g. Gaffney, Fitch and Smith 2009). Following the end of the last period of glaciation, approximately 12,000 b.p, sea levels began to rise and Doggerland was eventually lost to the North Sea (Val Barker et al. 2007).

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The landscape along the coastline would have undergone significant changes during the early prehistoric period due to the changing climate and sea levels, resulting in the reduction in tree cover and the development of wetland areas. Archaeological remains from this period are limited in this area, although remains found elsewhere indicate that hunting and gathering which characterised the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods gradually gave way the mixed farming practices of the Neolithic and Bronze Age period, with the coastal areas and wetlands providing a valuable fish, fowl and seafood resources (Waughman 2005, cited in Val Barker et al. 2007). There is also evidence that the seas were used for transport from at least the Bronze Age, with boats probably staying close to the coastline to aid navigation (Val Barker et al. 2007).

No sites dating from the Palaeolithic to Bronze Age have been identified in the Filey area, although isolated and residual finds of worked flint do point to some form of human activity here from the Mesolithic period onwards (24, 29, 74 and 89). A small amount of residual flint was recovered during excavations at the Roman Signal Station on Carr Naze in 1993-4, to the north-east of the study area (Ottoway 2000). There is also the potential that early prehistoric deposits may be preserved in the wetland areas, such as Filey Dams (9), and which may have extended much further than is apparent today.

Until recently, there was no evidence for any Iron Age activity in the Filey area (Buglass and Brigham 2008, 76). An archaeological evaluation on land to the west of Muston Road in 2008 identified evidence for later Iron Age settlement activity, including ditches and the remains of a possible roundhouse (24 and 36). Residual Iron Age pottery was also recovered during an excavation in Mitford Street in 2010 (74).

Roman period (AD 43 – c. AD 410) The Filey area probably came under Roman rule in the early AD 70s following the defeat of the Brigantes tribe that had populated the area in the Iron Age. The Roman period saw a dramatic increase of trade with the continent, with luxury items such as pottery, olive oil and wine coming into the country, while commodities such as grain, lead and cloth were being exported. Much of this trade would have been conducted by sea rather than land, as the former is a much quicker and easier way to transport items in bulk, and there is evidence from sites along the North Yorkshire coastline for this (Val Barker et al. 2007, 40).

The strategic importance of this stretch of coastline by the later Roman period is demonstrated by the building of five signal stations along it, the southern-most one being located at the promontory known as Carr Naze or Filey Brigg, just to the north of Filey (see Fig. 4 for its location). The other four were located at Huntcliff, Ravenscar, Goldsborough and Scarborough. They are thought to date to the very end of the 4th century, towards the end of Roman Empire, and may have been an attempt to protect the coastline from an attack from the sea. The Carr Naze Signal Station was first identified in 1857 following a cliff collapse and further excavations were undertaken in 1923 and in 1993-4. The site consisted of a large

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation stone-built structure, square in plan, built in the centre of a walled courtyard, which was in turn surrounded by a ditch. The artefacts recovered during the excavations point to its being occupied by a small number of troops, although interestingly at both here and at other similar sites there is evidence that women and children were also living either on the site or in close proximity (Ottoway 2000).

A large earthwork was also identified during the 1993-4 excavations, comprising of a rampart with a turf base. This is presumed to be a defensive structure. Although undated, it is assumed to be Roman or early medieval in date (Ottoway 2000).

Evidence for Roman activity within the study area is limited. A large late Roman ditch was identified during excavations at Mitford Street in 2008 (74), and a number of sections of road exposed during the 20th century were assumed to be Roman in origin (1, 12, 31, 48, and 63), although there is no evidence to confirm the dating of these.

Medieval period (c. 410 – c. 1600) The North Sea would have continued to be an important transport route between the north of England in the post-Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods, providing access to migrants, finds and culture. The early medieval period is often poorly represented in the archaeological record, although there is some evidence for a settlement in Filey in the Anglo-Saxon period. An 8th- century grave-cover has been identified in the newel stair near the top of the church tower at St Oswald's Church (69), and post-holes possibly representing a mid-10th-century timber structure were identified during excavations on Queen Street in the 1970s (70). The place- name ‘Filey’ is thought by some to have Anglo-Saxon roots, deriving from the word ‘fif’ and ‘leah’, meaning ‘five clearings’ (Fearnon 2008, 9).

An Anglo-Saxon origin for Filey is further supported by its inclusion in the 1086 Doomsday Book, where it is listed as being a part of the Manor of Falsgrave. Prior to the Conquest, the manor was held by Tosti but following 1066 King William took the manor for himself (Williams and Martin 2003, 787). By the end of the 11th century it formed part of Hunmanby Manor.

