The Story of Suffragettes’ Campaign as Reflected in Suffragette: A Film Directed By Sarah Gavron (Feminist Literary Criticism)

Siti Lika Fadillah, Dodi Oktariza, Asridayani

English Literature Program Faculty of Language Muara Bungo University

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This research analyzes about the suffragettes’ story in campaigning women’s as reflected in Suffragette film. The purposes of this research are to explain bad treatments over women in male – dominated society, to describe the struggles of the suffragettes in suffragettes’ campaign pursuing the “votes for women” and the related history facts toward suffragettes’ campaign. In analyzing the research, the writer uses feminist literary criticism and some supporting theories. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data is formed in words and pictures. The data is analyzed through four procedures: identifying, classifying, analyzing and making conclusion. The results of this research are bad treatments over women in male – dominated society: women’s stereotyping, inequality in the workplace, and women’s subordination in marriage. Later, the writer finds out the struggle and the suffering of these women in campaigning women’s suffrage: consciousness – raising, peaceful campaign, and militant campaign; the last, the writer finds some related history facts toward suffragettes’ campaign as reflected in Suffragette film.

Key words: Struggle, Suffering, Suffragette, Women’s suffrage campaign, , History

I. INTRODUCTION Fetterly in Guerin (2005:223) has bluntly Women of today have acquired pointed out, "Literature is political," and equality as human in society as they can its politics "is male." Gratefully, at the get education and position in public sphere present time, women can speak up loudly both socially and politically. As in politics, through their literary works. Literature can some women have proved that they can be be the reminder of the struggles and president, prime minister or stateswomen. inspiration for women such as through the However, this might not be happened main female characters who are brave, women cannot be participated in strong, and independent. Among the election as candidates or giving vote genres of literary works, Film is as one of that it was not the case more than a the renowned literary works. it conveys century ago where in many nations, verbally through the dialog and visually women's suffrage was granted through the action and it makes film as an before , so women from interesting media of literature works certain classes or races were still unable to because the watcher can imagine clearly vote. In the nineteenth century, it was and easily about the literary works. assumed that women did not need the vote One of the literary works that because their husbands would take portray about the seldom- part history of responsibility in political matters. the struggle of getting women’s suffrage The oppression of women and the especially in Britain is Suffragette film. struggle to end it can be traced through the Suffragette is British historical period literature as literature is a product of drama film about women's suffrage in the human life. Historically, women authors , the film is produced, have to struggle hard to be heard as directed, written and main starred by

1 British women. Suffragette is a label for the access to folders of unpublished letters the more militant activists in the women's in the library of the . suffrage movement, in particular members Referring to the facts above, the of the Women’s Social and Political Union writer argues that it is necessary to analyze (WSPU). Apparently, they are fighting for Suffragette film through feminist literary the vote, but in certainty they are fighting criticism as Suffragette’s campaign is an for far more. They are fighting to be important piece of history that most people recognized as citizens of some value, to be of today do not know. The film helps us to able to vote, to say about their working know that women’s suffrage is not conditions, to have legal rights, to be something naturally down to the ruling counted and this Suffragette film deal with. class’s innate decency, but there is history Suffragette film contains feminist and fight behind it as women before us and historical issues as the mid-nineteenth suffered just so we could vote. It can be a until the beginning of the twentieth century reminder for women who do not bother to witnessed a patriarchal male society and vote and a representation of women who female dependence, with women never give up and never surrender. Then, struggling to attain social equality. The the writer expects the research will have a history of exposes a diversity of contribution in enriching the research of injustices for women. According to Tong feminism and history of literature. The (2009:3), patriarchal society uses a rigid writer wants to analyze the struggle and to ensure that women are the history of suffragettes’ campaign in passive (affectionate, obedient, responsive Suffragette film. The writer carries out a and sympathetic, cheerful, kind, friendly) research entitled The Story of and men are active (strong, aggressive, Suffragettes’ Campaign as Reflected in curious, ambitious, full of plans, Suffragette: A Film By Sarah Gavron responsible, rationality, ability to control (Feminist Literary Criticism) emotion, and competitive) where as feminism is an umbrella term for a II. METHOD OF THE RESEARCH diversity of views about injustices against In writing this research, the writer women it relates to the belief of the uses descriptive qualitative research equality for women and ends all kinds of method which means an descriptive injustices over women because of their sex analysis and qualitative is not in numbers and people who believe and practice as Punch (1998:3) states that Qualitative feminism are called feminist. According to research is empirical research where the Tyson (2006: 83), feminist criticism in data are not in the form of numbers. It is literature examines the ways in which also supported by Creswell (1994:45) literature (and other cultural productions) states that a qualitative study is defined reinforce or undermine the economic, inquiry process of understanding a social political, social, and psychological or human problem, holistic picture, and oppression of women. formed with words. Suffragette film uses fiction to Qualitative research aims to explore women’s history, it is not firmly describe the phenomena process, meaning, accurate. It bends history around central and understanding through words or people and events, but the film is still pictures. This research uses qualitative rooted in the history of the women’s method because the data of this research is suffrage movement. Gavron (2015:986) formed in words and pictures and mentions that the making of the film is described the phenomena of feminist and collaborated with some experts in the historical aspects of the suffragettes’ history of women's suffrage and also get campaign in Suffragette film. This method is applied through two techniques:

