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Obesity and the Body Weight Set Point Regulation

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Obesity and the Body Weight Set Point Regulation International Journal of Endocrinology Obesity and the Body Weight Set Point Regulation Guest Editors: Yi-Hao Yu, Joseph R. Vasselli, Liping Zhao, and Ralph Peterli Obesity and the Body Weight Set Point Regulation International Journal of Endocrinology Obesity and the Body Weight Set Point Regulation GuestEditors:Yi-HaoYu,JosephR.Vasselli,LipingZhao, and Ralph Peterli Copyright © 2014 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “International Journal of Endocrinology.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Craig S. Atwood, USA Astrid E. Fletcher, UK Marcia Ory, USA Ettore Bergamini, Italy Thomas M. Hess, USA S. I. Rattan, Denmark Paula Bickford, USA Darlene V. Howard, USA Karl Rosengren, USA Ann P. Bowling, UK William J. Hoyer, USA Barbara Shukitt-Hale, USA Holly M. Brown-Borg, USA Arshad Jahangir, USA Yousin Suh, USA Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, USA ParmjitS.Jat,UK Ioannis P. Trougakos, Greece Kee Lee Chou, Hong Kong Boo Johansson, Sweden B. Vellas, France Gustavo Duque, Australia Heather Keller, Canada Jan Vijg, USA F. Richard Ferraro, USA Andreas Kruse, Germany Contents Modulation of the Activities of Catalase, Cu-Zn, Mn Superoxide Dismutase, and Glutathione Peroxidase in Adipocyte from Ovariectomised Female Rats with Metabolic Syndrome, Rebeca Cambray Guerra, Alejandra Zuniga-Mu˜ noz,˜ Veronica´ Guarner Lans, Eulises D´ıaz-D´ıaz, Carlos Alberto Tena Betancourt, and Israel Perez-Torres´ Volume2014,ArticleID175080,10pages Bariatric Endocrinology: Principles of Medical Practice, J. Michael Gonzalez-Campoy, Bruce Richardson, Conor Richardson, David Gonzalez-Cameron, Ayesha Ebrahim, Pamela Strobel, Tiphani Martinez, Beth Blaha, Maria Ransom, Jessica Quinonez-Weislow, Andrea Pierson, and Miguel Gonzalez Ahumada Volume 2014, Article ID 917813, 12 pages Visceral Adiposity Index: An Indicator of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction,MarcoCalogeroAmatoand Carla Giordano Volume 2014, Article ID 730827, 7 pages Recombinant Human Leptin Does Not Alter Gut Hormone Levels after Gastric Bypass but May Attenuate Sweet Cravings, Rushika Conroy, Gerardo Febres, Donald J. McMahon, Michael O. Thorner, Bruce D. Gaylinn, Irene Conwell, Louis Aronne, and Judith Korner Volume 2014, Article ID 120286, 8 pages Appetite Response among Those Susceptible or Resistant to Obesity, Rachel C. Brown, Rebecca T. McLay-Cooke, Sara L. Richardson, Sheila M. Williams, David R. Grattan, and Alexandra W.-A. H. Chisholm Volume 2014, Article ID 512013, 9 pages Identification of Psychological Dysfunctions and Eating Disorders in Obese Women Seeking Weight Loss: Cross-Sectional Study,MaudePanchaudCornut,JenniferSzymanski,PedroMarques-Vidal, andVittorioGiusti Volume 2014, Article ID 356289, 9 pages Fasting Leptin Is a Metabolic Determinant of Food Reward in Overweight and Obese Individuals during Chronic Aerobic Exercise Training, Mark Hopkins, Catherine Gibbons, Phillipa Caudwell, Dominic-Luc Webb, Per M. Hellstrom,¨ Erik Naslund,JohnE.Blundell,andGrahamFinlayson¨ Volume2014,ArticleID323728,8pages Effect of GAS6 and AXL Gene Polymorphisms on Adiposity, Systemic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Adolescents, Fone-Ching Hsiao, Yuh-Feng Lin, Po-Shiuan Hsieh, Nain-Feng Chu, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Yi-Shing Shieh, Chang-Hsun Hsieh, Chien-Hsing Lee, Ting-I Lee, and Yi-Jen Hung Volume 2014, Article ID 674069, 9 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2014, Article ID 175080, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/175080 Research Article Modulation of the Activities of Catalase, Cu-Zn, Mn Superoxide Dismutase, and Glutathione Peroxidase in Adipocyte from Ovariectomised Female Rats with Metabolic Syndrome Rebeca Cambray Guerra,1 Alejandra Zuñiga-Muñoz,1 Verónica Guarner Lans,2 Eulises Díaz-Díaz,3 Carlos Alberto Tena Betancourt,4 and Israel Pérez-Torres1 1 Departments of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog´ıa “Ignacio Chavez”,´ Juan Badiano 1, Seccion´ XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico,´ DF, Mexico 2 Departments of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog´ıa “Ignacio Chavez”,´ Juan Badiano 1, Seccion´ XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico,´ DF, Mexico 3 Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas´ y Nutricion´ “Salvador Zubiran”,´ Vasco de Quiroga 15, Seccion´ XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico,´ DF, Mexico 4 Departments of Vivarium, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog´ıa “Ignacio Chavez”,´ Juan Badiano 1, Seccion´ XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico,´ DF, Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to