There is some evidence that the early settlement was focussed around St Oswald’s Church (73), which itself dates to the 12th century (69), on the north side of the ravine. The main focus for the settlement eventually emerged around Queen Street around the 13th century (Fearnon 2008; 70 and 74), and the later mapping shows the settlement to have been largely confined to this area until the 20th century (see Figs 3 to 7). Three open fields were located around the settlement, later named as Church Field, Great Field and Little Field (Fearnon 2008) and evidence of former strip fields and ridge and furrow cultivation has been identified in these areas (4, 5, 10, 15, 21, 28, 33, 42 and 49). The land to the south-west of the town was common land and included a large areas of moorland and wetlands. The economy of the settlement was based on a mixture of farming and fishing and a market was established in 1221 (Fearnon 2008). 6

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Post-medieval and modern periods (c. 1600 to present) The settlement remained largely confined to the Queen Street and Mitford Street area throughout much of the post-medieval period. The 1672 hearth tax recorded 77 households, by 1763 it had risen to just around 100 families and the first census taken in 1801 recorded 505 people (Fearnon 2008, 178). Fishing and agriculture remained the main basis of the local economy, with documentary sources recording boat building, rope-making, quarrying and brick making from the 16th century onwards (Tyler 1979).

A mineral spring was found in in the 17th century and in the 1670s a Spa was built to attract visitors to the town (Buglass and Brigham 2008). It was not until the mid-19th century, and the development of the railway, however, that Filey began to develop into a resort town and the settlement expanded (Tyler 1979; Figs 4 to 7). The population grew from 505 in 1801 to 1511 in 1851 and to 3003 by 1901. The town did not attract as many visitors at the neighbouring seaside towns of Bridlington and Scarborough. Instead it attracted a more ‘select’ clientele which can in part be seen reflected in the architectural styles used in the mid-19th-century developments, such as those around Crescent Gardens (Buglass and Brigham 2008, 81; 71, 76 to 80). The 20th century saw the development of more affordable forms of tourist accommodation, such as caravan parks, located along the coastline to the north and south of the town (Buglass and Brigham 2008).

The land surrounding the town was enclosed following the Parliamentary Act of 1788, and the open fields and moorlands surrounding the town were divided into small parcels of land. Many of the field boundaries visible on the 19th-century Ordnance Survey mapping have since been removed in order to create larger fields more suitable for modern agricultural machinery (3, 6 to 8, 13, 14, 18, 20, 26, 30, 34, 38, 39 and 43). A thin strip of woodland identified to the south-west of the town may represent the remnants of a pre-enclosure plantation (11).

During World War II, Filey bay was identified as a potential target for invasion and a series of defences were built along the coast here. A number of these defences identified during the rapid coastal zone assessment undertaken by Humber Archaeology in 2008 lie within the study area (50, 52, 85, 87, 90 and 93).

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation 5 Catalogue of Heritage Assets and Investigations Catalogue entries for heritage assets recorded on the North Yorkshire HER and those identified as part of this assessment have been ordered geographically from west to east and given a numerical identifier. Each entry includes a National Grid Reference (NGR) number and where appropriate the relevant HER, NMR and Listed Building reference numbers.

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. A road surface was identified during the excavation of an electricity cable along side the Filey to Gristhorpe and Scarborough Road in 1935. It is also reported to Site of Roman 1 TA 1044 8146 MNY12652 81385 Unknown have been exposed in several placed along Road Scarborough Road on the west side of Filey. It is thought to be a Roman road (Buglass and Brigham 2008). A footpath is shown on the 1852 Ordnance Survey map running from Newbiggin south-eastwards to what 2 Footpath TA 1050 8150 Unknown is now called Scarborough Road (formerly Greenfield Road). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field Ordnance Survey map running north-east to south- 3 TA 1052 8069 Unknown boundary west in the south-western end of the study area (Fig. 4). An extensive area containing the fragmentary remains Area of former HNY807 of strip fields. This area is marked as Filey Field and 4 medieval open TA 1054 8156 Low HNY808 Newbeggin Field. This is likely the remains of a fields medieval open field.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. An area of upstanding ridge and furrow dated to the post-medieval period was visible as earthworks on a Ridge and furrow 5 TA 1055 8100 MNY31726 Low 1941 aerial photograph south-west of Cormorant cultivation Close. The earthworks have since been levelled (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field Ordnance Survey map running north-east to south- 6 TA 1056 8058 Unknown boundary west in the south-western end of the study area (Fig. 4). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field Ordnance Survey map running north-east to south- 7 TA 1059 8014 Unknown boundary west in the south-western end of the study area (Fig. 4). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field Ordnance Survey map running north-east to south- 8 TA 1059 8049 Unknown boundary west in the south-western end of the study area (Fig. 4). Filey Dams is a fresh water marsh area which is now a nature reserve. The area is marked on the 1852 9 Filey Dams TA 1060 8080 MNY24265 Unknown Ordnance Survey maps and is probably all that remains of a much a larger area of inland marsh following drainage. An area of upstanding ridge and furrow dated to the post-medieval period was visible as earthworks on a Ridge and furrow 10 TA 1061 8167 MNY31719 Low 1941 aerial photograph north-west of Filey Fields cultivation Farm. The earthworks have since been levelled (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009).