2 The writer classifies the data found a. Collecting the Data Suffragette film, for instance, the scenes In collecting the data, the writer and the dialogues of the feminist and uses library research. Nawawi (as cited in historical issues of the suffragettes’ Nisfandy, 2011: 25) states that in library campaign in Suffragette film. Moreover, research, the research activity is conducted the writer also classifies books, theories, by gathering the data from various and journal which suit the research. literatures. The literature used is not 3. Analyzing limited only on the books but also can be a The writer analyzes the scenes documentary material, magazine, feminist and historical issues of the newspaper, and the other written data, law, suffragettes’ campaign in Suffragette film principle, opinion etc which can be used to and the secondary data such as the journals analyze the investigated problem. and articles related to research object The writer uses library research to 4. Making conclusion get information and to collect data by The last step, the writer makes the selecting written sources which are conclusion and suggestion of all data about relevant to the topic that the writer feminist and historical aspects of the analyzes. After that, data would be suffragette campaign in Suffragette film observed the important and relevant data. from all the steps above to make this Then, write down the data. All these steps research obviously. are applied in this research, as follows: 1. Watching Suffragette film by Sarah III. RESULT Gavron several times and In this research, the data is reported understanding the film. in writing. The writer uses informal 2. Finding out the important data and method to present the research because the identifying the relevant sources that data that analyze in the form of word based can support the data. on the finding is presented through natural 3. Writing down or making note about language and not in artificial language. some data that refers to feminist and The writer presents as an historical aspects. introduction outlining the background of the problem that relates with Suffragette b. Analyzing the Data film, identification of the problems then in After collecting the data, the writer order to avoid excessively large analyzes the data by using some discussions, based on the identification of procedures. They are: the problem, the writer has limit to discuss 1. Identifying only about several problems and The writer identifies the data both formulated these problems through three from the primary data: Suffragette, a film research questions: directed by Sarah Gavron and secondary 1. How bad treatments are over women data: books, journals, articles, and other in male – dominated society as sources. Here, the writer identifies the reflected in Suffragette film? content of the film which relates with 2. How are the struggles of the research object which are bad treatments suffragettes in suffragettes’ campaign over women in male – dominated society, pursuing the “votes for women” as the struggles of the suffragette in reflected in Suffragette film? suffragettes’ campaign pursuing the “votes 3. How the related history facts toward for women”, the related history facts suffragettes’ campaign are reflected in toward suffragettes’ campaign as reflected Suffragette film? in Suffragette film. Afterward the writer decides the 2. Classifying purpose of the research, and ends with the

3 systematic of writing in this research. In through the history. It is also portrayed in method of the research, the writer will Suffragette film where the main cause of outline in depth of studies. Furthermore, the women’s suffrage is the existing of the writer will discuss some data that inequality that women get in this male refers to feminist and historical aspects dominated society. The writer finds some based on the research questions. bad treatments that are committed to the women in Suffragette film by men IV. DISCUSSION dominated society, as follows: The writer explains the finding of research as found in Suffragette Film by 4.1.1. Women’s Stereotyping Sarah Gavron. This research analyzes The Stereotype is an oversimplified and Story of Suffragettes’ Campaign as conventional view of typing persons or Reflected in Suffragette film as a thing. Then, a gender stereotyping is representation of gender inequality characteristics based on gender as Office between women and patriarchal system in of the High Commissioner for Human society using feminist literary criticism. Rights (2014:1) mentions that gender Furthermore, in analyzing the film, stereotyping is a generalized view or the writer finds the data and discusses to preconception about attributes, or clarify the data that focuses on the characteristics that have to be possessed by discussion of three points: 1. bad women and men or the roles that are or treatments over women in male – should be performed by men and women. dominated society, 2. the struggles of the The superiority of men can oppress suffragette in suffragettes’ campaign women politically, economically, pursuing the “votes for women” and 3. psychologically and physically as Related history facts toward suffragette portrayed in Suffragette film. Women’s campaign as reflected in Suffragette film. subordination occurs because of the wrong women’s stereotyping as dependent, 4.1. Bad treatments over women in incapable intellectually and physically than male – dominated society men, so they should be inferior. These For years, women are oppressed in stereotypes make women incapable many ways because of their sex and functioning in the public and private regarded as second sex in the society. The sphere such as in politics. It also portrayed male dominated society relates to the through voice over in the Suffragette film: patriarchal. In a patriarchal system, men have the power as superior, dominate Situation: voice over of some anti – social systems, and have authority over women’s suffrage male politician, it is women and children. illustrated using montage film editing (a Sultana (2011:8) makes few technique of juxtaposition of separate examples of bad treatments over women shots to create into a sequence) in men dominated society: burden of household work on women, lack of Politician 1 : Women do not have the educational opportunities and freedom, calmness of temperament or wife battering, male control over women, the balance of mind to in workplace, lack of exercise judgement in inheritance or property rights for women political affairs [chattering]. Politician 2 : If we allow women to vote, and etc. The followings are some brief it will mean the loss of explanations of those kinds bad treatments social structure. Women are over women in male dominated society. well represented by their Phenomena of bad treatments over fathers, brothers, husbands women in male dominated can be traced [chattering].

