M. Tulli Ciceronis Pro A. Licinio Archia Poeta : Oratio Ad Iudices

ELEMENTMOf CLASSIC

SJtSSSSl CICERO PRO ARCHIA

G. H. NALL M.A. tX^VMiL Sauort.^** USED

M. TULLI CICERONIS

PRO

A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO AD IUDICES

(Blettuniarp. QTlasBks

M. Tulli Ciceronis

Pro

A. Licinio Archia Poeta Oratio ad Iudices

Editedfor the Use of Schools, with lntroduction> Notes, and Vocabulary, by

G. H. Nall, M.A.

Late Assistant Master at Westminster School

MACMILLAN

London • Melbourne • Toronto

ST MARTIN'S PRESS New York 1966 This book is copyright in all countries which are signatories to the Berne Convention

First Edition 1901 Reprinted 1906, 1908, 1912, 1914, 1917, 1921 1922, 1930, 1938, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1964 1965, 1966

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printed in great britain PREFACE.

In preparing this Elementary Edition 01 the Pro

Archia Poeta, I have made special use of the admirable Frsnch edition of the speech by M. Emile Thomas (1883), and of the German editions by Halm (revised Laubmann, 1891), and Richter and Eberhard (revised Nohl, 1893). After writing my notes, I have also consulted Prof. J. S. Reid's well-known edition, and have added a few references to his views, in every case, I believe, directly acknowledging the obligation

The text is in the main that of M. Thomas, which is based on a new and thorough collation of the valuable Codex Gemblacensis at Brussels, but in spell- ing and punctuation I have thought it better to follow the more familiar text of C. F. W. Muiler in the

Teubner Series. Thus the present text is practically Muller's, revised according to Thomas.

G. H. NALL.

18 Dean's Yabd, Westminsteb, Julu, 1901.

CONTENTS.

1NTR0DUCTI0N, -••••... jx

Text, 1

Notes, 20

VoCABULARY, 48

Index of Proper Names, • •-... 75

Appendlx on Various Readinos, 93

;

INTRODUCTION.

Archias, 1 tlie defendant in this case, was born at Antioch, the capital of the Greek Kingdom of Syria, about the year 119 b.c. or a little early life. earlier. 2 His parents were Greeks of noble rank, and the boy received a hberal education in the schools of his native city, which for long not only in wealth and magnificence but in learning and culture had been next to Alexandria the foremost city of the East. At an early age he was distinguished for precocious genius, and before he had reached man's estate had outstripped all his rivals as a poet and a scholar. Antioch was hovvever entering upon evil days. The power of the Seleucidae, the reigning house, had been broken by the Romans ; family quarrels marked by frequent assassinations still had further weakened them ; the Parthians were threatening the kingdom on the East the Mithridatic Wars and the Civil dissensions of the Roman Republic were soon to cause widespread ruin and

1 The chief authority is §§ 4-8 of this speech. 2 On his arrival in Rome, 102, Cic. describes him as praetextatus,

§5, i.e. at the most 17 years old ; but probably this is a slight exaggeration : see notes ad loc. iz Z INTRODUCTION disaster. The prospects for the brilliant and ambitious young poet seem to have been poor at home, and so about the year 103 he quitted Antioch, and travelling by way of Asia Minor and Greece, whither the fame of his talents had preceded him and secured him meS t0 Ualy° everywhere an enthusiastic reception, he crossed over to Southern Italy and was received with open arms by his fellow kinsmen in the great Greek colonies which fringed the shores and gave the name of Magna Graecia to the southern part of the peninsula. His visit was well timed. During a century of almost uninterrupted peace at home and steady peace^and expansion abroad, Italy had grown pros- literary perous and rich. Far-seeing statesmen might view with alarm the rapid decay of the rural population, but the towns were thriving exceedingly, and amid an atmosphere of wealth and consequent leisure, art and literature flourished. The Greek cities of the south were at this period the centre of an even keener intel- lectual activity than Rome itself in the ; but capital, toOj culture, and especially Greek culture, was the fashion. The famous Scipionic circle—the group of distinguished litterati who had gathered round the Scipios and had been the pioneers of Greek culture—had passed away, but the impulse which they had given to the new learning was still felt in the generation which succeeded them and had not yet been checked by the bitter civil strife which marked the closing decades of the Republic. It was a golden moment for the young Greek in search of a wealthy and generous patron. ; :

INTRODUCTION xi

After a short stay in these southern cities, several of which, Tarentum, Ehegium, Naples, andper-

1 haps Locri Epizephyrii, bestowed upon him ^o Rome, 102 by " their franchise and the other customary j^jffinded gifts," Archias came to Eome in 102, in andother the consulship of Marius and Catulus. He immediately found a hospitable welcome in one of the most famous families of the day, that of the Luculli and the protection which they extended to him ripened into a friendship which lasted undiminished till the date of this trial, a period of 40 years, a striking testimony, as Cicero justly insists, as much to the excellence of his clienfs character as to the brilliance of his genius. Other famous men also—Q. Metellus Numidicus and his son Fius, M. Aemilius Scaurus, notorious for his conduct in the Jugurthine War, Q. Catulus, both father and son, the great orator L. Crassus, Drusus the dema- gogue, the Hortensii, and many others—were glad to extend their favour and patronage to Archias. With that versatility for which his countrymen are famous he well knew how to adapt his gifts to the society in which he found himself. In southern Italy it had probably been his skill as an improvisatore which had won special admiration. These Greek cities contained a large Italian

element and improvising was, as it still is, dear to the Italian genius. 2 But to the Eoman nobles Archias had something else to offer which appealed strongly to their practical minds. As a poet he could celebrate their miiitary glory. Culture was with many only a pose, but

i §§ 5 and 10. 2 See § 5, notes. '

rii INTRODUCTION all were eager to patroriize one who might immortalize their fame. In this year, 102, L. Licinius Lucullus, the head of the family, was absent in Sicily, where as ArcMis visits Sicily with propraetor he mismanaged the war against slaves, guilty receivesthe' ^e revo^ed and was of such franchise of flagrant rpeculation that on his return he Heraclea. ° . was lmpeached by the augur Servilius and compelled to retire into exile. In revenge his sons, M. and L. Lucullus, instituted a prosecution against Servilius, which very rightly failed, and it was probably to collect evidence that M. Lucullus paid the visit to Sicily mentioned by Cicero 1 some considerable time after 102 but before 89. Archias accompanied him, and on their return the two visited Heraclea, where the elder L. Lucullus had probably taken up his abode. By the influence of the

Luculli, who perhaps stood in the relation of ' patrons to Heraclea, that is, represented the interests of the city at Kome, the citizenship of Heraclea was bestowed upon Archias, and thenceforward, although he was on the burgess roll of several other cities, he described himself as a citizen of Heraclea. 2

The Social War (i.e. the War of the ' Allies,' also called

_ . , _ the Marsic War, from the Marsi who were Social War, ' 91-89. the leaders in the movement and the Italian War, as it was a revolt of the Central Italian peoples), broke out in 91 b.c. It was a protest against the exclusion of the Italian peoples from the Roman franchise, with the valuable privileges thereby conferred, and it ended in Rome practically conceding all their *§& 2§i0end. INTRODUCTION xiii important demands. In 90, while the war was still raging, the consul, L. Julius Caesar (father of the great Julius Caesar), with the approval of the Senate, carried the Lex Julia by which the Roman franchise was granted to all the Latin and allied communities who had taken no part in the war against Rome, provided that they corporately and formally accepted the offer. The majority immediately did accept it, but some hesitated, Heraclea and Neapolis among the number, for by their treaties they stood to Rome in a specially favoured position. 1 Appar- ently, however, these cities also in time followed the lead of the rest. WTiy Archias did not obtain the franchise under this law is not clear. Cicero makes no refer-

ence to it ; and we can only suppose that if Archias really was a burgess of several Graeco-Italian cities, as Cicero asserts, none of these for the present accepted the Roman franchise. In the following year, 89, when the war was practically over, a second law 2 was carried by the 3, tribunes, M. Plautius Silvanus and C. pHiria^sg Papirius Carbo (usually known as the Lex Plautia Papiria, but called by Cicero Lex Silvani et 3 Carbonis ) supplementary to the Lex Julia, by which the Roman franchise was given to all individuals who at that

' time were (1) citizens of some federate ' state ; and (2) that within had a fixed domicile in Italy ; provided (3) sixty days they registered their names before a Roman praetor.

i Cic. Pro Balbo, § 21. 8 2 Only known from this speech. § 7. xhr INTRODUCTION

Under this law Archias claimed the citizenship ; he made Arcbias his claim (1) as a citizen of Heraclea, and the 2 as navin a domicile in Eome and Romaa ( ) g ; (3) franchise. he registered his name before the praetor, Q. Metellus Pius, his friend. Following the usual course, he now took the full Roman name of Aulus Licinius Archias, the nomen Licinius being the gens name of the Luculli, his patrons. 1 Between 88 and 83 Archias was with L. Lucullus (who was acting as quaestor to Sulla in the first ™ in paMes Mithridatic War) in Greece and Asia ; Lucullus on 76 he accompanied him to Africa ; in 74 and his campaigns r .... the following years he was with him again in Asia during the third Mithridatic War. Archias held no regular commission in the army, but was one of the retinue (cohors) of personal friends and clients that usually accompanied a general or governor. In 66 Lucullus under the Manilian law was superseded in the command against Mithridates by Pompeius, and Archias pro- Rome^Death ^ably returned with his patron to Rome. Of his subsequent life we know little. He probably remained in close and familiar relationship with

L. Lucullus till the latter's death about 57 b.c. He was apparently still alive in 44 b.c.,2 but could not have long survived that year, famous for the murder of Caesar.

1 It was usual to take both praenomen and nomen of the patron, but no Aulus Lucullus is known. That Aulus is found in the Murena branch of the Licinian gens, as Halm points out, would scarcely influence Archias.

3 Cic. de Div. i. § 79, written in 44, speaks of Archias as though still alive. INTRODUCTION xv

Cicero describes Archias as a distinguished poet and scholar, ' summus poeta atque eruditissimus komo.' x To his youthful skill as an improviser reference has already been made. Quintilian 2 compares him with Antipater 3 of Sidon, the most famous im- merarvwork. proviser of his generation. This talent Archias seems to have further cultivated for the amusement of his friends and patrons at Eome.4 Of his written poetical compositions, Cicero speaks in the highest terms, ranking them with the works of the old Greek classic poets. 6 Throughout Cicero's highly rhetorical panegyric upon the merits of his client there is an obvious vein of exaggeration. An advocate's words must not be taken too literally ; but on the other hand it must be remembered that competent judges of literary worth were present in Court and gross exaggeration would have been a blunder. Unfortunately Archias' writings have perished with a few possible exceptions. The Greek Anthology contains thirty-one epigrams under the name of Archias, four ascribed to • Archias of Mitylene,' two to 'Archias the younger,' one to 'Archias of Byzantium,' the remainder simply to Archias, but the name was a very common Greek one, and there is no good reason for connecting any of these poems, which are correct enough in style but poor in quality, with Cicero's client. Three poems are mentioned in this speech. The two upon Marius' Cimbrian Campaign and Lucullus 5 exploits in Asia were perhaps eventually completed ; the

l § 3. 2 Quint. x. 7. 19. s Flourished about 108-100 B.C» 4§i8. 5 §ia xvi INTRODUCTION third, dealing with the events of Cicero's consulship, made

1 little progress, much to the oratoi^s chagrin, and probably was never finished. Other poems are mentioned else- 2 where in Cicero, e.g. a panegyric upon the Metelli, and the story of the infant Roscius 3 (the future actor) being attacked in his cradle by a serpent ; but of all these, which of course were written in Greek, not a single line has come down to us. To Archias' qualities as a scholar and a teacher Cicero pays a graceful tribute in the opening sentences of this speech. When a young man he had been introduced to the poet, probably at the house of the great orator, L. Crassus, and to his influence and stimulus Cicero

generously ascribes his own success in life. Following the fashion of the day Archias during his residence at Rome seems to have devoted the time not occupied in composition to delivering lectures and recitations to his admirers and patrons. For twenty-seven years, from 89 to 62 b.c, Archias enjoyed all the rights and privileges of e r ent citizen without his title being case? an a Roman attackupon calied in question. He made his will

repeatedly according to Roman form ; he accepted legacies from Roman citizens, which, as a rule,

could only be received by Roman citizens ; and his name was put down by L. Lucullus on the list of persons recommended to the treasury for reward.4 But in 62 the present prosecution was instituted.

1 2 Cic. ad. Att. i. 16. 15, i. 20. 6. Cic ad Att. i. 16. 15. 4 3 CJc. de Div. i. xxxvi. 79. § 11. ;

INTRODUCTION xvii

That the attack was directed against his patron Lucullus rather than Archias is certain. Political and personal animosity at this tinie ran high at Rome. Between Lucullus and Pompeius there was an old standing feud dating from the time, more than twenty years ago, when they had vied with one another to secure Sulla's favour. At first Lucullus had been more successful. Sulla, on his death, had Pompeius and

u8 ' by will appointed Lucullus his literary executor, and the guardian of his son, passing over Pompeius without mention, 1 a deliberate slight upon the latter, in the opinion of his contemporaries. Then followed Lucullus' brilliant career in the East which had been watched with jealous eyes by his rival. But in 66, as we have seen, the faction, or rather coalition of factions which for the moment supported Pompeius—for deep political intrigues lay behind the personal quarrels of these two brilliant generals—secured the recall of Lucullus and the appointment of Pompeius to the supreme command in the East. Lucullus returned to Rome, and for three years, till 63, was prevented from celebrating a well-earned triumph by the opposition of the Pompeian faction. The present prosecution was only one of the many spiteful attacks made upon him at this time and it was probably rather from pure distaste for the pettiness of political cabals than because he was sated with glory, that he now withdrew entirely from public life and devoted the remainder of his days to literary pursuits and luxurious living. 2 The prosecutor was one Gratius, an obscure person, who

iPlut. Luc. c. iv. 2 Plut. Luc. c xxsviii. :

xviii INTRODUCTION merely acted as a tool of the anti-Lucullan faction. The prosecution was conducted under the Lex Papia. In 65 b.c, the tribune C. Papius had carried a law

. known as the Lex Papia, by which all TheLexPapia , ™ , * V. T > under which foreigners were expelled trom Kome. Like P eCU tion was a fornier and more famous alien act, that of conducted. jy[ Junius Pennus in the days of the Gracchi, 126 B.c, this law was not a mere wanton attack upon a class who at Eome were treated with considerable liber- ality, but had a definite political object. The law of Pen- nus had been passed to clear Eome of the un-enfranchised Italians who had fiocked thither in alarming numbers at a moment when the question of their admission to the franchise was being debated at Kome. The Papian law was intended to clear the city of the gangs of roughs, largely composed of foreign desperadoes, which in a city like Eome, unprotected by any regular police force, were a serious menace to peaceful citizens and dangerous weapons in the hands of unscrupulous agitators like Catiline and Clodius. It is scarcely possible that the law was ever properly enforced ; but it proved a serviceable tool to the prosecution, for if Archias could be proved an alien, he would be compelled to leave Eome, and so separated, for a time at least, from his patron Lucullus. The case for the prosecution was apparently as follows

*' -^-rcmas nac^ claimed the Eoman fran- The case for the prosecu- chise as a citizen of Heraclea : but he was Ciceros unable to produce documentary evidence defence. tkat j^s name na(j ever Deen on tne Durgess roil of Heraclea.

2. His name was not on any Eoman census roll. :

INTRODUCTION xix

3. He had never ventured to act as a Roman citizen. 4. Doubts were thrown on the trustworthiness of the Praetoi^s register. Cicero replied

1. That the record office of Heraclea was burnt during the Social War ; but that Lucullus and a distinguished deputation from Heraclea were in court to bear witness that Archias' name had been duly registered on the burnt rolls ; and that if his name had not been on these rolls he might have claimed the citizenship through one of the other towns whose citizenship he held, or even obtained it from some general. 2. That Archias had been absent from Eome at the time each census had been taken since 89. 3. That he had acted as a citizen by making his will, etc, as mentioned above.

4. That whatever might be true of other Praetors, Metellus, who registered Archias' name, was a scrupu- lously careful man. So far as we can judge the case against Archias was exceedingly weak. It is almost certain that Archias was acquitted, since in the next year, 61, Cicero speaks of him in terms which imply that he was still living at Rome. 1 The court was one of the quaestiones perpetuae a& organized by Sulla. 2 The jury,3 probably about 50 or 60 in number, would be selected

by lot from the jury list (album judicurri), which since the year 70 had consisted of Senators, Equites, and Tribuni

*Ad. Att L xvi. 15. 2 See note §3. 3 In the trial of Clodius, B.o. 61, in the Bona Dea case, there were 56. xx INTRODUCTION

Aerarii. The president of the court was a praetor, in this case Q. Cicero, 1 the brother of the orator, which fixes the date of the trial for 62 b.c. ; and probably it was in the latter part of the year, since Cicero refers to the death of the actor Roscius which took place in this same year. The remarkable character of the speech must strike every reader. Cicero treats the legal aspect character of of the case with almost contemptuous brev- the speech. ., j , , ,• , ity, and devotes nis eloquence, and some five-sixths of his time to a panegyric upon literature in general and the poet Archias in particular. 2 It must be remembered, however, that we have not got

the speech in the precise form in which it practice in was actually delivered. It was Cicero's editing^his practice, at least in his less important cases, speeches. ^o write down and commit to memory only the beginning and end of his proposed address, and to trust to scanty notes for the central portion which would consist chiefly of legal arguments and refutations. In preparing his speeches for publication he usualiy cut down the parts which would be tedious to readers and trequently elaborated those of more general interest. How far this process was carried out in the present case cannot be told ; but it is scarcely probable that Cicero would entirely change its character. It is therefore only

* According to a scholiast : Cic.'s references to the praetor pre- cisely suit his brother, and Q. Cicero was praetor in this year, for he was pro-praetor governing a province 61 to 59. 2 " Cicero's speech for Archias which is exquisitelv composed. but of which not more than one-sixth is to the purpose. could not have been delivered in a British Court of Justice. — Lord Broughanx Eloquence of the Ancients. ;

INTRODUCTION xxi

reasonable to conclude that even in its original form the digressions for which the orator repeatedly apologises occupied considerably more than half the speech. The reasons for this may be found partly in the nature of the trial, partly in the character of the Reasoils f0r audience. In the first place the case for the ^e digi-essiye r character of prosecution was weak. This may fairly be the speech. concluded not only from the contemptuous way in which

the orator treats it, but from the fact that Lucullus was content to leave the defence entirely to Cicero. 1 Secondly the attack was directed not so much against Archias as against Lucullus, a prominent member of a class of men whose love for literature and patronage of foreigners were regarded with scant favour by many old-fashioned Eomans. And, thirdly, the very atmosphere of the Court was redolent of letters. The President was Cicero's brother, a man deeply interested in literature; among the jury were apparently many men of similar tastes and among the audience were numerous admirers and patrons of Archias, many of them bearers of the proudest names in the close circle of Eoman nobility, whose favour and applause Cicero hoped to win by a brilliant defence of their friend. The purely legal aspect of the case offered little opening for any display of originality, and so the orator, rightly judging that his best justification was the eager attention of his audience, delivered one of the most magnificent tributes to literature that has ever

been heard in a court of law : yet he handled his theme

^ln the Balbus trial (Cic. Pro Balbo) both Cn. Pompeius and L. Crassus preceded Cicero and delivered elaborate speeches for the defence. xxii INTRODUCTION

with such skill that every word he uttered would tell in defence of his client. Passing swiftly from the praise of Archias to his own passionate love for literature, he hailed it as the solace of weary workers, the inspiration of statesmen, an incentive to virtue; then striking the note of patriotism with a skill worthy of a French advocate, he proclaimed the services rendered not only to ambitious individuals but to the nation itself by such men as Archias. 'When our exploits,' he declared, 'are celebrated by men of genius, the renown of the Roman people is spread abroad throughout the whole world.' Judged from this point of view the Pro Archia is a masterpiece of constructive skill and well deserves the praise bestowed upon it by ancient critics. To modern taste, however, many of the passages l which they most admired seem over-rhetorical and bombastic. A careful examination, too, reveals numerous blemishes in the details of form and expression, but these are more than counterbalanced by an undoubted freshness and vigour, which make it probable that here, more than in most of his published speeches, we have the very words which Cicero spoke and that he wisely refrained from revising and polishing passages, which had received the warra approval of a critical audience. lEsp. §19 beg., which is quoted often by Quint. with approval. M. TULLI CICEROtnS

PRO

A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO AD IUDICES.

Exordium or Introduction. Cicero , s reasons for undertaking the defence of Archias. His reasons for describing himself as a pupil of Archias. The manner in which he desires to conduct the defence.

I. Si qiiiaest in me ingenii. iudices, quod sentio 1

quam sit exieruum, aut si qua exercitatio _ ... , . . o ' Gratitudeimpels t__vu_ me t0 defend dicendi, in qua me npn ihntiOr medio- ,. o^Archias, who «V~ fapW*MA . , _£ ^ cnter esse versatum, aut si nuiusce rei w_s my guide m ,M*£*M ear studies, v_r_«. .. . c-_tevi«f_--6U_--|_ ]y . an>i»wsJtJ|^- JWX-^t^Ci owe ac discipnna pr&iecra;S qua ego pulmm my___c___,

confiteor aTeTat_3 meae tempus a__hem___se, earum. ' • • • _ .—rr. . _*-f>u4i rerum omruum veli m pnmis hic A. Licmius tructum a me r_p_tere OT#ffir suo ui-e Uepetlu I\am, quoao_)

io longissime potest mens mea respicere spatiirm prae-

terili- temporis et pufemil^ memoriam recordari ultimam, inde usque rep-tensi) hunc video mihi

m 2 M. TULLI CICERONIS

principem et ad suscipiendam_?t ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum extitisse. Quod si haec vox huius tiortatu praeceptisque conformata noni> nullic ahquando saluti Fuit. a quo ld accepinms. tfub \

cetens opitulari et anos servare posgeimis. JS^jj>r°- 5 fec£o?ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et opem et salutem ferre debemus. Ac ne culis^a^ • Do not wonder ... _, t . ^Tv_»jr./M at this; for nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, qW5Q-~ is though he a ,i. liai.jr _ _aJ»-\_L* , . poet and i am li in hoc facultas sit ingenii a a qth*MaTnL an orator, yet all .. . ,. uberai studies neque haec dicendi ratio aut disciplma, io are closely con- . ftu/«Jt«»l-> nected. ne nos quidem huic uni studio pemtus umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes, quae ad humanitatempeitinent, habent quo^dam commune vinculum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se con-

- tinentur. . i 15, ^^ s 3 II. Sed ne cui vesfrum^ nprurnesse vicreatur xq8 in quaestione le^iftflra et in iudicio pub- In defending a * **»__+..ia _ .* .\J/$

courts ; but you , . . \/4 I^WJt*»- are men of liter- apud severissimos ludices, tanio con- 20 fl ary tastes and GmH^M/K^ljl . /"XXrWjl • , 4ft\*___L/ wm grant me ventu ftominum ac frequentia hoc uq. - ^ indulgence. ,. ,. , ^ct

summo poeta atque ej_uj__il_i__£imo-i-Oi____iie- dicenxem, hoc concutsu ODminum litteratissimorum, hac vestra PRO ARCHIA PCETA ORATC© 3

humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercente rudicium, ^pafeiamini de studiis humanitatisac litterarum paulo l5qur nrJerius et in eius modi persona^quae propter tu^ ofiura ac stuaitm mmHne m iumcns pericu^isqu^* dL

5 tracEala^Hst, un prope novo quodam et iiiusn^to^ genere dicendi.

Statement o/the line of defence Cicero will adopt. I. Archias is a JRoman citizen. It. If he were not he would deserve to be made one.

si . . Quod ,mihi a vobis ttibui concedique sentiam, 4 pernciam protecto ut hunc A. Licinium non modo , aA/wtt, . . . a>r cUvijiaa/v non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, • 10 verum etiam, si non esset, putetis ascfejenaum fuisse.

A sketch ofthe Life ofArchias, showing how he obtained

" - i he iiumuii fPllnchise'. Nam ut pnmum ex pueris excessit Archias

atque ab iis artibus, quibus amas puerilTs . , . , , ... . -£...1 Archias, born ofot .aJiLotjL rvttu4XWVMJL inloTfmari solet, se ad ad humanitatem ^tfoch^biNt s£n£enefr studium contulit, primuniAn-' stm * W be - came famous as ULM^.ij^lJ ITft^ . .? , .,. i5xiochiae—nam 101 natus est loco nobih— a poet thn.ugh- * l sia Minor ^•f^cbrf q"uondam\irbe et c15piosa*atque andGreect.eece.

