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An Assessment of Land Use Surrounding Hydropower Reservoirs Using Remote Sensing in Sarawak, Malaysia

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An Assessment of Land Use Surrounding Hydropower Reservoirs Using Remote Sensing in Sarawak, Malaysia Journal of Sustainability Science and Management eISSN: 2672-7226 Volume 15 Number 2, February 2020: 66-78 © Penerbit UMT AN ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE SURROUNDING HYDROPOWER RESERVOIRS USING REMOTE SENSING IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA JOAN ALICIA JOSEPH BLANDOI1, MOHD. AZIZUL HAFIZ JAMIAN2 AND JAYASILAN MOHD-AZLAN*3 1Hydro Department, Sarawak Energy Berhad, 93050 Kuching. 2Faculty of Social Science, 3Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: The existence of a complex river system in Sarawak has contributed to the abundance of its water resources. The State is drained by 22 major river basins and has a combined installed capacity of hydropower potentials of approximately 20,000 MW of sustainable energy. However, little has been documented on land use around these hydropower dams. The current study is aimed at understanding the general land use composition surrounding the existing and planned hydropower reservoirs in Sarawak. The land uses surrounding these dams are expected to influence the livelihood, water discharge and water quality of the dams. A total of ten sites were selected and land use surrounding these study sites identified using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System tools. Temporal assessment on land-use changes was only conducted for Batang Ai. The study found that a total of six sites have higher forest cover (> 50%) compared to built-up and agricultural lands and showed that 85% variation in built-up land is explained by reservoir area. Agricultural land has increased at the mean rate of 2.25% within 500 metres distance from Batang Ai reservoir shoreline. The findings of this study will hopefully contribute to the knowledge of hydropower reservoir planning and management. Keywords: Reservoir shoreline, forest cover, hydroelectric planning, sustainable energy, green economy, Borneo. Introduction country’s hydropower potentials are found in Dams are typically designed to store water East Malaysia (Ali et al., 2012). Bakun Dam and have played an integral role in the early (2,400 MW), which was built on Balui River history of many civilisations (Luis et al., 2013). of the Upper Rajang River Basin in Sarawak, The International Hydropower Association’s has the largest hydropower installed capacity (IHA) Hydropower Sustainability Assessment in Malaysia. The state of Sarawak, located on Protocol (HSAP or the “Protocol”) defines the island of Borneo, has a total land area of 2 ‘reservoir’ as “any artificial pond or lake used 124,450 km and is drained by 22 major river by the project for storage and regulation of basins. Its three largest river basins are Batang 2 water”, and reservoir area as “the area that is Rajang (approximately 50,000 km ), Batang 2 inundated when the reservoir is at its maximum Baram (approx. 22,000 km ), and Batang Lupar 2 expected level and the dry buffer zone above (approx. 6,500 km ) (Department of Irrigation this level” (IHA, 2018). In Malaysia, there are at and Drainage Sarawak, n.d.). In the year 1981, least 73 man-made lakes that have been created the Master Plan for Power System Development for purposes such as water supply, irrigation, for Sarawak was completed. Known as the hydropower generation, and flood mitigation SAMA study (1981), the document identifies the (Luis et al., 2013). potential combined installed capacity and energy production for hydropower in Sarawak as 20,000 The hydropower potential in Malaysia is MW and 87,000 GWh, respectively. Currently, identified at 29,000 MW (Hosseini & Wahid, 17.3% (3,452 MW) of Sarawak’s hydropower 2014). Eighty-five per cent (85%) of the potentials have been developed at Batang Lupar AN ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE SURROUNDING HYDROPOWER RESERVOIRS 67 (or, the Batang Ai Hydroelectric Plant (HEP) hydropower reservoir (Luis et al., 2013). Land- (108 MW)) and Batang Rajang at Bakun HEP use change within the draining river basin (2,400 MW) and Murum HEP (944 MW). poses threats that may lead to lake degradation The selection of suitable hydropower projects in Malaysia (Sharip & Zakaria, 2008). In and the optimum long-term power expansion Cameron Highlands, rapid developments due programme in Sarawak depends on the energy to intensive agricultural activities, urbanisation, demand scenarios (SAMA Consortium, 1981). infrastructure expansion, and deforestation are A site that is deemed as unsuitable at present among the factors that have contributed to soil may become attractive in the future and this erosion in the upper river reaches (Gasim et shall depend on various conditions and factors al., 2009). The Ringlet Reservoir in Cameron (e.g., power tariffs, social, and environmental Highlands was designed with a total storage characteristics) surrounding the development capacity of 6.5 million m3 with an estimated of the potential hydropower site (International lifespan of 85 years, but over 50% of its storage Finance Corporation, 2015). In