4 Politician 3 : Once the vote was given, it argues that men do not hate women but would be impossible to stop fear them. Then, suffrage politicians can at this. Women would then be called as sexist male. is also demand the right of linked with gender stereotypes. Sexist becoming MPs, cabinet males do not hate women, they still admire ministers, judges women as an intimate and family relation, [chattering]. but their admiration does not include ( 00.01.35 – 00.02.03) appreciation and respect as they still The dialogue above conveys some discriminate women. arguments against the women’s suffrage in In parliamentary elections, it needs Britain. It shows the prejudice of anti - votes to get such political positions which women’s suffrage politicians in against the are core positions in running a government women’s suffrage by mentioning wrong and if women get the vote right then the even harmful stereotyping of women as door is already opened for them to propose incapable intellectually and physically than women in the elections because they men. The bad treatment can be seen in already counted. Then, elected women will how men view women at the time and treat fight for more women rights that seem them based on the view (stereotype). favour women than men such as for The politician 1’s voice over shows position of power (MPs, cabinet ministers, the subordination of women and harmful and judges). Sexist male will not easily stereotypes as women are passive, inferior, allowed as for them women does not suit emotional creatures and not suitable in in active part especially in the maintenance political affairs because women can make of law and order. When women get the a decision as men did. These opposed vote or occupations that supposed to men women’s suffrage politicians at the time sphere, women are regarded not respect regards women are unfits creature for men as superior and the protector. direct competition with men. Then, the politician 2’s voice offer 4.1.2. Inequality in The Work Place insists that women traditionally Suffragette film focus on the represented as the inferior gender, a WSPU members which are called passive object that cannot survive on its Suffragettes in campaigning women’s own and already represented by men in her suffrage especially through working class family (giving vote). It means that perspective so that campaign of women’s women’s vote as well as her voice is not suffrage in Suffragette also portray the bad considered necessary. Moreover, giving treatments over women in the workplace. dependency to women is regarded Inequality in workplace based on changing the system that works. Women’s gender can be called job segregation. suffrage will make an avowal that women Hartmann (1976:139) states that it is are equal with men and absolutely this rooted from the combination of radical male dominated society cannot allow it. It feminist and with the is also breaking the social structure where impact of capitalist system on the men regarded fit in public sphere and segregation of the labour. The forms of women fit in domestic. inequality in the work place could be the Last, the politician 3’s voice over’s hazardous working condition, wage gap, clarify the reason of the harmful work hours, and also sexual harassment as stereotyping which is fear. Fear and portrayed in Suffragette film: sexism are the reason of the wrong stereotypes of women that anti - women’s Situation: Maud delivers her testimony suffrage male politicians give against the about women suffrage from working’s granting women the vote. Paglia (1991:15) women perspective at the House of