\; eruditissimis hominibus liberalissLmisque stucms antu- enti, cereriterA^antecellere omnibus mgenii guxona conugit. Tost rn ceteris Asiae partibus cS^mcta^qrTe

20 Graecia sic eius adventus celebrabantur, ut famam ingenii exspectatio hominis, exspectationem ipsius )

4 M. TULLI CICERONIS

5 adventus admiratioque superaret. Erat Italia tum plena Graecarura artiura ac disciplin-

He came to . itaiy, and after arum ; studiaque haec et in Latio

a warm welcome . . . in the Greek venementius tum colebantur quam nunc

cities of tha ...... _. south, settied at isdem in oppidis, et hic Komae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non negle- gebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Regini et Neapolitani civitate ceterisque pra^nms dorfarunt, et omnes, qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare, cog^rn^on#*atque hospitio dignmnexistrmarunt. Hac 10 tanta celebritate famae cum esset lam absentibus notus, Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nac- tus est primum consules eos, quorum lafter resajd scribendum mixiimas. alter cum res*ge&as tUm aOTOT aambfife where he made e^^M^atque pos- 15 se Statim Luculli, praetextatus ance of^manv ^ cum nobie Romans, etj am tum Archias esset, eum domum especially the ' Lucniii. suam receperunt. Et erat hoc non solum ingenii ac litterarum. verura etiam naturae yirtutis. ut domus, quaenuius aduldscentiae 20

Jmelma flvnveadem esset familiarissima se^necftr^.

at temporibus illre lucundus Q. Metello illi Numi- dico et eius Pio fino, a^iebatuT"^, M. Aemilio,

vivebat cum Catulo et patre et filio, a L. Crasso Q ; ^ colebatur, Lucullos vero et Drusura £t Octavios et 25

L jjp Catonem et totam Hortensiorum croimmTdevinctam * ,consuetudine tenftret, afficiehatur gnmmo honorft 1 cum ,^ j2 Iquoa eum non solum colebant, qui aliquid perapere PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO 5

atqueafe stuffint^erum etiara si qui foffe

M. Lucullo in Siciliam profectus et ja^-^ss^wnttr he 1 ô9enT*Lucullo ae-^Lucuii^ to si- v 5 ex ea provincia cum S cederet, Ver^THeracleam. Quae cum returo^waTpre^ jj ac aequissiracr mre franchise of Her- . p esset civitas ^JT^ j^ > adscribi se in ^^vi^cm^^K^ *JW* ***W\ utaretur tunf au •^îpse^TB P ' t^ÛvJl ^S impetravil. jioet^gritia Luculli ab* Heracliensibus Si7 L| D^^^cho^rtnVani lege et Carbonis: ¥?. „„, ^tmâtts PTVTTATTBTTS ADSGRIPTI This_jraye A*m ân^Jran. l( FUISSENT, SIT^M, Cljtl LEX FEREBATUR, ET ta IN ITALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT gjg-gj SEXAGINTA DIEBUj^D PÊJOTIEM *•£>**--<< |S 81 ESSENT PROFESSI. Ctuilhic doimcilium complied. Romae multos iam annos haberet, professus est suum. apud praetorem Q. Metellum, familiarissimum

o/the preceding state- The De/ence Proper. Part 1. Proo/s conclusion, Archiasisa ment and re/utation o/objections ; Roman citizen. ^, > civitate ac lege dicimus, 8 Si iiitiiT^^nist de dicta est ^Quid enim aonihil dico Sui^; causa esse horum inWVT Grati, potesU^Heracieaene summa aucto-^^ tum adscriptum negabis » lcmTvir Lucullus, qui se ndn ritate et religione et fide, M. sed vidisse, non in- olman, sed sttre, non audivisse, CICEI

* terfuisse. sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Heraclienses legati, „

Archias com- nobilissimi homines—huius ludicn causa cv

conditions^of the cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio

nelses ^tesTify VeftSfcu1n£-q1^ tabuTas desioteras made a^citilen tiensem dicunt. Hiotu S 1 1 Heracliensium puDlicasT quas Italicq bello the^i ^city records™;^ UAdCXi<>)&. VaJcoU- k**W are destroyed. mcenso taDulano jnterisse scimus omnes. Est ridiculum ad ea quae videmus nihil dicere, * quaerere quae habere non possumus, et de hommum

memoria tacereTntterarum melnorwn^ nagitare ; et 10

cum habeas amplissimi .vin rehgionem, mtegernmi . municifm lusiurandum hdemque, ea, quae depravan nullo modo possunt, reûdiare, tabulas, quas idem 9ûicis solere corrumpf/ desiderare. An domicilium omaeôn>ibuit1 quitot annis ^Hewl^mT^ \ jfi, 15; ^d^tRome. ante crâte^^t^^dg^mnium ^

rerum ac fortunarum suarum Romae coftocavit ! An

(3)Heregistered non est professus ?1 Immo vero iis h tabulis uae solae ex il] he p« P^fej^ ^ t£^" ? H3Ssione C0§£}££8j$}& praetoriim Optment 2C^ re^isters ^are above suspicion. publicarum tabularum auctoritatem. l V. Nam, cum Appii tabulae neglegentius adservatae b dicerentur, Gabini, quamdiu incolumis fuit, levitas, """^ post damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fiaerrTT" resignasset, Metellus, homo sanctissimus moaflstis-yj

simusque omnium, tanta diligentia fuit, ut^ad T.7. Lentulum praetorem et ad iudices venerit et unius nominis litura se commotum esse dixerit. His igitur 1

PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO 7

A. Licini videtis. tabulis nullam liturtn^m nomine dejms Quae cum ita sint, qmd estquod g.»™*™ cTim alns civitate dubitetis, pr^seVttm of other citie8 adscriptus? als0 qu&jtte in civitotibu| fuerit ^ ^\Ak SKulla aut bumih ^ Etenim cum nêMutSiltis et îoâr!eV pête civitatem in Graecia homines inpWSoant, Eeginos credo aut Locrenses %^^^ scaenicis a politanos aut Tarentinos, quod ™*^ ingenii pttgffiEo ^ ISTsoWnt, id .huic summa ceteri non modo post xogloria noTuis* ûtdTcu^ legem Pa a civitatem datam, sed etiam post F ™ f]W tabulas inrefsttunt, modo in jp-um municipiorimi ffisfiu quibus est scnp- hic, qui Te qmJim , » se Heracliensem esse His name i3 not \ hiai/ua, nuod semper > 4" census 1 s^juflr ^, , „ on the Census I5 voluit, reJctffi&l J ™ôb^mnTj^^f^ quiris Scilicet; ^st e^ h they censoribus ftTumctamo^^ pro^Sis fu^suWM- imperatore, L. LucuUcâgud eSe^m fuisse >n Asia, i|ûho oribus cum eê^qultettore ârtem e#^ns^m. bed^ >et Crasso, nullam populi y ac tantum.- quo^m censug non ius cndtotwjpma? ita s_e mm tum îr»*eu^î sit cH&slfe ' cnmin- g&gssTpro ^Tiis temporibus, quem tu Romanorum ipsius quidem iudicio in civium P- ariTnl fecit et ^tamentum saepe 25 iure esse versatum nostris legibus et »^^0^- a L. orum et in beneficiis ad mSm^St^^ (^peârgumenta, si Lucullo pro-consule. VI. .

8 M. TULLI CICERONIS ^A qua^ potes; numquam enim hic neque suo neque amicorum iudicio revincetur.

The De/ence Proper. Part II. A plea that even ifArchias") were not a Roman citizen, he would deserve to be made ^ one. A. The merits of Literature. v*^ ^^»-3 12 Quaeres a nobis, Grati, ^ur^tanuvopere hoc honWe4? delectemur. Quia sup^proitat nobis/ubi/ et Literature pro- . . _ MAaaa, *\»+-vt\i>^ vides reiaxation animus ex hoc forensi strepiTu renciaTur. 5

for the mind , ^««aaX/w**. , wfi^M, itJflJL fV*\* and matter for et aures conviciokleiggsae conquiescarm

, advocates like An tu~ existrttfa§" aut suppetere nobis

posse quod coucfle dicamus in tanta , varietate rerum, msi animos nostros doctnna ex- colamus, aut ferre animos tantam posse comenuoriem, ie

nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus 1 Ego vero

fateor me his studiis esse derjfiurrn'. I admit my love _. . ... , forit;butithas Ceteros pudeat, si qui ita se ntteris

never led me to . tifX*GAji$L ,/)ai 1 .^i . .. ( negiect pubiic abdiderunt, ut mnij possint ex ns beque duties. -rtj ZiirfwAlt v ad communeni adferre fructuralneque ln 15 ''aspeclum lucemque proiefTeV^me autem qVnc» pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, iudices, ut a nullius ume-Mm me tempore aut commoao aut otium meum axtsr^ traxerit aut voluptas avocarit aut denique somnus

13 retardarit ? Quare quis tsftiaeAi me 20 To it I devote . , . ., . . CiA^^^VflJl my leisure, reprehendat,N aut quis mihi lure suscen- \. ' which others . . ,

etwrporis conceditur et ad ipsam' reqmem animi_ con- temporum, quantum alii tr?^g^tempestivis quantum pilae, viviis, quantum deniaue alveoto^ egoâd ^^kênda 'ffltim^^ imhi cbn- 5snmpsero?f Atquc ld ô It hag aided me quoiTx^ms studiis — cedendum est ma|^T '^^ quae quaa, » haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas, tacumque est in me, imiûa^micor^^cuh^, certe, aûlT%iae si cui linoYvidetur, iHaÛJdem fonte haunam) sentio. 10 quae summa sunt, Cex quo que^^^ 14 Nam nisi multorum rjragi: eptia Tn i^ highest litteris mihi ab^lîrta ^teff^Sdto^ nlmTfcse in vita magr^ê^xp^/g^^ atque nonestatem, p tendum nisi laUdem ^deôr *S*^ omnes cruciatus taitation. 15 in ea afcem perfetmefâ exilii Earvi^ corporis, omnia pericula mortis atque salute vesîntot v*U^ esse diêâ^ rmmquam me pro in no3 ac tantas dintfc^fes atque ^^^^.. jg^sem.^ Sed ple^,^ hominum cotidiano^mpetus } sapientium.WZto, plena 2oomnes sunt librv plenae exeîlfem $S$utt&; quae ficer» in tenebris accederet. omnia, nisi litterarum lumen jQjgP intWehdWnV» multas nWrTimagines non solum ad verum .etiam ad imitandum fortissimcrum^vkorum 25^^sas"sfeftp^r^ et Graeci et Latini reliqTerVlntT ' quas ego mihi semper in administragdaj* puUw*^ proponens, animum et mentem meam lpSa cogitatiorfe hfa&ex$%&mZx conformabam. - J W- **MtL \ B

(( 15 VII. Quaeret quisp\am : Quid 1 illi ipsi summi „

v*r'' uorum virtutes littens proditae it ma be ob-

sunt i * st' a e dpctrina, Quam tu eff&rs ' |P ^"^meno^thl i past were not Ia^cuTus, eructiti fu&untr1' Difficile est versed m htera- t jj^jj. %^J^ ture - AaJL^sJt^oc de omnibus confirmare: sea tamen 5 est certum qupci respondeam. Egojnultos homines excellenti animo ac virmite Jp«§e sine doctrina et ipsius haTftuprope divino per True;theywere naturae j SSfiSkS^ se iP808 et ^sm^^J^kxm^e- ' but etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad 10 naturai exce£ feMP^ 5 lence and cui- laudem atque^ virtutem naturam. sine -, ture are needed j(M£>yW)J* m*k the . doctrina quam sine natura valuisse i°.highest charac-\ *

ter - doctrinam. Atque idem ego hpc r contendo, cum ad naturam e^xrpfiaraL et inlustrem

a*x*8C \oûtAj JL^vmajw*. . £w~< .W*. J accesserit ratio qimedam contormatioque doctnnae, 15 tum^llud jnescio.^guidjpraeclarum ac singulare solere^ 16 existere»|*Ex nêêsse hunc numero, quem patres nostri vicu|ranv divinum hominem W*§S5mp&&**ty*& Africanum, ex hoc C. Laelium, L. 0*^ Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos, 20 ex hoc fortissimum virum et ilns temporibus dpcnss^"

mum, M. Catonem ilham smem; qui prWeefjo, si nihil adêrcipôa^fn^cblendamque virtutem litteris aîuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium con-

tulissent,» Quod si non hic tanxus fructus 25 Literature is a ix\»>jv f+*JT^ nobie form of ostenaeretur, et si ex his studns delectatio sola p^e^retuV, tamen, ux opinor, hanc animi r-emissionem humanissimam ac PRO ARCEIA POETA ORATIO li

x Hberalissimam iuaicaretis. Nam ceterae neque

ten^c^amVgunB' neque aetatum omnium . .neque

locorum ; at haec studia adujescentiam alunt, senec- tutem obleclant, secundas r^s ornant, adversis fuJLru^

5 pennglum ac solacium pr^oenT, delectant domiv^*^*^

non impediunt fonsTpernoctant nobiscum, pere- . gnnantur, rusticantur^ m^^-^U ^^jj VTIL Quod sisi ipsi haec neque atungearangere^^neque 17 sensu^Sostro gus_lstare possemus, (amife

r- -te v^ft^V- . uA. awjut cvt^ . ... If not ourselves io ea mirari deberemus, etiam cum m ahis thus gifted, we . . • should I r\ • admire videremus. I Qms nostrum tam animo hterary gifts in ers agresti ac duro fuit, ut Rosci morte £ne 'mourned

Ctf«J4 n • LiXvA. tt*E-e«»ius ; all nupero non commoveretur i qui Vmh shoujdj admiro c ias ' esset senVx mortuus, tamen propter , x. c i

15 excellentem artem ac vemlstatem viaebativr^mnino m*on non debuis^ •JEr^oUle corporis mfttuiantum amorem sibi conciliarax a nobis omnibus; nos

animorum incredibiles motus celeritatemque in-

geniorum neglegemus ? Quouens ego hunc Archiam 18

vidi . , . . 20 iudices —utar enim vestra benigni- . , .„ ^jji+AA^ ° Archias skill m tate, quoniam me in hoc novo genere improvising. dicendi tam diligenter attenditis quotiens ego hunc — () vidi, cum nitteram sc ri psi sseTr~(nullam) magm$T numerum optim6rum versuum de ns lpsis rebus,

25 quae tum agerentur, dicere ex tempore ! quotiens revocatum ealflrJem rem* jdicere commutatis verbis atque sententiisl/ Cuae vero accnirate cogitateque scnpsisset, ea sic vicu probaTft, ut ad veterum 1 12y>\ M. TULLI CICERONIS

V* scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego non ^dihgam, non admirer, non oinlfa ratione^Sefendendum

putem? Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditis- simisque accepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et praeceptis et arte conspre. poetam . 5

natura ipsa valere (^ff* mentis viribus excff&r^^t

EnniuS< caiied

19 viae^vftrr. »3it lgitur, iudices, sanctum apuji vos^ humanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen^rruod nulla umquam barbaria violavit. ^Saxa at solitudines voci respondent, bestiae saepe imm^ffes ca^tunectun-

tur atque consistunt ; nos instituti rebus optimis non 15 * poetarum voce moveamur ? Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum,

Many towns Chii suum vinlfliairft, Salaminii repetunt, r honour of reck! Smyrnaei vero^suum^jgg confirmant g itaque etiam aeluerum eius in jopîao 20 their ^^dtizen after Us death. dedicaverunt : permulti alii praeÊerea piignjint mter se atque conxendmB.t. IX. Ergo illi alienum, qw^P ^3, ûî Post mortem etiam expexunt; nos hunc vivum, reject Shall we , . .. Archias whiie qui et voluntate etlegibus noster est. re- 2? :*M still alive? ,.,. / l#V»* ) .1 pudiabimus. praesertim cum omne alim studium atque omne ingernum contulerit Archias ad

populi Romani gloriam laudemque celebrandam ? .

PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO 13

B. The special merits of Archias as a literary fian.

tW-M <*f^ . Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens attigit et ipsi

illi C. Mario, qui durior ad haec studia . OATtwJWi^ ., fCT . He has cele- videbatur, lucunaus fuit. JJNeque enim brated the ex- 20 q&s^uam est tam aversus a Musis, qui ^^jJr^^ 5 non.- rftaiMa^Pf^vCTsibus aeternum suorum laborum

facn^pfaeronfiW^ patiaffitr. Themistoclem illfym, summum Athenis virum, dixisse aiunVcum ex eo quaereretur, quod acroama aut cuius vocem libenj

tissime audiret : eius, a quo sua - virtus optime io praedicaretur. Itaque llle JVlanus ltem eximie

Plotium dilexit, clfcus lngenio putabat ea, quae celebrari. gesserat, posse Mithridaticum and o{ LucuUuSi 21 re re ' vero bellum, magnum atque difficile et |ng g^ry Up0n us R s in multa varietate terra marique > °™£ "jL-fc^

15 versatum, totum ab hoc expressum est ; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi Romani nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit Lucullo imperante Pontum et regiis quohdam opibus et ipsa natura et 20 regione vallatum; populi Romani exefcifc&s eodem ^ duce non maxima manu innumerabilis Armeniorum " \qJ/A.- copias ^fuait populi Romani urbem amicissi- ; I^M^est mam^Cyzicenorum eiusdem. ctmSiticCex omni impetu regio atque totius belh ore ac iaHCipte ereptam esse

25 atque servatam. Nostra semper fereuin et pruedi- cabitur L. Lucullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus 14 M. TULLI CICERONIS

ftWivvwy' - .\.it r^M^ ...... depressa hostium classis est, incredibilis apud

Tenedum pugna illa navalis ; nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostri triumphi. Quae quorum

ingeniis eimruntur, ab iis populi Romani fama

22 celebratur. Carus fuit Airrcano supenon noster 5

_ . ... Ennius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipio- Enmus, for his ' |LfljT, < i literaryservices, num putatUT^ is esse COnStitutUS ex was made a JL*. a^W^/j .. , ... citizen. marcnore. ' Atcais laudibus certe non solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato 10

tollitur ; magnus honos populi Romani rebus

adiungitur. Omnes denique illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii non sine communi omnium nostrum laude

shaiiwebanish decoranturj J^^jLhom, qui h^g> Archias? fecerat, Rudinum hominem, maiores 15

nostri iri civitatem receperunt; nos hunc Her- JS acliensem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in hacw autem legibus constitutum, de nostra civitate eiciamus V

23 Nam, si quis minoremgloriae fructum putat ex 20

Tme, ArcWas Grraecis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, te G ek vehementer errat^propterea ftuofrGraeca but th_. »i a s _ss; j^%fo ess5te_.8a than ours. -* Latina suis fimbus, exiguis sarre,i&^con- tinenturVM (^are^si res eae, quas gessimus, orbis 2* terrae regionibus definiuntur, cupeYe debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint. eodem gloriam famamque penetrare, vquoof' cum ipsis populis, de PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIQ _ 15

quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, tum iis f certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicVnt, ^hoc maximum et periculorum incitamentum est et

laborum.J Quam multos scriptores rerum Both ^,^,5^,. 24 suarum m^nusijle Alexander secum 5 £jred&K servkesofpoets. habuisse dicitur! Atque is tamen, cum

Achillis tumulum adstitisset : ' in Sigeo ad Q fl fortunate, lnqm^ 'adulesce ns, qui tuae virtutis^Ty^^fey^ Homerum praeconem in veneris !' Et vere; nam

10 nisi Ilias illa extitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus

eius contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. Quid ? noster hic Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam aaSequ&vit, nonne Theophanem Mitylenaeum, scrip- torem rerum suarum, in confton$ militum civitate

15 donavit, et nostri illi fortes yiri, sed rustici ac milites, dulceaine quadam gloriae ccimmoti, quasi participes

eiusdem laudis, magno illud clamore approbaverunt ?

Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias . 25 *'***\ .vCvy/JL(Archias had ., V^i •'^ W*ju legibus non esset, ui; ab ahqiro lmper- Eotbeenacitizen Cj&ft*&>»Mt aiU& "oue/v- W\ia'"JS oM!\X he could easily 20 atore civitate donaffetur, perncere non have obtained

potuit ! Sulla CUm HispanOS et GalloS frora some gene- n donaret, credo, hunc petenteni repudi- MftL, (rwiv

asset ! quem nos in coruuoneridimus, cum ei libellum rrialus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod epigramma

25 in eum fecisset tan t imi^tn^ldja. alternis versibus wr TongiuscuU^ statim ex ns rebus, quas tum venaebat,

iuoere ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scriberet. Qui setfiuitatem^mali poetae 16 M. TCLLI CICERONIS

duxent ahquo tamen praemio dignam" huius lngemum et virtutem in scribendo et copiam non expetisset?

26 Quid ? a Q. Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se neque per

.£?" & Lucullos irnpetravisset ? qui pra^serawi usque eo de ; \^n. suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae. natis poetis, pingufe quiddam sottantibus atque per&grfnrrm;

AfiAA' tamen aures suas deae'ret. XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod potest, aii men are obscurari non sed prae nobis 10 eager for fame. ferendumj trahimur omnes studio

laudis, et opunms_j^Ss4iie maxime gloria ducit^uxr//WJt

Ipsi illi philosophi etiam illis libellis, quos de conftm^"

nenrla gloria scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt ; in eo

ipso, in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, 15 27 praedicari de se ac nominari v^Ujyy Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir et imperator, Acci, JHLtfee*vu* .«t^e2^* amicissimi sui, carmimbus temprorum ac Hence generals /wvJVuvmftyv^. ftftPMvK a&ftA/vvjOi patronize and monimentorum atiitus exornavit suorum.

reward poets. . lam vero llle, qui cum, Aetohs Ennio 20 icorrnte bellavtp/ Fulvius non duoitavit Martis maWubias Musis con^ecra^^^uare^nn qua urbe imperatores prope .armati poetarum nomen et Musarum deiu^^coluerUrit, in ea non debent togati iudices a Musarum horrore et a poetarum salute 25 abhorrere. ut_id libentius faciatis^ iam me vobis, iudices, indicabo et de meo quodam amore gloriae, PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO II

nimis acri1 fortasse, verum tamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nano" quas res nos in I have my own . consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro reasonsforwi*h-

. . . .. ing well to salute huius urbis atque lmpem et pro Archias. Hehas

...... bcgun a poem 5 vita civium proque universa re publica on my consu- gessimusj^vattngil^. mcjveiremus atque lncnoavit. Quibus auditis, quoa mihi magna res

et iucunda visa est, hunc ad perfrclfnaum ad- hortatus surn. Nullam enim virtus aliam nierceflem to laborum perwulorumque desiderat Such fame is the ixQiJok' i t • oniy rcward for pnrefler hanc laudisaudis et glonaegloriae ; qua U . ,. Ci^BT^-vr^t-^Uaf-i. whic qtflcTem"detracta. mdices, ggiH psfT qnrfrl in hoc tam exiguoT vitae curriculo et tam brevi

tantis nas in laboribus exerceamus 1 Certe, si nihil 291 *j 15 animus praesentiret in pd^jumjet si, -^ quibus regionibus vitae spauum circum^flpfame after %^

<<*A it*n jtL . death that spurs vA scnptum est, eisdem' omnes cogitationes men on to face x . . ., the perils and i terminaret suas, nec tantis se laboribus. ta>ubiesof pubiic I

frangeret, neque tot cuns vigiliisque/) . , A fv, iv ajgerefur, nec totielQS de ipsavita difmcffret. Ivunc^ msidet quaedam in optimo quoque virtus, quae noctes ac dies animum gloriae ^tnnuiis concrtab atque ad- monet non cum vitae tempore esse dinmtenaam com- memorationem nominis nostri,sedcum omni posteritate adaequandam. 25 ^t^kS^ rtfZfy*^ XH. An, vero tam parvi antmi videamur esse 30 omnes, qui m re publica atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum 18 M. TULLI CICERONIS

spatium nullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum

We long to leave duxerimus, nobiscum simul montura e^* JSSoSSivS; omnia arbitremur I An statuas j* p^efsaSr imagines, non animorum siimflacni, 1 se(^ corporum, studiose multi summi statues^ ^and 5

busts - homines reliquCTuirc ; consiliorum relin- quere ac virtutum nostraruni effigiem nonne multo-c*"^- rr^SleT debemus summis ingerms e^resganT etd>W*

polrtam 1 Ego vero omnia, qMe gereDam. iam tum^U. ^ in g^erefMo spargere me ac disseminare armxraDarm ic

«?^v orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. , Haec vero S srv^a' meo sensu post mortem amtura est, sive, ^ ut sapientissimi homines putaverunt, ad aliquara Ovuww mei partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogi-

• tatione quadam speque delector. 15

ifrt^ Peroration.

31 (îar^conservate, iudices, hominem Tûaoreêo, quem'^micoruni videtis comprobarl cum dignitate,

onevery ground tum etiam ve^jffiftgenio autem tairtoT eref qu™m id c&Tveftt existimari, quod as d eservcttobe acquitted. summorum hominum ingeniis expetitum 20 esse ndeatis, causa vero eius-modi, quae benencio legis, auctoritate municipii, testimonio Luculli, tabulis Metelli comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a

vobis, iudices, si qua non modo humana, verum etiam

divina in tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut 25 eum, qui vos', qui ve^ftbs impwrtores, qui populi PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO 19

Romani res gestas semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque domesticis periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis daturum esse profit- etur, estque ex eo numero, qui semper apud omnes

5 sancti sunt habiti ltaque oicti, sic ;n vestram accipi- atis fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quard ^ acerbitate violatus esse videatur. Quae de causa pro mea cohsuetudine breviter sim- 32 pliciterque dixi, iudices, ea confido pro- r * ' &- - -I trust that my bricf defence io bata esse omnibus : quae a forensi aliena has carried con- I .... iudiciahque consuetudine et de hominis viction; that

i^ Ai*tr*y.\vvkf . . my digressions lngeniO et COmmuniter \de lpSlUS StudlO have been taken

in ood art - , • j • \ i • - *v«!K & P locutus sum, ea, mdices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta, ab eo, qui iudicium

15 e^ercet, certo scio. '

NOTES.

Page 1. § i.

Line 1. Si quid ... , lit. 'If I have any natural ability, and how small it is I am conscious, or any acquired readiness in speaking, in which I do not deny that I have had considerable experience, or any theoretical knowledge of this art (i.e. dicendi) derived from devotion to and training in the best accomplishments, to which I confess that no period of my life has been a stranger, of all these advantages my chent A. L. ought perhaps among the first almost of his own right (or ' by an almost indefeasible right ') ' to claim the interest from me.' The triple protasis si quid ... ,si qua ... , si huiusce

... , is answered by the single apodosis earum ... debet; each protasis is qualified by a relative clause, toning down its ex- cessive modesty (meant to concihate the jury), which might otherwise have appeared affected, if not ironical, in a man of Cicero's standing. Note also that the three protases refer to the three requirements for successful oratory universaUy recognised among ancient philosophers and rhetoricians, ci".

Quint. iii. 5. \,facultas orandi consummatur natura, arte ( =the present ratio), exercitatione; so in Gr. vais, fidOrjats or emaryfiT), /teAer»?. quod sentio ... , quod may be either (1) nom., subject of sit, the constr. being sentio quam exiguum quod sit, or (2) acc, object of sentio, as in vulgar Eng. ' which I feel how small it is.' In several similar phrases in Cic. the constr. is equally doubtful, e.g. de Orat. iii. 173, quod iam vereor ne huic Catulo videatur esse puerile. in qua ... esse form a hexameter. si aliqua (instead oiqua, which is usual after si), simplv to vary the phrase; aliquis is a stronger and more general term than quis, ' anj' whatever.' vel in primis, vel 20 NOTES 21

here weakens the superlative, cf. Pro Roscio Amerino, 6, vel potentissimus hoc tempore nostrae civitatis, ' perhaps the most

poweiful man in our state at the present day ' : often it

strengthens it. A. Licinius ; on first mentioniug his client Cic. designedly uses the Roman name, which was the sign of Roman citizenship. See Introd. p. xiv. fructum repetere, both legal terms, fructum being in this sense 'interest' on money invested.