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NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. A narrow strip of broad-leafed plantation possibly 11 Plantation TA 1061 8055 HNY815 Unknown predates the enclosure of the area, suggesting it was established prior to 1788. The Royal Commission on Historic Monuments recorded an old road heading towards Carr Naze as a 12 Site of Road TA 1062 8145 MNY24267 Unknown cropmark. It has not been recorded on the subsequent NMP data. A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field 13 TA 1065 8149 Unknown Ordnance Survey map running north-south through the boundary site of Pond A. A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field Ordnance Survey map running north-east to south- 14 TA 1067 8036 Unknown boundary west in the south-western end of the study area (Fig. 4). An area of upstanding ridge and furrow dated to the post-medieval period was visible as earthworks on a Ridge and furrow 15 TA 1072 8099 MNY31725 None 1941 aerial photograph south of Cormorant Close. The cultivation earthworks have since been levelled (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009). An area called 'Mill Closes' is shown on the 1852 Mill Closes and Ordnance Survey map. Muston Corn Mill and Mill 16 Muston Mill (site TA 1075 7989 Unknown Farm are shown in this area (Fig. 4). Muston Mill is of) labelled as a windmill in 1913 (Fig. 5). It is marked as disused by 1928 (Fig. 6). Linear ditches and field boundaries of uncertain date 17 Cropmarks TA 1076 8183 MNY31448 Medium are visible as cropmarks on aerial photographs east of Newbiggin (English Heritage 2009).

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NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field Ordnance Survey map running north-west to south- 18 TA 1084 8155 Unknown boundary east to the east of the site of the proposed Pond A (Fig. 4). An area of marsh is shown on the 1913 Ordnance 19 Area of Marsh TA 1090 8007 Unknown Survey map to the east of Muston Road (formerly Mill Lane, Fig. 5). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field 20 TA 1095 8019 Unknown Ordnance Survey map running approximately north- boundary south in the southern end of the study area (Fig. 4). An area of upstanding ridge and furrow dated to the post-medieval period was visible as earthworks on a Ridge and furrow 21 TA 1095 8145 MNY31729 None 1941 aerial photograph north of Scarborough Road. cultivation The earthworks have since been levelled (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009). An area called Filey Moor is shown on the 1852 22 Filey Moor TA 1100 8058 Unknown Ordnance Survey map (Fig. 4). A brick works is shown on the 1913 Ordnance Survey Brick works (site map on the east side of Muston Road (formerly Mill 23 TA 1106 8038 None of) Lane; Fig. 5). It is labelled as 'disused' by 1928 (Fig. 6).

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NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. A programme of archaeological investigations was undertaken in advance of the redevelopment of land off Muston Road. A geophysical survey using both magnetometry and resistivity techniques undertaken by North Pennines Archaeology in 2008 identified a number of linear anomalies and areas of disturbance of potential archaeological origin. The survey also revealed anomalies probably associated with ridge and furrow cultivation (Railton 2008). Following this, a Archaeological trial trench evaluation was undertaken. A total of 65 24 Investigations, TA 1107 8012 MNY25547 Medium trenches were opened, of which three contained Muston Road archaeological remains comprising ditches and part of a possible roundhouse (see Cat. No. 36). Pottery from the site was dated to the pre-Roman Iron Age, although worked flint dated to the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age was also found which suggests evidence for earlier activity in the area too (Liddell 2008). An assessment of the site undertaken by Wardell Armstrong in 2010 included a recommendation for mitigation (Hodgkinson 2010). Dams Goit is shown on the 1852 Ordnance Survey map running between the 'The Dams' and Filey Beck 25 Dams Goit TA 1113 8106 Unknown (Fig. 4). It is not shown on the modern Ordnance Survey map. A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field 26 TA 1118 8012 Unknown Ordnance Survey map running approximately north- boundary south in the southern end of the study area (Fig. 4).

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NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. A Beaufighter is recorded as crashing near Filey in 1943. In 1953, Meteor also crashed near the town Aircraft crash MNY26743 27 TA 11 80 Low whilst practicing a dog fight with another Meteor sites MNY30719 (North Yorkshie County Council 2009). The exact location of both of these sites is unknown. An area of upstanding ridge and furrow dated to the post-medieval period was visible as earthworks on a Ridge and furrow TA 11281 1941 aerial photograph between Scarborough Road 28 MNY31730 None cultivation 81220 and Oak Close. The earthworks have since been levelled (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009). Neolithic A Neolithic polished axehead was found at Muston 29 TA 1130 8070 MNY12665 1497088 Low Axehead Road in 1963 (YAJ 1964, 167). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field 30 TA 1132 8001 Unknown Ordnance Survey map running approximately north- boundary south in the southern end of the study area (Fig. 4). A section of an old road was found at a depth of approximately 1.2m below the modern road in 1937. It Remains of a was assumed to be the remains of a Roman road, 31 possible Post TA 1134 8077 MNY12662 81385 Low although it is now believed to be much later in date. Its Medieval Road burial was possibly due to the construction of railway which required the road to be heightened (Buglass and Brigham 2008). An extensive area of land, which is the product of Area of parliamentary enclosure, lies to the north of Filey. The 32 parliamentary TA 1134 8161 HNY713 Low area has seen large scale development since the mid-to enclosure late 20th century as Filey expanded.

