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The Origin of the Curvilinear Plan-Form in Irish Ecclesiastical Sites: a Comparative Analysis of Sites in Ireland, Wales and France

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The Origin of the Curvilinear Plan-Form in Irish Ecclesiastical Sites: a Comparative Analysis of Sites in Ireland, Wales and France Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Doctoral Science 2009-10-01 The Origin of the Curvilinear Plan-Form in Irish Ecclesiastical Sites: A Comparative Analysis of Sites in Ireland, Wales and France Clare Crowley Technological University Dublin Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/sciendoc Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Crowley, Clare. (2009). The Origin of the Curvilinear Plan-Form in Irish Ecclesiastical Sites: A Comparative Analysis of Sites in Ireland, Wales and France. Technological University Dublin. doi:10.21427/D7N304 This Theses, Ph.D is brought to you for free and open access by the Science at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License THE ORIGINS OF THE CURVILINEAR PLAN-FORM IN IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL SITES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SITES IN IRELAND, i .• WALES AND FRANCE (VOLUME 112) SUBMITTED BY CLARE CROWLEY B.A. (HONS) To SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AT DUBLIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR THE AWARD OF PHD. SUPERVISOR: DR PAT DARGAN OCTOBER 2009 DECLARATION I certify that this thesis which I now submit for examination for the award of PhD, is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. This thesis was prepared according to the regulations for postgraduate studies by research of the Dublin Institute of Technology and has not been submitted in whole or in part for an award in any other Institute or University. The Institute has permission to keep, to lend or to copy this thesis in whole or in part on condition that any such use of the material of the thesis be duly acknowledged. Signature <2.9v-e. ~ Clare Crowley ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thi's has been a game of two halves, and so I must first acknowledge those who were with me at the beginning - my fellow postgrads at Rathmines House and all who worked there. A special tribute must be made to the late Leo Swan, without whom this project would not have begun. The Everest-like task of finishing what I started could not have been done without the support and encouragement of my former colleagues and friends in Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd, who also kindly allowed me to make use of their archaeological database and anything else I needed - thank you Lisa, Siobhan, Seana, Lindsay, Kieron, Gary, Dave, Ben, Ed and Mags. Thank you also to my friends Kate, Gemma, Niarnh, Maria, Mary, Aoife, Anne, Sue, Nodlaig and Toril for supporting me and accepting that I would be off-grid for a while! The support and boundless enthusiasm of my supervisor Dr Pat Dargan has been an inspiration from the beginning and was instrumental in the completion of this thesis. A special mention also to Dr Kevin Griffin - for his friendship and encouragement over many cups of coffee! Both Pat and Kevin have been of immense help in all ways, including academic. Last, but by no means least, I want to thank my family - they gave me the courage to take the step back onto the ladder and keep climbing until I reached this point! So I say thank you with much love to Mir (a study-buddy for the last two years), Ruth (I 'eponge! For keePing me sane), Hel (yoga-buddy, all-round cheerleader and tireless printer and proof-reader), Mam and Dad (for everything, but mostly for believing), Denis (bodyguard services in Provence much appreciated), James, Clodagh and Lauren. A final thank you to my brother Paul, who died too soon, but who I know has been with me from the start - he would be amused by the sports analogy at the beginning of these acknowledgements! ii ABsTRACT This thesis looks at the origins of the curvilinear plan-form in ecclesiastical sites in Ireland, through the detailed examination and comparative analysis of a selection of field study sites in Ireland, Wales and France. It asks the fundamental question: is the concept of the curvilinear plan-form in Ireland home-grown or an import? Curvilinear ecclesiastical settlements that appeared to be originating in the Early Medieval period in Ireland, conform to what looks like a universal pattern. The characteristics of this pattern commonly include an inner and outer curvilinear enclosure, with a church, burial ground and other ecclesiastical structures and features (for example the round tower and high crosses) located within the inner enclosure. Swan had proposed that these curvilinear Irish ecclesiastical sites had evolved in a unique manner and the pattern found at Irish ecclesiastical sites is commonly viewed as different to the rest of Europe. In 1989, Swan attended a conference at which there was a presentation of research undertaken on a group of villages in Languedoc (southwestern France). These villages bore a remarkable similarity to the Irish 'pattern'. To date there has been no investigation of these apparent similarities. There is a lack of knowledge with regard to the origins of these sites - how such similarity in plan evolved and when - and there has been no examination of the physical characteristics and plan of ecclesiastical settlements in France or elsewhere in relation to the Irish sites. The lack of comparative archaeological and documentary investigation in this area provided an opportunity to offer a real and significant contribution to the study of the evolution of Irish ecclesiastical sites, the origins of the curvilinear plan-form and its role in the formation of settlement. There are known trade and communication links between Ireland, Britain and the Continent (including southern France) in the prehistoric and Early Medieval periods. As Ireland's closest neighbours, it was considered most likely that if this curvilinear ecclesiastical settlement pattern was not unique but had spread either to or from the Continent, it should manifest in these areas. Could the pattern of ecclesiastical settlement in Ireland be a product of a non-Roman non-urban environment, in other words, a localised phenomenon? In order to identify any potential differences or shared characteristics a detailed study was undertaken of curvilinear settlements with ecclesiastical origins in Ireland, in the thoroughly Romanised southern France (to iii include those sites noted by Swan in Languedoc) and in south Wales, an area on the margins of the Roman Empire but which came under substantial Roman influence and later Irish monastic influences. Where urban centres grew up around the Irish ecclesiastical foundations, the lines of the original enclosures are often still visible in the property boundaries and street-plan of the modem town or village. Once laid down, property boundaries and streets are rermirkably resilient to change and as such they represent a significant category of evidence for the curvilinear plan-form. For this reason it was decided to examine field study sites where the ecclesiastical site was incorporated within a modem town or village. The investigation uses a multi-disciplinary approach, with each site examined using a combination of detailed historical investigation, available archaeological evidence, field survey and plan-analysis. The results of the investigation demonstrated that while the Irish ecclesiastical 'pattern', with all its components was a product of a native settlement layout, the concept behind its most recognisable element, the curvilinear ecclesiastical enclosure, was not. The curvilinear ecclesiastical enclosure was almost certainly a product of the cross-cultural transference of ideas, notably those of asylum, sanctuary and the symbolic importance of the circle. The use of the curvilinear enclosure in the context of ecclesiastical settlements also appears to have been a deliberate act, rather than a convenient re-use of existing settlement or burial forms. In conclusion, it can be stated that ecclesiastical sites had a profound influence on the formation of settlement in all three of the study areas. It is clear that the church played a significant role in the genesis of Early Medieval and Medieval settlement in all three study areas, perhaps even in the sense of a nascent 'town planning', with the curvilinear plan-form being part ofa pan-European movement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................... ii ABsTRACT ...................................... " ............................ " ............... .iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................. xiii GLOSSARY OF TERMS ........................................................................ xv NOTE ON CONVENTIONS USED IN THE TEXT .............................................. xx CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 2 1.1 Research ............................................................................. 3 1.2 Study Area ........................................................................... 3 1.3 Field study Sites .................................................................. ,. 4 1.4 Investigative Techniques .......................................................... 5
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