' 12. repetens, used absolutely ' {i. e. without object) as an intrans. vb., ' bcgiuning from those earlydays' (usque inde, lit. 'even from those days'), so several times in Cic. e.g. de

Or. i. 91, cum repeteret usque a Corace, and cf. Verg. Aen. i. 372, prima repetens ab oriyine.

Page 2. §§ 1-3.

Line 1. prlncipem ... , lit. 'has been a guide to me both in resolving to undertake and in actually entcring upon the methodical pursuh { rationc?n) of these studies.'

4. a quo..., begins the apodosis, the constr. being

debemus opem . . . ferre kuic ipsi, a quo id accepimus quo ...posscmus; lit. ' to this very man assuredly, from whom I received that by which I was enabled to help the rest (of my clients), and save some of them, I am in duty bound, so far as lies in my power, to give both aid and protection.' ceteris, alios, both opposed to huic ipsi ; the two words are clearly distinguished, as always in Cic, ceteris = ' all the rest' (except

Archias), whom Cic. had helped in suits ; a^'os = the 'some' among them whose acquittal he had secured in criminal trials, the terms servare and salutem referring only to criminal cases. possemus, subj. after quo consecutive, 'a .' something such as that by it I ...

7. ne .. miretur, final, qualifying the ne nos ...fuimus

' clause, which is elliptical : and that no one (here present) may be surprised ... (I tell you this that) neither was I ever entirely devoted to this one study,' viz. oratory ; i.e. Archias was not devoted to ono pursuit (poetry) only any more than I was to oratory only. In § 3 Archias is called summus poeta atque eruditissimus homo. ne nos quidem, avoid translating by ' not even I,' which would bo ofiensively arrogant. ;

22 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

9. sit, subj., because virtual oratio obliqua, ' because, as he thinks,' the opinion of the objector who ' wonders.' facultas ingenii, 'innate genius,' viz. the poetic gift distinguished from dicendi ratio ant disciplina, ' theoretical knowledge of oratory and practical training therein.' 12. quae ad humanitatem pertinent, 'which have any bearing upon ' or ' contribute to culture.' For this sense of humamtaa and humanus, implying the liberal culture, refiiie- ment, etc, of the perfect man (homo), cf. 'Literae Humaniores,' the title for the Philosophy and Ancient History School at Oxford, and the Professorships of ' Humanity ' at the Scotch Universities.

13. quoddam ... quasi ... quadam, ' a sort of conimon tie ... and as it were by a close relationship.' Cf. quaedam /acultas 21, ingenii, above, 1. 9 ; p. 16, 1. 28, quodamamore ; p. 17, L qnaedam virtus, etc. Such qualifying phrases are used by Cic. to imply that the terms he uses are for some reason not strictly suitable, as being metaphorical (so here), too wide, too strong, etc. See also nescio quid, p. 10, 1. 16, note.

16. ne . . . videatur, final like ne miretur 1. 7, note : its

principal sentence is qtiaeso ... , see note below.

17. in quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico, ' in a statutory court and criminal suit.' The quaestiones pcrpetuae, ' standing commissions of en- quiry,' though dating from an earlier period (the first having

been established 149 b.c. , during the 3rd Punic war, by the Lex Calpurnia of L. Calpurnius Piso for the trial of malversation, de repttundis), had been organized in their present form by Sulla, and made practically coextensive with the whole criminal procedure. They are here called legitimae, ' based

' on a law ' or statute ' to distinguish them from special ot temporary commissions quaestiones extraordinariae appointcd from time to time at Rome for special cases. Judicia Publica, according to the distinction recognizcd by Roman Juiists, were processes for the punishment of 'crimes,' judicia privata (or controvcrsiae) for the settlemcnt of dis- putes betwcen individuals, practically our criminal as distinguishcd from civil cases. The Digest however more strictly dcfines the former as not all cases in which a ciime was in qucstion, but only those in which a crime was prosecuted under some definite law, e.g. Lex Iulia de Maiestate, NOTES 23

18. cum ... agatur, concessive ' though,' hence subj. praetorem, Q. Cicero, his brother, see Index P. Names.

' 20. tanto conventu . . . , in so crowded and thronged an

assemblage ' : conventus is the regular term for a crowd of

onlookers attending a law court : hence agere conventum^

' ' hold a court ' or assizes ' (Cic. Verr. ii. 5. 11. Caesar, B. G.

i. 54, etc. ).

' 22. a consuetudine iudiciorum . . . a forensi sermone, judicial

' ' usage .. the language of the Bar ; lit. of the forum ' (cf. our

' forensic '), since the law courts were situated about the Forum Ronianum. So Cic. pro Sestio, lv. 119, apologizes for mentioning poets in court, Roman juries being apt to regard literary barristers as unpractical.

24. quaeso ... begins the apodosis ; strictly, after the ne cui tnirum ...clause, Cic. should ha,ve s&idaccomodatttm est huic reo, etc.,'it is appropriate to thepresent defendanftodigress about

' poetry, etc. ; but he tones this down into I beg you to grant me this permission (appropriate to the present defendant, etc.) namely to allow me to speak somewhat more freely, etc.'

Honc veniam ... ut detis is a pleonasm,' but it is quite common in Latin after vbs. of ' permitting,' etc, e.g. Caes. B. G. i. 35. 3, permittcret ... ut liceret.

28. hoc concursu . . . hac vestra humanitate, abl. of attendant circumstances, ' amid such a throng of earnest lovers of letters, in the presence of men of such culture as you.'

Page 3. §§ 3, 4.

Line 1. praetore, he was a lover of letters, see Index P. Names. exercente iudicium, tech. term of the magistrate who

'presided over the court,' cf. p. 19, 1. 15.

3. in eius modi persona, lit. 'in a type of character of this kind,' i.e. 'in the case of a man of this character,' viz.

' ' a litcrary man : pcrsona, orig. a mask for stage use, then, as each type of character had its special mask (the old ma.n,

' the young man, the slave. etc. ), it came to mcan a character*

' in a play, a part ' ; then character in general.

propter otium et atudium, ' owing to its habits of retire' ment and study.' '

24 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

4. in iudiciis periculisque, 'in courts and criniinal processes ; a common use of periculum, cf. 9, 1. 8 below. Dr. ' p. Reid compares a similar legal use of danger in old English, e.g. Shak. Merch. of Venice, iv. 1, 'you stand within his danger,' and Chaucer Prologue (of Sompnour) ' In daunger had he at his own assize The younge gurles of the diocise.'

' ' 5. tractata est, has been represented ; tech. dramatic

' term ; so Cic. pro Roscio Coni. vii. 20, personam tractare, play a part. ' 9. segregandum, sc. esse, ' ought not to be

' ' cum sit civis, since he is a citizen ' rather than though he is a citizen.' 10. asciscendum fuisse, 'ought to have been (long ago) enrolled as one ', sc. in numeruni civium.

11. ex pueris excessit, ' grew up to manhood, ' lit. ' passed out from tue class of boys,' i.e. 'out of boyhood,' a phrase not

found elsewhere in Lat. ; but evidently imitated from the Greek £k iralSup i&Xdetv. The time meant is about 14 to 15. Perhaps Cic. is thinking of Terence's Nam is postquam excessit ex ephebis,

' etc. , ceased to be a youth ' ( Andria i. 1 . 24), a passage which he

quotes on other occasions (de Or. ii. 80. 327 ; de Inv. i. 23. 33).

15. loco, abl. of origin with natus ' homfrom ... ' ; we say ' in a high position.' 16. celebri, note that celeber means 'populous' never

' ' famous in Cic. ; the latter use applied to persons or names is later, viz. Ovid, Livy, Tacitus, etc. Cf. below celebrabantnr,

' ' were greeted with crowds : and celebritate, p. 4, 1. 10, note. For Antioch's decline see Index P. Names, and Introd. p. ix. urbe, usu. in urbe, when in appos. with a locative (Antiochiae).

18. antecellere ... contigit, sc. ei, 'it was his good fortune to surpass all (dat. ) in reputation (abl. ) for genius,' the only passage where this impers. contigit is found with inf. in Cic, who uses it either with ut or absolutely. Hence editors change text. See Appendix. 20. adventus celebrabantur, note the plur. 'his arrivals,'

' his appearances ' at the several places, but below ipsius

' adventus, sing. his arrival ' on each occasion.

21. hominis, objective gen. ' the expectations formed about him.' NOTES 25

Pagre 4. §§ s, e.

Line 1. Italia, here, in contrast with Latium, is S. Italy, where there were so many Greek colonies (e.g. Tarentum, Regium, Neapolis, Heraclea, Locri Epizephyrii, mentioned below), and Greek was so generally spoken at this time that

it is often called Magna Graecia ; see Graecia, p. 7, 1. 6.

tum, 'at that time,' i.e. before the Social War (91-88 B.c). Since then the culture of the provincial towns had deteriorated partly owing to the exhaustion caused by the social and civil wars, partly to the attractions of Rome, to which the best men riocked.

3. in Latio, here not in its narrower sense, the district Latium, but the Latin towns throughout Italy (the Nomen Latinum), in which Latin was the spoken language, chiefly of course Latium and the Latin colonies. Note the interesting admission that Rome at this period was behind the Italian towns in culture. So, too, in dialogue in the De Oiatore. iii. xi. 43, Cic. makes L. Crassus say (of tliis period bcfore the Social War) nostri mimis student litteris quam Latini, ' our Roman orators are less devoted to literature than the Latins.' So tlie national comedy, the fabulae tocjatae of Titinius and

' his successors, and the Roman satire ' (founded by Lucilius, though developed later by Horace, Persius, and Juvenal) sprang not from Rome but from Latium and the Latin colonies.

5. hic Romae, ' here in Rome,' locative.

6. tranquillitatem, the almost uninterrupted interval of pcace from the time of the Gracchi (121) to the Social War

(91) ; and in Italy itself there had been no war proper since Hannibal had withdrawn (203).

7. Tarentini, Regini, Neapolitani, Greek colonies, standing to Rome at this period in the relation of focderatae civilates (see p. 5, 1. 6, note.) These Greek cities of S. Italy frequently conferred their franchise on distinguished strangers (see p. 7, 1. 5), who could thus be citizens of several of them at the same

time ; hy Roman law, however, no Roman citizen could also be a citizcn of anothcr city. The mention of Tarentum causes a difficulty. Velleius Paterculus (i. 15. 4) says that a Roman colony was established at Tarentum in 122 B.c. H this is correct the city, when 26 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

Archias visited it, was no longer a civitas foederata, and could not bestow its franchise on him. Thomas thinks that Cic. makes a slip, and that Tarentum bestowed gifts of honour upon Archias, but not its franchise ; Dr. Reid thinks tbat probably the Roman colony to which Vell. Paterc. refers was founded in the Tarentine district, but did not actually affect the status of the town, which still remained a civitas /oederata.

8. ceteris praemiis, wreaths, banquets, gifts, etc.

' 9. ingeniis, men of genius,' so p. 18, 11. 8 and 25 ; a fairly

' common use in Cic. ; so our use he was a genius' : cf. Verg. G. ii. 3S2, praemiaque ingeniis pagos et compita circum, Thesidae posuere.

10. Hac tanta celebritate famae, 'In consequence of this great and widespread reputation,' celebritas = ' a beiug talked about by many people.' See p. 3, 1. 16, note.

12. Mario consuleet Catulo, 102 b.c.

Nactus est..., * On his first arrival he found as consuls ... men of whom the one ' primum corresponding to the foll. statim, erat temporibus illis, and interim satis longo intervallo.

13. quorum alter..., the rugged Marius, the peasanfs son, described p. 13, 1. 2, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, who, comparing himself with the effeminate nobles, boasts (Sallust. Jug. 85) that he knew no Greek (neque Graecas litteras didici), and sneeringly compares their book lcarning with his practical knowledge (quae illi litteris ego militando didici). alter, Catulus, whose learning and taste are praised by Cicero elsewhere (Brut. xxxv. 132), and who was himself an author.

14. res gestas, sc. suppeditare, a slight 'zeugma,' since adhibere belongs properly only to aures.

15. stutfium atque aures, 'enthusiasm and taste' ; so we say ' a good ear ' for music, etc. 16. praetextatus, intentionally applying a term strictly applicable only to a Roman youth. Practixtatus implies 16 or

17 years old at the most ; prob. Cic. is trying to enhance the merits of Archias (exaggerating both his success and his youth) ; it is very doubtful whether Rhcgium, etc, would have bestowed their franchise on one so young. ' ';

NOTES 27

18. et erat hoc . . . ut, lit. 'And this was a mark not only of...that the house...'; trans. 'And this proves....' For readings see Appcndix. ingenii, litterarum, gen. of quality used predicatively, cf. p. 11, 1. 2, temporum, etc. ; hoc, ex- plained by the clause ut ... esset.

22. temporibus Ulis, the years following 102 b.c. The list of names which follows shows how wide was the circle in which at this time Greek literature was cultivated. Metello, this introduction would be directly due to Lucullus since Cecilia, mother of the two Luculli, was sister of Q. Metellus Numidicus and so auntof Metellus Pius.

' 26. devinctam ... , lit. Since he kept ... attached to himself by constant intercourse,' i.e. ' lived on terms of familiar and . close intercourse with . . .

27. afficiebatur ... , 'he was treated (by others also) with the highest honour '

Page 5. §§ e, 7, 8.

Line 3. satis longo intervallo, ' after a considerable interval aince his anival in Rome in 102 ; the date is uncertain ; but it was before 89 (the year of the Lex Silvani et Carbonis, § 7). 4 M. Lucullo, the journey was evidently on private business (see Introd. p. xii.), for he was too young to be scnt as a magistrate ; the phrase ex procincia decederet, technical tcrm for a R. magistrate leaving his province, is therefore uscd by Cic. incorrectly and simply to enhance the importance of his client and this journey.

6. venit Heracleam, prob. the elder L. Lucullus was living there in exile. It is not on the way from Sicily to Rome.

7. civitas aequissimo iure ac foedere, abl. of descrip. ' a state enjoying the most favourable position and treaty rights' iure, its constitutional status in the eyes of the R. govetn- ment ; foedcre, its treaty with Rome. It was at this time one of the ' cintates foedcratae,' states nominally indepcndent but allied to Rome by treaties, which differed in their tcrms. That of Heraclea is called elscwhere by Cic. (pro Balbo, 50)

' ' prope singnlare, almost unique ; so advantageous, that, like Naples, after the Social War Heraclea actually hesitated to accept the full R. franchise, sce Intiod. p. xiii. Note that Cic 28 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO is careful to use the term civitas of Heraclea and similar cities only when speaking of the period before their admission to the R. franchise : (cf. §§ 7, 10) : after that they are called municipia (§§ 8, 10, 31). 8. adscribi se voluit, se = suum nomen, more emphatic than the common adscribi voluit.

9. auctoritate et gratia, ' influence and interest,' the former due to high position, etc, the latter to private friend- ships, etc.

11. civitas, i.e. Romana, th e franchise par excellence.

Silvani lege et Carbonis, see Introd. p. xiii.

si qui, =eis si qui, ' to those if any,' i.e. 'to any who,' tr. • The R. franchise was given by the law of S. and C. to any who had been enrolled as citizens in federate states, provided that at the actual date when the law was passed they had a iixed home in Italy and that within 60 days they registered their names before a Praetor.' foederatis civitatibus, prob. ( 1 ) a local abl. , instead of the usu. in f. civitatibus ; rathcr than (2) dat. with adscripti, which would be awkward after the in eam civitatem adscribi above ; but either is possible. in Italia, prob. excluding Gallia Cisalpina. praetorem, any one of the 6 praetors, so p. 6, 1. 20, colleyio praetorum. professi, sc. nomma. As to the whole sentence, in Or. Recta the law would ruu si qui . . . adscripti fucrint (fut. perf.), si tum, cum lex feretur

(fut. ), in Italia .. habucrint (fut. perf.) et ...fucrint professi

(fut. perf. ). In Or. Obliqua after a past verb the fut. perf. is normally chauged iuto plup. subj. , hence fuissent, etc. ; but the fut. feretur, which would normally go iuto imperf. subj. is put by Cic. irrcgularly in imperf. indic. in order to mark the point of time more clearly.

17. Romae, emphatic, so p. 6, 1. 15 ; the law only required in Italia.

19. nihil aliud, sc. facimus or ajimus (often expresscd in

Cic.) ; lit. ' if I do nothing else except speak ...,' i.e. ' if I speak merelyof the franchise and the law (conferring it) ....' civitate, sc. Romana. lege, sc. Silvani et Carbonis.

21. Heracleae, locative, ' at Heraclea ' ; tum, i.e. before the promulgation of the above law. NOTES 29

22. adest, sc. nobis, 'supports us,' technical term for the influential friends, advocati, who supported by their presence a party in a suit ; so adsunt below, p. 6, 1. 1. 23. religione, prop. 'scrupulosity about oaths,' used because the witness took an oath, as in our procedure.

non . . sed, 'not merely...but actually,' for the usual non modo ... sed etiam.

Page 6. §§ 8, 9.

Line 1. egisse, 'managed the business,' not in a literal sense, for of course he did not confer the franchise ; but by his influence he sccured it for A. 3. cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio, 'with official instructions and with a formal certificate from their corpora- tion.' Such deputations were common in the R. courts as we see from the Verrines and other spceches of Cic.

' 5. Hic, at this point ' in the argument ; Cic. often thus introduces a trivial objection or one which he professes to treat as trivial.

6. tabulas . . . , the city archives kept in the tabidarium. Italico bello, see Introd. p. xii.

' 7. omnes, very emphatic by position ; all of us.'

13. idem, lit. 'you the same man,' i.e. 'and yet you,' often thus used with adversative force to accentuate a contradiction ,• cf. p. 10, 1. 13, atque idem ego.

14. dicis ... , apparently Gratius had cast doubts upon the

value of Metellus' registers. See next §.

18. ils tabulis..., lit. 'he registered his name on those particular schedules which alone of all that registration and board of praetors (still) retain the credit of public records (i e. ' which public records ought to have ').

22. cum, ' whereas.' Appius, Gabinius, two praetors of 89.

24. calamitas, 'disgrace,' euphemistically for ' disfranchise- ment,' 'loss of civil rights,' the penalty for malversation (res repetundae). See Gabiuius, Index P. Namss.

24. omnem ... resignasset, ' had destroyed the entire credit of his records,' a metaphoricp.l phrase (not found elsewhere) based on the common terin tabulas resignare, ' to break the seal of a document.' °

30 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

U a L 'entulum " 'that he appeared DmL, f ? -y before the SE££3:s3.t that he - t-wS he *ff~« 1U8I ° n iS soniewhat obscure. Lentulus fmm f (only known from this^ passage) was evidently one of the praetora for 89 1 ™" >*• °r in tnoeT of' a praetoTpraetor \MnchLtt'he wast * X continuine, Metellus i erasureandaname h»A f™,„ substituted 5 th o nS c^lkc He

above the erasure to PP prove his title to the fraTchTse^ 28. his tabulis, in the register which we produce.

Pagre 7. §§©, io, n. '" n eraSure ° in the ^ase of A. name.name' For the ' / L 's \X^important variants see Appendix

client), to point directly totl ZEjLftSlF9L&?£ Roman franch.e the franchise .J «KS . 2^.^ [So : P 4 - L^Tli Vim\nfS Reifl „ stand from the^onte^tTo^nSratE clea butjjjjjjthis seems ; scarcely necessary ] he was that ^s&srsv^ ; s*

'^ "*' ** t0 R°mau ideas «*« mentSbST ^ ' °raeCia See 4 - P- L 7 note. 10 ' ' >. '«^ ^o^T*Q Pr^° ^TWhat Wil1 ' P - U sa r-«H't ^ y° y t0 this»' likee r S^ in B tG a d S° e -Phasizes the foff 4«esuon transl. ' ?SL^l, and then f ^Th too' : so • p. 15, 1. 11 p 16 1 3 NOTES 31

10. post civitatem datam, 'after the grant of the (Roman) franchise,' i.e. to these Italians, by the lex Plavtia Papiria,

11. post legem Papiam. See Introd. p. xviii.

' 15. census . requiris, you ask for our census returns,' i.e. the census lists inade at Rome betw. Archias' registration on Metellus' list (89) and the trial (62). Gratius had pointed out that Archias' name did not appear on these. One of the duties of the censors (two in nuniber appointed every five years), was to levise the list of citizens (each citizen having toappear in person before them), and make an assessment of their property, originally for taxation purposes. But direct taxation of Roman citizens had ceased since 167, and the office of censor was tending to lapse into disuse. It is supposcd by some authorities that Sulla abolished the

office : certainly no censors were appointed between the year of his dictatorship, 82, and the restoration of the office by Toinpeius in his first consulship, 70. 17. proximis censoribus, abl. absol.,'when the last censors were in office.' viz. L. Gellius Poplicola and Cn. Lentulus Clodianns in 70 (there had been censors appointed but no census taken in 65 and 64, so Cic. ignores them). superioribus, 'when the previous ones were in office,' viz. L. Marcius

' Philippus and M. Perperna. in 86. primis ; when the first ones were in office,' i.e. the first after the franchise had been given to the Italians, viz. P. Licinius Crassus and L. Julius Caesar in 89.

18. apud exercitum, ' with the army,' not in exercitu, for Archias was not serving but only accompanying the general as a friend, see Introd. p. xiv.

' 19. eodem quaestore . . , was with the same man cum . when quaestor in Asia ' ; see Introd. p. xiv.

' 20. sed quoniam census ... , But since the census list does not establish the right of citizenship but only shows that the person who is entered on the list did at that particular moment act in this way as a citizen, (I tell you that) at that date, the man whom you accuse of not even in his own opinion having a share in the rights of R. citizens, both often m.ide a will according to our laws and inherited legacies from R. citizens and was mentioncd to the treasury on his rcwards' list by L. Lucullus.' ne ipsius '

32 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO quidem iudicio, Gratius had hinted that Archias had nofc dared to present hiniself bcfore the censors. testamentum, because of the dangers he incurred ; saepe, on his several expeditions with Lucullus. adiit hereditates, tech. term ; ao a general rule only Romans could will property to or receive property by will from Romans ; (but there were many exceptions, see Dict. Antiq under heres and testamentum).

' It was the custom to mention ' all one's friends and even acquaintances in one's will. It is interesting to notice that Cicero during his career received more than 20 million

sesterces (over £170,000) in legacies : much of this would be in recognition of his services as an advocate, for direct fees to advocates were not allowed. in beneflciis, i.e. for services rendered in Asia. When a provincial governor or general laid down his office it was usual for him to send in to the treasury a list of persons, especially those on his stafF, whom he recommended for an honorarium. Apparently it was the practice only to so recommend R. citizens.

Page 8. §§ n, 12, 13.

Line 1. neque ... revincetur, 'will never be convicted either by his own judgment (cf. ipsius iudicio, above) or that

of his friends ' ; i.e. both he and his friends have always acted as though he was a citizen.

' 4. suppeditat . . . , he supplies us with a refuge where the mind may find refreshment after this turmoil of the law courts, and the ears find rest when wearied by noisy

wrangling.' nobis, me and other orators ; convicio, sc.

litigantium ; reficiatur, conquiescant, subj. after ubi consecutive, • such as that therein.'

• 7. suppetere, here used as pass. of suppeditare ; be supplied us to ' ; its subject is the clause quod dicamus, etc. ; transl. 4 that we could keep ourselves supplied with the matter for . speaking . . .

13. se litteris abdiderunt, litteris better (1) dat. 'buried themselves in their studies,' parallel to his studiis deditum ; cf. Verg. A. ii. 553, lateri ... abdidit ensem, and Liv. v. 51. 9, celare terrae, than (2) abl. of instrument, 'thanks to their studies they have withdrawn themselves (from public life).' It must not be taken as a local abl. for this (in Cic.) would require in. ' ';;

NOTES 33

14. nihil ... fructum, ' not able to contribute anything there- from to the common profit.'

17. tot annos vivo, ' have lived for so many years'; cf. the use of iam diu, and iamdudum with pres. or imperf. representing Eng. perf. or plup.

17. a nullius . . . tempore aut commodo, lit. 'from the peril or convenience of any one,' i.e. 'from assisting any one when his peril or his interest called me.' tempore ' hour of peril = pericido (see p. 3, 1. 4, note), refers to criminal cases commodum to civil cases.

21. quis reprehendat ... si sumpsero, slightly irregular, for reprehendet ; but the quis reprehendat virtually = nemo me reprehendet.

. ' 22. quantum, sc. temporis, all the time that . . .

' 23. ad festos ... , lit. for attendirg in crowds (see p. 3,

L 16, note), the festal days of the games' ; so Cic. Verr. iv. lxvii. 151, diemfestum ludorum. There were many festivals of the gods during the year observed as holidays (festi dies, feriae) of which the principal feature was the ludi, i.e. theatrical representations, shows in circus, gladiatorial combats, etc.

Page 9. §§ 13, 14.

Line 1. ad ipsam requiem, 'to mere rest,' or ' merely to rest ' ; cf. below, L 27, ipsa cogitatione ; p. 10, 1. 8, naturae

1. 1. ipsa natura. ipsius ; p. 12, 6, and p. 13, 19,

2. temporum, partitive gen. with quantum ; the pl. denotes the several portions of time given to each of the pursuits mentioned.

tempestivis conviviis, i.e. beginning at an early hour, and so 'protracted ; so Cic. ad Att. ix. 1, 3, uses in here ' tempestivis conviviis as i.q. ' in dissolute society.'