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NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. An area of upstanding ridge and furrow dated to the post-medieval period was visible as earthworks on Ridge and furrow TA 11355 33 MNY31734 None aerial photographs up to 1965 west of Seadale Terrace. cultivation 80053 The earthworks have since been levelled (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field 34 TA 1136 8155 Unknown Ordnance Survey map running approximately north- boundary south through the proposed site of Pond B (Fig. 4). Remains of The remains of a possible Iron Age roundhouse were 35 possible Iron Age TA 1136 7998 MNY25546 Medium identified during a trial trench evaluation on land off Roundhouse Muston Road (see Cat. No. 24; Liddell 2008). Filey Railway Station was built in 1846 by G. T. 36 Railway Station TA 1136 8068 1167853 High Andrews. It is Grade II* listed. Filey Corn Mill is shown on the 1852 Ordnance Survey map, located to the north of what is later 37 Filey Mill (site of) TA 1138 8096 Unknown known as West Parade (Fig. 4). It is no longer shown on the 1913 map (Fig. 5). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field 38 TA 1140 8000 Unknown Ordnance Survey map running approximately north- boundary south in the southern end of the study area (Fig. 4). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field 39 TA 1142 8159 Unknown Ordnance Survey map running broadly east-west boundary through the proposed site of Pond B (Fig. 4). The site of Seadale Terrace is shown on the 1913 Seadale Terrace 40 TA 1142 7999 Low Ordnance Survey map on the west side of the railway (site of) line (Fig. 5).

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NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. Ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks and Cropmarks and cropmarks on aerial photographs. They are described 41 Earthworks of TA 114 816 MNY31454 Low as being post-medieval in date (Buglass and Brigham Ridge and Furrow 2008; English Heritage 2009). An area of upstanding ridge and furrow dated to the post-medieval period was visible as earthworks on a Ridge and furrow 42 TA 1143 7980 MNY31732 None 1940-1 aerial photograph east of Muston Grange. The cultivation earthworks have since been levelled (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009). A former field boundary is shown on the 1852 Former field 43 TA 1143 8152 Unknown Ordnance Survey map running approximately north- boundary south through the proposed site of Pond B (Fig. 4). A brick works is shown as 'disused' on the 1913 Brick works (site 44 TA 1144 7979 Unknown Ordnance Survey map to the west of the railway (Fig. of) 5). The Filey Gas plant was located south-east of the railway station. It included a rare example of 1st 45 Filey Gas Plant TA 1145 8062 MNY13333 Low generation retort house. The plant has been destroyed although the retort has been retained. The site of 'Brickfield' is marked on early mapping and may represent the site of a brick production or 46 Site of 'Brickfield' TA 1145 8132 MNY31463 None clay extraction site (Buglass and Brigham 2008). The area is now covered in housing. 47 Railway Line TA 1550 8647 Low The railway line through Filey was built in the 1840s.

Two stretches of a paved road were identified in 1935 Remains of Road, when laying electricity cables. They are thought to be 48 TA 1153 8078 MNY12657 81390 Low Station Road the remains of a Roman Road (Kitson Clark 1938) although this has not been confirmed.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. A significant area of enclosed land, possibly Area of former representing the enclosure of strips associated with 49 medieval open TA 1155 7982 HNY863 Low Muston Grange, was identified during the Historic fields Landscape Characterisation Programme. World War II A World War II infantry trench near Filey Brigg is 50 TA 1159 8149 MNY31461 Low Trench visible as an earthwork on aerial photographs. The isolated base of a market or wayside cross was rediscovered in an old beck leading to a ravine at Filey Filey Market 51 TA 1160 8100 MNY12658 81394 Low where it had been buried 'more than fifty years ago'. It Cross is believed that it was originally located at the point where Scarborough road enters the town. World War II Gas The remains of a World War II gas decontamination 52 Decontamination TA 1161 8025 MNY31468 Low centre is located on West Avenue (Buglass and Centre Brigham 2008). 53 13 Church Street TA 1162 8089 1148183 Medium 13 Church Street dates to c. 1790. It is Grade II listed.