5 Commons in front of the Chancellor of the Mr. Lloyd : And your pay? Exchequer, Mr. Lloyd George. George Maud : We get thirteen shillings a Mr. Lloyd : Your mother worked at the week, sir. For a man it’s George laundry? nineteen and we work a Maud : [Silence for a while] From third more the hours. when she was fourteen. They’re outside most days She’d strap me on her back on deliveries so at least or under the copper vats if they’re in the fresh air. I’d sleep. All the women did 00.19.33 – 00.21.54 it who had babies then. Mr. Lloyd : Your employer allowed From the dialog above, it shows George that? that the occupation as a laundress has been Maud : He’d have you back as soon going on for generations. Maud’s mother as you could. started to work in young age like the other Mr. Lloyd : He? laundress. For laundresses with babies as George Maud’s mothers has double hard work. Maud : Mr. Taylor Absolutely, they have to their basic unpaid Mr. Lloyd : And does your mother still works or in Marxist terms it is called George work at the laundry? reproductive labour often defined to Maud : [Shaking head] She died when I was four. [Nods, include cooking, cleaning and raising Hesitates, Yet Mr. Lloyd children (Vogel, 2013). George’s Silence, Quietly Hazardous condition in her Provokes Her On] Vat workplace is also the issue that Maud’s tipped, scalded her. deliver in her testimony. She starts about Mr. Lloyd : [visibly unsettled] What of the death of her mother by saying “Vat George your father? tipped, scalded her (mother)”. The laundry Maud : [shrugs] Don’t know him. at the time absolutely is different with the Mr. Lloyd : And you worked for Mr. laundry today. In now days, laundry George Taylor- factory with the improved safety and Maud : part time from when I was health awareness; advanced technology seven, full time from when I uses sophisticated washing machine where was twelve. Don’t need much schooling to launder more than 100 years ago as portrayed in shirts. I was good at collars, Suffragette laundry house still using an steaming the fine lacing. old-fashioned and hazardous machine Got the hands for it. I was She already worked there since she made head washer at was seven years old. It is really not safe for seventeen. Forewoman at kids to work there with all the hot water, twenty. Twenty four now so- fume and steam, but as an orphan without Mr. Lloyd : You’re young to have such a education she only has a limit choice and George position. the employer tends to take children worker Maud : Laundry work’s a short life for maximize the profits as these children if you’re a . would be low wages. Maud stresses again Mr. Lloyd : And why is that? George how dangerous the condition of her Maud : You get your aches and your workplace by saying that “Laundry work’s chest cough, crushed a short life if you’re a woman.” The fingers. Leg ulcers, burns, laundry house could make health hazards headaches from the gas. We which is caused by using of hot water and had one girl last year chemicals which can be addictive with poisoned. Can’t work again. incorrect and over limits of usage. The Ruined her lungs. exposures of chemicals and fume in almost

6 closed building without proper ventilation can endanger these laundresses. Whilst, Mr. : [stands at the counter, laundryman work in delivery of the Benedict hurriedly writing a cheque, laundry clothes so they often work outside Haughton about to hand it to the the building and get the fresh air and their Police Officer] How much working hours shorter than the women. is bail? Police : Two pounds, sir. is gender pay Job’s segregation Mrs. Alice : No, Benedict, you must bail gap. According to Foubert in Kagitci Haughton all the women. I cannot be (2013:92) defines that gender pay gap is the only one to go free. the difference between the average pay of Benedict please- [snatches male and female employees. In UK the act the cheque out of his hands, of equal pay was passed in 1970, under reaching for a pencil.] Equal Pay Act though it had to wait until Mr. : I will not. 1983(the Equal Pay Amendment Haughton Regulations) for a legal entitlement to Mrs. : [asks the Police Officer] equal pay for work of equal value. Haughton How much is the sum? Maud mentions gender pay gap in Police : Two pounds, each. Mrs. Alice : Twelve pounds to release her workplace that women get 13 shillings Haughton all the women. Please sign a week and men get 19 shillings. it. Moreover, women works three hours more Mr. : [silent] and also in hazardous work condition than Haughton men and these women workers have Mrs. : It’s my money. My money. important role in laundry. Women already Haughton gendered in domestic labour could weaken Mr. : [Turns on Alice gripping the position of women as the wage labor in Benedict her tightly by the arm.] But workplace, their labor is uncompensated or Haughton you’re my wife. And you’ll obtain low wage in labor market because act like a wife. I have their earning regarded unskilled than men humoured you Alice, thus far but... this is an outrage. in labor market. [turns on the officer] Thank you. [straightens his coat, 4.1.3. Women Subordination in nods to the Police Officer Marriage and then waiting, turning to Traditional British common law Alice] Come on. discriminated married women. Under the 00.30.48 – 00.31.30 legal doctrine of marital unity, it was called coverture or the “unity principle. Married women has no right in Wojtczak (2009) concludes that the property even though upper class women subordination of women in marriage could enjoy the some inheritance property, includes: property, brutality and custody or but under the coverture they do not own it parental rights of children and these forms and it is still controlled by the husband and of subordination of women in marriage are the wife could not use the property without portrayed in Suffragette film as one of the her husband’s approval. Under the issues of bad treatment over women in coverture, wife has no right neither of her male dominated society, as follow: husband’s wage nor her wage. Upon marriage a woman’s assets became her Situation: Some Suffragettes are caught in husband’s property and so did her labor riots courtyard of House of Commons. and future earning as if she earned wages Among them are Maud and Mrs. Alice outside the home, those wages belonged to Haughton. Mrs. Haughton is wife of an him; she could not make contracts without MP, Mr. Benedict Haughton. his approval (Cott, 2002).