3. alveolo. Lexicons and most editors translate 'dice- board'; but from the deriv. (alveus, ' hollow vessel,' 'bedof

river,' etc. ; alvus, 'belly') it can hardly have been flat prob. it was rather a dice-box. Dicing was forbidden at Rome by many laws (cf. Hor. Od. iii. 24. 58, vetita legibus alea), but nevertheless flourished greatly. Its connection here with^Va, ' ball,' quite a respectable game, is strange. '

34 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

[alveolus in Juv. v. 88. and vii. is 73, a basin, vessel ; in Phaedrus, n. 5. 15, a wooden watering pot ; in Aul Cell l. 20, and Cic. Fin. v. prob. 20, a dicing-box ; so alvcus in Plinyj

7. oratio et facultas, ' eloquence and ability ; ' or it may be treated as a < hendiadys = facultas oratoria, ability to speak.' Ihe two bemg virtually one idea, the verb is sing. 8. periculis, of criminal trials, see p. 3, 1. 4, ncte 9. Quae si cui ... ,

laude coronam, < who by my merit deserved the first prize. honestatem here = virtutem, 'virtue'; so below, p. 10, 1. 11, we have laudem atque virtutem. in hos 17. impetus . , note obicere . here used with in and acc instead of the usu. dat. to avoid the dat. pl. of vmpJnVS& is not found m good authors. The reference is to the attacks made upon him by the democratic party m consequence of his

Ull f theU a11 /° anti(luitv is f"» of such examples'; w!th X U \d r8tend previoussentence H ?, A™ talium TalSornm 7? €SS W etc - *?» ; but ^iplorum fZZiesof\rL CU Whu g ° PmCtised these prece ts Soos iSSgi. P ) [Other ways are (2) as Thomas, exemplorum velustas parallel with omnes hbri and sapientium voces, and i.q. vetusta exempla

NOTES 35

nlsl ... accederet, if the light of literature did not fall npon them ' or 'was not brought to bear upon them.' For the thought cf. Horace Od. iv. 9. 25, Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Midti, sed omnes illacrimabiles urgentur ignotique longa Nocte carent quia vate sacro. ' Many brave men lived before Agamemnon, but all unwept and unknown are overwhelmed in long night because they lack a sacred bard.

23. imagines ... expressas, separated for emphasis, ' pictures

... vividly drawn.' lit. ' modelled,' 'moulded,' a metaphor borrowed from modelling in wax or clay for sculpture : cf. p. 18, 1. 7, effigiem . . . expressam. So Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 248, expressi voltus per ahcnea signa, ' the countenance represented in bronze statues.' (The term is opposed to adumbratus, merely 'sketched ' on the flat.) 27. animum et mentem, our ' heart and mind.' ipsa, ' merely,' see p. 9, 1. 1, note.

28. hominum, objective gen. 'by the thought of .. ,' i.e. 1 by thinking about.'

Page 10. §§ 15, 16.

Line 1. Quaeret qulspiam ... , like dicet aliquis is often used

to introd. a supposed objection : here the old Roman conservative prejudice against Greek culture.

2. litteris, prob. abl. of instrument, 'by written records,' rather than dat.

6. est certum quod respondeam, ' there is a definite reply for me to make.'

8. naturae ipsius, 'mere nature,' p. 9, L 1, note.

10. ad laudem ... valuisse, ' has availed to produce excellence,' cf. laudem, p. 9, 1. 14, note.

13. idem ego, ' I further maintain,' cf. idem, p. 6, 1. 13, note. 15. ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, 'what may be called the methodical training and cultivation which learning gives.' quaedam, see p. 2, 1. 13, quoddam, note. doctrinae, subjective gcn.

16. illud nescio quid, ' there usually results some, so to

speak, brilliant and unkjue product. ' nescio quid (see note,

p. 2, 1. 13, qaoddam) shows that the terms used do not quite

' ... satisfy Cic. ; cf. the French ce je ne sais quoi de '

36 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATTO

17. ex hoc numero for ex horum numero, cf. p. 19, 1. 4, ex eo numero ; the acc. and inf. hunc ... esse is governed by contendo carried on from last sentence.

hunc . . . Africanum (not illum), to mark the younger Africanus as being nearer in time (according to the usual

' ' idiom, hic...ille, the latter,' the fornier '), cf. p. 14, 1. 10, huius proavus Gato.

' 24. adiuvarentur, impf. were aided ' (constantly, during

' their lives) ; but contulissent, plpf., would have devoted themselves ' (once for all).

25. si non ... ostenderetur, ' if we had not the promise of so rich a reward as this, ...yet, I think, you would decide that such mental relaxation is most conducive to culture and refinement.'

Page 11. §§ 16, 17, 18.

Line 1. ceterae, sc. animi remissiones, ' all the other forms of relaxation do not suit ' (or 'are not for') 'all seasons or ages or places ' : gen. of quality used predicatively ; cf. ingenii a*, litterarum, p. 4, 1. 19.

' 4. adversis, sc. rebus, 'adversity'; dat. ; offer shelter ana comfort to adversity,' i.e. 'to those in adversity.'

6. pernoctant ..., ' they are our companions in the night watches, in our journeys abroad, in our country homes.'

10. etiam ... videremus, ' even when we (only) see them in others ' ; as opposed to ourselves (ipsi) enjoying them

(guxtare, etc. ).

13. nuper, he died in 62, the year of this speech.

14. tamen ... debuisse, 'yet so perfect was his skill and grace that it seemed to us he ought never to have died itall ' ;

' videbatur, lit. he seemed,' etc. ; omnino with non. 16. tantum, adj. with amorem.

18. animorum ... neglegemus, ' shall we despise extraordinary mental activity and natural quickness.

23. cum, concessive, ' though he had not.. ,' i.e. 'without having written.'

25. agerentur, the subj. is prob. due simply to ' attraction ' to the mood of scrijisisset. It may, however, be due to NOTES 37 the relative being used in an indef. sense (=siquae ...) * whatever might be the subjects proposed,' cf. quae scripsisset below.

26. revocatum, a stage term, 'recalled,' 'encored.'

27. cogitate, a rare word, only found here in Cic. and three tiines in Plautus.

' 28. ut ad veterum ... , that he became as famous as the writers of olden days,' i.e. the Greek poets of the best period for whom Cicero was always eager to testify his admiration.

Page 12. §§ 18, 19.

' Line 4. ceterarum rerum . , that the study of all other subjects is based on instruction and theoretical rules and technical skill...' ; this const. of constare with abl. without ex or in is not found elsewhere in Cic. ; hence some editors change et doctrina to ex doctrina.

' ' 6. natura ipsa, causal abl. ; for ipsa, mere nature,' nature only,' see p. 9, L 1, note.

valere, ' draws his strength from,' lit. ' is strong by reason of.'

' 8. suo iure, of his own right ' (so p. 1,1. 9, stio iure) ; i.e. he was dealing with a subject on which he had a right to pro- nounce judginent. noster, because a Roman poet.

sanctos, cf. Hor. Od. iv. ix. quoted p. 9, 1. 22 ; and Kor. Ep. ii. 3. 391, sacer interpresque deorum ... Orpheus. So Ovid, Am. iii. 9, 17, at sacri vates et divom cura vocamur,

Sunt etiam qui nos numen habtre putant ; and many similar passages.

11. videantur, subj. because sub-oblique, i.e. containing the reasou of Ennius not of Cic. esse videantur, a favourite ending to a sentence with Cic. ; much copied (says Quintilian x. 2. 18) by young orators who wished to be very Ciceronian.

Sit, ' let it be ... ,' jussive subj.

13. nulla barbaria, the abstract for the concrete ; 'nopeople however rude ; cf. aetas puerilis, 3, 1. 12. ' p. '

38 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

11. saxa ... , an allusion to the Amphion and Orpheus myths. The following highly rhetorical passage was regarded

' by the ancients as a model of the sublime style ' (sublime genus dicendi) ; it is quoted several times with approval and analysed in detail by Quintilian. 14. voci, cantu, sc. poetae from following poctarum. 17. Homerum, see Index P. Names. Similarly, says Thomas, seven cities in Spain dispute the glory of having produced Cervantes.

18. suum vindicant, ' claim as their own,' for the usual sibi or pro suo vindicant.

repetunt, legal phrase, cf. p. 1,1. 9. 20. delubrum eius, possessive gen., best tr. in Eng. 'to him.'

The shrine is described in Strabo xiv. 1. 37, Ivti Se . . . ko.1 rb 'Ofirjpeiov, o~Toa Terpdywvos !xowra veuv 'Ofirjpov nal jjoavov. fj.€TawoiovvTai ydp /cai oCroi biacpepbvrwt tov iroir/TOv Kal 5r) Kal v6fxio-fid ti xa ^- Kovv irap' avTols 'Ofirjpeiov \e~yerai. ' There is also the " Homereium," a quadrangular portico, with a

temple of Homer and a statue ; for they (the Smyrnaeans) also lay special claim to the poet, and a bronze coin too which they use is called a " Homereium." '

23. alienum, because Homer was necessarily ' a stranger to all the claimants save one. 26. prasertim cum, 'and that too though.'

olim, with contulerit, ' he long ago devoted.'

Page 13. §§ 19, 20, 21.

' Line 1. et Cimbricas res, both the Cimbrian Campaign ' ; the

et does not correspond with the foll. et ipsi ... Mario, but was

' intended to lead up to et Mithridaticum bellum ' ; after the series of intervening clauses, however, Cic. resumes with

' Mithridaticum vero bellum ; hence there is a slight Ana-

coluthon ' or break of construction.

' ' 2. durior ad, ' somewhat lacking in sympathy (or taste ') 'for'; cf. p. 11,1. 12, duro: and see note p. 4, 1. 13.

4. aversus a Musis. lit. 'estranged from the Muses,' i.e. 'devoid of taste for literature' or 'culture,' a transl. of the Gr. &ij.ovo-os. '

NOTES 39

' 4. qui non . . . facile patiatur, as not to readily allow,'

' cousec. subj. ; aeternum, predicative, to last for ever'; praeconium, cf. praeconcm, p. 15, 1. 9, note.

8. acroama, Gr. word, aKp6o.ua, prop. a ' thing heard,' esp.

'what is heard with pleasure' ; so in later Lat. it is used of music or recitation at a meal. Hence by ' metonymy ' (like the pl. in Gr.) an ' entertainer,' ' artiste,' in which sense it is

' found several tinies in Cic. vocem, sc. can/antis ; what artiste or whose ' (i.e. what singer's) ' voice he liked best to hear.'

9. eius, sc. vocem se libentissime audire, 'his voice, by . whom . . . 12. Mithridaticum bellum, the third or Great Mithridatic War, 74-63. See Index P. Names.

14. in multa varietate ... versatum, ' with its many scenes and phases by land and sea. ' varietate, not only of fortune but of place, conditions, etc. 15. totum, an exaggeration. Archias would only glorify

Lucullus' exploits, i.e. the first part of the war ; not those of Pompeius who actually finished it. 18. Populus enim Romanus, emphatic by position and .' ' repetition ; tr. It was the Roman people who ...

aperuit ... Pontum, 'threw opeu Pontus,' i.e. opened it to Roman trade, etc. , by crushing Mithridates. The victories mentioned are not in chronological order. See Mithridates, Index P. Names. 21. non maxima manu, Lucullus had only 10,000 men, against 200,000. Tigranes, king of Armenia, on seeing Lucullus' army, said, ' If they come as ambassadors, they are too many ; if as soldiers, too few ' (Plut. Luc. 27).

24. totius belli ore ac faucibus, a poetic expression, lit.

' from the mouth and throat of the whole war ' ; perhaps a reminiscence of Eomer, II. x. 8, tttoX^uolo filya o-Toua irevKtSavolo, 'the mighty mcuth of bitter war.'

' 25. Nostra semper... , As our exploit for all time shall be talked of and proclaimed that marvellous sea-fight off Tenedos, where Lucullus fought, when the foeman's fleet was sunk and their leaders slaughtered. ' The subj. of feretur et praedicabitur is pugna ; nostra is predicative ; L. Lucullo dimicante and interfectis ducibus, abl. absoL 40 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

Pagre 14. §§21,22,23.

Line 3. quae quorum, double rel., impossible to transl.

' literally in Eng. ; And by the men, whose talents extol these achievements, the renown of the Roman people is spread

; 1. abroad ' celebratur, see p. 3, 16, celebri, note.

' 6. in sepulcro Scipionum ... , it is believed that his statue in marble was set up even on the tomb of the Scipios ' ; lit. ' he is believed to have been set up in marble ' (ex denoting the material). Notice the putatur. The true facts were uncertain. So Livy (xxxviii. 56) writes Romae extra portam Capenam in Scipionum monumento tres statuae sunt, quarum duae P. et L.

' Scipionum ducuntur esse, tertia poetae Q. Ennii : at Rome outside the Porta Capena on the tomb of the Scipios are three statues, two of which are considered to be those of P. and L. Scipio, the third of the poet Q. Ennius.' Ovid alse refers to this A. A. iii. 409, Eanius emeruit Calabris in montibti ortus Contiguus poni, Scipio magne, tibi. ' Ennius born on the Calabrian mountains earned the reward of being placed next to thee, mighty Scipio.' A fragment of Suetonius preserved in S. Jerome (Chron. Eus.) states that Ennius was actually buried in the tomb, Ennius ... periit sepultus in Scipionis monumento via Appia intra primum ab urbe miliarium. Pliny, N. H. vii. 114, implies that one of the inscriptions on the tomb mentioned Ennius. Mommsen, however, believes that Suetonius is wrong ; though at Rome friends of the family were occasionally buricd in the family tomb. The sepulchre is still standing on the Appian way near the Baths of Caracalla, and attracts many visitors. It was first opened in 1780. The tombs of many memhers of the family were identified from inscriptions ; but of the statues found none could be identified with Ennius. The inscriptions, of the highest value, and dating from the third cent. B.C., are now in the Vatican.

8. iis laudibus, i.e. the praise bestowed by Ennius oil Scipio.

10. huius proavus Cato, • Cato, the great-grandfather of the present one ' ; huius, sc. Catonis (Uticensis) ; Cato proo/us = Cato the Censor. huius, see hunc Africanum, p. 10, 1. 17, note. ;

NOTES 41

11. rebus, here 'the State'; tr. 'great honour is thereby bestowed on the government of the Roman people.'

12. Maximi, etc, all praised by Ennius, chiefly as leaders in the second Punic War.

13. omnium nostrum, objective gen. depending on laude.

• 14. haec, sc. carmina, who had written these poems ' ; for this use oi/ecit, cf. p. 15, 1. 25, and the Gr. iroielv, iroi-qrris.

16. HeraclieDsem, in contrast with Rudinum, for Heraclea was a far more important town than Rudiae.

17. civitatibus, the so-called dat. of the agent (regularly used after gerunds and gerundives, and sometimes after pass.

' participles) : lit. 'in the eyes of,' in the interests of,' but best translated ' by,' cf. ingeniis expetitum, p. 18, 1. 20. 18. legibus constitutum, 'legally established' or 'settled'. leglbus, plur. used loosely, for there was ouly one law which applied to A. 's case, lex Silvani et Carbon is.

20. Nam, elliptically, to introduce the answer to a supposed

' objection. But Archias, you object, is a Greek : his writings, therefore, concern us but little. That is not so, for, etc'

22. Graeca, Latina, sc scripta. Greek was widely spoken throughout the East owing to the conquests of Alexander and his successors (e.g. see Antioch, Index P. Names). Latina... continentur, ' while Latin is confined within the limits of

' ' ' '), Latium (lit. its own liinits narrow as you must admit ' see notes p. 4, 1. 1, Italia, p. 4, 1. 3, Latio. The statement is no doubt somewhat exaggerated in the interests of Archias ; for p. 16, 1. 6, Cic says etiam Cordubae nati poetae, who, of course, wrote in Latin ; still it is an interesting fact that at this tiine, except in Gallia Cisalpina, Latin had made little progress in superseding the language of the conquered countries.

' 25. orbis . . . deflniuntur, are only limited by the boundaries' .' (lit. geographical divisions, quarters) 'of the world ... This boast was already partly justified by the victories of Lucullus and Fompeius in the East ; itwassoon to be further justified by the conquests of Caesar in Gaul, Germany, and Britain. 42 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

28. quod cum ... , 'because not only (cum) to the particular peoples, whose deeds are described, are these honourable, but also (tum) to those assuredly who are fighting for their lives for glory's sake they form the greatest incentive to facing perils and toils ; haec, 0. plur. , but referring to the gloria ' famaque ; hoc, repeating the haec, but attracted by a common idiom, into the number of the complement, incitamentum, (cf. Vergil's hic labor hoc opus est). scribitur, impersonal. incitamentum, not elsewhere in Cic. or before the ' silver Latin ' period (e.g. Seneca, Pliny, Tacitus, Curtius).

Page 15. §§ 24, 25.

Line 4. scriptores. e.g. Aristobulus and Ptolemy Lagi (the principal authorities for Arrian's history) ; Callisthenes,

Anaximenes, Onesicritus, Clitarchus ; the poet Choerilus mentioned in Horace (Ep. ii. 1. 232), etc.

9. praeconem, ' to herald thy valour ' ; cf. p. 13, 1. 6, pra€' conium. The praecones were criers, employed by the State or by individuals, to give notice of public games, auctions, funerals, things lost, etc. ; to proclaim silence in public assemblies ; to announce votes, etc.

inveneris, subj. after qui causal.

et vere, sc. sic dixit.

11. Quid ? See p. 7, 1. 10, note ; here it calls attention to a new example, 'and then too,' ' and again.'

' ' 12. noster hic Maguus, our Great general of to-day : not 'here present,' for he did not enter Rome till 61, when he triumphed : though he had probably already landed in Italy with his victorious legions. Magnus, this cognomen had been given to Pompeius by Sulla when he was only 24, had been borne by him ever since, and was transmitted to his children ; but here there is a direct reference to magnus ille Alexander above. Pompeius loved to be compared with Alexander, and Cicero makes the flattering reference, although (as we know from Cicero's letters) he waa not on good terms at present with the great man. 14. civitate donavit, in theory the power to grant the Roman franchise rested with the Roman people only. In practice we find that Roman generals often bestowed it on NOTES 43 individuals. In § 25 Cic. speaks as though any general could bestow it, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur. Some- times we know that a general was specially empowered by law to grant it to deserving individuals ; e.g. Pompeius (Cic. pro Balbo, § 19) ; but such laws could not have been passed in every case. Perhaps Dr. Reid's explanation is correct. In early times at Rome little distinction was drawn between meetings for military and meetings for civil purposes. In form and theory the soldier citizens assembled in military contio in their camp could confer the franchise in the same way as if they had been assembled in comitia centuriata at Rome. Hence originally the general would assemble a conlio and through it confer the franchise ; but in time this form would be often omitted and the grant made directly by the general. But citizenship thus granted was liable to be called into question.

15. sed rustici ac milites, ' though but men of the soil and simple soldiers,' and so with no appreciation of poetic worth.

16. quasi participes eiusdem laudis, ' as though they shared in that same panegyric,' i.e. as though they as well as Pompeius had been praised by Theophanes.

18. credo, ironical, cf. p. 7, 1. 7, ' And so, I suppose, if A. had not been...he could not have secured the gift of the . vbs. . ; pottrit potuisset. modal . The franchise ' note not debeo, oportet, possum, etc, and periphrastic tenses formed by fut. partic. or gerundive with sum, are regularly thus used in indic. instead of subj. in the apodosis of a non-fulfilment conditional sentence. 21. Htepanos et Gallos, rhetorical exaggeration. In the Pro Balbo (§50, a similar trial to this), where Cic. is quoting precedents for bestowal of franchise by generals, he can only mention one Greek from Marseilles, and one man (or acc. to some readings nine slaves) from Gades, as enfranchised by Sulla.

22. petentem = si petisset. probably 23. cum ei libellum ..., a much disputed passage ; best 'when a worthless poet from among the rabble had thrust up to him a little book (of verses), because (as he said) he had written an epigram on him, though it was merely a series of couplets of considerable length...'; or possibly 44 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

libellum is a 'petition' (for favour), a use, however, hardly found so early. fecisset, subj. because sub-oblique, giving tho words of the poetaster, (epigramma in tefeci) not of Sulla, for that would require in se ; quod, conjunction. [Another way is to take quod as the relative, 'a poem

' (libellum), an epigram that is which ' (lit. which epigram ')

'he had, etc' ; the subj. Jecisset being due either to a con- fusion in Cic.'s mind of Or. Recta and Or. Obliqua, or to attraction to the previous subj., the indic. being really required, as in this case it is Cic. 's own statement.] For malus poeta de populo, cf. Cic. Brut. 131, aecusator de plebe; Div. in Caec. 50, de populo subscriptor; subiecisset, the sub=from below to Sulla as he sat on his tribunal in the Forum (iwl /37?^aros Ka.9ef6iJ.evos, Plut. Sull. 33) superintending the sale of property of proscribed persons. Cf. Verg. A. xii. 287, corpora saltu subiciunt in equos, ' with a leap they fling

; their bodies up on to their horses ' tantum modo is Cic.'s

sneer ; no wit, no skill in it, a sorry poem : very different fronj

Archias' productions ; alternis versibus, prob. elegiac verse, i.e. hexameters and pentameters alternately.

Page 16. §§ 25-28. Line 1. duxerit, subj. after qui causal, ' being a man .' ,' vrho ... ' since he ...

tamen . . , i.e. although he was so poor a poet. .

3. Quid, see p. 7, 1. 10, note. 4. civitate multos donavit, during his proconsulate in

Spain, 79-71. multos, prob. an exaggeration ; in the Pro Balbo (50) Cic. only mentions one Spaniard as enfranchised by Metellus, see above, p. 15, 1. 21.

neque per se neque per Lucullos, ' either by his own infiuence or that of the Luculli,' Caecilia, the mother of the two Lueulli, being the aunt of Metellus Pius.

' 5. impetravisset, would he not have obtained ' (sc. si ciris Romanus non esset, for the suppressed protasis). 7. pingne quiddam, peregxinum, adverbial acc. with son- antibus (an extension of the cognate acc), 'in spite of their somewhat gross and outlandish ring.' Such sneers at Spanish

writers are common (e.g. Hor. Od. ii. 20. 19 ; Ep. i. xx. 13), yet Spain a few years later produced the two Senecas, Quintilian and Lucan. NOTES 45

' 12. optimus quisque maxime ... , the better a man is the more he is guided by the desire for fame.'

13. illi, ' those well known,' esp. the Stoics and Epicureans-

illis libellis, dat. with inscribunt.

16. praedicari, impersonal ; nomoari, personal, sc. se as

' feubject. Transl. In regard to that very thing ' (or 'in the very case in which,' in eo ipso = the usu. in ea ipsa re) 'in which they (pretend to) despise advertisement and fame, they wish to be advertised and known to fame.' 18. templorum, see Brutus, Index P. Names.

20. Jam, the force of this is, Now we have got to an ixample which no one can dispute (Reid). ' And finally, .' mark you, ...

' ' 20. Ennio comite, abl. absol. with E. in his retinue ' or on his staff,' i.e. as a member of the general's ' cohors,' which con- eisted partly of friends, partly of young men of birth who were getting an insight into affairs.

21. Martis, for belli, by what grammarians call ' metonymy.' 22. Musis, this temple, in the Circus Flaminius, dedicated to Hercules and the Muses, was adorned by Fulvius with statues and pictures carried off by him from Ambracia, amongst others Zeuxis' famous painting of the Muses (Pliny, N.H. xxxv. 36. 6).

23. prope armati, ' almost before laying down their arms, opp. to togati, ' in the garb of peace,' the long flowing toga being worn at Rome by all citizens, but laid aside when on

milit. service, etc. ; cf. Cic.'s own line (from his poem on his consulship), ' cedant arrna togae concrdat laurea laudi,' ' let arms yield place to the toga, the victor's laurel to true praise.'

27. id faciatis, i.e. poetas colatis, 'honour poets.' me vobis indicabo, tcch. legal term of criminals sur- rendering to justice.

28. quodan, see p. 2, 1. 13, note ; here it tones rlmvn tlic

' over strong amore gloriae : about what I may almost call my passion for fame.' Page 17. §§ 28-30.

Line 3. vobiscum simul, inserted to avoid the appearance of arrogance, and also to bring the jury within Archias' 46 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

eulogy. Cic. often asserts that the senate, equites, and tribuni aerarii (from whom the juries were now chosen) sympathized with his action against the Catilinarians during his consulship, 63 B.c. 7. inchoavit, the poem was prob. never finished. See In- trod. p. xvi.

Quibus auditis, ' when I heard about this ' for de quibus (versibus) cum audiinssem.

' 12. quid est quod ... , what reason is there in a course of .' life so brief and short as tliis for ...

' 14. nihil praesentiret . . . , had no anticipation about the future, and set the same limits to all its thoughts as those by which our span of life is hemmed in ... .' For this use of in = * with reference to,' cf. Cic. de Sen. 82, prospicere in posteri-

' tatem, to have anticipations about the future ' ; posterum, neut. adj. used for the abstract subst. regionibus (cf. p. 24, 1. 26), attracted into the relat. clause, for eisdem regionibua quibus.

?0. Nunc, ' as it is,' 'as things are,' often nunc vero, the Gr. vxiv te.

21. virtus, ' noble instinct,' ' noble confidence.'

' 23. non cum vitae ... , that all mention of our name is not

' ' ' to cease (lit. be abandoned '), when life's term ends ' (lit.

' with the term of life '), 'but is to be made coexistent with all futurity.' 26. videamur..., 'are all of us to let ourselves seem so .' small-minded ...

28. cum usque ad extremum spatium, ' though up to the very end of our course ... .'

Page 18. §§ 30, 3i.

Line 7. nonne, slightly irregular ; non is really required after the prev. an, ' Have many distinguishcd mcn been eager .' to leave ... and ought not we far rather ... 8. summis ingeniis, ' by men of the greatest genius,' see p. 4, 1. 9, note. expressam, see p. 9, 1. 25, note. 9. gerebam, i.e. esp. in his consulship, to which also he refers in periculis labortbusque, p. 17, 1. 27. 10. spargere ac disseminare, metaphor from sowing grain. NOTES 47

' 11. Haec vero ... , whether this (memory) is destined to be far removed from my perceptions after death or whether ... it will affect some part of myself, in the present life assuredly I find a pleasnre in dwelling as it were on that thought, and ancicipating it.' quadam, see p. 2, 1. 13, note.