35 Church Street is an early 18th-century house and is 54 35 Church Street TA 1166 8097 1148184 Medium Grade II listed. 41 Church Street was built in the late 18th century and 55 41 Church Street TA 1166 8098 1148185 Medium remodelled in the early 19th century. It is Grade II listed. 43 and 45 Church Street were built in the late 17th 43 and 45 Church 56 TA 1167 8099 1148186 Medium century as a single property and subdivided in the Street early 19th century. They are Grade II listed.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. The settlement of Filey has its origins in the later Saxon Period and is first recorded in the Domesday Survey. The village developed in the Queen Street area and its occupants were engaged in both farming 57 Filey Village TA 1168 8094 MNY12653 Low and fishing. The settlement began to expand in the 19th century to accommodate an increase in the population. The arrival of the railway allowed for an increase in tourism. 8 and 10 Queen Street is thought to be late 17th- century in date based on a datestone reading '1696'. It 8 and 10 Queen 58 TA 1168 8090 1316456 Medium was built as a house and in the early 19th century it Street was raised and sub-divided. It is now used as a museum. It is Grade II listed. 27 to 41 West Avenue are a row of terraced 27 to 41 West 59 TA 1168 8051 1316457 Medium townhouses built in the 1840s on an area of former Avenue farmland. It is Grade II listed. Early 19th-century farm buildings arranged in three Farm buildings ranges of buildings around a fold yard are located 60 west of Church TA 1171 8115 1148181 Medium approximately 20m to the west of Church Cliff Farm. Cliff Farm They are Grade II listed. Church Clif Church Cliff Farmhouse was built on Church Cliff 61 TA 1173 8112 1316454 Medium Farmhouse Drive in the early 19th century. It is Grade II listed. An area of upstanding ridge and furrow dated to the post-medieval period was visible as earthworks on a Ridge and furrow 1941 aerial photograph on the miniature golf course, 62 TA 1174 7984 MNY31733 None cultivation south of Filey. The earthworks have since been levelled (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009).

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. A cobbled surface was identified during the construction of a water main at a depth of Road at Filey approximately 1m. It appeared to follow the line of the 63 TA 1176 8075 MNY12656 Unknown Church School current road. It was originally interperted as a Roman road, although there is no evidence to substantiate this (Buglass and Brigham 2008). A late 17th to early 19th-century dovecote is located Dovecote at 64 TA 1176 8115 1148182 Medium approximately 20m north-east of Church Cliff Church Cliff Farm Farmhouse. It is Grade II listed. An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by Northern Archaeological Associates during a scheme Archaeological to upgrade the surface water sewer on Muston Road. It 65 Investigation, TA 117 799 None was noted that the ground had been heavily disturbed Martin's Ravine following flooding in 2007. No archaeological finds or ENY6047 features were observed (Cooper 2012). An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by John Buglass Archaeological Services and members of Archaeological the Filey Bay Initiative during footpath works at Watching Brief, TA 11772 Church Cliffe House. The investigation was able to 66 MNY24276 Medium Church Cliffe 81107 examine the entire length of footpath to a depth of House 0.3m. Remains thought to represent 17th-century agricultural buildings and a cobbled courtyard were identified (Buglass 2005b). 24 to 38 Rutland 24 to 38 Rutland Street are a row of three-storey 67 TA 1177 8044 1148191 Medium Street terraced houses built in 1847. They are Grade II listed.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by Humber Field Archaeology during groundwork Archaeological TA 11777 associated with the demolition of an existing dwelling 68 Watching Brief, MNY24392 Medium 80716 and the erection of a new residential development. An 26 Mitford Street irregularly-shaped pit containing 13th to 15th-century pottery was recorded during this work (Rawson 2005). Saint Oswald's Church was built between the 12th and 13th centuries. Battlements were added in the 15th century. The church was restored and partly rebuilt in Saint Oswald's MNY12655 1885 by W. S. Barber. It is a Grade I listed building. A 69 TA 1178 8106 1316455 81395 High Church MNY31466 fragment of an 8th-century grave-cover is being used as a step in the newel stair near the top of the church tower at St Oswald's Church (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009). An excavation was undertaken in four days in 1976 on Queen Street under the direction of P. G. Farmer. The site was located in a yard behind a recently demolished 16th-century stone-built cottage and was covered with six inches of concrete rubble. Only one trench was excavated, measuring 3.5m by 6m. Nine distinct phases of building were identified, along with Site of Early a series of five pavement levels associated with a back Medieval 70 TA 1179 8087 MNY12659 1497089 Medium passage which ran across the trench. The earliest phase Buildings, Queen identified was dated to the mid-10th century and Street, Filey included the remains of timber buildings, represented by three post-holes. Prior to the 13th century, a large pit was dug which was later overlaid by a timber building. This building was replaced in the mid-14th century by a stone building. The building was replaced by yet another in the early 1500s. A bait shed was built in the 19th century (HER File).

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. Langford Villa, The Crescent was built in the 1830s as 71 Langford Villa TA 1180 8008 1296721 Medium a single property. It has since been converted into three dwellings. It is Grade II listed. Possible Mariners No. 19 Reynold's Street was possibly built as a 72 Cottage, No. 19 TA 1180 8081 MNY24874 Low mariners cottage. Reynold's Street The site of the Manor House is located to the north of St Oswald's Church. It was occupied by the Buck family in the 17th century and the foundations were Site of Possible visible in the 1956. An excavation undertaken 73 TA 1181 8109 MNY12654 81386 Medium Manor House sporadically between 1924 and 1926 is reported as identifying evidence for earlier 'monastic' structures on the site, associated with 11th to 14th-century finds (Easton 2005).