7 The subordination of married journey of the suffragettes’ (Militant women in using her own property is members of WSPU) fight in campaign for portrayed above where Mrs. Haughton and the ‘’ votes for women’’ in United upper class suffragette begs to her husband Kingdom. They are fighting to be to write a cheque to free all women. When recognized as citizens of some value, to be he refuses, she protests “It’s my money. able to vote, to say about their working My money.” He still refuses, merely conditions, to have legal rights, to be manhandles her out of the room. Mr. counted and this Suffragette film deal with. Haughton is an MP who actually an anti – In campaigning the ‘’ votes for women’’, suffragette. He kept silent enough about Suffragettes do everything that they could her wife activities in suffragette, but by the in their struggles and they have endured caught of his wife then he thinks it is pain and made a lot of sacrifices in their already out of the limits. Furthermore, he struggles, as follows: reminds her wife about her position as a wife then he should obey her husband as 4.2.1. Consciousness-raising the protector and the ruler no matter what By gaining feminist consciousness, “you’re my wife. And you’ll act like a women will have strength and motivation wife.” Mrs. Alice Haughton may not be to challenge the patriarchal forces that they spending the night in police custody, but receive and struggle for themselves and she is not free either. their rights. Lerner (as cited in Nutsukpo, Married woman does not only lost 2017:19) defines feminist consciousness her rights for all the property that she has thus: 1. The awareness of women that before the marriage, but also the property they belong to a subordinate group and that she earned or inherited during the that, as member of such a group, they marriage such as her wages also belong to have suffered wrongs; 2. the recognition her husband. that their condition of subordination is not natural, but socially determined; 3. 4.2. The Struggles of The the development of a sense of Suffragettes In Suffragettes’ sisterhood; 4. the autonomous definition Campaign Pursuing The “Votes by women of their goals and strategies For Women” as Reflected In for changing their condition; and 5. the Suffragette Film. development of an alternative vision of The male dominated society creates the future. culture and social structure that oppressed women in many spheres. How these Situation: After rendered homeless, women could speak up to change the law Maud is back to her works. She ignores and society that oppressed them, when everyone include her employer, Mr. they are kept powerless and voiceless. Taylor who tries to humiliate, intimidate It is unbelievable to make the and sexually harass her. oppressors will admit their dominance and change the system without some forms of Mr. : [laying newspaper down at struggle against the barriers and forces as Taylor ironing press next to her, Douglass (as cited in Zack, 2016:145) silently turning the pages-] Mrs states that If there is no struggle there is no ’s undesirables. It’s progress; Power concedes nothing without not a bad photograph, though. Maud : [seeing the newspaper with the a demand it never did and it never will. surveillance photos] Nevertheless, women were far Mr. : I might cut it out. Put it on my from passive recipients of this oppression. Taylor wall. I want you out, Maud. It is what Suffragette film wants to portray [his hand around Maud’s back, about. It portrays the dark and powerful leaning into her ear, one of his