13. ad aliquam partem mei, cf. Hor. Odes iii. 30. 6, non otnnis moriar, multaque pars mei vitabit Libitinam, ' I shall not wholly die, and much of me will escape the goddess of death.' sapientissimi homines, the philosophers who taught the immortality of the soul, esp. Socrates, Plato, Pythagoras. 16. Quare, resumes the whole previous argument. 17. amioorum..., 'not only (cum) by the rank but also [tum) by the long-standing of his friends,' a rhetorical varia- tion (abstract for concrete) of ab amicis cum illustribus tum vetustis.

• 18. ingenio ... , endowed with genius, great as a genius ought rightly to be esteemed which you see is sought after by men of the highest genius ; the subj. videatis is due to ' the consec. force of the relat. 21. causa eius modi, 'with such a case as is upheld by the favour of the law ' in constr. an abl. of qnality {eius modi bcing i.q. tali), parallel with the prev. ablatives of qual. pudore eo, etc, but the phrase is strange since a ' case ' cannot obviously be a man's quality ... comprobetur, consec. subj.

24. si qua ..., 'if men of such genius ought to bear the seal not only of man's but of heaven's approval.'

Page 19. §§ 3i, 32.

Line 1. his ... periculis ... , ref. to Cicero's consulship : as above, p. 17, 1. 27. 4. ex eo numero, ' of the number of those,' for ex numero eorum, see p. 10, 1. 17, note. 8. de causa, 'on the facts of the case,' as opposed to his digressions.

13. spero esse accepta ... , note the perf. (instead of fut.);

' I hope ... has been takeu by you in good part ' ; he assumes that the jury have made up their minds.

14. ab eo, sc. in bonam partem accepta esse, ' that it has .' been so taken by him who ...

15. exercet, see p. 3, 1. 1, note. ;,

VOCABULARY.

The references are to the sections (not chapters) of the text.

a, ab, prep. w. abl., motion accurate, adv. [accuratus], from ; of agent, by. with care, carefully. ab-do, -ere, -didi, -dltum, tr. acer, -cris, -cre, adj. [rt. ac,

v. , put away, hide, conceal, cf. acus, acies], sharp, bury. keen. ab-horreo, -ere, -ui, intr. v., acerbitas, -atis, f. [acerbus], shrink from, hold aloof sourness, harshness, severi/y. from, be repugnant to, be a acroama, -atis, n. [aKpdafxa, stranger to, 1, usu. with ab. thing heard], entertainment, absens, -ntis, part. of absum ; actor, artiste, 20, n. asadj., absent. ad, prep. w. acc, to ; near. abstraho, -ere, -xi, -ctum, tr. to, by ; in reply to, with a v., drag or draw away. view to. ab-sum, -esse, afui, (fut. ad-aequo. -are, -avi, -atum, tr.

part., afuturus) intr. v., v. , make equal ; make co- be absent from, removed existent with, 29. from. ad-eo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -ltum, a.c, conj., see atque. tr. and intr. v. , 170 to ; here- ac-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, ditates enter upon inheri- intr. v., go or come to, tances, 11. be added or joined to ; w. ad-fSro, -ferre, attnli (adtnli), ad. allatum (adlatum), tr. v. ac-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, bring to, contrihute to, 12.

tr. v. [ad, capio], receive ; ad-hibeo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, learn, hear. tr. v. [habeo], apply to accommodatus, -a, -um, part. furnish, manifest, 5. of accommodo, as adj., ad-hortor, -ari, -atus sum, tr- fitted to, appropriate. dep. v., exhort, encourage. 48 ;

VOCABULARY

adltus, -us, m. [adeo], ap- people in the Temple of proach. Saturn (during the Re- ad-iungo, -ere, -nxi, -nctura, public). tr. v., join to, add. aetas, -atis, f. [aevum], period ad-iiivo, -are, -iuvi, -iutum of life, life, age.

(-avi, -atum, Sall. ), tr. v., aeternus, -a, -um, adj. [id.], assist, aid. eternal, everlasting. ad-ministro, -are, -avi, -atutn, af-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, tr. v., manage. tr. v. [ad, facio], treat with admiratio. -onis, f.[admiror], honour, 6. admiralion. affluens, -ntis, part. of affluo, ad-miror, -ari, -atus sum, tr. as adj. abundant, overftow- dep. v., wonder at, admire. ing, rich. ad-moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr. afuturus, fut. part. of absum. v., icarn. ago, -ere, egi, actum, tr. v., ad-scribo, -6re, -psi, -ptum, drive, lead ; conduct, trans-

tr. v., enter on a list as act business, 8 ; deal wilh,

citizen, etc, enrol. discuss a matter, 18 ; legal ad-servo, -are, -avi, -atum, term, try, conduct a,case, tr. v., jyreserve careftdly. 3. ad-sisto, -6re, -stiti, intr. v., agrestis, -e, adj. [ager], rustic; stand by or beside. churlish, 17. ad-sum, -esse, -fui, intr. v., aio, defect. v. , say. be at hand, present ; support alienus, -a, -um, adj. [alius], a person, 8. of another person ; foreign ; adulescens, -ntis, part. of as subst., alienus, -i., m., adolesco, as subst., ayoiUh, aforeigner, stranger. young man, betw. 15 and aliquando, adv. [aliquis], at 30 years. some time or other, at any adulescentia, -ae, f. [adules- time. cens], the age of youth. aliquis, -quid, indef. subst. adventus, -us m. [advenio], pron. (aliqui, -qua, -quod, approach, arrival. adj.), some one or thing, adversus, -a, -um, part. of some, any.

adverto as adj. ; opposite ; alius, -a, -ud (gen. alius, rare;

adverse : adversae res, ad- dat., alii), pron. adj. [cf. i-frsity, 16. fiXXos], another, other. aequus, -a, -um, adj., level ; alo, -ere, -ui, altum and v., nourish favourablt; comp. , aequior ; alltum, tr. sup., aequissimus. strengthen, 16. aerarium. -ii, n., the Treasury alter, -era, -erum (gen., al-

or Exchequer of the Roman terlus ; dat. alteri), pron. ,

60 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

adj., the one or the other of aperio, -ire, -erui, -ertum, tr.

two ; alter...alter, the one v. [cf . operio], open up. ...the other. ap-pello, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. alternus, -a, -um, adj. [alter], v. address, call. alternate. ap-probo, -are, -avi, -atum,

alveolus, -i, m. [dim. alveus, tr. v. , approre, applaud, 24. tub, etc.], dice-box, fig. apud, prep. w. acc, tvith, at,

dicing, 13, n. near ; before, in the presence amlcus, -a, -um, adj. [amo], of among ; apud vos, in

friendly ; comp. amicior ; your eyes, 19. sup., amicissimus. Subst. arbitror, -ari, -atus sum, ti>. a friend ; amicissimus, dep. v. [arbiter] believc, one's dearest friend. think. amor, -oris, m. [id.], love, argumentum, -i, n. [arguo], affection. argument. amplius, adv., comp. of armatus, -a, -um, part. of atnple [amplus], more, armo, as adj. armed, in further. arms ; before laying down amplus, -a, -um, adj., abun- arms, 27. dant ; eminent, honourable, ars, artis, f. art, accomplish-

illustrious ; comp. amplior ; ment, technical skill ; pl. sup. amplissimus. studies, 4. -Icis, c. [ars, an, conj. , prop. in 2nd half of artifex, facio],

disjunct. interrogations ; artist ; stage player, 10. also elliptically before a a-scisco, -ere, -ivi, -Itum, tr. single question (with first v. [ad, scisco], approve of, alternative understood), «'>• ad?nit, adopt. it that, etc. aspectus, -us, m. [aspicio], ango, -ere, -nxi, -nctum and sight, notice. -nxum, tr. v. [cf. dyx^], at, conj. [cf. arap], but, yet. throttle ; fig. torment, vex. atquS or ac, conj., and also, ammus, -i., m. [cf. anima, and. dvefios], the rational 80ul at-tendo, -Cre, -tendi, -ten- in man (opposed to corpus, tum, tr. and intr. v. [lit. the body, and anima, the stretch towards], with or vital principle), mind, without animum, attend intellect ; heart, soul. to. -tigi, -tactum, annus, -i, m. , year. at tingo, -ere, antS, prep. w. acc. [durl], tr. v. [ad, tango], touch before. upon a theme, touch a sub- antfi-cello, -ere, intr. v., sur- ject lightly, dabble in, 17, pass, w. dat. etc. ; ;

VOCAEULARY 51

auctoritas, -atis, f. [auctor], caelum, -i, n. [rt. cav, cf.

judgment ; authoritative cavusj, the sly, heaven. -atis, f. ivjury voice, 31 ; influence, 6, 8 ; calamltas, wight, authority, credit, di-aster, disgrace, 9, n. 9. cantus, -us, m. [cano], sovg. audio, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum, carmen, -Inis, n. [old form tr. v., hear, /isten to. casmen, cf. cano], song auris, -is, f. [cf. audio], ear; poem, 27. pl. literary taste, 5. carus, -a, -um, adj. dear, be- aut, conj. [cf. aJ>, cuVdp, etc.], loved.

or ; aut...aut, either...or. causa, -ae, f. cause ; adv. autem, conj. [id.], on thc con- abl. causa, w. gen. , for the trary, bui ; however, more- sake of ; legal t., a case. over. celeber, -ebris, -ebre, adj. [cf. aversus, -a, -um, part. of k\£os), of places, crowded, averto, as adj. tumed away; populous, much frequented; aversus a Musis, deroid of much tallced of, 3, n. tastefor literature, 20. celebrltas, -atis, f. [celeber], a-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. a being talked of by many v. call off or away. people, notoriety. celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. barbaria, -ae, f. [barbarus, v. frequent in crowds

/3dp/Sapo$], want of culture ; throng, 4 ; attend at the

= uncultured people, 19. games, 1 3 ; spread abroad bello, -iire, -avi, -atum, intr. rumour, fame, etc, 19, 21. v. [bellum], wage uar, cSleritas, -atis, f. [celer], fight. speed, quickness. bellum, -i, n. [old form duel- celerlter, adv. [id.], quickly. lum, contest betiv. two, duo], censeo, -ere, -ui, -sum, tr. v. war. take the census of, assess, bengficium, -i,n. [bene, facio], 11.

favour ; pl. reward, emolu- censor, -oris, m., [censeo], meni. 11, n. a censor. benignitas, -atis, f. [benig- census, -us, m. [id.], the nus], kindness, good nature. registration and rativg of bestia, -ae, f., brute, beast. Roman citizens made by the bonus, -a, -um, adj. good censors, census ; pl. census

comp., melior ; sup., opti- returns, 11. mus. certe, adv. [certus], un- brevis, -e, adj. [cf. /3poxi'$], doubtedJy, assuredly. short. certo, adv. [id.], with cer- brevlter, adv. [brevis], shortly. tainty, for certain. 7 ;

52 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

certus, -a, -um, adj., de- com6s, -itis, c. [con, eo], termined ; certain. companion. [cetens], -a, -um, adj. (rare commemoratio, -onis, f. [com-

in sing. , not in nom. memoro], a mentioning sing. masc), the rest, the story, 29. others. commendatio, -onis, f. [com- circum - scribo, -6re, -psi, mendo], recommendation. -ptum, tr. v., hem in, mark com-mendo, -are, -avi, -atum, off, 29. tr. v. [mando], commit to civis, -is, c.| citizen, fellow- the charge of; commend, citizen. recommend. civitas, -atis, f. [civis], citi- commodum, -i, n. [commo-

zenship, franchise ; state ; dus], advantage, conveni- community. ence. clamor, -oris, m. [clamo], com-moveo, -ere, -movi, shout. -motum, tr. v. move deeply, clarus, -a, -um, adj., brighi'; trouble, disturb, disconcert, famom. deeply affect. classis, is, f. [cf. ko.\4u}, lit. communis, -e, adj. [munus], muster~\, fleet. shared in by all, common. coepi, -isse, coeptum (perf. communiter, adv. [communis]

w. pres. signif. ), tr. and in common ; in general intr. v., begin. terms, generally, 32. cogitate, adv. [cogitatus], commiito, -iire, -fivi, -atum, tr. after mature reflection, ivith v., change completely. thought. com-probo, -are, -avi, -atum, cSgitatio, -onis, f. [id.], reflec- tr. v., approve thormighly ; tion, contemplation, thought. vouchfor, guarantee, 31. cognatio, -onis, f. [cognatus], con-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, blood relationship. tr. and intr. v., yield, cognitio, -onis, f. [cognosco], assign, give up, alloiv.^ a becoming acquainted with, grant. acquainlance. concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.

collegium, -i, n. [collego], v. [concilium], makefriend-

guild, board of officials, 9. h/ : win affeetion, 1 col-loco, -are, -avi, -atum, concito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr,

tr. v., station, fix. v. , rouse, stir up. colo, -ere, c6lui, cultum, tr. con-cursus, -us, m., assem~

v. , cultivate, practise, pur- blage.

sue art, etc. ; cvltivate the condicio, -onis, f. [condico],

acquaintance of 6 ; pay agreement, terms. homage to, honour, 27. con-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, .; ;;

VOCABULARY 53

fcr. v., bring together, con- consul, -ulis, m., a consul, one tribute, devote ; se conf., of the two chief magistrates betake oneself 4, bat apply of the Roman Republic. onselfto, 16. consiilatus, -Qs, m. [consul], con-fido, -ere, -flsus sum, consulship.

intr. semi-dep. v. , truat con- con-tego, -ere, -xi, -ctum, tr. fidently in, be sure. v., cover up. con-firmo, -are, avi, -atum, con-temno, -ere, -mpsi,

tr. v. , establish ; add -mptum, tr. v.- despise. strength to, state confi- con-tendo, -ere, -di, -tum, tr. dently, 15, etc. and intr. v., maintain con-fiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, struggle. tr. and intr.-dep. v. [fateor], contentio, -onis, f. [contendo], confess, admit. a striving, strain. conformatio, -onis, f. [con- continens, -ntis, part. of con-

formo], shape ; cultivation, tineo, as adj., selfrestrained, 15. temperate; sup., continen- con-formo, -are, -avi, -atum, tissimus.

tr. v. , shape, mould, train, 1 con-tineo, -ere, -ui -tentum, con-quiesco, -ere, -quievi, tr. v. [teneo], hold togethtr, -quietum, intr. v., take unite; confine. thorough rest. con-tingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, con secro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. v. [tango], happen, tr. v. [sacro], dedicate to a usu. in good sense; impers.. deity, consecrate. contigit, it was his good con-servo, -are, -avi, -atum, Jortune to, 4, n. tr. v., preserve, support, 31. contio, -onis, f. [con, venio], consilium, -i, n., plan, policy, assembly, meeting, of people counsel; pl. wisdom, 30. or soldiers convened by con-sisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, magistrate or general.

intr. v. , stand still. con-venio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, con-stituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, tr. intr. v., come together ; im- v. [statuo], set up, erect pers. convenit, it ia agreed, establish, settle. fitting, suitable, right. consto, -are, -stiti, -statum, conventus, -iis, m. [convenio], intr. v. (lit. stand with), axsemblage. agree with ; constare with convicium, -i, n. [cf. vox], abl. is based upon, 18, n. loud clamour, wravgling, consiietudo, -lnis,f . [consuesco] braivling.

custom, habit, usage ; con- convlvium, -i, n. [convivor], stant intercourse, ties of banquet. familiarity, 6. copia, -ae, f., abundance ;

64 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

fluency ; pl. copiae, milit. cflra, -ae, f. [cf. caveo, curo], forces. care, anxiety. CSpiosus, -a, -um, adj. [copia], currlculum, -i, n. [curro], well supplied witk ; wealthy, race-course ; fig. course or 4. span of life, 28. corpus, -Sris, n., body. cor-rumpo, -ere, -rupi, -rup- damnatio, -onis, f. [damno], tum, tr. v., destroy ;falsify, condemnation. Jorge. de, prep. w. abl., from, cotidianus, -a, -um, adj. from among, of; concerning, [cotidie], daily. about. cotidie, adv. [quot, dies], debeo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, tr. and every day, daily. intr. v. [de, habeo], owe, credo, -6re, -didi, -ditum, tr. be bound to, ought. and intr. v., trust ; believe, de-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, suppose. intr. v., retire from, quit. cresco, -6re, -crevi, -cretum, dfecoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v,

intr. incept. v. [cf. creo], [decus], adorn ; honour. increase ; make progress, de-dlco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 13. v., consecrate. criminor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. de-do, -ere, dldi, dltum, v. v. ; to, dep. [crimen], accuse. tr. , give up apply cruciatus, -us, m. [crucio, devote to ; lend ears, 26 ; crux], torture. part. deditus, devoted. cum, prep. w. abl. (as enclitic de-fendo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum, tr.

after pers. pron. and usu. v. ward off, defend. rel. pron. nobiscum, secum, de-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,

etc. ), together with, ivith tr. v. bring dovm; notify, 11. simul cum, at the same de-fessus, -a, -um, part. of time as (lit. ivith), 36. defetiscor, as adj.; weary. cum, conj. of time, when, as de-flnio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, tr. soon as, whilst ; causal, v., limit.

since, seeing that, although, delectatio, -onis, f. [delecto],

whereas, w. subj. ; cum... enjoyment, amusement. tum, while...so too, not only delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. ...but also, both...and. v. [cf. ad-licio], amuse, cunctus, -a, -um, adj. usu. give pleasure to, delight,

pl. [co, iunctus], all together, please ; pass. find delight in. all, the whole. delubrum, -i, n., shrine, oipio, -ere, -Ivi, or -ii, -Itum, chapel. tr. v. long for, desire. dgnique, adv. at last, finaUy; cur, conj., why. in short, in a word. ;

VOCABULARY 55 de-pravo, -are, -avi, -atum, di-ligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, tr. v. [pravus], corrupt tr. v. [lego], esteem highly, tamper with, invalidate, 8. love. de-primo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- dlmicatio -onis, f. [dimico], sum, tr. v. [premo], press conflict, struggle.

down ; sink fleet, 21. dl-mico, -are, -avi, -atum, de-sldero, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. v. (lit. brandish tr. v. [cf. considero], long weapons against), fight.

for something lost ; seek, di-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, want, askfor, require. tr. v., send off ; resign, de-splcio, -ere, -spexi, -spe-c give up, 29. tum, tr. and intr. v., look disciplina, -ae, f. [discipulus], down upon, despise. training ; teaching, 5. de-sum, -esse, -fui, intr. v., dis-semiiio, -are, -avi, -atum, be wanting, absenl. tr. v., sow abroad, in fig. de-traho, -ere, -xi, -ctum, tr. sense. v., draio down, take aicay, dis-simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, withdruw. tr. v., conceoJ, ignore. deus, -i, m. [rt. div. briijht, divlnus, -a, -um, adj. [divus], cf. divus], god. of god, divine, heuven-sent, de-vincio, -Ire, -nxi, -nctum, glorious, 16.

tr. v. , bind fast, lay under do, dare, dedi, datum, tr. v. an obligation ; attach to [cf. 5t5w/ii]> give, grant, oneself 6. confer. dlco, -ere, -xi, -ctum, tr. v. doctrina, -ae, f. [doceo], in- [cf. dtiKvv/M], say, speak, struction, learning, erudi- state, call ; recite verses, tion, culture. 18. doctus, -a, -um, part. of dies, -ei, c. in sing., m. in pl. doceo, as adj., Itarned. [rt. di, bright, cf. deus, domesticus, -a, -um, adj. divus], day. [domus], domestic. dif-flcilis, -e, adj. [dis, faci- domicilium, -i, n. [id.], place lis], difficidt, arduous. of residence, settled home, dignitas, -atis, f. [dignus], legal term. rank, dignity. domus, -us, f. (2nd and dignus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. 4th decl.) [56^0$], house, decus], worthy ; w. abl., home ; household, family. to worthy of. Adv. acc, domum, diligenter, adv. [diligens], home ; locative, domi, at carefidly, closely. home. diligentia, -ae, f. [id.], care- dono, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v. fulness, exactneas. [donumj, present, give. ;; ;

56 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO donum, -i, n. [do], a gifi, e-riidio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. present. tr. [rudis, lit. , free from diibito, -are, -avi, -atum, roughness], educate, train. intr. v. [cf. dubius], hesi- eriiditus, -a, -um, part. of

tate, doubt. erudio, as adj , leamed; duco, -ere, -xi, -ctum, tr. v., comp.,-tior; sup. ,-tissimus. [cf. Zti], lead, guide ; draw breath ; 6t, conj. and ; also ; consider. et (or -que)...et, both...and. dulcedo, -inis, f. [dulcis], et-8nim, conj. , and in^faet, sweetness, charm. for indeed, and trvly. diirus, -a, -um, adj., hard, fitiam, conj. [et, iam], and

harsh ; unsympathetic, 17, also, also, even.

19. ex or e, prep. , with abl. [iic, dux, diicis, c. [duco], leader, i£], out of, from, of ; e general. pueris excessit, pass out of boyhood, 4; resulting from, efffiro, -ferre, extuli, elatum, 9 ; of time, after, 12 ; ex tr. v. [ex, fero], carry tempore, cn the spur of the forth ; extol, exalt. moment, off-hand, 18. effigies, -ei, f. [effingo], image. ex-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,

Sgo, mei, pl. nos ; pers. intr. v., go forth, out of,

pron. / ; strengthened pass out of. egomet, I myself. excellens, -ntis, part. of ex- e-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, cello, as adj., pre-eminent, tr. v. [e, iacio], cast forth distinguished, surpassing, expel. exceptional, perfect. eius modi, gen. of quality, [is, ex-cito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. modus] ofthat kind. freq. v., [excieo], rouse €nim. conj. for. stimulate, stir, 18. eo, adv. [is], to thatplace, etc. ex-colo, -ere, -c6lui, -cultutn, usque eo, to such an extent. tr. v., cidtivate thoroughly. eodem, adv. [idem], to the exemplum, -i, n. [eximo, take same place. out], pattern, example, pre- §pigramma, -atis, n. [eiri- cedent. yoafifia], epigram, 25. ex erceo, -ere, -cui, -citum, ergo, adv. , therefore. tr. v. [arceo], practise, e-ripio, -6re, -ripui, -reptum, exercise, exert ; preside over tr. v. [rapio], snatch from, trial, 3, 32. rescue. exercitatio, -onis, f. [exercito, erro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. exerceo], practice ; acquired v. [rt. er, cf. fyxo/uu], be readiness (in speaking) as mistaken, err. result of practice, 1. ;

VOCABULARY 87

exercitus, -fls, m. [exerceo], fama, -ae, f. [fari,], renoion, army. reputation. exiguus, -a, -um, adj. [exigo], familiaris, -e, adj. [familia], little, scanty, small, brief. of the household ; intimate, exilium, -i, n. [exul], exile. friendhj ; comp., -ior ; sup., eximie, adv. [eximius], ex- -issimus. As subst. faniili- ceedingly, remarhably. arissimus, a most intimate eximius, -a, -um, adj. [eximo, friend, 26. lit. taken from the mass], fateor, -eri, fassus sum, tr exceptional, surpassing. dep. v. [cf. fari], covfess. ex-istimo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. fauces, -ium, f., pl., upper

v. [aestimo], esteem, value ; part of throat. think, reckon, consider. faveo, -ere, favi, fautum, intr. existo, -ere, -titi, -titum, intr. \.,favour,patronize, w. dat. v. [ex, sisto], step Jorth, fere, adv., nearly, almost. come into being, be pro- fero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. v.

duced, be, stand out as. [(ptyw ; tuli, cf. tollo], bear, ex-orno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. carry;bring ; pass law,7 ; talk

v., thoroughly adorn. of, 21 ; prae se, boast of, 26. ex-pgto, -ere, -Ivi or -ii, -itum, festus, -a, -11111, adj. [cf.

tr. v., seek after eagerly ; feriae], of holidays, festal; expetendum, worthy of f. dies, holiday, 13. choice, 14. fldes, -ei, f. [fido], trust, faith ; ex-primo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- goodfaith, veracity, honour, •sum, tr. v. [premo], 8 ; credit ; word of honour, press out ; model, mould pledge ; protection, 31.

treat a subject, 21 ; vividly filius, -i, m., son. draw, 14. finis, -is, m. (sts. f. in sing.), exspectatio, -onis, f. [ex- boundary, limit. specto], expectation, antici- flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. pation. freq. v. [cf. 6agro, flagi- extremus, -a, -um, adj., tium], demand earnestly, superl. of exter, utmost, clamour for, 8. furthest, last, the end of. flecto, -ere, -xi, -xum, tr. and intr. v., bend, sway, turn facile, adv. [facilis], easxly aside. readily. foedfiratus, -a, -um, part. facio, -ere, feci, factum, tr. [foedero, not class.], allied.

v. , make, do ; compose foedus, -eris, n. [cf. fido, poem, 25. fides], 'reaty. facultas, -atis, f. [facio], fons, -ntis, m.,fountain; fig. capability, abUity, power. source. ; ;

58 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

forensis, -e, adj. [forum], of gratuito, adv. [gratuitusj the/orum or the law courts, without proft, for nothing. of the bar, forensic. gravis, -e, adj. [cf. papvs], forls, adv. [abl. of obsol. heavy ; weighty, inftueritial

fora, cf . foras], out of doors, earnest, steadfastly moral, abroad. 15. fortasse, adv. [fors], perhaps. gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v. forte, adv. [id.], by chance. [gustus], taste, sip, 17. fortis, -e, adj. [cf. forma, firmus], brave, gallant, habeo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, tr. v.,

resolute ; comp., fortior ; have; hold, consider. sup., -issimus. habltus, -us, m. [habeo], con- fortiina, -ae, f. [fors], fortune ; dition ; character, 15. pl. worldly possessions, 9. haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum fortunatus, -a, -um, part. of (fut. p. hausurus, Verg.),

fortuno, as adj., fortunate. draw up water, etc. ; fig. frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, imbibe, 13.