Israel Perez-Torres;´ [email protected] Received 25 November 2013; Accepted 17 April 2014; Published 29 May 2014 Academic Editor: Joseph R. Vasselli Copyright © 2014 Rebeca Cambray Guerra et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association betweentrogen es removal, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress generated by obesity in a MS female rat model. Thirty two female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (C), MS, MS ovariectomized (Ovx), and MS Ovx plus estradiol (E2). MS was induced by administering 30% sucrose to drinking water for 24 weeks. After sacrifice, intra-abdominal fat was dissected; adipocytes were isolated and lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, and the activities of Cu-Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined. There were no significant differences in the activities of Cu-Zn, Mn SOD, CAT, and GPx between theCand MS groups, but in the MS Ovx group there was a statistically significant decrease in the activities of these enzymes when compared to MS and MS Ovx+E2. The increased lipid peroxidation and nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity found in MS Ovx was significantly decreased when compared to MS and MS Ovx+E2. In conclusion, the removal of E2 by ovariectomy decreases the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the intra-abdominal tissue of MS female rats; this is reflected by increased lipid peroxidation and decreased nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity. 1. Introduction and energy expenditure [2–4]. Adipose tissue, which was previously regarded as a tissue with few metabolic functions The metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as a cluster of and considered only as passive reservoir, is now known to be metabolic alterations [1], which includes the following diag- metabolically active [5]. Several studies have suggested that nostic criteria: hypertension, diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity is associated with increased free radical concentra- dyslipidemia, and obesity [2]. Obesity, as component of MS, is tions [6], which can cause oxidative stress in the endoplasmic considered a public health problem because of its magnitude reticulum of the adipocyte [7]. An increase in oxygen con- and importance. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading sumption by mitochondria of the adipocyte [8]leadstoexcess risk factor for death in the world [3]. The accumulation processing of free fatty acids [9–11], which are produced of abnormal or excessive fat stored in adipose tissue is by the hydrolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue [12]. An the result of a chronic imbalance between energy intake excess of adipose tissue is also a source of inflammatory 2 International Journal of Endocrinology cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-,andobesityiscon- Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association sidered as a chronic inflammatory state. These cytokines are a between estrogen removal in MS female rat model and levels potent stimulus for the production of reactive oxygen species of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress generated by [13].Moreover,themammaliancellsareequippedwith obesity. enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms among which are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione 2. Material and Methods peroxidase (GPx) enzyme, and the nonenzymatic systems such as vitamins A, C, and E, among others [14, 15]. The 2.1. Animals. Experiments in animals were approved by the antioxidant enzymes contribute to eliminate radicals such as Laboratory Animal Care Committee of our institution and − superoxide (O2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), preventing were conducted in compliance with the Guide for the Care − the formation of the very active species O2 and radical and Use of Laboratory Animals of NIH. Weanling female − hydroxyl (HO ) which are damaging to cells. rats weighing 100 ± 10 g, =8per group. The groups Sexual dimorphism is involved in the clinical manifes- were control (C), 30% sucrose-fed (MS), MS ovariectomized tationsofMS[16] and this disease tends to occur more (Ovx), and MS Ovx + estradiol (E2). The animals were often in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women [17– housed in ad hoc plastic boxes and were subjected to 12- hour light/obscurity cycles and environmental temperature 19]. Additionally, increased oxidative stress after menopause ∘ is associated with loss of endogenous estrogen synthesis between 18 and 26 C. They were fed commercial rodent [20]. Protection by female sex hormones is attributed to the pellets (23% of crude protein, 4.5% of crude fat, 8% of ashes, well-demonstrated antioxidant properties of estrogen in vivo; and 2.5% of added minerals;
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