8 hand flat on the ironing press] words, but her fight is continuous with After everything I done for deeds as she sues revenge when she burns you. Mr. Taylor’s hand with a hot flat iron Maud : [angry until-] And how I’ve reaching for a scalding iron, slamming it paid for it... [reaching for a down. It lands hard on Taylor’s hand. scalding iron, slamming it Then, Mr. Taylor perfectly knows she is down. It lands hard on Taylor’s hand-] not his doll anymore and it could be a Mr. : [blood curdling scream, reminder for him to think twice about Taylor echoing across laundry hall] putting his hands on other women. Maud : [hurrying out, clocking the Maud bravely beats the monster. shocked stares of the other] She might do not know what happen to her Male : [going to Taylor’s aid] next. She might lose her job, when she is laundry [shouting at onlookers] What already rendered homeless by her husband. you looking at? Call the police! It will emphasize more the negative stigma Don’t let her go. of society that she already has. Where 00.19.33 – 00.21.54 society regards her as something they called shame of being unladylike behavior Mr. Taylor humiliates and tries to and more over she might be prisoned, she seduce her. He asks her to leave his perfectly knows is that she is free from the activism and back to what she used to be monster and his prison. which is be a good worker and good doll. Maud is his favorite worker. It is not only 4.2.2. Peaceful Campaign because she is naturally having good There are two forms in ability in laundry work, but also she ever once being his object to satisfy his sexual suffragettes’ campaign pursuing the “votes for women” which are peaceful and urges. Actually, they are a lot of Maud’s militant campaign. fellow worker mostly women near to them, Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) and its member but they all keep silent like it is something suffragettes are mostly known for their common and absolutely they are lost sense militant activism, but they do peaceful of sisterhood. It is a dirty open secret that campaign too. According to Purvis the boss is a sex offender, but no one (2016:2), in its early years the WSPU wants to challenge Mr. Taylor. engaged in peaceful agitation, but all to no Mr. Taylor threat her to remember effect; there was little newspaper coverage what he has done to her such giving her of their events and the issue did not grab job when she is actually a young lone – the eye of parliament and with the broken orphan. Maud used to be a doll just likes promises of the parliament, they are going other female worker around her, lack of to be more militant. consciousness that they believe they are Suffragette film also shows the naturally subordinate, powerless and peaceful campaign where these women voiceless. However, her consciousness struggle by giving testimony in the House leads her to fight back. She is not the same of Commons and peaceful protesting. It woman that she used to be. She rebukes can be seen from the data below: Mr. Taylor’s by answering ‘’ And how I’ve . It is clear that even though paid for it...’’ Situation: ce she is given job by Mr. Taylor, but she has A MP’s wife, Mrs. Ali Haughton is giving an announcement to to pay it with heavy price as she is the laundresses that PM, Mr. Herbert sexually harassed; paid with low wages Asquith agree to let labour women giving and has to see how Mr. Taylor preys testimony. She persuades these women to Maggie. She cannot hold that anymore. participate and chooses one of them to She is filled with anger at the way she has deliver the testimony. been treated. She does not only show it by 9 let these women giving their testimony in Mrs. Alice : [standing addressing a strengthen their cause. It shows a slight Haughton growing crowd of hope when the Prime Minister Mr. laundresses] It is men who Herbert Asquith agrees to let the working have all legal rights over women giving their testimony. our children. It is men The giving testimony by the who control our economic working class could reveal about their existence. It is men who hold the deeds to our working condition and women’s suffrage property. and the Prime from women working perspective. It also Minister, Mr Asquith, has reinforces to pass the legal rights of agreed to a hearing of women’s suffrage. Women not just a testimonies of working reproductive labour, but they also could women up and down the labour in job market too. It is time from country. We have an these exploited women worker “to come opportunity to and speak up” to challenge the demonstrate that as status quo. But, just like a typical women are equal to men patriarchy society, women participation in in their labours, so they changing their condition by gaining their should be equal to men in their right to vote. This is rights is unacceptable. In contrast, the your moment to come women’s subordination is unconsciously forward and speak up. I believed as something common in this will choose one person male-dominated society both by men and from this laundry to women. So, when there is an activism to deliver their testimony at challenge this system, it would be the House of Commons. It unappreciated and ridiculed. will be heard by the Chancellor of the 4.2.3. Militant Campaign Exchequer, Mr Lloyd The failed of peacefully George. campaigning, these brave and bawdy Mrs. : [calling and affronting] No Coleman one cares, love. women had been made desperate by Mrs. Violet : Some of us do, Mrs broken promises from the Government, Miller Coleman, so shut your and repression by the press, they become bleedin' cake hole. determined with “deeds not words” in 00.08.45 – 09.03.34 campaigning votes for women. The story of militant campaign as portrayed in The dialogue shows the strategy Suffragette film. of peaceful campaign by suffragette in Suffragette film, which is started by Mrs. Situation: A crowd of suffragettes gather Alice Haughton’s speech to encourage in hearing Mrs. Pankhurst’s speech. It will women workers to supports the cause and be the first time she is appeared for asking one of them to give testimony. months. Police will be on alert to arrest Mrs. Haughton is a suffragette her. Police’s intelligence confirms this from upper class that she is born from meeting is a growing intention to retaliate well off family and married to a Member against the government. of Parliament, Mr. Benedict Haughton. Mrs. : My friends. In spite of His She as suffragettes takes part in seeking Emmeline Majesty’s Government I am and giving information about the Pankhurst here tonight. I know the parliament. With her position and sacrifices you have made to connections, she and other suffragettes be here. Many of you, I might lobby the Member of Parliament to know, are estranged from the lives you once had. Yet I feel

10 your spirit tonight. [her eyes Due to the failed peaceful campaign, Mrs. travel over the sea of is out of hiding. She women’s faces, all social arranges meeting with suffragette’s classes gathered together] branches, one of the branches is east For fifty years we have London where Maud involved. laboured peacefully to secure Mrs. Pankhurst mentions lots of the the vote for women. We have been ridiculed, battered and reason for the cause and their campaign to ignored. Now we have be more militant. Five decades the cause of realized that deeds and women’s suffrage is campaigned sacrifice must be the order of peacefully, but Their cause is considered the day. We are fighting for a lack of reason rather than important. The time when every little girl worse is the endless broken promises that born into the world will have given by the parliament. The rejected of an equal chance with her voting rights bill amendment is the brothers. Never momentum to arouse the campaign to be underestimate the power we more militant. Waking up the society, they women have to define our wanted to be heard and they are not willing own destinies. We do not want to be law breakers, we their campaign being ignored any longer. want to be law makers. If we Then, Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst orders in must go to prison to obtain campaigning with deeds rather than words. the vote, let it be the windows Through the vote right, women are of government not the bodies counted. Even though it is not directly that of women that shall be women will be one of the law makers, but broken. Be militant. Each of they can choose who will be the law you in your own way. Those makers. So, the parliament members will of you who can break give more attention to hear what women’s windows, break them. Those want as they need to win these women’s of you who can further attack vote. All these time they are treated as the sacred idol of property, do so. We have been left with human with no options just follow. Later, no alternative but to defy this women can be one of those law makers government. and fights for more women’s rights. It suffragette : [cheering, foot stomping,] opens the better future for women. Mrs. s Pankhurst fights back the wrong Police : [push into the crowd] stereotyped of women and stirs up the Mrs. : I incite this meeting, and all strength of these women that they have Emmeline the women in Britain, to power to decide their own destiny. Pankhurst rebellion! I would rather be a The laws are injustice to these rebel than a slave! women. For fifty years they are campaigning with respect for the law, but Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst is the it seems women are not respected by the leader of Women’s Social and Political law in return. In other scene, Mrs. Violet Union (WSPU). Her devotion in fighting ever argues about respecting the law as she for women’s right especially in women’s says to Maud “Strangle what’s suffrage inspires all the suffragettes. Due respectable. You want me to respect the to the rejected of the bill and these women law, then make the law respectable” would putting the strategy on the meeting (00.10.07 – 00.10.12). They just want a with Mrs. Pankhurst. Her speech above radical transformation of women’s conveys some important issues in subordination in law. If these men law changing the campaign to be more militant makers could not make it so that women which are the reasons and the strategies. who should make it as she says “We do