tr. v. [cf. prryvvni], break hereditas, -atis, f. [heres], wear out, 29. inheritance. frequentia, -ae, f. [frequens], hlc, haec, hoc, gen. huius, throng, crowd. dat. huic; dem. pron., this; fructus, -us, m, [fruor], fruit, he, she, it ; forensic, my profit; legal, rent, interest, 1. client ; often strengthened fundo, -ere, fiidi, fusum, tr. by -ce, e.g. huiusce. v., pour, rout. hlc, adv., [hic], here, at this point. gens, -ntis, f. [rt. gen, cf. homo, -Inis, c. [rt. in humus, gigno], race, clan ; people, XifJ-al, Adam, prop. of the nation. ground], human being, man.

genus, -eris, n. [id.], race, honestas, -atis, f. [honestus], kind, style. honourable reputation ; g8ro, -6re, gessi, gestum, honour, probity, virtue. tr. v. bear ; wage ; achieve, honestus, -a, -um, adj.

do ; res gestae, exploits, [honos], honoured, honour-

achievements ; se gero, act able. as, 11. honor (honos), -oris, m., gloria, -ae, f. [cf. k\4os, in- honour, repute. clutus], fflory, fame, re- hortatus, -us, m. (only in abl. nown ; desire for fame, s. and rare), [hortor], en- 26. couragement. gratia, -ae, f. [gratus],/at'owr; hospltium, -i, n. [hospes], influence, interest. hospitality, entertainment. ;,

VOCABULARY hostis, -is, c. [cf. hospes], impfirator, -oris, m. [impero], enemy. commander-in-chief, gtne- huiusce, see hic. ral. humanitas, -atis, f. [huma- iniperium, -i, n. [id.], com- nus], politeness; culture, re- mand ; realm, empire.

finement ; good feelings, impero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.

benevolence, 31 ; =cultivated and intr. v., command ; be men, 3. commander-in-chief or gene» humanus, -a, -um, adj. [homo], ral. o/man, human; cultivated, impetro, -are,-avi, -atum, tr.v,

refined ; comp., -ior ; sup. [patro], accomplish, obtain. -issimus. ImpStus, -us, m. [in, peto], humilis, -e, adj. [humus], onslaught, attack. low-lying ; humble, mean. In, prep. [cf. iv, eis, dvd], (i.) with abl. rest in, on, among; Ibi, adv. [is], in that plaGe, in the case of; m regard to, there. 26. (ii.) with acc. motion into, to, ; with Idem, eadem, idem ; gen. towards to, in bonam eiusdem ; pron. [is-dem], reference 29 ; the same, the very ; often partem, in good part, 32.

but he, yet he, etc. ; idem in-cendo,-6re,-ndi,-nsum,tr.v. ego, Ifurther, 15. [cf. accendo], set on fire, lgltur, conj. [is], therefore. burn. in-choo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. ille, -a, -ud; gen. illius; dem. and intr. v., bcgin ; partly pron. [is], that yonderi he, tcrite, 28. she, it ; that famous. ^ indtamentum, -i, n. [incito], Imago, -Inis, f. [cf. imitor], incentive. portrait UkenesH, copy, incolumis, -e, adj.,uninjured; mental picture,thought,idea, undisgractd, i.e. uncon- 14. demned, 9. Imitor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. in-credlbllis, -e, adj., not to dep. v., irnitate. be believed, wonderful, in- immanis, -e, adj., huge. credible. immo, adv. , on the contrary, indg, adv. [is, cf. unde], no indeed ; after neg. sen- from that place or time, tence, yes indeed, nay thence, thenceforward. rather. in-dico, -are, -avi, atum, tr. v. out, im-impgdio, -Ire, -Ivi or -ii, , foint show ; inform -itum, tr. v., [rt. ped. against, 28.

in pes. ; cf. expedio], en- in-flrmo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. tangle, hinder. v., weaken; invalidate. , ;

60 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO infitior, -ari, -atus sum, tr. in-tgger, -gra, -grum, adj.

dep. v. [infitiae ; cf. fateor], [rt. tag, cf. tango], un~ deny, disown. touched, perfect; irreproach- in-flo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v., able, unimpeachable, 8 blow into ; inspire. sup., integerrimus. in-formo, -are, -avi, -atum, inter, prep. \v. acc. [cf. in,

tr. v. , form, mould. intra], between, among ; be Ingenium, -i, n. [cf. gigno], bound to one another, 2 innate character ; natural fight with one another, 19.

ability, talent, genius ; pl. inter-eo, -Ire, -ii, -Itum, intr.

men of genius, 5, 30 ; in- v., perish, be destroyed. genii celeritas, natural inter-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- quickness. tum, tr. v. [facio], destroy, in-gredior, -gredi, -gressus slay. sum, tr. and intr. dep. v., interim, adv. [inter, is], mean- step into ; entar upon, put while. into practice, 1. inter-sum, -esse, -fui, intr. v., in-lustris, -e, adj. [in, lustro, be present at.

cf. lux], lustrous, brilliant. inter-vallum, -i, n. (lit. space in-lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, between j>alisades), interval, tr. [inlustris], render lapse of time. famous, glorify. in-tueor, -eri, -tultus sum, in-numerabilis, -e,adj., count- tr. dep. v., look or gaze less. upon. in-pertio, -Ire, -ivi or -ii, in-venio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, -itum, tr. v. [partio], share tr. v., come upon, i.e. withanother; confer, bestow, find. K). In-usitatus, -a, -um, adj., un- inquam, -is, -it, perf. inquii untried. ; usual, defect. v. usu. parenthetic, ipse, -a, -um,gen. ipsius,dem. quoting words of speaker, pron. [is], he himself, self,

says he, etc. very ; mere, 13, note etc. in-repo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem.

intr. v. , creep in or into. pron., that ; he, she, it. in-scribo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, tr. iste, -a, -ud, gen. istius ; dem.

v. , write on or in, inscribe. pron. [is], that near you or in-sideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, of yours, that of which you tr. and intr. v. [sedeo], sit speak.

in ; befixcd or placed in, 29. ita, adv. [id.], in this manner, in-stituo, -6re, -ui, -utum, tr. thus, so ; so strongly, 2. v. [statuo], set up, establish; Itaque, conj., and so, there- train, instruct. fore. ;; ;;,

VOCABULARY 61

Item, adv. [is], in like man- lectus, -a, -um, adj., choice

ner, so also. worthy, 3 ; comp. , lectior ; iaceo, -ere, -cui, -cltum, intr. sup., -tissinms.

v. [cf. iacio], Ue down, lie. legatus, -i, m. [lego], en- iam, a.dv.,bythistime, already, voy.

noic ; iam tum, at that legitimus, -a, -um, adj. [lex'], particular moment, 11, 30. appointed by law, lawfvl, iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum, statutory. tr. v., order, bid. lego, -ere, legi, lectum, tr. v. iucundus, -a, -um, adj., [cf. \if(i), \€kt6s], co/lect agreeable, pleasing. read. iudex, -Icis, c. [ius, dico], levis, -e, adj. [cf. €Xax''s], light;

juryman ; pl. jury. trivial ; comp. , levior ; sup. iudicialis, -e, adj. [iudicium], -issimus. of the law courts, judi- levitas, -atis, f. [levis], light- cial. ness ; ivorthless character or iudlcium, -i, n. [iudex], judi- behaviour, 9. cial investigation, trial, 16vo, are, -avi, -atum, tr. v.

court of law ; judgment, [id.], raise ; reiieve, assist.

opinion. lex, legis, f. , law. ludlco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. libellus, -i, m. [dim. liber], and intr. v. [id.], judge small book. consider. libenter, adv. [libens], will- ius, iiiris, n. [cf. iungo, lit. ingly, rtadily, gladly,

what is binding], right. comp. , libentius ; sup. liben- juslice, duty ; constitutioual tissime.

status, 6 ; adv. abl. iure, liber, -bri, m. [cf. \eveiv peel,

ri/jhlly. prop. inner bark of trees ; ius-iurandum, iurisiurandi, hence from use of bark of

n. , oath, only in sing. linden tree and rind of Egyptian papyrus as writ- labor, -oi is, m., labour, toil, ing material], book. exertion. liberalis, -e, adj. [liber, free], largior, -Iri, -itus sum, tr. befitting a free man, liberal, dep. v. [largus], bestoxo cidtured, refined ; comp.,

lavishly, givefreely. -lior ; sup., -lissimus. laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v. libgre, adv. [id.], freely [laus], praise. comp., liberius. laus, laudis, f. [for claus, cf. littera, -ae, f. [lino], letter of

kX&s], praise, panegyric alphabet ; pl. a letter,

glory ; what deserves praise, document, etc. ; literary excellence, merit. acquirements, literature. ;; ;

62 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

litteratus, -a, -um, adj. malus, -a, -um, adj., evil, [litteraj, well educated bad, worthless.

sup. , litteratissimus. mandatum, -i, n. [mando], Utura, -ae, f. [lino] (lit. instructions. smearing of wax on writing mando, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. tablet with blunt end of v. [manus, do], commit to stylus), erasure. one's charge. enjoin, com- locus, -i, m. (pl. loci or loca), mand.

place, spot, situation, posi- manubiae, -arum, f. pl. tion, station. [manus], mowy obtained longe, adv. [longus], far off, from the sale of booty, loot.

far; comp., -gius ; sup., manus, -us, f.,hand; handful. -gissime. band of troops. longiusciilus, -a, -um, adj., mare, -is, n. [rt. mar, glitter, dim. [longior comp. of cf. marnior], sea. longus], somewhat long, marmor, -6ris, n. [id.], of considerable length, marble ; bright surface of 25. sea. longus, -a, -um, adj., long. maxime, sup. ad\-., mont, see loquor, -qui, -cutus sura, tr. magis. and intr. dep. v., say, maxumus, sup. adj., greatest, speak. see magnus.

ludus, -i, m. [ludo], play, me, fr. ego.

game ; pl. ludi, public mediocris, -e, adj. [medius], games, 13. middling, moderate ; of lumen, -Inis, n. [lux], light. moderate ability, 10. lux, lucis, f. [lumen, luceo, mgdiocriter. adv. [mediocris], \6Xfos], light ; =publicity, modf.rately, toltrably. 12. mSmoria, -ae, f. [niemor], magis, comp. adv., more (for memory, recollection. pos. magno opere or magno- mens, -ntis, f. [rt. men, cf. pere is used, for sup. memini], mind.

maxime). merces, -edis, f. [mereo, magnus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. merx], wages ; recompense.

M*ya s']i great, grand meus. -a, -um, poss. pron. magno opere, greatly [me], my, mine.

comp. , maior ; sup. , maxu- mil6s, -Itis, c, soldier.

mus ; subst. maiores, m. minor, -us, comp. adj., less pl., ancestors. see parvus. malo, malle, malui, tr. and minus, comp. adv. [minor],

intr. v. [magis, volo], less ; sup. , minime, least, prefer. least of all, very little. ;;

VOCABULARY 63 mlror, -ari, -atus sum, tr. munlclpium, -i, n. [munus and intr. dep. v. [mirus], capio], a free town, bor- wonder at, marvel, admire. ough, municipality. mirus, -a, -um, adj., wonder- munus, -eris, n., burden ful, astonishing. present, gift. moderatus, -a, -um, part. of modero (only class. in nam, conj., for.

part. ), as adj., observing nanciscor, -sci, nictus and moderation, self-controlled. nanctus sum, tr. dep. v. modestus, -a, -um, adj [cf. necesse, avdyKri], get, [modus], keeping due viea obtain ; chance to find, sure ; loyal, law - abiding light upon, 5.

9; comp., -tior ; sup nascor, -sci, natus sum, intr. -tissimus. dep. v. [for gnascor, rt. modo, adv. [id.], only, merely gen. cf. gigno], be bom. modus, -i, m. [rt. med, mea natiira, -ae, f. [nascor], na sure, cf. modius, peck] ture, character, disposition. measnre, limit ; way, man navalis, -e, adj. [navis], ner, adv. phrases, quem naval. ad modum, m what manner, -n6, interrog. enclitic par-

as, 3 ; eius modi, of such ticle. a sort. ne, adv. and conj., not in molestus, -a, -um, adj. wishes, prohibitions, etc. [moles], troublesome, dis- final, in order that not, lest;

agreeable. ne ... quidem, not ... even monimentum, -i, n. [moneo], neither, 2 n. memorial, monument. n6c, see neque. morior, m6ri, mortuus sum, neglegenter, adv. [neglegens], intr. dep. v. [rt. mar, die; carelessly ; comp., negle- cf. marceo, fade ; morbus, gentius. etc.], die. neglfigo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, mors, -rtis, f., death. tr. v., rarely intr. [nec, motus, -Qs, m. [moveo], mo- lego], not heed, neglect,

tion ; pl. , activity of body, pass over, despise, have no 17. considerat ion for. moveo, -ere, movi, motum, nSgo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. tr. and intr. v. [cf. muto], and intr. v. [ne, aio], say

move ; affect. no, deny. multo, adv. [multus], bymuch, neque or nec, conj., and not, byfar. nor ; neque ... neque, nei- multus, -a, -um, adj., much, ther...nor ; neque enim, many. for indeed ... not. ,, ;

64 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

ne-scio, -Ire, -ivi or ii, -Itum, nox, noctis, f. [v6l-], night. tr. v., not hiown, be ignor- nullus, -a, -um, gen. nullius ant of. adj. [ne, ullus], not any, nihil or nH, n. indecl. [nihil- none, no ; non nulli, some. ; -i, um], nothing adv*. acc , niimerus, m. [rt. nem, in nothing, not at all. distribute, cf. vtuu], num- nimis, adv., too much, ex- ber ; = roll of citizens, 4. cessively. numquam, adv. [ne, um- ni-si, conj., if not, unless, quam], never. except. nunc, adv. [vuv], now, at or ndbilis, -e, adj. [for gnobilis, for the present ; as it is, as fr. gnosco = nosco, cf. things are, 29. yiyvucrKU}], ivell known, niiper, adv. [cf. novus, sem- famous ; of high rank or per], lately. birth, noble, exalted; comp.

-bilior ; sup., -bilissimus. o, interj., ohl nobllltas, -atis, f. [nobilis], ob-eo, -Ire, -ii, -Itum, intr. tr. v. fame, renown; noble birth. and , go to meet ; per- nobiscum for cum nobis, with form or transact business, us. 13. nolo, nolle, nolui, intr. v. [ne, 6b-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, volo], not wish, be unwill- tr. v. [ob, iacio], throw in ing. the way of. nomen, -Inis, n. [for gnomen, ob-lecto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. cf. gnosco = nosco, yiyvd>- freq. v. [cf. il-licio], de-

v. [nomen], name. v. , overthrow, overwhelm, non, adv., not ; non nulli, bury. some. obsciiro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. non-ne, interrog. adv. , is it v. [obscurus], darken ; dis- not ? introducing question guise.

which expects answer ' yes.' obscurus, -a, -um, adj. [rt. nos, we, pl. of ego ; gen. pl. sku, cover ; cf. scutum], nostri or nostrum. dark ; uninteltigible, not noster, -tra, -trum, poss. known. pron. [nos], our. olisn, adv. [ollus = ille], for- notus, -a, -um, part. of rnerly. nosco, as adj., knoivn, well omnlno, adv. [omnis], alto-

known. gether ; w. neg. , at all. novus, a, -um, adj. [cf. j^os, omnis, -e, adj., all, every. nuper], new; unprecedented. opem, see ops. ;,

VOCABULARY 66 opinor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. partlceps, -lpis, adj., [pars

dep. v. , be ofopinion, think. copio], sliaring in, partner opitiilor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. in, w. gen. dep. v. [ops; tuli], help, parvus, -a, -um, adj., [cf. a*-i

[ops], 6pis, f. (nom. and dat. 14. Conip. mlnor ; sup. s. not found) [cf. opulen- minimus. tus, copia=co-opia], powt-r, pater, -tris, m. [Trarrjp'],

might, help ; pl. opes, father ; pl. anceslors, 16. wealth, resources. patior, pati, passus sum, tr. optime, adv. as sup. of bene, dep. v. [cf. iradetv], suffer, best. aliow. optlmus, -a, -um, sup. adj., paulo, adv. [paulus], by a best, excellent, etc, see little, somewhat. bonus. penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. op-tlneo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, tr. and intr. v., enter, pene- v. [teneo], possess; retain. trate, reach to. opus, -eris, n. [cf. ops.], ivork, penitus, adv. [cf. penetro], . labour ; magno opere, deeply, entirely. greatly ; tanto opere, so per, prep. w. acc. [cf. irapa], much, so. through, by means of, oratio, -onis, f. [oro], speaking by; for, on account of; per speech. se, on his own merits, on his orbis, -is, m.,circle; orbis oum account, 6. terrae, the worid. per-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, orno, are, -avi, -atum, tr. v. tr. v. [capio], obtain ; reap,

adorn; lend lustre to, 31. gather fruit ; comprthend, 6s, 6ris, n., mouth. gragp ; learn, 6. ostendo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum or peregrinor, -ari, -atus sum, -ntum, tr. v. [obs, tendo], intr. dep. v. [peregrinus], expose to view, show, offer. live or travel abroad. otiosus, -a, -um, adj. [otium], perlgrlnus, -a, -um, adj. at leisure. [peregre], from foreign otium. -i, n., leisure ; retire- parts, foreign. ment. per-flcio. -ere, -feci, -fectum, tr. v. [facio], accompliah, pars, -rtis, f. [rt. por., cf. complete ; bring it about Ihat,

portio, i-Tropov], parf, ; in cause, w. ut and subj. bonam partem, in good perfuglum. -i, n. [perfugio], part. refuge, shelter. ;, ;

66 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

perlculum, -i, n., trial, peril, possum, posse, p5tui, intr. v. danrjer ; tech. term, a [potis, sum], am able, can.

criminal trial or charge, 3, post, [cf. pone], i. adv., etc. afterwards ; ii. prep. w. per-multus, -a, -um, adj., acc, after. very much or many. post-ea, adv., after this, per-nocto, -are, -avi, no sup. afterwards, thereafter.

intr. v., pass the night. posterltas, -atis, f. [posterus], per-sfiquor, -sequi, -secutus future time, futurity, possum, tr. dep. v., followper- terity. severingly, pursue. [posterus], -a, -um, adj. (nom. persona, -ae, f. [cf. irpb

mask ; character, type, 3. [post], coming after,future; per-tlneo, -ere, -ui, no sup., as subst., posterum, the, intr. v. [teneo], reach to future, 29.

tend to ; pert. ad, pertain potius, comp. adv. [potis, to, bear upon, concern. potior], rather ; potius per-venio, -Ire, -veni, -ven- quam, rather ihan. tum, intr. v., come to prae, prep. w. abl. [cf. pro, reach, attain ; w. ad and Tpo], before, infront of. acc. praebeo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, tr. pfito, -ere, -ui or -ii, -itum, v. [prae-habeo], proffer tr. v. [at. pet, cf. impetus, provide, supply.

iriTo/ACLi], seeh, ask. praecepturo. -i, n. [praecipio], phil6s6phus,-i, m. [

praedicatio, -onis, f. [praedi- very distinguuhed.

care], proclamation ; adver- praeco, -onis, m., one who tisement ; public praise, 26. proclaims, crier, herald. pila, -ae, f., ball; gameofball, praeconium, -i, n. proclaiming 13. in public;advertisement;fig. pinguis, -e, adj., [cf. irafcvs], encomium, 20. fat ; heavy, stupid, 26. praedlcatio, -onis, f. [prae- plenus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. pleo, dico, -are], publication, ad- TrifnrXrtfJA.], full ; full of, w. vertisement, commendation, ^gen. public praise. poeta, -ae, m. [ttol7)tji$], a prae dico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. poet. tr. , proclaim in public ; polio, -Ire, -ivi and -ii, -itum, a8sert publicly; fig. pub- lirly tr. v. , polish ; finish, 30. praise, advertis?, 26, populus, -i, m. [rt. ple, cf. etc. pleo], people. prae-dltus, -a, -um, part. ;

VOCABULARY 67

fr. do], [prae, datus en- pro cive, as a citizen, 11 ; dowed with, w. abl. pro consule, acting as con- praemlum, -i, n. [prae, emo], svl, 11 ; conformably to, reward. pro mea consuetudine, as prae-sentio, -ire, -sensi, my custom is, 32. sensum, tr. v., perceive pro-avus, -i, m., great-grand- beforehand ; have anticipa- father; ancestor. tions concerning, w. in, 29. probo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v. praesertim, adv. [prae, sero], [probus], approve of, praise. especially, particidarly prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, tr. praesertim cum, and that v., hand doicn, transmit. too though, 19. profecto, adv. [pro facto], praeter, prep. w. acc. [cf. actually, surely, assuredly. prae], beyond, except, pro-fgro, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, besides. tr. v., bring forth. praeter-ea, adv., beyond this, professio, -onis, f. [profiteor], besides. public dedaration, registra- praeteritua, -a, -um, part. of tion of one's name, 9. praetereo, as adj. ,gone past, pro-ficiscor, -sci, -fectus past. sum, intr. dep. v. [facio], praetextatus, -a, -um, adj., set out, startfrom. wearing the toga praetexta pro-fiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, (bordered with purple, tr. dep. v. [fateor], declare worn by higher magistrates publicli ; promise, engage and freeborn boys till they to, 31 ; nomen, register one's assumed the toga virilis), name, 7, 9. hence wearing a boy's dress, profligatus, -a, -um, part. of a boy, 5. profligo, as adj., vile, aban- praetor, -oris, m. [prae, eo], doned. a praetor, Roman magis- prope, adv. [pro], almost. trate, charged with ad- pro-pono, -ere, -p5sui, -p6sl- ministration of justice. tum, tr. v., set before one. primum, adv. [primus], at propter, prep. with acc. first, first ; ut primum, as [prope], on accovnt of.

soon as ever. propter-ea, adv. , on that ac- primus, -a, -um, sup. adj. count ; propterea quod, for [absol. prep. pri, whence this i-eason that.

prior], first, foremost. provin^ia, -ae, f . , province. princeps, ,-cipis, m., chief; proximus, -a, -um, sup. adj. guide. (for comp. propior is used), pro, prep. w. ab':., for, on nearest, ntxt, last. behalf of; instead of, as; publlcus, -a, -um, adj. [popu- ;

68 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

lus], of the people or state, how great, how much ; cor. public. rel. to tantus, as. pudet, -ere, -uit or puditum quantus-cumque, -tacumque, est, tr. and intr. impers. -tumcumque, adj., however v.., onefeels ashamed, acc. great. of person, gen. of cause, or qua-re, adv., wherefore. subject clause. quasl, adv. [quam, si], as ij, piidor, -oris, m. [pudet], as it were. sense of shame, modesty -qu6, enclitic conj. [cf. re], et), both feeling of honour, honour, and ; quc.que (or

31. . . . and. puer, -eri, m. [cf. pubes], quem ad modum, see modus. gen. cdius; boy, child. qui, quae, quod ; puerilis, -e, adj. [id.], of a pron. (i. ) Relative, who, boy, boyish ; aetas p., boy- which, what, that ; causal, hood, 4. since he, w. subj. (ii.) In- puerltia, -ae, f. [puer], boy- terrog. (Adj.), who? lohich? hood. what ? pugna, -ae, f. [pugnus, fist], quia, conj. [qui], because. fight, battle. quidam, quaedam, quoddaac pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. (subst. quiddam), indef. u na certain. v - tP g ]> fio^- pron., a piito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v., quidem, adv., indeed : ne...

think, believe, consider. quidem, not. . . even ; neither, 2n. quaero, -ere, -slvi or -ii, quls, quid, gen. cuius, inter- -situm, tr. v. [cf. quaeso], rog. pron., who ? ichich? seek, askfor; ask. what? Adv. acc, quid, quaeso, -ere, -ivi or -ii, tr. v., how ? why ? quid est quod, beg, entreat. what reason is therefor, 10. quaestio, -5nis, f. [quaero], quls, qua, quid, gen. cuius ; investigation ; court of law. indef. pron., any or some quaestor, -oris, m. [for quae- one or thing. sitor fr. quaero], quaestor, quis-piam, quaepiam, quod- paymaster, one of the piam (subst. quidpiam), in- Roman magistrates who def. pron., any or some one had charge of the revenues. or thing. quam, adv. [qui], how ; than. quis-quam, quaequam, quic- quam-diu, adv., as long as. quam (quidquam), indef. quantum, adv. [quantus], as pron., anyone, anything, in much as, asfar as. neg. or virtual neg. sen- quantus, -a, -um, adj. [quam], tences. ;;

VOCABULARY

Quis-que, quaeque, quodque re-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, tr. (subst. quicque or quidque), v. [iacio], throw back, re-

indef. pron., each, every ; ject, repel. optimus quisque, all the re-laxo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.

best men, all good men, 26, \'., unloose, relax ; give re- etc. laxation to, unbend the quo, adv. [qui], ichither. mind, 12.

quo-ad, conj. [ad quod], as rl-ligio, -onis, f. [rt. lig, bind],

long as, asfar as, until. reverence for gods ; scrupu- quod, conj. [qui], becau*e; losity, conscientiousiiess, 8. that ; quod si, but if, and if. rS-linquo, -ere, -liqui,-lictum, quondam, adv. [quom^cum], tr. v., leave behind.

once, formerly. r§mis3io, -onis, f. [remitto], quoniam, adv. [quom = cum, relaxation, 16. iam], since. re peto, -ere, -ivi or-ii, -Itum, quoque, adv., aho, too. tr. v., seekback, askfor,de- quotiens, adv. [quot], how mand, claim ; absol. use, often ; as often as. re.trace story, begin, 1 n. re-prehendo, ere, -ndi, -nsum, ratio, -onis, f. [ratus, fr. reor], tr. v., blame.

reckoning ; method, way rfipudio, -are, -avi, -iitum, tr. methodical training, 15 v. [cf. pudet], reject. knowledge of theoretical rg-quies, -etis (acc, -etem or principles, theoretical know- iem, abl., -ete or -ie), f.,

ledge, theory, 1, etc. ; metho- from toil, rest. dical pursuit, 1. re-quiro, -6re, -qulsivi or re-colo, -ere, -c6lui, -cultum, -qulsii, -qulsltum, tr. v. tr. v., re-visit; renew one's [quaero], seek again; ask acquaintance with studies, for.