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. A programme of archaeological investigations was undertaken by the York Archaeological Trust on land to the rear of the Crown Hotel, Mitford Street between 2009 and 2011. The work was undertaken prior to the redevelopment of the site. In 2009, two small trial trenches were opened. These revealed a sequence of possible medieval pits, drainage gullies and a large ditch sealed beneath a made ground deposit up to 0.5m in depth (Milstead and Evans 2009). In 2010, some of the standing structures in the yard were recorded prior Archaeological to their demolition. One of the three surviving historic Investigations, buildings on the site dating from the early 19th century land off Mitford TA 11826 comprised a set of garages, the others being a 74 ENY6769 Medium Street, Filey. 80814 warehouse building and small dwelling. All were Excavation formerly associated with the fishing industry Report (Pritchard 2010). Following this, a programme of archaeological excavation was undertaken. This identified a large ditch dated to the late Roman period, along with settlement remains dating from the 12th century onwards. By the 17th century, the area was paved with a rough metalled surface, possibly associated with the The Old Pack Horse Inn, which was replaced in the 19th century by the Crown Hotel. Residual flints dated to the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods, along with Iron Age pottery, also suggest prehistoric activity in the area (Antoni 2012). Gates and Gate- The gates and gatepiers at Northcliffe were erected in 75 piers to TA 1183 8061 1148180 Medium 1893 by W Brierley for Miss E Clarke. They are Northcliffe Grade II listed.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. 8 to 14 Crescent are a row of three-storey terraced 8 to 14 The 76 TA 1183 8041 1148187 Medium houses built in 1840. They have since been converted Crescent into flats. They are Grade II listed. 15 to 21 The Crescent are a row of four-storey 15 to 21 The terraced houses built in the mid-19th century. They 77 TA 1183 8036 1148188 Medium Crescent have been converted into a restaurant and flats. They are Grade II listed. 23 to 28 The 23 to 28 The Crescent (including The Hyland Hotel) 78 Crescent, The TA 1183 8021 1148189 Medium are a row of three-storey structures built in the mid- Hyland Hotel 19th century. They are Grade II listed. Royal Crescent Court is a four-storey building built Royal Crescent for J. W. Unett in 1853 as a hotel. It has now been 79 Court, The TA 1184 8028 1167797 Medium converted into flats. It is Grade II listed. The listed Crescent includes railing to the front and the side and four lamp standards to the front. 1 to 7 The Crescent are a row of three-storey terraced houses built in 1850-1 by Henry Spink. They have 1 to 7 The 80 TA 1184 8045 1167797 Medium since been converted into flats. They are Grade II Crescent listed and the designation also includes the iron railings and entrance steps. Northcliffe was built on Cargate Hill by Walter Brierley for Miss E Clarke in 1891-93 in a Jacobethan 81 Northcliffe Villa TA 1187 8068 1316453 Medium Style. It was built as a single property but has since been divided into four separate dwellings. It is Grade II listed. Northcliffe Northcliffe Cottage was built by Walter Brierley for 82 Cottage, Mitford TA 1187 8072 1148190 Medium Miss E Clarke in 1891-93 as a gardener's cottage. It is Street Grade II listed.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. The Foords Hotel, The Foords was built in 1815 as a public house. It is 83 TA 1189 8079 1167845 Medium Queen Street Grade II listed. A coach-house and stables were built in Mitford Street The Lodge and by Walter Brierley for Miss E. Clarke in the late 19th 84 the Coach-House, TA 1190 8073 1167819 Medium century. They have now been converted into Mitford Street dwellings. They are Grade II listed. World War II bomb craters in the Country Park are World War II TA 11922 85 MNY31465 Low visible as earthworks on aerial photographs (Buglass Bomb Crater 81222 and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009). 82 Queen Street was built in the 18th century as a pair 86 82 Queen Street TA 1192 8080 1396376 Medium of fisherman's cottages and later converted into a single property. It is Grade II listed. World War II TA 11952 A World War II pillbox is located in Glen Gardens 87 Pillbox, Glen MNY31471 Low 79997 (Buglass and Brigham 2008). Gardens In 2013, a fluxgate gradiometer survey was Archaeological undertaken by Geophiz.biz at Filey Country Park. This Investigations, TA 11992 88 ENY6643 Low revealed anomalies consistent with ridge and furrow Filey Country 81240 cultivation and two other anomalies likely to be Park features of modern origin (Lyall 2013). A Neolithic axe was found at the base of the cliff 89 Neolithic Axe TA 12 81 MNY12666 Low opposite Filey Brigg (Scarborough and District Archaeological Society Index 1970-1, 53). World War II The site of a World War II pillbox has been identified TA 12005 90 pillbox on sea MNY31550 Low on the sea front (Buglass & Brigham 2008; English 80301 front Heritage 2009).