11 not want to be law breakers, we want to be still rooted in the history of the women’s law makers.” She argues women in this suffrage movement. Suffragette film uses campaign have suffered lots and now they fiction to explore women’s history, the have to fight back “If we must go to prison subordinating of women in some spheres, to obtain the vote, let it be the windows of the lack of rights and the dramatic fight of government not the bodies of women that suffragette members in campaigning the shall be broken.” Votes for Woman. Being ignored and hurt in peaceful Therefore, the writer found campaign, she declares that their fight severeal history facts and events that could would be formed in militant way “I incite be related with the Suffragette film include this meeting, and all the women in Britain, Arguments for and against Women’s to rebellion!” She lets them to be militant Suffrage, the end of Peaceful Campaign: in their own way and the forms of militant , Broken Promises and Police campaign that she exemplified in her Brutality, Militant Campaign: Property speech are breaking windows or further Damage, Prison and Martyrdom. One of attack on significant property. Their deeds the history events that is portrayed in are absolutely unlawful, but she argues Suffragette film is the martyrdom of Emily that the law and government are injustice Wilding Davison as the film is ended with at the first place “We have been left with actual footage from Miss Emily Wilding no alternative but to defy this Davison’s funeral where on her flowered government.” Later, she closes her speech coffin, it is written “All she has she gave by saying that “I incite this meeting, and for others”. all the women in Britain, to rebellion! I would rather be a rebel than a slave!” She “June 04, 1913, Emily Wilding Davidson, calls for a national campaign of civil prompted by a desire to gain publicity for disobedience. She argues that it is better to women's suffrage went to the Derby, rushed be rebel and unlawful rather than respected out on to the racecourse, grabbed the reins of a law where a law itself respects and treats the King's horse and tried to stop the race. She was unsuccessful, died of head injuries a few them just as slaves. days later and was mourned as the first suffragette martyr” 4.3. Related History Facts toward (Remy-Hébert, 2011). Suffragette Campaign as Reflected In Suffragette Film Suffragette film sets over a The history of suffragette is rarely comparatively short period of time and it to be told before those lots of people do ends before women get the vote, the not know about it. Then, considering the Director has her own reason why she does long and the complexity of history of as she says in interview with Bust (2015) women’s suffrage, Suffragette film is just a that “We chose to end it where we did snapshot in history, could not portray the because as with many political entire story. As Seabourne (2016:117) movements, it essentially ended in states that “clearly, however, it is not negotiation. We wanted to show the realistic to expect one film to cover all lengths to which the women went. We aspects of the story of the struggle for didn’t want to wrap it up neatly. We women’s suffrage” wanted to end on a moment that was Suffragette films attempts to profound.” Then the film ends with explore the history of these women in a archive footage of Emily Wilding film. Suffragette film uses fiction to Davison’s funeral. explore women’s history so that it is not Emily Wilding Davison was born firmly accurate. It bends history around in London in 1872. She had studied at central people and events, but the film is Royal Holloway College and at Oxford