the past decade, capacity has been taken up by sediments within energy development in the State was driven by just 35 years of operation (Luis et al., 2012). the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy Vegetated buffer strips around the reservoir (SCORE). SCORE was identified by the past shoreline can play a critical role to serve various Federal Government of Malaysia as one of five management objectives. Zainuddin et al. (2013) economic development corridors in the country stated that the main difference between “riparian and this development agenda targets 10 high- buffer” and “buffer zone” is the latter is simply impact priority industries – aluminium, oil- a strip of land along the riverbank and may not based, steel, glass, and the trigger industries (i.e., necessarily have flora and fauna. Based on the marine engineering, palm oil, livestock, timber- Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) based, aquaculture, and tourism) (RECODA, Manual on River Management (2009), there is 2015). The energy-intensive industries such as no “one-size-fits-all” riparian buffer zone that aluminium smelting, iron ore and steel plants will serve ecological functions and therefore are mostly concentrated in the Bintulu region. must be based on the objectives of the buffer At the current capacity, the Bakun and Murum zone. Riparian buffer improves water quality by hydropower plants are capable of electrifying trapping and removing various non-point source at least two aluminium smelter plants (Faizal et pollutants and provides habitat for plant and al., 2017). The hydropower capacity in Sarawak animal species (Fischer & Fischenich, 2000). The is projected to increase to 3,500 MW and 7,723 size of the riparian buffer zone may differ from MW by the years 2015 and 2020, respectively one lake to another, depending on the functions (Ong et al., 2011). The upcoming Baleh of the buffer zone as well as the management Hydroelectric Project (Baleh HEP), which is to objectives. DID (2009) recommended the size be constructed on the Baleh River, is expected of buffer zone, among others: to protect water to produce approximately 1,200 MW power. By quality (5–30 m); to reduce bank erosion (10–20 the year 2030, the State is expected to develop m); to provide food input/aquatic habitat and a total of 9,379 MW hydroelectricity power to maintain light/temperature level (5–10 m); (Faizal et al., 2017). to provide terrestrial habitat (30–500 m); to Similar to other lakes around the world, enable agricultural production (10–30 m); and the hydropower reservoirs in Malaysia exhibit to attenuate downstream flood (20–150 m). a variety of physical characteristics. The two This study is the first in Sarawak to have most challenging aspects of hydropower utilised the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic lake management are to manage the issue of Information System (GIS) to identify the general reservoir sedimentation and the risk of storage land use composition within 500 metres distance loss resulting from unsustainable land-use from the reservoir shoreline of the existing and practices within the catchment area of the planned hydropower reservoirs in Sarawak. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management Volume 15 Number 2, February 2020: 66-78 Joan Alicia Joseph Blandoi et al 68 There is virtually no information on the types of the policy-makers on the hydropower reservoir land use adjacent to the hydropower reservoirs planning and management. in Sarawak. The identification of land use and The study was conducted within the land cover is made possible by using remote following scopes: (i) General assessment on the sensing because different land cover features land-use composition surrounding the reservoir (e.g., water, soil, vegetation, and cloud) reflect at 500 metres distance from the reservoir visible and infrared lights in different ways shoreline of the existing and planned hydropower (Navalgund et al., 2007). The spatial, temporal, reservoirs; and (ii) Detailed assessment on the and spectral resolution on a satellite image can temporal land-use change for every 100 metres, help in determining the suitability to detect within the 500 metres distance from the Batang different land cover types (Aspinall & Pearson, Ai reservoir shoreline. 2000). The rationale of this study is to describe the Materials and Methods general land use composition along the shoreline of the existing and planned hydropower Study Area reservoirs in the state of Sarawak. The fact that The study area is located “strictly within the 500 buffer zones surrounding reservoir are crucial metres distance from the reservoir shoreline of in ensuring the sustainability of the hydropower existing (n = 2) and planned (n = 8)” hydropower operations and management, there are no known reservoirs in Sarawak. Ten sites were selected, legal requirement, standards or guidelines for the namely, ‘Batang Ai’, ‘Murum’, ‘Baleh, Belaga’, protection of hydropower lakes in Sarawak. Any ‘Pelagus’, ‘Baram’,’ Limbang 1’, ‘Limbang 2’, land uses adjacent to the hydropower reservoir ‘Lawas’, and ‘Trusan 2’. Because of security, the rim if developed in an unsustainable manner, coordinates of the study sites are not provided.
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