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

NMR No Name Grid Ref HER Ref. LB Ref. Significance Description Mon. No. Possible canister TA 12086 The remains of a possible canister shot was found on 91 shot found on MNY25478 None 80643 Filey beach in 2008. Filey Beach. Breakwater on A breakwater is shown on early Ordnance Survey 92 TA 121 802 MNY31469 Low Filey Beach mapping (Buglass and Brigham 2008). One of two World War II potential pillbox sites with associated barbed wire fences, trackways and a tank World War II TA 12103 93 MNY31467 Low trap in form of anti-tank cubes are visible as structures Pillbox 80949 on aerial photographs around Cobble Landing (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English Heritage 2009). Site of a A breakwater is shown on early Ordnance Survey breakwater in 94 TA 1220 8088 MNY31551 Low mapping (Buglass and Brigham 2008; English front of Cobble Heritage 2009). Landing

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

6 Impact Assessment and Mitigation

Recorded heritage assets Direct impacts The proposed flood works have the potential to have direct impact on a number of field boundaries shown on the 19th-century Ordnance Survey mapping (3, 6 to 8, 13, 14, 18, 20, 26, 30, 34, 38, 39 and 43). Those located to the north of the site, around the area of Pond A, lie in former open fields and there maybe some former strip fields fossilised in the modern field boundaries. Impact on setting A total of 24 Listed Buildings lie within the study area (36, 53 to 56, 58 to 61, 64, 67, 69, 71, 75 to 84 and 86). The proposed works are unlikely to have an impact on the settings or the views to and from these heritage assets.

Potential sub-surface remains There have been few archaeological investigations in the landscape around Filey and as such it is difficult to determine the potential for sub -surface remains within the proposed development areas. Of the 65 trial trenches opened during the evaluation at Muston Road (24), just three contained archaeological remains, although these have indicated the presence of a previously unknown Iron Age settlement in this area. The works also recovered stray flint finds dating from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age periods. There is a potential, therefore, for similar archaeological remains to be encountered during the construction of the channel through this area.

The land to the southern and south-east of the town, around Filey Dams (9), occupies an area of former moorland and there may have larger areas of open water or marshland in the past. Such areas are known to have attracted human activity in the prehistoric period. The water levels in these areas will have fluctuated over the time, resulting in the burial of archaeological remains under layers of alluvium.

There is also the potential for Roman remains to be encountered, particularly in the areas to the north of the town, near to the site of the Roman Signal Station. There are numerous examples of possible Roman roads being identified throughout the study area, including along Scarborough Road (1 and 12) to the south of Pond A. If there was a Roman road here, than there is a chance for finds and features to be located alongside it.

A series of linear cropmarks of uncertain date lie approximately 250m to the north of the site of the proposed site of Pond A (17), and there is a potential that these features extend southwards into the proposed development site. It is noteworthy that the orientation of these cropmarks corresponds to the modern field boundaries, although this be due in part to the topography in this area, with the land rising sharply to the north.

Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

As mentioned above, the cartographic sources show that a number of former field boundaries will be impacted upon by the proposed works (3, 6 to 8, 13, 14, 18, 20, 26, 30, 34, 38, 39 and 43). In some areas, such as the north-west of the town, the field patterns appear in part to fossilise the medieval strip field system (4) and there is a potential, therefore, that some of these boundaries predate Parliamentary enclosure.

Further assessment and mitigation recommendations Following consultation with Peter Rowe of the North Yorkshire County Council Historic Environment Team, it is advised that a scheme of archaeological evaluation should be undertaken to identify and describe the nature and significance of any surviving archaeological remains within the proposed locations of the ponds, in order to enable an understanding of the potential impact of the development proposal upon their significance. It is recommended that the evaluation comprise a geophysical in the first instance, followed by trial trenching if deemed appropriate.

In accordance with the historic environment policies within Section 12 of the National Planning Policy Framework, 2012 (paragraph 128), this evaluation should be undertaken prior to determination of the planning application. This will enable an informed and reasonable planning decision to be taken as to whether the development should be permitted in its proposed form (paragraph 135). If so, the above information will assist in identifying mitigation options for minimising, avoiding damage to, and/or recording any archaeological remains (paragraph 141).

North Yorkshire County Council Historic Environment Team accept that the rest of the scheme (culverts, embankments etc) are likely to have less of an impact and that mitigation in these area could be addressed by a planning condition.

7 Conclusion The archaeological assessment has established that there is a potential for archaeological remains from the prehistoric and the Roman periods around Filey, some of which could be preserved under layers of alluvial deposits. There is also the potential for remains associated with medieval agricultural activity. Given the size of proposed ponds and likely ground disturbance associated with their creation, further assessment work has been requested by the North Yorkshire County Council Historic Environment Team. The excavations for the channels and culverts also have the potential to expose archaeological finds and deposits, although on much smaller scale.