12 University. In 1906, she joined the WSPU. consciousness to the public that their cause Three years later she gave up her job as a of votes for women was a serious case teacher and went to work full-time for the while for previous decades the cause was suffragette movement. She was frequently considered merely comical case and imprisoned about nine times and endured should be ignored and at least with their forty nine force feeding. Her attending at militancy campaign it was proved that the Derby was purely her initiative to government could not ignore these votes get more public attention and show how for women campaign. serious the cause was. Actually, her mission and death were debatable whether V. CONCLUSION she died in suicide or accident. Emily After analyzing Suffragette film by Davison might not commit suicide and her Sarah Gavron as discussed in previous death was an accident. Then, about the chapter, the writer finds that the film mission, she might want to unfurl the portrays feminist issues. The film explores WSPU purple white and green (purple the historical movement in United symbolised dignity, white purity, and Kingdom, struggle in campaigning green hope) long scarf by attach it on the women’s suffrage by the Suffragettes, king horse or she might just wanted to militant activists under Women’s Social waving flag to stop the race. Despite of and Political Union (WSPU) that, Emily Wilding Davison had made a organization.” big publicity that people all over the world The film portrays the moment could read about it. She is known as the where men still have complete domination. martyr and honored of her lifelong Thus, the writer concludes some bad dedication on women’s suffragette until treatments that women have to endure in today. She was a determined one for the male dominated society as portrayed in cause under her favourite motto Suffragette film into three classifications. “Rebellion against tyrants is obedience to They are women’s stereotyping, inequality God.” in the workplace (hazardous working among the antis condition, wage gap, work hours, and also regarded as ingenious even she was sexual harassment), and women’s actually educated. Despite of that, Emily subordination in marriage (lack of property Davison might be a hazardous risk taker, rights, lack of custody over their children but how about those educated men who and wife beating). Later, the writer finds actually ingenious with their narrow mind, out the struggle and the suffering of these wrong and harmful stereotyped women. women in campaigning women’s suffrage. Moreover, those ironically women who It is divided into three classifications: lacked of feminist consciousness and consciousness – raising, peaceful commonly with their subordinate, then campaign, and militant campaign they declined their own rights. These antis (breaking windows’ shops, bombing pillar see narrowly to the outrageous of boxes, cutting telegraph wires and an arson Suffragettes militancy, but they also attack). The last, the film actually uses should saw the reason and the background fiction in exploring the movement and that underlaid their agitation. somehow it lacks of accuracy in time, but The using of militancy campaign it still has relevancies with the historical by suffragette was controversial and event and still inspired and based on the debatable. But, despite the extreme of their actual history of suffragettes’ campaign. campaign, their campaign successfully Therefore, the writer concludes some brought the huge publicity and attention on related history facts toward suffragettes’ votes for women. Their determination and campaign as reflected in Suffragette film suffering in their campaign also which includes the arguments for and

13 against women’s suffrage until the Purvis . (1996, April 26). “Force-feeding martyrdom of Emily Wilding Davison. of hunger-striking suffragettes.” Retrived from REFERENCES https://www.timeshighereducation. com/news/ (internet source) BUST Interview. 2015. ‘Suffragette.’ Remy-Hébert, Brigitte. (2011). “The first Retrived from http://bust.com-bust- women's movement Suffragist interview (internet source) struggles in the 19th and early 20th Cott, N. F. (2002). Public Vows. U.S.A: centuries.” Retrived from Harvard University Press. https://id.scribd.com/ (internet Cresswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design source) Qualitative and Quantitative Seabourne, G. (2016). “Deeds, Words and Approaches. London: Sage Drama: A Review of the Film Publications Ltd. Suffragette (2015)” pp.115–119. Gavron, S. (2015). “The Making of The (internet source) Feature Film Suffragette.” Sultana, A. (2011). “Patriarchy and Women's History Review, 24(6), Women’s Subordination: A pp.985-995. (internet source) Theoretical Analysis.” The Arts Guerin, W. L. (2005). A Handbook of Faculty Journal. pp.1-18 (internet Critical Approaches to Literature. source) New York: Oxford University Tong, R. (2009). Feminist Thought. Press. U.S.A:Westview Press. Hartmann, H. (1976). “Capitalism, Tyson, L. (2006). Critical theory today: A Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by user-friendly guide. New York: Routledge Sex.” 1(3). (internet source) Vogel, L. (2013). Marxism and the Nisfandy, A. (2011). “An Analysis of Oppression of Women: Toward a Metaphor In The Jakarta Post Unitary Theory. [Google book]. Newspaper.” (Thesis S1).Sumatera Retrieved from Utara: University of Sumatera https://books.google.co.id/ (internet Utara. source) Nutsukpo, M. F. (2017). “Feminist Wojtczak, H. (2009). "british women's Consciousness and Assertiveness emancipation since the in Ifeoma Okoye’s Behind the renaissance." Retrived from Clouds and Chimere.” 6(2), pp.16- http://www.historyofwomen.org/m 28. (internet source) arriage.html (internet source) OHCHR. (2014).”Gender stereotypes and Zack, N. (2016). Applicative Justice Stereotyping and women’s rights.” [Google book].Retrived from Retrived from books.google.co.id (internet http://www.ohchr.org/ (internet source) source) Paglia, C. (1990). Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson. U.S.A: Yale University Press. Punch, K. (1998). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitatie and Qualitative Approaches. [Google book]. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/ (internet source)

14