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Nykyaikainen Merisodankäynti Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Sotataidon laitos Julkaisusarja 2: Tutkimusselosteita nro 10 Nykyaikainen merisodankäynti Ville Vänskä MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU SOTATAIDON LAITOS JULKAISUSARJA 2: TUTKIMUSSELOSTEITA NRO 10 NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF WARFARE SERIES 2: RESEARCH REPORTS NO. 10 NYKYAIKAINEN MERISODANKÄYNTI VILLE VÄNSKÄ MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU SOTATAIDON LAITOS HELSINKI 2021 Ville Vänskä: Nykyaikainen merisodankäynti Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Sotataidon laitos Julkaisusarja 2: Tutkimusselosteita nro 10 National Defence University Department of Warfare Series 2: Research Reports No. 10 Uusimmat julkaisut pdf-muodossa: http://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/73990 Kansikuva: Laivue 2020, neljä saaristossa (Merivoimat, CC BY 4.0) © Tekijä & Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu ISBN 978-951-25-3199-8 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-25-3200-1 (pdf) ISSN 2343-5275 (painettu) ISSN 2343-5283 (verkkojulkaisu) Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu – Sotataidon laitos National Defence University – Department of Warfare Tämä teos on lisensoitu Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 -käyttöluvalla. Tarkastele käyttölupaa osoitteessa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/deed.fi. Teoksessa käytettyjen kuvien lähteet ja tarkemmat lisenssitie- dot löydät kirjan sivulta 145. Punamusta Oy Tampere 2021 SISÄLLYS LUKIJALLE ........................................................................................................................ iii ESIPUHE ............................................................................................................................. v 1. MERISODANKÄYNNIN MUUTTUMATON PÄÄMÄÄRÄ ............................. 1 Merisodan yleinen teoria .................................................................................................. 1 Jeune École – nuori koulu ...............................................................................................................3 Suomen meripuolustuksen teoreettinen tausta ............................................................. 7 2. MERISODAN KUVA TOISEN MAAILMANSODAN PÄÄTYTTYÄ ........... 13 Kylmän sodan synty ....................................................................................................... 13 Yhdysvaltain laivasto kylmässä sodassa ....................................................................... 15 Neuvostolaivasto toisen maailmansodan jälkeen ....................................................... 20 Sergei Gorškov ............................................................................................................................. 23 Sukellusvene K-141 Kursk .......................................................................................................... 25 3. KYLMÄN SODAN MERITAISTELUITA ............................................................. 29 Korean sota 1950–1953 ................................................................................................. 29 Suezin kriisi 1956 ............................................................................................................ 34 Kuuban ohjuskriisi 1962 ................................................................................................ 38 Vietnamin sota merellä 1964–1975 .............................................................................. 41 Intian ja Pakistanin sota 1971 ....................................................................................... 45 Lähi-idän sodat 1967 ja 1973 ........................................................................................ 48 P15T Styx – MtO 66 –Silkworm .............................................................................................. 49 Operaatio Nooa ........................................................................................................................... 52 Tankkerisotaa Persianlahdella ....................................................................................... 54 Falkland 1982 .................................................................................................................. 57 General Belgranon upottaminen .................................................................................................... 65 Exocet ......................................................................................................................................... 67 Ruotsin sukellusveneselkkaukset .................................................................................. 67 U 137 / S-363 .......................................................................................................................... 69 Persianlahden sota ja kylmän sodan päättyminen ...................................................... 69 4. MERISODANKÄYNTI KYLMÄN SODAN JÄLKEEN ................................... 73 Merivoimat Jugoslavian hajoamissodissa .................................................................... 73 Toinen Persianlahden sota 2003 ................................................................................... 74 Kesäsota 2006 ................................................................................................................. 76 Gazan merisaarto vuodesta 2007 lähtien ..................................................................... 78 Poliisitehtäviä merellä .................................................................................................... 80 Merirosvo joka lankesi ansaan ..................................................................................................... 83 M/S Arctic Sea .......................................................................................................................... 84 Kiinan A2AD ja harmaa merisota ................................................................................ 85 Terrorismi merisodankäynnin välineenä ..................................................................... 90 Venäjän federaatio merisodassa .................................................................................... 92 Gerasimovin opit .......................................................................................................................... 96 Suuri sukellusvenejahti Tukholman saaristossa .......................................................... 99 i 5. MERISOTA 2020-LUVULLA .................................................................................. 103 Yhdysvaltain laivasto 2020+ ....................................................................................... 103 Venäjän laivasto 2020+ ............................................................................................... 105 Suomen merivoimat 2020+ ........................................................................................ 109 Pohjanmaa-luokan korvetti ........................................................................................................ 112 Merivoimien pintatorjuntaohjus – Gabriel 5 .............................................................................. 113 6. MERISODANKÄYNNIN KEHITYSLINJOJA .................................................. 117 Yleiset sodankäynnin muutostekijät ........................................................................... 117 Merisodankäynnin uusi koneaika ............................................................................... 121 7. MAAILMA ON SAARI ............................................................................................. 133 LÄHDEKIRJALLISUUS ............................................................................................... 135 KÄSITTEITÄ JA MÄÄRITELMIÄ ............................................................................ 139 KUVALÄHTEET ........................................................................................................... 145 ii LUKIJALLE hmiskunta muodostaa ryhmiä turvallisuutensa takia, ja nämä ryhmittymät hakevat kanssakäymistä muiden vastaavien kanssa. Tätä kutsutaan politiikaksi. Suurvalto- I jen välisen kilpailun lisääntyminen ja geopolitiikan paluu ovat kasvattaneet alueel- listen kriisien mahdollisuutta. Konfliktien ennakkovaroitusajan lyhentyminen ja soti- laallisen voimankäytön kynnyksen alentuminen ovat tyypillisiä turvallisuusympäristön muutoksia. Maailma on muuttunut monimutkaisemmaksi ja sitä hallitsee epävakaus, monimerkityksellisyys sekä epävarmuus. Nykyaikainen sota kuvataan laaja-alaiseksi, kompleksiseksi ja kaoottiseksi. Merisodankäynnin hallitsemisen lähtökohtana on tuon luonnonelementin – meren – ymmärtäminen. Tässä operatiivisessa toimintaympäristössä on se lainalaisuus, että siellä toimivat ovat vain vierailijoita. Ihmiset elävät pääsääntöiset maalla, eikä merta voida valloittaa pysyvästi. Kuitenkin ihmiskunnalla on mereen ikiaikainen suhde, kun sen antimia on käytetty ravinnoksi sekä sen tarjoamia vesiväyliä kuljetuksiin. Merisodan klassisena päämääränä on pidetty merenherruuden saavuttamista. Nykyään merenherruuden käsitteen sijasta on alettu käyttää termiä merenhallinta, joka ilmaisee kuka käyttää merta ja millaisin reunaehdoin. Kontra-amiraali Joseph C. Wylien mu- kaan merivoimallinen teoria sisältää merenherruuden muodostamisen ja sen hyödyn- tämisen maa-alueiden hallinnan luomiseksi. Meren hallitseminen on ollut merkittävää nimenomaan suurille merivalloille, kuten Yhdysvalloille ja Britannialle, joten tärkeim- mät merisodankäynnin teoriatkin on laadittu noissa maissa. Komentaja Ville Vänskä käsittelee kirjassaan Nykyaikainen merisodankäynti niin merisodankäynnin historiaa kuin sen teorioitakin aloittaen kontra-amiraali Alfred T. Mahanista ja Sir Julian Corbettista edeten loogisesti kohti tätä
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