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Aerodrome Design Manual Doc 9157 AN/901 Aerodrome Design Manual Part 2 Taxiways, Aprons and Holding Bays Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority Fourth Edition — 2005 International Civil Aviation Organization Doc 9157 AN/901 Aerodrome Design Manual Part 2 Taxiways, Aprons and Holding Bays Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority Fourth Edition — 2005 International Civil Aviation Organization AMENDMENTS Amendments are announced in the supplements to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications; the Catalogue and its supplements are available on the ICAO website at www.icao.int. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments. RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA AMENDMENTS CORRIGENDA No. Date Entered by No. Date Entered by (ii) FOREWORD In accordance with the provisions in Annex 14, Volume I, clearances needed in taxiway/taxilane turning manoeuvres States must provide taxiways at an aerodrome. The Annex by modern wide body aeroplanes have been added. also recommends the provision of holding bays when the traffic volume is high and the provision of aprons where The material on holding bays and dual or multiple taxi- necessary to permit the on- and off-loading of passengers, ways, which describes the advantages and disadvantages of cargo or mail as well as the servicing of aircraft without the different configurations, is aimed at providing aero- interfering with the aerodrome traffic. The purpose of the drome controllers with greater flexibility in adjusting the following material is to assist States in the implementation take-off sequence to overcome undue delays. The material of these specifications and thereby help to ensure their concerning aprons describes, inter alia, basic apron layouts, uniform application. design requirements and the area required for a particular apron layout. With respect to taxiways, the manual includes material The manual also includes material dealing with segre- on the general layout and description of the design criteria gation of traffic on the movement area. This material for taxiway physical characteristics, including the shoulder describes considerations which should be taken into and strips. Several studies have been undertaken on con- account when designing aerodrome facilities in order to figuration and location of rapid exit taxiways. The existing achieve the maximum practical segregation of aircraft and material on rapid exit taxiways has been updated as a result ground vehicular traffic. of studies undertaken by the Secretariat. Additional material on this subject has been added at Appendix 5. The It is intended that the manual be kept up to date. Future material on fillets describes some methods for fillet design, editions will most likely be improved on the basis of and detailed information on fillet design has also been experience gained and of comments and suggestions included in an appendix. The manual also contains illus- received from users of this manual, and readers are there- trations of diagrams of the impact of newer generation, fore invited to give their views, comments and suggestions larger aircraft at existing aerodromes. Additionally, new on this edition. These should be directed to the Secretary charts to facilitate deriving of the aircraft wing tip General of ICAO. (iii) Suzanne TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Page Chapter 1. Taxiways . 1-1 1.5 Fillets . 1-38 General. 1-38 1.1 Taxiway systems . 1-1 Methods for manoeuvring aircraft on taxiway intersections . 1-40 Functional requirements . 1-1 Planning principles . 1-1 1.6 Taxiway shoulders and strips . 1-40 Stages in taxiway system development . 1-4 Evaluating taxiway layout alternatives . 1-7 General. 1-40 Aircraft taxi distances . 1-8 Treatment. 1-41 1.2 Physical characteristics design criteria . 1-8 1.7 Future aircraft developments . 1-42 General. 1-42 General. 1-8 Future aircraft trends. 1-42 Aerodrome reference code . 1-8 Aerodrome data . 1-42 Taxiway width . 1-9 Taxiway width . 1-42 Taxiway curves . 1-9 Runway-parallel taxiway separation Junctions and intersections . 1-10 distance . 1-43 Taxiway minimum separation distances . 1-10 Separation between parallel taxiways. 1-43 Parallel taxiway geometry. 1-13 Separation distance between taxiway Aeronautical study relating to minimum and object . 1-44 separation distances . 1-15 Aircraft stand taxilane-to-object . 1-45 Considerations related to specific Other considerations . 1-46 functional requirements . 1-19 Notification . 1-28 Chapter 2. Holdings bays and other bypasses . 2-1 The effect of new larger aeroplanes on existing airports . 1-28 2.1 Need for holding bays and other bypasses . 2-1 1.3 Rapid exit taxiways (RETS) . 1-30 2.2 Types of bypasses . 2-1 General. 1-30 Location and number of exit taxiways . 1-31 2.3 Common design requirements Geometric design. 1-36 and characteristics . 2-6 2.4 Size and location of holding bays . 