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The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017 The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Saunois, Marielle, et al., "The global methane budget 2000-2017." Earth system science data. Papers in open discussion (2019): doi 10.5194/essd-2019-128 ©2019 Author(s) As Published 10.5194/essd-2019-128 Publisher Copernicus GmbH Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124698 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-128 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 19 August 2019 Science c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017 1 2 3 1 Marielle Saunois , Ann R. Stavert , Ben Poulter , Philippe Bousquet , Josep G. 2 4 5 6 Canadell , Robert B. Jackson , Peter A. Raymond , Edward J. Dlugokencky , Sander 7,8 9,10 1 11 12 Houweling , Prabir K. Patra , Philippe Ciais , Vivek K. Arora , David Bastviken , 13 14 15 6 5 Peter Bergamaschi , Donald R. Blake , Gordon Brailsford , Lori Bruhwiler , 16,17 3 18,19,20 9 Kimberly M. Carlson , Mark Carrol , Simona Castaldi , Naveen Chandra , 21 22 23 24 Cyril Crevoisier , Patrick M. Crill , Kristofer Covey , Charles L. Curry , Giuseppe 25,26 27,28 29 30 Etiope , Christian Frankenberg , Nicola Gedney , Michaela I. Hegglin , Lena 31 32 33 33 Höglund-Isaksson , Gustaf Hugelius , Misa Ishizawa , Akihiko Ito , Greet Janssens- 13 34 35 36 10 Maenhout , Katherine M. Jensen , Fortunat Joos ,Thomas Kleinen , Paul B. 37 37 38 39 Krummel , Ray L. Langenfelds , Goulven G. Laruelle , Licheng Liu , Toshinobu 33 33 34 40 Machida , Shamil Maksyutov , Kyle C. McDonald , Joe McNorton , Paul A. 41 42 33 35 43 Miller , Joe R. Melton , Isamu Morino , Jurek Müller , Fabiola Murguia-Flores , 44 33,45 20 46 Vaishali Naik , Yosuke Niwa , Sergio Noce , Simon O’Doherty , Robert J. 47 48 49 50 51 15 Parker , Changhui Peng , Shushi Peng , Glen P. Peters , Catherine Prigent , 52 1 38 53 Ronald Prinn , Michel Ramonet , Pierre Regnier , William J. Riley , Judith A. 54 55 14 56 57,58 Rosentreter , Arjo Segers , Isobel J. Simpson , Hao Shi , Steven J. Smith , L. 37 22 56 33 Paul Steele , Brett F. Thornton , Hanqin Tian , Yasunori Tohjima , Francesco N. 59 60 1 61 Tubiello , Aki Tsuruta Nicolas Viovy , Apostolos Voulgarakis , Thomas S. 62 63 8 64 20 Weber , Michiel van Weele , Guido R. van der Werf , Ray F. Weiss , Doug 65 66 1,27 33 41 Worthy , Debra Wunch , Yi Yin , Yukio Yoshida , Wenxin Zhang , Zhen 67 1 1 53 68 Zhang , Yuanghong Zhao , Bo Zheng , Qing Zhu , Qiuan Zhu , and Qianlai 39 Zhuang 1Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), 25 Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 2Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, VIC 3195, and Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 3NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Science Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 1 Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-128 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 19 August 2019 Science c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data 30 4Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2210, USA 5School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. 6NOAA ESRL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA 7SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, the 35 Netherlands 8Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate Cluster, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 9Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan 40 10 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan 11Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada 12Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden 45 13European Commission Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (Va), Italy 14Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, 570 Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA 15National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington, New Zealand 50 16 Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA 17 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822, USA. 18Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy 55 19Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia 20Impacts on Agriculture,Forests, and Ecosystem Services Division, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Via Augusto Imperatore 16, 73100 Lecce, Italy 21Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, LMD-IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique, 91120 Palaiseau, 60 France 22Department of Geological Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 23Program in Environmental Studies and Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA 24School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, 65 Canada V8W 2Y2 25Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma 2, via V. Murata 605 00143 Rome, Italy 26 Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 70 27 Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States 28Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States 29Met Office Hadley Centre, Joint Centre for Hydrometeorological Research, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK 2 Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-128 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 19 August 2019 Science c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data 75 30Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB, United Kingdom 31Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program (AIR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria 32Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm 80 University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 33Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan 34Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA 85 35Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 36Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany 37Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia 38Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050-Brussels, 90 Belgium 39Department of Earth, Atmospheric, Planetary Sciences, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 40Research Department, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK 41Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, 95 Lund, Sweden 42Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada 43School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK 44NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), 201 Forrestal Rd., Princeton, NJ 100 08540, USA 45Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Nagamine 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan 46School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK 47National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK 48Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Science, University of Quebec at 105 Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada 49Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. 50CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Pb. 1129 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway 51CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Lerma, Paris, France 110 52Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Building 54-1312, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 53Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, US 54Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, 115 Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia 55TNO, dep. of Climate Air & Sustainability, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508-TA, Utrecht,The Netherlands 56International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife 3 Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-128 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 19 August 2019 Science c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA 120 57Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Lab,
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  • 1.Russian Information Weapons; 2.Baltic Department of Defense, Or the US Defenses (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) Against Government

    1.Russian Information Weapons; 2.Baltic Department of Defense, Or the US Defenses (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) Against Government

    Sponsor: USEUCOM Contract No.: W56KGU-17-C-0010 Project No.: 0719S120 The views expressed in this document are those of the author Three Discussions of Russian Concepts: and do not reflect the official policy or position of MITRE, the 1.Russian Information Weapons; 2.Baltic Department of Defense, or the US Defenses (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) against government. Russian Propaganda; and 3.Russia’s Development of Non-Lethal Weapons Author: Timothy Thomas March 2020 Approved for Public Release: Distribution Unlimited. Case Numbers 20-0235; 20-0050; 20-0051; 19-3194; and 20-0145. ©2020 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. McClean, VA 1 FOREWORD Russia has long been captivated by the power of information as a weapon, most notably in a historical sense using propaganda to influence and persuade audiences. With the onset of the information age, the concept’s development and application increased dramatically. The power of information-technologies when applied to weaponry increased the latter’s capabilities due to increased reconnaissance and precision applications. The power of social media was used to influence populations both at home and abroad. Both developments fit perfectly into Russia’s information warfare concept, whose two aspects are information-technical and information-psychological capabilities. Information’s universality, covertness, variety of software and hardware forms and implementation, efficiency of use when choosing a time and place of employment, and, finally, cost effectiveness make it a formidable commodity when assessed as weaponry. Russian efforts to define and use IWes are well documented. In the 1990s there were efforts to define information weapons (IWes) at the United Nations, efforts that failed.