13. res, rfii, f. , a thing, matter, recordor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. affair, subject ; legal case,

and intr. dep. v. [cor], call etc. ; pl., affairs, topics,

to mind, remember. interests, property , pro- re-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, fessions, 18 ; siate, govern-

tr. v. [facio], remake ; re- ment, 22 ; res or res gestae, fresh, restore, 12. exploits, achievements. res rggio, -onis, f. [rego], direc- publica, state affairs, poli-

tion, situation, 21 ; geo- tics, tht state, but the good graphical dhnsion, 23, 29 ; ofthe state, 28. district. rS-signo, -are, avi, -atum, tr. reglus, -a, -um, adj. [rex], v., unseal, cancel, hence of or from the king, royal. destroy credit, 9. ; ;

70 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

re-spicio, -ere, -exi, -ectum, scaenlcus, -a, -um, adj. tr. and intr. v., look back [(TK-qvLKbi], of the slage, (at). scenic, 10. re-spondeo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum, sci-licet, adv. [scire licet, one

tr. v., reply. may know'] ; ironical, of r&tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. course, naturally. v., Impede, detain. scio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, tr. v., reus, -i, m. [res], defendant. know. re-vinco, ere, -vici, -victum, scrlbo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, tr. tr. v., conquer ; convict, v. [cf. ypa

v., call back, recall, thea- 1 1 , etc. trical tech. term, 18 n. scriptor, -oris, m. [scribo], ridiculus, -a, -um, adj. [rideo], writer. ridiculous, preposterous, 8. se, sui, sibi, reflex. pron., rusticor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. himself, etc. v. [rus], be in the country. secum, for cum se, with him- rustlcus, -a, -um, adj. [id.], self rural, rustic. sScundus, -a, -um, adj. [se- quor], following, secand, saepS, adv., often. favourable ; res secundae,

salus, -utis, f. [cf. salvus], prosperity. sound health ; safety, pre- sed, conj., but, yet. servation, security, deliver- sedes, -is, f. [sedeo], seat; ance. home, abode. sanctus, -a, -um, part. of sedulltas, -atis, f. [sedulns], sancio, as adj., sacred, zeal ; officiousness, 25. holy ; upright, conscien- se grego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.

tious, 9; comp., sanctior ; v. [grex], separate from, sup., -tissimus. remove. sane, adv. [sanus], truly semper, adv., always. you rnv^t admit, 23. semplternus, -a, -um, adj. sapiens, -ntis, part. of sapio, [semper], lasting always,

asadj., wise; comp. , sapien- never failing.

tior ; sup., sapientissimus. senecttls, -utis, f. [senex], Subst., sapiens, -ntis, m., old age. a wise man, sage, philoso- sfinex, -is, adj., old ; subst., pher. old man. aatis, adv., sufficiently, toler- sensus, -us, m. [sentio], sense, ably, fairly. perception, appreciation,

saxum, -i, n. , rock, large stone. sensation. ,; .;

VOCABULARY 71

sententia, -ae, f. [id.], opinion, solacium, -ii, n. [solor], con- thought, sentiment. solation, solace, comfort. sentio, -Ire, -nsi, -nsum, tr. soleo, -ere, -Itus sum, intr.

v., perceive, feel, be con- semi - dep. v. , be accus- scious of, know. tomed, wont. sepulcrum, -i, n. [sepelio], solitudo, -Inis, f [solus], tomb. wildcrness. senno, -onis, m. [sero, joiri\, solum, adv. [solus], only. conversation, language. solus, -a, -um, -gen, -ius; servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. adj., alone.

v. [cf. salus, salvus], save, somnus, -i, m. [cf. inrvos), preserve, deliver. sleep. severus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. sono, -are, -ui, -Itum, intr. v., otfioixat], serious, severe, sound. stern, impartial ; comp. spargo, -ere, -si, -sum, tr. v.

severior ; sup., severis- [cf. o-rreipu], scatter. simus. spatium, -i, n., space, course. Bexaginta, card. adj. indecl., spero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v. sixty. [spes], hope. Si, conj. [cf. el], if in condit. spes, -ei, i.,hope, anticipation. clauses. spiritus, -us, m. [spiro], sic, adv. , so, thus, to such an breath. extent. statim, adv. [sto], immediate- simpliciter, adv. [simplex], ly, at once. simply. statua, -ae, f. [statuo], sfatue, simul, adv. [cf. semel], at the stimiilus, -i, m. [stilus], goad;

same time. fig. , spur. incentive, 29. slmulacrum, -i, n. [simulo], strepitus, -us, m. [strepo], likeness, image, copy. noise, bustle, turmoil. simiilo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. studeo, -ere, -ui, tr. and intr. v. [similisj, pretend. v. [cf. awovdr}, cnrevdb)], l>e sing, prep. w. abl., without. eager to, strive after. singularis, -e, adj. [singuli], studiose, adv. [studiosur-], unique, extraordinary. engerly, carefully. sino, -6re, slvi, sltum, tr. studium, -i, n. [studec], zeal, v., suffer, permit ; part. eagerness ; desire ; interest situs, as adj., situate, etc. study, pursuit. situm esse in aiiquo, rett or suadeo, -ere, -si, -sum, tr. depend upon a person, 1. and intr. v. [cf. suavis, gi-ve or seu, conj. in condit. avddvu], advise, persuade, clauses, or if ; sive...sive, dat. of person, acc. of rarely inf whether (if)...or \f. thing, or ut clause ;

72 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO sub-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, tamen, adv. [tam], notwith- tr. v. [iacio], place under standing, yet.

thrust upfrom below, 25. tandem, adv. [id. ], at length ; sum, esse, fui, intr. v., be. in interrog. clauses, pray. summus, -a, -um, adj., used tantum, adv. [tantus], so

as superl. of superus ; top- much ; tantum modo, only, most, highest, greatest, most merely. distinguished, of the highest tantus, -a, -um, adj. [tam], value. so great, so heavy, so much, sumo, -ere, -mpsi, -mptum, so serious ; tanto opere, so tr. v. [for sub-imo, fr. emo], much. takeup,assume,appropriale. telum, -i, n. [cf. t6£ov\ missile ; supSrus, -a, -um, adj., what in gen., weapon. is above; upper; comp. tempestivus, -a, -um, adj. siiperior, higher, former, [tempus], timely ; early previous, elder, sup. sum- hence protracted, 13. mus, see above. templum, -i, n. [rt. tem, cf. suppSdito, -are, -avi, -atum, rififu, prop., space marked tr. aad intr. freq. v., be ouf\, temple.

fidly supplied ; supply. tempus, -6ris, n. [id. ; prop., suppeto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, section of time], time, sea-

-Ttum, intr. v. , be at hand ; son ; hour of peril, 12 ; ex have in store ; be supplied, tempore, on the spur of the

as pass. of suppedito, 12 n. moment, off hand, 18 ; t. j'us-censeo, -ere, -ui, -sum, vitae, one's span oflife, 29.

intr. v. , be angry with, cen- tenebrae, -arum, f. pl., dark- n ure, w. dat., 13. ness. sus-cipio, -ere, -cepi,-ceptum, tSneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, tr. v.

tr. v. [sub, capio], under- [cf . reivu), tendo], hold, keep. tahe, adopt plan. termino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. suus, -a, -um, reflex. poss. v. [terminus], set a limit to.

pron. [se], his own, her own, terra, -ae, f. [lit., dry land,

etc. cf. torreo], the earth ; land ; tabfila, -ae, f plank toriting orbis terrae, the ivorld. . , ; tabld ; pl. public records, testamentum, -i, n. [testor], register, documents, 8, etc. vi/l, testament. tabiilarium, -i, n. [tabula], testimonium, -i, n. [testis], archioes, record office, 8. witness, testimony, evidence, taceo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, tr. and testirnonial. intr. v., be silent (about). togatus, -a, -um, adj. [toga], tam, adv. [cf. tum], so much, wearing the toga, i e., in 80. civil attire, 27. ;

VOCABULARY 73 tollo, -ere, susttUi, sublatum, tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron. tr. v. [cf. tolero, tuli], lift [tu], thy, your.

up, raise ; extol, laud, 22. tot, indecl. num. adj. , somany. utol, conj. rel. and interrog., totiens, num. adv. [tot], so ichere. often. ultimus, -a, -um, adj., as totus, -a, -um ; gen. -Tus ; all, superl. of obsol. ulter (cf. the whole. ultra) comp. ulterior tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. farthest, uttermont; remotest, freq v. [traho], drag earbest, 1.

violentbj ; manage, conduct ; umquam, adv., at avy fime, dramatic tech. t. represent, ever. 3n. iiniversus, -a, -um,adj. [unus, traho, -ere, -xi, -ctum, tr. v., verto], all together, the drau; drag, attract, 26. ivhole, general, universal. tranquillitas, -atis, f. [tran- unus, -a, -um ; gen. -ius

quillus], calmness ; peace- card. adj. [cf. els, otos, ful condition, 5. alone), one. tranquillus, -a, -um, adj., urbs, urbis, f., city, esp. calm, peaceful, tranquil. Rome. trlbuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, tr. v. usquS, adv. [cf. ubi], all the [cf. tribus], assign, gravt. uay to ; even ; usque ad, triumphus, -i, m. [dpianfios, riflit up to ; usque eo, to hymn to Bacchus], a such an extent.

triumph, i.e. solemn en- ut, (i. ) adv., in vhat manner,

trance of general into how ; as ; when ; ut primum, Rome after import;mt as soon as ever.

victory. (ii. ) conj., that ; consec, so tropaeum, -i, n. [Tpdnaiov], a that ; final, tn order that, trophy, i.e. a monument of to ; after vbs. of asking, victory, (orig. trunk of etc, that, to. tree decked with arms, utor, uti, usus sum, dep. v.

shields, etc, of foe, later of w. abl. , use, make use of, stone and similarly orna- employ, avail oneself of, 18. mented), 21. intr. tu, tui, pl. vos ; pers. pron. valeo, -ere, -ui, itum, [axi], thou. you. v. [cf. vis], bestrong;v. ad., tum, adv. [cf. tani, ovros, etc.], avail to produce, 15. at that or this time, then. vallo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v. tumfilus, -i, m. [cf. tumeo], [vallum], intrmch, forttfy. mound; sepulchral mound, varifetas, -atis, f. [varius], barrov; grave. differe.nce, variety, change. ;

74 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO vShementer, adv. [vehemens], Pass. videor, seem, appear.

eagerly, ardently ; utterly, vigilia, -ae, f. [vigil], walce-

23 ; comp. , vehementius ; fulness ; watch ; pl. sleepless sup., -tissime. nights, anxiotis watching, vel, conj. [volo, lit. choose 29.

which you wish], or; vel... vinculum, -i, n. [vincio],

vel. either . . .or ; even, indeed. bond, fetter, tie. venio, -ere, -didi, -ditum, vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.

tr. v. [for venum do], sdl. v. , lay legal claim to, claim. vfinia, -ae, f., indnlgence, violo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. v. pardon, permission. [vis], treat with violence, venio, -ire, veni, ventum, outrage.

intr. v. [cf. jSaiVw], come. vir, viri, m. , man ; man of venustas, -atis, f. [Venus], courage, honour, etc, hero.

loveliness, grace. virtiis, -utis, f. [vir], manli-

verbum, -i, n. [cf. £pQ), prjfjua.], ness, merit, virtue, courage, word. valour, worth, exceltence, vere, adv. [verus], truly, noble instinct, etc. rightly. vis, vim, vi, defect. pl. vires,

vero, adv. [id.], in truth, in -ium, -ibus ; f. (pl. usu. of

fact. physical stvex\gt\\),strength 1 versor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. force, violence. dep. freq. v. [verto], dwell vita, -ae, f. [vivo. /3ios], hfe.

in ; be engaged or busied vlvo, -ere, vixi, victum, intr,

in ; be ex>erie,nced in, 1, v. [/3i'os], live.

etc. ; kave a sliare in, 11. vlvus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. vivo], versus, -us, m. [id.], line living, alive.

ver.se ; pl. poetry. v5lo, velle, vSlui, tr. and verum, conj.[verus], truly, but. intr. irreg. v. [cf. fiovXopxit.'], vester, -tra, -trum, poss. >rish, like.

pron. [vos], yonr. voluntas, -atis, f. [volens], v§tU8, -eris, adj., old, ancient. wish.

vgtustas, -atis, f. [vetus], voluptas, -atis, f. [volo], great age ; anrient times, pleasure.

antiquity, 14 ; long stand- vos, you, pl. of tu.

ing, 31. VOX, VOCis, f. [cf. VOCO, ^7TOS,

video, -ere, vidi, visum, tr. etc.], voice ; pl. words, v. [cf. ideiv], see, recognise. utterances. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

A, for Aulus, R. Praenomen.

Accius, -i, m. L. Accius or Attius, an early Roman tragic poet, son of a freedman; born 170 B.c, and lived to a great age. Cicero, when young, frequently conversed with him. His tragedies were chiefiy imitated from the Greek, but

some were on Roman themes ; one, nained Brutus, was probably in honour of his patron, D. Brutus (see § 27). He also wrote Anitalea, a history of Rome in verse, and a prose history of poetry. Fragments only of his worka nave reached us. Achilles, the hero of the Iliad of Homer, son of Peleus and Thetis. § 24.

Aemilius, -i, m. M. Aemilius Scaurus, born 163 b.c. ; twice

consul, 115 and 107 ; censor, 109: died about 89. Though of patrician aescent, his family had sunk into poverty and

obscurity : he raised it to the highest lank among the nobles. He was famous as an orator and a supporter of the Aristocratic party (Optimates). In 112 he was sent at the head of an embassy to treat with Jugurtha, King of

Numidia, and in 11 1 was legate to the Consul L. Calpurnius Bestia in the war against Jugurtha. .lugurtha bribed Scaurus and Bestia to grant him very favourable terms. This disgraceful transaction caused great indignation at Rome. Scaurus, by his inHuence, escaped prosecution, and actually was appointed one of the commission to try the

guilty parties, 110 B.c. ; but in spite of his efforts Bcstia and many others were punished. In his consulship he built the Via Aemilia, which ran through Pisa and Luna to ^«rtona. 75 76 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

Afitoli, -orum, m. pl. The Aetolians, from Aetolia, adistrict in Central Greece.

Africanus, see under Scipio.

Alexander, -dri, m. Alexander the Great, son of Philip

II., King of Macedonia, born 356 b.c. , reigned 336-323 B.c. Famous for his great conquests. On the death of his father he first subdued rebellious in Macedonia and in Greece

which Philip had conquered ; crushed the northern bar-

barians, and crossed the Danube ; then invaded Asia, defeated the Persians under Darius on the Granicus in 334,

and at Issus in 333 ; captured Tyre after seven months

siege, 332 ; conquered Egypt and founded Alexandria, 331; defeated Darius again at Arbela, 331, and became master of the Persian Empire. In the following years he extended still further his conquests in Asia, and in 327 invaded India. He died at Babylon after a short illness, at the age

of 32, having reigned 12 years 8 months ; and his vast empire was divided among his generals. He is said to have regretted that there were no more worlds to conquer, and that Homer had not lived to celebrate his praises. See §24.

Antiochia, -ae, f. Antioch, the name of several cities founded by Antiochus, one of the successors of Alexander the Great. That mentioned iu § 4 as the birthplace of Archias, is the capital of the Greek Kingdom of Syria, on the R. Orontes, for long the most important city in the East, after Alexan- dria. At the time of this speech it had suffered much from the family quarrels of the reigning family, the Seleu- cidae, the Mithradatic war, and the attacks of the Parthians. At a later period it recovered and became one of the chief cities of the Roman Empire. Jerome calls it metropolis totius Orientis. It is the modern Antakia.

Appius, -ii, m. (§ 9), prob. Appius Claudius (or Clodius) Pulcher, father of the famous Publius Clodius, Cieero'a enemy. He was praetor in 89 (§ 9), and was struck ofi the Senate list by the censors of 86, possiblv because of

his negligence during his year of office ; possibly for political reasons. He is said, however, to have been a man of indifferent character. He was an adherent of Sulla, and perished in the battle of the Colline Gate, 82 B.C ) )

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 77

Archlas, -ae, m. Aulus Licinius Archias. See Introd. Armenii. -orum, m. pl. Armenians, natives o/ Armenia, an extensive district of Asia, bounded roughly on the N. hy the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea, on the W. by Asia Minor. They had been nominally conquered by the Persians, and incorporated with the Persian Empire, but were actually semi-independent, and frequently in revolt. After his defeat of Darius Codomannus Alexander

of Macedon (q.v.), included them in his empire ; on his

death they regained independence ; but again submitted to the Greek Kings of Syria. On the defeat of Antiochus the

Great by the Romans (190 B.c. ), they again became independent. Mithridates, King of Pontus, subdued the western portion of the district, but afterwards formed an alliance with its King Tigranes. In 69-68 b.c, Lucullus, the Roman general, after routing Mithridates, invaded Armenia, and defeated Tigranes in two pitched battles, near Tigranocerta and near Artaxata (§ 21). Under the early Roman Empire Armenia held the position of a semi- independent state, a " buffer " between the Roman pro- vinces and Parthia. The western portion, Armenia Minor, was made a province by Trajan.

Asia, -ae, f., Asia.

Athenae, -arum, f. pl. Alhens, the capital of Attica in Greece.

Brutus, -i, m. Decimus Brutus, surnamed Gallaecus for his victories over the Gallaeci, a people of Lusitania in N. Spain, when consul, 138 B.c. With the spoils taken in this war he built temples and monuments at Rome, one a temple of Mars near the Circus Flaminius, containing a colossal statue of the Ood by Scopas (Pliny, N. H. xxxvi. 5, 26). He was a patron of the poet Acoius (q.v.), and devoted to literary pursuits as well as war. (§ 27. C, for Caius, Roman praenomen. Carbo, -dnis, m. C. Papirius Carbo, tribune with M. Plautius Silvanus in 89 b.c. The two are famous for passing a law giving the Roman franchise to all burgesses of Italian cities under certain conditions, called usually the lex Plautia Papiria. (§7, note. Cato, -onis, m. (1.) M. Porcius Cato, surnamed the Censor .

78 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

(Censorius, also Sapiens, Maior, and Senex, see § 16, to distinguish him from his great-grandson, see below), born 234,

died 149 b.c. ; served with distinction in the second Punic War; was quaestor in 204, and served under Scipio Afri- eanus in Sicily and Africa. From this time dates his hostility to Scipio, whose luxury and extravagance he eonstantly denounced. He was praetor in 198, and received Sardinia as his province, which he governed with integrity. As Consul in 195, he won considerable successes in Spain, for which he was granted a triumph in 194. As a politician in later years, be was famous for the austerity of his life and principles, and his vehement opposition to the introduction of Greek luxury and refinement. He was censor in 184, and exercised the office with great rigour. In the year before his death he was one of the chief instigators of the third Punic War, main- taining that whilst Carthage existed Rome could not be safe. Whatever might be the motion before the Senate, when asked for his vote, he concluded his remarks witli the words, delenda est Carthago, ' Carthage must be destroyed.' He introduced the poet Ennius to Rome, and was rewarded by his praises (§ 22). He himself wrote several works, of which the De Re Rustica, ' On Agriculture," lias come down to us in a mutilated state, and thc Origines, or Early Roman History, of which we have only fragments. He is introduced as a character in Cicero's dialogue, De Senectute, also called the Cato Maior. (§§16,22.) (2) M. Porcius Cato, grandson of the above, and father of C. Uticensis. (§ 6.) (3). M. Porcius Cato Uticensis, great-grandson of the Cen- sor, whose austerity of life he imitated. Born in 95, he waa tribune of the plebs in 63, when he distinguished him.scll by his speech in the Senate calling for the execution of the Cati- linarian conspirators. Thereafter he became a proininrnt

leader of the aristocratic faction and an opponent of ( laesa i Crassus, and Pompeius. As a friend of Lucullus he supported Archias, and is referred to in § 22 in ' fouius.' In the civil war he sided with Pompeius and the Senate against Caesar; shared in the rout at Thapsus, 46, and committed suicide shortly afterwards at Utica rather than submit to the victorious Caesar: hence his surname Uticensis. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 79

Catulus, -i, m. Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul with Marius in

102 B.c. , and as proconsul with Marius next year deftated theCimbri near Vercellae in N. Italy. Catulus clainied the honour of the victory, but it was popularly ascribed to Marius. He was a member of the aristocratic party, well \ ersed in Greek literature, and an author of some reputation. Cic. praises his learning and taste in the Brutus, xxxv, 132; and makes him one of the speakers in his dialogue De Oratore. (§§ 5, 6.)

Chii, orum, m. pl. The Chiavs, people qf Chios, mod. Khio or Scio, one of the largest islands in the Aegean. It claimed to be the birthplace of Hcmer (§ 19).

Cicero, (1) M. Tullius Cieero, the famous orator, was born in 106 B.c. near Arpinum (a town which had received the full Roman franchise in 188). His family, though of good local position and of equestrian rank, and therefore wealthy,

' had not been ennobled ' by holding any curule office at Rome. Cicero was therefore a novua homo, and was looked down upon by the close circle of Roman nobility. His rise was entirely due to his ability and energy. At Rome he and his brother Quintus received the best education that

could then be obtained ; in 91, ou assuming the toga virilis, Marcus was placed under the care of Q. Mucius Scaevola, the augur, from whom he learnt the principles of law. In 89 he served his only campaign under Cn. Pompeius Stiabo, the father of the great Pompeius, in the Social war. Having no taste for a military life he retumed to his legal and oratorical studies. In 81 he delivered his first extant speech in defence of P. Quinctius. In the following year he defended Sext. Rosciusof Ameria on a charge of parricide brought by Chrysogonus, the powerful freedman and favourite of Sulla. His boldness in braving the anger of Sulla, and the skill and eloquence shown in his conduct of the case made him a marked man and placed him at once in the first rank of orators. The next few years he spent in study chiefly at Athens and Rhodes. He was quaestor in lr>, at Lilybaeum in Sicily, and won the affection of the provincials by his integrity. The following year he practised aa an advocate in Rome. In 70 he won further fame by his impeachment of Vcrres, notorious for cruel misgovcrn- ment as propraetor of Sicily. In 69 he was curule aedile in 80 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

66 praetor, and in 63 consul, thus obtaining each of these offices in the earliest year permitted by the law. Hi.s consulship was made famous by the Catilinarian conspiracy, an anarchist scheme to overthrow the government, which was crushed by Cicero's energy. In 58 Cicero was impeached by P. Clodius for his illegal execution of the Catilinarian conspirators and compelled to

retire into exile ; but he was recalled in the following year. In 51, much against his inclinations, he was sent to Cilicia as governor, and ruled his province with justice and moderation. ln 49, at the outbreak of the civil war between Caesar and Pompeius, Cicero sided with the latter, but, after the Battle of Pharsalia, 48, he was reconciled to the victorious Caesar. On Caesar's death in 44 Cicero again became prominent as leader of the republican party in opposition to M. Antonius (Mark Anthony), against whom he delivered his famous Philippic Orations. When Antonius, Octavian, and Lepidus fonned thealliance known as the second triumvirate, Cicero was given up to Antonius' vengeance and put to death, 43. Cicero was not only a statesmnn and an orator, but an eager student of literature and a most prolific and distinguished writer on an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. Besides his orations he published numerous works on rhetoric, moral

and political philosophy, theology, etc. ; and several poems, one of them on his consulship. The poems which were probably of little merit are lost, but of his prose writings a great number have come down to us, besides over 800 of his letters.

(2) Quintus Tullius Cicero. younger brother of the orator, was born about 102. In (57 he was aedile, praetor in 62 (when he presided at this trial), and for the next three years governor of Asia as propraetor. From 55 to 52 he served with distinction as legatus to Caesar in Gaul. Like his brother he joined Pompeius in 49, and was pardoned by

Caesar in 48 ; was proscribed by the triumvirs and put to death in 43 or 42. Though not so distinguished in literature as his brother he too was a lover of letters and poetry,

and a prolific writer of tragedies ; of which he once composed four in sixteen days (Cic. ad Q. Fratrem, iii. 6).

Cimbrlcus, -a, -um, adj., of the Cimbri, a Celtic people who, INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 81

in conjunction with the TeutSnes, migrated S. in a formidable body, defeated several Roman armies, and threatene.l Italy. In 102 the Teutones were cut to pieces by Marius at Aquae Sextiae (Aix) in Gaul, and next year the Cimbri by Marius and Catulus (q.v.), near Vercellae, 101. Colophonii, -orum, m. pl. Coloplionianx, people of Colophon, one of the 12 great Ionian cities of Asia Minor, near the coast, a few miles N. of Ephesus. It claimed to be the birthplace of Homer. (§ '9.)

Cordiiba, -ae, f. (§ 26), mod. Cordova, on the R. Baetis, one of the chief cities in Spain, capital of the province of

Baetica : made a Roman colony in 152 b.c. It seems to have been a centre of culture, and was the birthplace of the two Senecas and the poet Lucan.

Crassus, -i, m. (1.) § 6: L. Licmius Crassus, the most

famous orator of his generation ; born 140 B.c. At the age of 21 he attracted notice by his prosecution of C. Carbo

(119 B.c. ). He was consul in 95 with Q. Scaevola : censor in 92, and died in 91. (2.) § 11. P. Licinius Crassus, father of the triumvir, M. Licinius Crassus. He was con- in sul in 97 ; commander in Spain for several years, and 93

obtained a triumph for successes over the Lusitanians ; in 90 the legate of L. Julius Caesar in the Social War, and in 89 his colleagne in the censorship. In the Civil War he sided with Sulla, and committed suicide in 87 to avoid falling into the hands of Marius and Cinna.

Cyziceni, -orum, m. pl. Cyzicenes, people of Cyzicns (mod. Bal Kiz or Chizico), an old and powerful Greek commercial city in Asia Minor, on an island of the same name in the Propontis (Sea o': Marmora). It made a famous defence against Mithridates, who laid siege to it iu ~i -!'.>. but was driven off by Lucullus. (§21.)

D. for Decimus, R. praenomen.

DrQsus, -i. m. (§ 6), M. Livius Drusus, the younger (sonof M. Livius Drusus, the colleague and opponent of C. Gracchu»

in the tribunate, 122 B.c. ). He was tribune of the plebs in 91 b.c, and, though by birth a member of the aristocratie party, championed the principles of the extreme democratic party. He revived several of the measures of the price Gracchi, e.g , the distribution of corn at a nominal )

82 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

and grants of public lands to needy citizens. He also advocated the extension of the R. franchise to the Latini and Socii. He was, however, assassinated before his year of office expired.