2-6 1.4 Taxiways on bridges . 1-36 2.5 Holding bay marking and lighting . 2-7 General. 1-36 Siting . 1-37 Chapter 3. Aprons . 3-1 Dimensions . 1-37 Gradients . 1-37 3.1 Types of aprons . 3-1 Bearing strength. 1-38 Lateral restraint . 1-38 Passenger terminal apron . 3-1 Blast protection . 1-38 Cargo terminal apron. 3-1 (v) (vi) Aerodrome Design Manual Page Page Remote parking apron . 3-1 Factors affecting the size of the Service and hangar aprons . 3-1 de-icing/anti-icing facility . 3-14 General aviation aprons. 3-1 Factors affecting the number of de-icing/anti-icing pads . 3-15 3.2. Design requirements . 3-2 Environmental considerations . 3-15 Safety . 3-2 Chapter 4. Segregation of traffic on the Efficiency. 3-2 movement area . 4-1 Geometry . 3-2 Flexibility. 3-2 4.1 Need for traffic segregation . 4-1 Common design characteristics. 3-3 4.2 Activities causing a mix of aircraft 3.3 Basic terminal apron layouts. 3-3 and ground vehicles . 4-1 General considerations . 3-3 4.3 Methods to achieve segregation . 4-1 Passenger loading . 3-4 Passenger terminal apron concepts . 3-4 Exclusion . 4-2 Service roads for ground vehicles . 4-2 3.4 Size of aprons . 3-7 Fixed servicing installations . 4-2 Markings . 4-4 General. 3-7 Aircraft size . 3-7 Appendix 1. Fillet design . APP 1-1 Traffic volumes . 3-8 Clearance requirements . 3-10 Appendix 2. Jet blast and blast fence Types of aircraft stand ingress considerations . APP 2-1 and egress . 3-10 Aircraft ground servicing . 3-12 Taxiways and service roads. 3-12 Appendix 3. Aeroplane classification by code number and letter . APP 3-1 3.5 Apron guidance . 3-12 Appendix 4. Taxiway deviation studies . APP 4-1 3.6 De-icing/anti-icing facilities . 3-14 Appendix 5. Design, location and number Location . 3-14 of rapid exit taxiways. APP 5-1 Chapter 1 TAXIWAYS 1.1 TAXIWAY SYSTEMS first when planning aerodrome development. Forecasts of future activity should identify changes in the rate of aircraft movements, the nature of the traffic, type of aircraft and Functional requirements any other factors affecting the layout and dimensioning of the runway and taxiway systems. Care should be taken not 1.1.1 Maximum capacity and efficiency of an aero- to place so much attention on the present needs of the drome are realized only by obtaining the proper balance system that later phases of development that have equal or between the need for runways, passenger and cargo termi- greater importance are neglected. For example, if an aero- nals, and aircraft storage and servicing areas. These sepa- drome is forecast to serve a higher category of aircraft type rate and distinct aerodrome functional elements are linked in the future, the current taxiway system should be by the taxiway system. The components of the taxiway designed to accommodate the greatest separation distances system therefore serve to link the aerodrome functions and that ultimately will be required (see Table 1-1). are necessary to develop optimum aerodrome utilization. 1.1.5 In planning the general layout of the taxiway 1.1.2 The taxiway system should be designed to system, the following principles should be considered: minimize the restriction of aircraft movement to and from the runways and apron areas. A properly designed system a) taxiway routes should connect the various aero- should be capable of maintaining a smooth, continuous drome elements by the shortest distances, thus min- flow of aircraft ground traffic at the maximum practical imizing both taxiing time and cost; speed with a minimum of acceleration or deceleration. This requirement ensures that the taxiway system will operate at b) taxiway routes should be as simple as possible in the highest levels of both safety and efficiency. order to avoid pilot confusion and the need for complicated instructions; 1.1.3 For any given aerodrome, the taxiway system should be able to accommodate (without significant delay) c) straight runs of pavement should be used wherever the demands of aircraft arrivals and departures on the possible. Where changes in direction are necessary, runway system. At low levels of runway utilization the curves of adequate radii, as well as fillets or extra taxiway system can accomplish this with a minimum num- taxiway width, should be provided to permit taxiing ber of components. However, as the runway acceptance rate at the maximum practical speed (see Section 1.4 increases, the taxiway system capacity must be sufficiently and Appendix 1); expanded to avoid becoming a factor which limits aero- drome capacity. In the extreme case of runway capacity sat- d) taxiway crossings of runways and other taxiways uration, when aircraft are arriving and departing at the should be avoided whenever possible in the minimum separation distances, the taxiway system should interests of safety and to reduce the potential for allow aircraft to exit the runway as soon as practical after significant taxiing delays; landing and to enter the runway just before take-off.
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