Shr ink ing Cit ies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MANCHESTER / LIVERPOOL II LIVERPOOL / MANCHESTER ARBEITSMATERIALIEN WORK ING PAPERS PABOCIE MATEPIALY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MANCHESTER / LIVERPOOL MANCHESTER / LIVERPOOL II --------------------------------------------- March 2004 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shrinking Cities A project initiated by the Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany) in cooperation with the Gallery for Contemporary Art Leipzig, Bauhaus Foundation Dessau and the journal Archplus. Office Philipp Oswalt, Eisenacher Str. 74, D-10823 Berlin, P: +49 (0)30 81 82 19-11, F: +49 (0)30 81 82 19-12, II [email protected], www.shrinkingcities.com TABLE OF CONTENTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3INTRODUCTION Philipp Misselwitz 5MAP OF THE M62 REGION 6STATISTICAL DATA: MANCHESTER / LIVERPOOL Ed Ferrari, Anke Hagemann, Peter Lee, Nora Müller and Jonathan Roberts M62 REGION 11 ABANDONMENT AS OPPORTUNITY Katherine Mumford and Anne Power 17 CHANGING HOUSING MARKETS AND URBAN REGENERATION: THE CASE OF THE M62 CORRIDOR Brendan Nevin, Peter Lee, Lisa Goodson, Alan Murie, Jenny Phillimore and Jonathan Roberts 22 CHANGING EMPLOYMENT GEOGRAPHY IN ENGLAND’S NORTH WEST Cecilia Wong, Mark Baker and Nick Gallent MANCHESTER 32 MANCHESTER CITY PROFILE Phil Misselwitz 35 TIMELINE: MANCHESTER 1750—2002 Alan Kidd 40 REGROWTH OF A SHRINKING CITY Ed Ferrari and Jonathan Roberts 52 MANCHESTER: A BRIEF ECONOMIC HISTORY Alan Kidd 65 MANCHESTER IN PROSPECT Alan Kidd 75 HYPOCRITICAL CITY: CYCLES OF URBAN EXCLUSION Rosemary Mellor 90 MANCHESTER ENGLAND Dave Haslam 94 LOCAL MUSIC POLICIES WITHIN A GLOBAL MUSIC INDUSTRY: CULTURAL QUARTERS IN MANCHESTER AND SHEFFIELD Adam Brown, Justin O’Connor and Sara Cohen LIVERPOOL 114 LIVERPOOL CITY PROFILE Phil Misselwitz 118 TIMELINE: LIVERPOOL 1699—2004 Jon Murden 130 LIVERPOOL — CHANGING URBAN FORM Ed Ferrari and Jonathan Roberts 137 HISTORY BROKE LIVERPOOL, AND IT BROKE MY HEART Linda Grant 140 URBAN REGENERATION, POLITICS AND SOCIAL COHESION: THE LIVERPOOL CASE Richard Meegan 163 PORT STATISTICS Patrick Keiller 168 ADDRESSES AND CONTACTS 170 BIBLIOGRAPHY 173 AUTHORS 175 COLOPHON APPENDIX: PHOTOGRAPHS MANCHESTER / LIVERPOOL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II | 3 INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Manchester and Liverpool lie in the North-West of England, barely 35 miles apart. Both cities have been pioneering cities, epitomising the beginning of the industrial age. In the 1930s, the population of both cities peaked at just under 900,000 inhabitants, and each lost around half of its population when deindustrialisation led to a process of relentless decline. Manchester and Liverpool, earlier than other cities in the world, had to struggle and, to some extent, succeeded in shaking off the image of decay.After a period of urban renewal in the 1990s, today both cities share a sense of new optimism. Despite these similarities, the relationship between the two cities is complex. Manchester and Liverpool’s bitter rivalry extends to their football teams, music, cultural institutions and obtaining funds from the European Union, the Central Government or the Lottery. To a large extent, this antagonism is rooted in century-long differences in economy, social constitution and urban culture, despite the fact that they were famously linked by the first passenger railway in the world: Manchester being a logistical centre for cotton and textile industries while Liverpool’s growth was mostly generated by the power of its docks and global trade connections.The inherent difference between the two cities can be seen in the way issues of decline and regeneration have been approached.The following selec- tion of articles will explore the various manifestations of growth or shrinkage in both cities. Far from providing a comprehensive or complete picture, they focus on particular aspects and provide individual insights into the reality of the post-industrial city and there- fore reflect the overall research approach of the Shrinking Cities project. For Liverpool, the acclaimed Liverpool-born writer and journalist Linda Grant will give a personal account of a life intimately intertwined with the changing fortunes of the city, while Jon Murden provides a more general chronology of key events in the city’s more recent history.The sociologist Richard Meegan analyses the complex role of the Liverpool municipality during the period of decline and renewal — focusing in particular on the period in the 1980s when the local Council went into almost militant opposition to the Thatcherite neo-liberal experiment, which left the city in a state of abandonment and free fall. Meegan also shows how, in recent years, Liverpool has begun to catch up and opti- mism has been greatly boosted by its recent successful bid to become Europe’s Cultural Capital in 2008. In a series of provocative statistics, the writer and film-maker Patrick Keiller will explore the current position of the docks without dockers: handling more tonnage than ever before, today, the docks employ a mere 800 people and embody the successes and failures of new ‘jobless growth’ in post-industrial cities. For Manchester, historian Alan Kidd provides a social-economic history of growth, decline and regeneration, highlighting the fact that Manchester — much earlier than Liverpool, chose the path of coalition with Central Government in the late 1980s, shifting away from municipal socialism towards a new entrepreneurialism based on the concept of privati- sation and public-private partnership, which put the city in a lead position in regional renewal. The DJ David Haslam provides a very personal description of the role of subculture and the music scene in the urban and spiritual regeneration process of Manchester, which was, together with a change in municipal policies, the single most important factor boosting growth in the city. A different perspective on the local music scene is offered by Adam Brown, Justin O’Connor and Sara Cohen, who focus on policy initiatives aiming to exploit its potential to stimulate urban regeneration.The sociologist Rosemary Mellor takes a critical look at the urban inequalities and polarisations in Manchester that form an important part of present-day reality despite being, at times, suppressed by the rhetoric of successful regeneration. II | 4 Manchester and Liverpool faced processes of urban decline and renewal more than a decade before other regions like Ivanovo or East Germany — an experience that can provide invaluable insights and inspiration to other urban regions worldwide.The specific urban conditions of shrinkage helped to generate a period of unique and unprecedented cultural production in the field of popular music, visual arts and architecture, which are widely admired and even copied. But the contributions of this working paper look beyond these important — yet at times romanticised models — towards the polarised urban reality of the beginning post-renewal period, characterised by the simultaneity