Ennius, -i, m. (§§ 18, 22, 27.) Q. Ennius, the greatest of

the early R. poets ; born at Rudiae, in Calabria, B.c. 239, of Greek parentage, but a Roman subject. He served in the R. army in Sardinia, where he attracted the notice of

the elder Cato (q.v. ), who was serving there as quaestor, and was brought by him to Rome. Here he enjoyed the favour and protection of many distinguished Romans, especially the elder Scipio Africanus and M. Fulvius Nobilior. In advanced age he obtained the R. citizenship through the efforts of Nbbilior's son. He supported himself at Rome by actmg as tutor to the sons of Romaii nobles. The Romans regarded him as the father of their

' poetry ; Horace terms him a second Homer, alter Homerus'' (Ep. ii. 1. 50); Cicero, ' -ummus poeta noster,' and Vergil imitates many of his phrases. His Avorks, of wliich fragments only reinain, were chiefly epic, the most important being the Annales, a history of Rome, in 18

books ; he also wrote tragedies, comedies, satirae, etc. He died in 169 B.c. at the age of 70, and his statue or bust was

placed on the famous tomb of the Scipios (§ 22) ; in which he was buried, according to Suetonius, though Mommsen, the German historian, casts doubt upon this statement.

Fulvii, -orum, m. pl. The Fulrii (§ 22), the niost famous of whom were—(1) Q. Fulvius Flaccus, who was 4 times

consul in the 2nd Punic War, and recovered Capua ; (2) M. Fulvius Nobilior, a mtmber of another distinguished

plebeian family ; praetor \n 193, when he won successes in Spain; consul, 189, when he defeated the Aetolians, for w hich

he received a triumph ; censor, 179- He wafi fond of iiter- ature and art, anda patron of the poet Ennius (§27) (q.v.). Furius, -ii, m. L. Furius Philns (§ 16), consul 136 B.c, a friend of the younger Scipio Africanus and a member of the famous Scipionic circle. (Sce Scipio.

Gabinius, -ii, m. (§ 9.) P. Gabinius Capito, praetor in 89

B.c. , and afterwards propraetor in Achaia, where he was guilty of extortion, for which, on his return, he was tried and condemned. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 83

GaUi, -orum, m. pl. The Gauls (§ 25).

Graecia, -ae, f. Greece ; often = Magna Graecia, i.e., the Greek colonies of S. Italy. Graecus, -a, -um, adj. Greek.

Gratius, -ii, m. (§ 8.) Gratius or Grattius, only known as the prosecutor of Archias in this case.

Heraclea, -ae, f. mod. Palicoro, an important city in Lucania, in S. of Italy, on the R. Siris, founded by tlie Tarentines.

Heracliensis, e, adj , of Heraclea; pl., people of tleraclea. (§6, etc.) Hispani, -orum, m. pl. The Spaniards.

Homerus, -i, m. (§§ 19. 24.) Homer, the reputed author of the two famous epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssei/, which have come down to us, each in 24 books, describing the Siege of Troy and the subsequent wanderings of the Greek hero, Odysseus or Ulysses. His date and birthplace were equally disputed, many cities claiming him as their countryman, especially the 7 mentioned in the old epigram (Aul. Gell. N.A. iii. 11): 'E7TTO, TToXets diepifovcriv irepl pifav 'Ofxrjpov, 71/j.vpva 'P65os KoXocpuiv 2,a\a/j.iv Xios"Apyos 'Adr/vat, or, in its Latin form, Smyrna Rhodos Colophon Salamis Chios Argos Athenae Orbis de patria certat, Homere, tua.

Other cities, too, claimed him ; viz. , Ithaca, Pylos, Cyme, etc.

Hortensii, -Orum, m. pl. (§ 6.) The. Hortensii, a distinguished R. fainily, includinj; not only the orator (see below), but his father, consul in 97, and his brother, who won distinction in Greece as legate to Sulla. Q. Horten- sius, the rival of Cicero, was born 114 B.c, eight years before Cicero, and was consul 69. For many years he was the foremost orator and advocate at Rome (succeeding to the position held by L. Crassus, q.v.) until he encountered Cicero, who robbed him of his undisputed supremacy. As a politician he was an adherent of the Sullan and aristocratic party. He was famous, also, for his wealth and luxury, and is said to have been the first to put peacocks on the table.

Ilias, -adis, f. The Iliad. See Homerus. 84 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

Italia, -ae, f., Italy. Italicus, -a, -um, adj., Italian.

Iulius, -ii, m. (§ 11.) L. Julius Caesar, consul 90 bo. , in which year he proposed the Lex Juiia de civitate, granting the franchise to the Latins and Socii who had remained

faithful to Rome : censor in 89 b.c. He was a member of the aristocratic party and was put to death by Marius in 87 b.c. L., Lucius, Roman praenomen.

Laelius, -ii, m. (§ 16.) C. Laelius, the younger, surnamed Sapiens, famous as the intimate friend of the younger Scipio Africanus (q.v.), as his father, C. Laelius, the elder, had been the fiiend and companion of the elder Scipio Africanus. He was born in 186, was tribune of the plebs

151, praetor 145, consul 140 B.c. ; but though his public career was sufficiently distinguished, he was best known as a philosopher and litt^rateur. He is the chief character in Cicero's dialogue, Laelius sive de Amicitia.

Latinus, -a, -um, adj., o/ Latium, or the Latini, Latin.

Latium, -ii, n., a country of Italy, S. of the Tiber. In § 5 Latium = the Latin peoples, used in a wide sense of all communities possessing the ius Latii. See note.

Lentiilus, -i, m. L. Lentulus, praetor 89 b.c, otherwise unknown. (§ 9.)

Llcinius, -ii, m., Aulus Licinius Archias, see Introd.

Locrcnses, -ium. m. pl. Locrians, the people of the city Locri, called L. Epizephyrii to distinguish it from various peoples nained Locri in central Greece. It was a very ancient Greek colony in the S.E. of Bruttium in S. Italy, N. of the promontory of Zephyrium.

Liicullus, -i, m., the Luculli were a famous plebeian family : patrons of Archias. §§ .">. (i. 26. (1) The chief of the family at this time, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, liad been praetor in 103, and in 102 as propraetor had carried on the war unsuccessfully against the revolted slaves in Sicily. On his return to Kome he was condemned and compelled to go into exile, 101. He perhaps retired to Heraclea. His sons were Lucius and Marcus, see below. (2) Lucius Licinius Lucullus (§§11, 21), the conijueror of Mithridates. He was born about 120 b.c, served with dia- INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 85

cinction in the Social War and as quaestor, accompanied Sulla to Greece and Asia in 88. After the conclusion of peace with Mithridates, 84, Lucullus was left in Asia till 80. In that year he returned to Eonie, in 79 was curule aedile, in 77 praetor, in 74 consul, in which year he received the connnand against Mithridates (see Mithridates). He conducted the war with great success, but in 6(5 was superseded by his rival Pompeius. In 63 he obtained a triumph for his successes. In his late years he withdrew from public life, and became notoiious for luxury and extravagance, UDon which he spent the vast treasures he had amassed in Asia. In ridicule of his vast but useless labours in constructing parks, fish ponds, villas, etc, Pompeius nicknamed him the Roman Xerxes. He was also a munifi- cent patron of literature, and surrounded himself with a circle of Greek philosophers and literary men, amongwhom was the poet Archias. He died about 57. See also Introd. (3) M. Licinlus Lucullus, younger brother of thepreceding, was afterwards adopted by Terentius Varro, and subse- quently known as M. Terentius Varro Lucullus. He fought under Sulla in Italy in 82, waa curule aedile with his brother in 79, praetor 77, consul 73, and die^ before 49. His influence secured the bestowal of the iranchise of Heraclea upon Archias. § 6. See also Introd.

M. , Marcus, Roman praenomen. Magnus, surname of Pompeius, q.v.

Marcelli Claudil, -orum, m. pl. (§ 22), a famous plebeian family, the most distinguished of whom was M. Claudius Marcellus, five times consul (betw. 222 and 208), the opponent of Hannibal and the conqueror of Syracuse, 212 B.O.

Marius, -ii, m. C. Marius (§§ 5, 19), born 157 b.c, near Arpinum, of a humble family. He is said to have worked for wages as a common labourer before he entered the army. At the siege of Numantia, in Spain, 134, he attracted the notice of Scipio Africanus, who is said to have foretold his future greatness. He was tribune of the plebs, 119, and thereafter regarded as the leader of the extreme popular party. His inflnence wasgreatly increased by his marriage with Julia, the aunt of the great Julius Caesar. In 109 he accompanied Metellus to Africa as 86 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

legatus, and distinguished himself in the war against Jugurtha. Returning to Rome, he was elected consul and given the command against Jugurtha, 107. He prosecuted the war with vigour, and in 106 ended it by the capture of Jugurtha. Italy was now threatened by inroads of bar- barian hordes from the North, especially the Cimbri and Teutones. To check these Marius was elected consul in five successive years, 104-100. He crushed the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (Aix) in vS. Gaul, 102, and, in conjunction

with Catulus (q.v. ), the Cimbri near Vercellae in N. Italy, 101. The next year marks the turning point in Marius'

career : from an able and distinguished soldier he degenerates in an ambitious and unscrupulous politician. To secure the consulship for 100 he sided with the dema- gogues Saturninus and Cdaucia, but when they took up arms crushed them at the Senate's orders. ln 90 he took a prominent part in the Social War, but was outshone by Sulla. In 88 the command against Mithridates was given to Sulla. Marius intrigued to deprive him ot this, where- upon Sulla took up arms, marched upon Rome, and Marius fled. After many adventures, he reached Africa in safety. He returned to Rome in 87, and joined Cinna, Sulla being now in the East. The two then inaugurated a reign of terror, murdering all the adherents of Sulla who fell into their hands. For 86 Marius and Cinna named themselves consuls, bu« Marius died a few days after entering upon

his 7th consulship ; Cinna was slain in 84 by his own soldiers. Archias glorified Marius' exploits in a poem on the Cimbrian Campaign, § 19. Mars, Martis, m. Mars, God of War.

Maximus, -i, m. Fabius Maximus, a distinguished Roman family (§22), the most famous of whom was Q. Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator (' The Liixjerer ') from his cautious policy in refusing any open engagement with Hannibal. He was consul five times in 233, 228, 215, 214,

209, and dictator in 217 ; he died in 203.

Metellus, -i, m. (1.) Q. Caecilius Metellus Nunridicus (§6), a man of high character and ability. As consul, 109, lie carried on the war against Jugurtha, King of Numidia, witli energy and success, but was superseded by Marius

(q.v. ). On his return to Rome he was granted a triumph, INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 87

and received the surname of Numidicus, 107. In 102 he

was censor ; in 100 was banished by Saturninus, but recalled in 99.

(2.) Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius (§§ b, 7, 26), son of Numidi- cus, received the surname of Pius for the zeal he showed in securing the recall of his father from banishment, 99. He

was praetor in S9 (§ 7) ; in the civil war sided with Sulla and won many successes for him. He was consul in S0 with Sulla, and in the following year went to Spain, where for 8 years he prosecuted the war against Sertorius with little success till he was joined by Pompeius, shortly after whose arrival Sertorius was murdered. At the time of his death, 64 or 63, iie was Pontifex Maximus, and was succeeded in that office by Julius Caesar.

Mithridaticus, -a, -um, adj. Mithridaiic, against or of Mithri-

dates. (§21). Mithridates vi. , King of Pontus from 120

to 63 B.c. , was a monarch of great ability, and one of the most formidable foes Rome ever met. Ascending the throne at the age of 11, for the first 30 years of his reign he occupied himself io extending and strengthening his

kingdom ; thereafter he was at almost constant war with Rome. The first Mithridatic War lasted from 8S to 84 b.c,

and ended in the submission of the king to Sulla ; the second Mithridatic War, 83, was caused by Murena, who had been left by Sulla in command of Asia, wantonly invading the dominions of Mithridates. The latter decisively defeated Murena on the banks of the Halys, but on orders coming from Sttlla to cease hostilities a peace was concluded. The third or greac Mithridatic War lasted from 74 to 63. Mithridates began it by overrunning Bithynia and laying siege to Cyzicus. The siege was raised by Lucullus, 73,

(q. r. ), who also defeated Mithridates' fleet in a great naval

battle near Lemnos called, however, the B. of Tenedos ; he then forced back Mithridates into Pontus, and in two campaigns compelled him to flee to his step-son, Tigranes, King ofArmenia (72-70). Lucullus then invaded Armenia and defeated the two allied kings near Tigranocerta in ti!l

and Artazata, 68 : but was compelled to return to Asia- Minor by the mutinous and weary soldiers. Mithridates thus recovered much of his dominions. ln 66 Lucullus was superseded by Pompeius, who decisively defeated the kiug 88 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

and compelled him to flee beyond the Caucasus. In 63, failing in his schemes to rouse the wild tribes to the N. and \V. of the Euxine for a raid upon Italy itself, he committed suicide.

Mitjlenaeus, -a, -um, adj. Mitylenean, of Mityhne" (§ 24), the capital of the island of Lesbos off the coast of Asia Minor.

Miisae, f. -arum, , pl. The Muses, usu. nine in number,

goddesses of song, poetry, and the arts : hence often i.q. 4 the arts,' ' literature,' as in § 20. Neapolltani, -orum, m. pl. The Xeapolitans, people of Naples (Neapolis), an important Greek colouy in Campania, in S. Italy. It conferred its franchise on Archias. (§ 5.)

Numidicus. See Metellus (1).

Octavii, -orum, m. pl. The Octavii (§ 6), a well-known Roman family, the most famous of whom at this time was Cn. Octavius, consul in 87 with Cinna. On Sulla's departure for the East, the two consuls quarrelled. Cinna was expelled from the city, but returned with Marius, and Octavius was one of the first victims in the massacres which ensued.

Papia lex (§ 10, see Introd.). C. Papius was tribune of the plebs for 65 B.c, but is otherwise unkuown.

Pius. See Metellus (2).

Pldtius, -ii, m. (§ 20.) L. Plotius, famous as the firstteacher to set up a school of rhetoric at Rome, where declamation was practised in Latin instead of Greek. Cicero, we learn from a fragment of a letter of his preserved in Suetonius, was prevented from attending it by the prejudices of his friends, who regarded a Greek training as of more value.

Pompeius, -i, m. Cn. Pompeius, surnamed Magnus (§ 24) ;

born 100 b.c. ; first distinguished himself in the Social War, though only 17 years old, 89 b.c. When Sulla returned to Italy, 83, Pompeius raised an army to join him, aiul wae one of the most successful of Sulla's generals in cruahing the remains of the Marian party. From 7t> to 71 he com- manded with Metellus in Spain, and though unable to crush Sertorius, after his murder rapidly pacified the country. Returning to Italy, he fell in with the remains of Spartacus' army, which Crassus had defeated, and eutting ;

INDRX OF PROPER NAMFS 89

them to pieces, claimed the glory of finishing the Servile War. In 70 he was consnl. In 67, by the Gabinian law, he was given extraordinarv powers to clear the Mediter- ranean of pirates, which he accomplished in less than 3 months, and in 66, by the Manilian law, the command in the East against Mithridates (q.v.) in succession to Lucullus. In 60 he formed the First Tiiumvirate with Caesar and Crassus, and to cement the union married Caesar's daughter Julia. In 59 he was appointed consul for the second time, and in 52 sole consul to crush the anarchy which followed after the death of Clodius. At

this time Pompeius was the most powerful man at Rome ; but the growing influence of Caesar, now absent in Gaul, made a struggle between the two inevitable. In 49 the Civil War broke out. Caesar marched upon Rome Pompeius fled to Thessaly, and was defeated by Caesar at Pharsalia in 48. Thence he fled to Egypt, and was murdered on his arrival by the emissaries of the Egyptian

king, September, 48. ( iceio refers to him as the patron of the Mitylenean poet Theophanes (§ 24), upon whom he bestowed the Roman franchise as a reward for praising his exploits. For his rivalry with Lucullus, see Introd.

Pontus, -i, m. (§21.) (1) The Pontus Euxinus, or Blaclc Sea ; and hence (2) a distriet on the S. of this Sea, ruled by Mithridates.

Q, Quintus, Roinan praenomen. Regini, -orum, m. pl. Tke Rhegines, pvople o/ Rhegium (mod. Reggio), an important Greek colony on the coast of Bruttium in S. Italy. It bestowed its franchise on Archias (§§ 5, 10).

Roma, -ae, f., Rome. Romanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman.

Roscius, -ii, m. (§ 17.) Q. Eoscius, the most famous comic actor at Rome, especially noted for the grace of his gestures. He was born at Solonium near Lanuvium, it is said of

servile parentage, at a date unknown ; he died 62, the year of this speech. He enjoyed the favour and friendship of many distinguished Romans, Sulla for instance and Cicero, who pleaded for him in a civil action in an extant speech. Like his eontemporary, the tragic actor Aesopus, he made

an immense fortune by his art ; and his name became a by- 90 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

be C( nfuse(i with (2) an island coast of A tii; f ? off the

r borneuus Scipio Afncanus Maior, born 284 died *hni,f iaa'

r S CiP1 Aemilianus (1 T AfWcan Minor; i 6 ) ^ Wn i??8D Sn f T A° , of Maeedon ia but adopted W«^ bvT C* W^' tj J Scipi Afl aln,s son of AfricanuVWaX? f f"' ° the

(I49 ' 14S destroyed ; he «aptured and Cartha

These Seipios, and also other memhpra nf ti,„ f -i w„o,„ t„e y were the ce„t re JSLSHJ IXl^o^ INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 91

circle. Africanus Maior was a friend of the poet Ennius, Africanus Minor of Laelius, the poets Terence and Lucilius, the historian Polybius, etc.

Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily.

Slgeum, -i, n. (mod. Tenisheri), the N.W. promontory of the Troad, in N.W. corner of Asia Minor, on which were, according to tradition, the graves of several of the heros of the Iliad, viz. Achilles, Patroclus, Antilochus, Ajax (§ 24).

Silvanus, -i, m. (§ 7), see under Carbo above.

Smyrnaei, -orum. m. pl. Thc peopleof Smyrna, in the centre

of the W. coast of Asia Minor ; one of the oldest and most flourishing of the Greek colonies and still an important tnivn. It claimed to be the birthplace of Homer and erected a temple to his honour (§ 19).

Sulla, -ae, m. (§ 25.) L. Cornelius Sulla, surnamed Felix; born 138. He served as quaestor under Marius (q.r.) in Africa, 107, where he greatly distinguished himself. It was largely

Jugurtha was surrendered by Bocchus to Marius ; hence Sulla shared with Marius the glory of bringing the Jugurthine War to an end. He also served with distinction under Marius in the canrpaigns against the Cimbri and

Teutones : but incurred the jealousy of Marius, which was increased by the glory won by Sulla in the Social War. In 88 he was consul and received from the Senate the command against Mithridates (q.v.). The people under the influence of Marius and the tribune P. Sulpicius Rufus were mduced to transfer the commaud to Marius. Sulla there- upon fled to his army and with it marched upon Rome. Marius and his adherents were in their turn obliged to flee.

In 87 Sulla left for Greece ; in 86 he captured Athens, the

headquarters of the Mithridatic cause in Greece ; and defeated Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, near Chaeronea, and again in 85 near Orchomenus. In 84 he crossed to Asia, concluded a peace with Mithridates, and dispersed the army of the Marian general, Fimbria, who then committed suicide. In 83 Sulla returned to Italy. For the next few years he was occupied in subduing the adherents of Marius. In 81 he was appointed Dictator for an unlimited periodand thoroughly revised the constitution, ;

92 PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

curtailing the power of the people and increasing that of the Senate. At the beginning of 79 he resigned the Dictatorship and retiring to Puteoli spent the short remainder of his life in the literary pursuits to which hc had always been devoted. He died in the following year. Tarentlni, -orum, m. pl. The Tarentines, people of Tarentitm (mod. Taranto), the most important and flourishing of the Greek colonies in S. ltaly. It bestowed its franchise on Archias (§ 5).

TgnSdus or TenSdos, -i, f., a small island off the coastof Troas, in N.W. of Asia Minor, with a city of the same name. It gave its name to a battle in which Lucullus opened his campaign by decisively defeating the fleet of Mithridates, 73 B.c. (§ 21), but the engagement really took place nearcr Lemnos.

Themistocles, -is, m., a famous Athenian general and states- man of singular ability but unscrupulous character. He laid the foundation of the Athenian Empire by persuading his countrymen to build and maintain a powerful fleet and at a later period to fortify the city. To him was largely due the decisive victory of Salamis (q. v.) 480, B.c. In 471 he

was ostracised from Athens ; soon afterwards he was accused of treasonable correspondence with the Persians and fled for refuge to Persia where he died, 449.

Theophanes, -is, m., a learned Greek of Mitylene in Lesbos. He enjoyed the friendship and patronage of Pompeius

(q.v. ), who seems to have made his accjuaintance during the Mithridatic War, and bestowed upon him the Roman franchise as a reward for his eulogies (§ 24). He came to Rome with Pompeius, (>2 b.c, and accompanied him to Greece at the outbreak of the Civil War, 49. On the death of his patron lie returned to Italy and was pardoned by Caesar. He wrote a history of Pompeius' campaigns. —:

APPENDIX. VARIOUS READINGS.

Oniy the important variants are given, chiefly those whicfa in an examination might cause trouble to pupils. Mss. = most important manuscripts.

Page 2, line 19, lectissimum, Mss. : rectissimum, Reid, •most upright.' —P. 3, 1. 19, contigit, Mss. : (1) coepit, bcgan. (2) condidicit, Reid, 'learnt.' — P. 4,1. 7, etTarentini: add et Locrenses, not in Mss. from § 10. —P. 4, 1. 18, Et erat hoc ... virtutis, ut domus ... prima favit. eadem esset familiarissima senectui : (1) Sed etiam hoc ... virtutis est, domum... prima affuit, eandem esse familiarissimam senectuti, Reid, ' But tliis too shoics not only ... that ajamily which weu thefirst to assist him in his y -nth, is still the, most mtimate friend of his old age.' (2) as text save that for favit read patuit, ' was thiotcn open to.' Mss. have corrupt Sed etiain hoc ... virtutis, ut domus ... prima fuerit, eadem esset familiarissima senectuti.

—P. 5, 1. 4, M. Lucullo : Mss. have L. Lucullo here but M. Lucullus § 8. L. Lucullo is impossible siuce the elder Lucius was in exile and the younger Lucius, the details of whose life are well-known, did not go to Sicily at this time.

P. 5, 1. 22, tum, Mss. : (1) tu eum, Reid. I ) eum.—P. 6,

' 1. 8, videmus, Mss. : habemus, Reid, t/ie evidence which v>e have.'- P. 7. 1. 1, nullam lituram in nomine A. Licini videtis (1) nulla in litura nomen A. Licini videtis, Reid, ' the name oj A. L. over no erwnire.' (2) Thomas suggests nullam lituram,

' nomen, etc. , no evasure, simply thf name oj A. L.' (3) Reid suggests nullam lituram nominis, etc, l no erasnre oj the name of A. L.' Mss. have corrupt nullam lituram in nomen, etc. —P. 7, 1. 6, praeditis civitatem : (1) praeditis gratuito civitatem, ' without payment.' (2) praeditis non gravate 83 ;

9§ PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO

civitatem, ' ungrudgingly. ' Mss. have corrupt praeditis gravat

' in civitatem. — P. 7, 1. 23, quem : (1) quibus, at whirh.' (2) is quem, Reid. Mss. have corrupt quae. —P. 9, 1. 5,

' atque id eo : (1) atque adeo, Reid, the more.' (2) atque hoc eo, Halm. Mss. have corrupt atque hoc adeo. — P. 10, 1. 6, est

' certum quod, Mss. : est certum quid, Reid, / am clearabout the ansiver I must give.'—P. 10, 1. 7, sine doctrina et : et sine doctrina, Thomas and Mss — P. 12, 1. 4, et doctrina, Mss. : 2~>, ex dcctrina, Reid. —P. 12, 1. repudiabimus : repudiamus, Thomas and Mss. ' are we actually rejecting.'— P. 13,1. 19, natura et regione : (1) natura regionis, Baiter ; (2) natura egregie, Benecke. Mss. have corrupt naturae regione. —P. 14,

1. 1, v:lassis est : classis. et, Thomas and Mss. With latter reading pubject is depressa classis et navalis pugna, which are virtually one idea and hence verb is sing. ; cum is prep. ; cum interfectis ducibus goes closely with depressa classis

' as our achievemcnt shall be described ... the sinking of thefleet together ivith tht slaughter of the leaders, that rnarvellous sea

1. : fight off 7'.'— P. 14, 8, marmore. Atiis laudibus marmore ; cuius laudibus, Halm. Mss have corrupt marmoratis laudibus. — P. 14, 1. ld, eiciamus, Mss. ; eiciemus, Reid, ...' 'shall we — P. 16, 1. 8, dederet, Mss. : dederit, Reid, from do.—P. 16, 1. 13. illis libellis, Mss.: (1) in illis libellis. (2) in eis libellis, Reid.— P. 17, 1. 4, huius urbis atque imperii : (1) huiusce imperii; (2) huius urbis huiusque impeiii. iVIss. have corrupt huius aeque imperii. — P. 17, 1. 8, adbortatus sum, one Ms.,Reid: adornavi, Thomas and most Ed., ' equipjied himfur,' i.e. 'providfd him withfutt materials Jor,' best Ms. has corrupt adortavi. —P. 18, 1. 7, nonne, Mss. ; non, Thomas. —P. 18,

1. 14, mei : animi mei, Mss., Halm. — P. 19, 1. 10, quae a forensi aliena iudicialique, Halm : (1) quae fere a mea iudicialique, Reid, in which case a mea = aliena a mea,

' 'foreign to my,' cf. phrase ab re, awayfrom the matter' ; (2) quae a foro aliena ; (3) quae remota a mea. Mss. have corrupt quae firme a me. —P. 19, 1. 12, ipsius, Mss. : ipso, Thcmas, ' study itself

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