Richmond Northallerton Scarborough Filey

Malton

Harrogate Skipton York

Selby

0 20km

TA 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

Study Area, see Fig. 2. 0 2km

Plate 1. Proposed site of Pond A, facing east Plate 2. Proposed site of Pond A, facing north-west

Plate 3. Proposed site of Pond B, facing south-west Plate 4. Proposed site of Pond B, facing south Plate 5. Proposed location of channel running east into Plate 6. Proposed location of culvert running east from Pond A, facing west Pond B, facing west

Plate 7. Proposed location of culvert running east from Plate 8. Proposed location of channel and embankment at Pond B, facing east towards caravan park south-west side of Filey, facing south-east towards Filey School Plate 9. Proposed location of channel at south-east side of Plate 10. Proposed location of channel at south-west side of Filey, facing north-east along playing field boundary Filey, facing north-west towards Filey Dams

Plate 11. View along Carr Naze and site of Roman Signal Plate 12. View from Country Park south towards Filey town Station, facing east Archaeological Services WYAS Report No. 2555 Filey Flood Alleviation

Bibliography

Antoni, B., 2012, ‘Land off Mitford Street, Filey, North Yorkshire. Excavation report’, Yorkshire Archaeological Trust Report No. 2012/56 BGS, 2012, British Geological Survey website, http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html (last accessed 5th December 2013) Buglass, J., and Brigham, T., 2008, ‘Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Survey. Yorkshire and Lincolnshire: Whitby to Reighton’, Humber Field Archaeology No. 238 Buglass, J., 2005a, ‘Filey Bay Initiative, Filey Bay, Filey, North Yorkshire’, John Buglass Archaeology Service Buglass, J, 2005b, ‘Church Cliff House, Filey, North Yorkshire. Archaeological Investigation’, John Buglass Archaeology Service Cooper, O., 2012, ‘Martin’s Ravine, Filey: Surface Water Sewer. Negative Watching Brief Report’, Northern Archaeological Associates Report Eaton, D, 2005, ‘The Settlement of North Filey’, unpublished document, HER Parish File 4003 English Heritage, 2009, National Mapping Programme work carried out for the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment. Fearnon, M., 2008, The History of Filey, North Yorkshire, Blackthorn Press Gaffney, V., Fitch, S. and Smith, D, 2009, Europe’s Lost World: The Rediscovery of Doggerland, Council for British Archaeology Hodgkinson, D., 2010, ‘Land off Muston Road, Filey. Statement of Archaeological Significance and Impact Assessment Review’, Wardell Armstrong IfA, 2011, Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment, Institute of Archaeologists Kitson Clark, M., 1938, ‘Roman Yorkshire, 1937’, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, Vol. 34, pp. 99-10 Liddell, T., 2008, ‘Archaeological Evaluation of Land off Muston Road, Filey, North Yorkshire’, North Pennines Archaeology Ltd Lyall, J., 2013, ‘Report on a Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey carried out at Filey Country Park’,Geophiz.biz Report Milstead, I. and Evans, D., 2009, ‘Land off Mitford Street, Filey. Interim Evaluation Report’, Yorkshire Archaeological Trust Report 2009/85 North Yorkshire County Council, 2009, Aircraft Crash Sites North Yorkshire, Digital record held at HER Pritchard, H., 2010, ‘Land off Mitford Street, Filey, North Yorkshire, Building 3 Recording Report’, Yorkshire Archaeology Trust Report No. 2010/113 Ottoway, P., 2000, ‘Excavations on the Site of the Roman Signal Station at Carr Naze, Filey, 1993-4’, The Archaeological Journal Vol. 157, pp. 79-199

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Railton, M., 2008, ‘Geophysical Surveys of Land off Muston Road, Filey, North Yorkshire’, North Pennines Archaeology Ltd Rawson, D., 2005, ‘Archaeological observation, investigation and recording at Mitford Street, Filey’, Humber Field Archaeology Report Soil Survey of England and Wales, 1983, Soils of Northern England, Sheet 1 Tyler, A., 1979, ‘Filey: Historic Town Studies’, unpublished HER report Val Barker, M., Tapper, B., Johns, C and Herring, P., 2007, ‘England’s Historic Seascapes, Scarborough to Hartlepool and Adjacent Marine Zone’, Historic Environment Service report for English Heritage Waughman, M, 2005, ‘Archaeology and Environment of Submerged Landscapes in Hartlepool Bay, England’, Tees Archaeology Monography Series, 2 Williams, A and Martin, G. H., 2003, Domesday Book: A Complete Translation, Penguin Books Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 1964 Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 1977

Cartographic Sources 1788, Filey Enclosure Plan (East Riding Archives Ref. IA61) Ordnance Survey, 1852, First Edition County Series 6 inch series sheet 94 Ordnance Survey, 1852, First Edition County Series 6 inch series sheet 110 Ordnance Survey, 1913, County Series 6 inch series sheet 94 SE Ordnance Survey, 1913, County Series 6 inch series sheet 110 NE Ordnance Survey, 1928, County Series 6 inch series sheet 94 SE Ordnance Survey, 1928, County Series 6 inch series sheet 110 NE Ordnance Survey, 1938, County Series 6 inch series sheet 94 SE Ordnance Survey, 1938, County Series 6 inch series sheet 110 NE