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United States Department of Agriculture Guide for Use of Forest Service Wood Preservatives Forest Products Laboratory in Historic Structures General Stan Lebow Technical Report Ronald W. Anthony FPL–GTR–217 Independence Mine Historical Park, Alaska Abstract treatments and for selection and specification of pressure- treated wood are provided in this document. This document provides guidance on wood preservation options in the context of historic preservation. Preserving Keywords: Guide, historic structures, preservative treat- wooden building materials is critical to historic preservation ments, remedial treatments, pressure treatments practitioners. Biodeterioration can be minimized through design, construction practices, maintenance, and, if neces- Acknowledgments sary, by use of wood preservatives. Moisture is the primary This document was developed under a grant from the cause of biodeterioration, and if exposure to moisture cannot National Park Service and the National Center for Preserva- be prevented, the application of preservatives or use of tion Technology and Training. Its contents are solely the pressure-treated wood may be warranted. The Secretary of responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Proper- the official position or policies of the National Park Service ties emphasize retaining the historic character of a property, or the National Center for Preservation Technology and including distinctive materials, features, and spatial relation- Training. The authors express their appreciation to Kimberly ships. Existing conditions should be carefully evaluated to D. Dugan and Deborah J. Anthony for their contributions to determine the appropriate level of intervention. the technical content, providing photographs and assistance with editing of this document. The authors also thank Ms. Wood preservatives are generally grouped into two cat- Mary Striegel from the National Center for Preservation egories: preservatives used for in-place field (remedial) Technology and Training for her constructive comments. We treatment and preservatives used for pressure treatments. also gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Madelon Wise A limitation of in-place treatments is that they cannot be and Tivoli Gough (USDA, Forest Products Laboratory) for forced deeply into the wood under pressure. However, they their assistance in producing and refining the publication. can be applied into the center of large wooden members Finally, we express our appreciation to the reviewers whose via treatment holes. These preservatives may be available comments greatly improved the content and clarity of the as liquids, rods, or pastes. Pressure-treated wood has much guide. deeper and more uniform preservative penetration than wood treated with other methods. The type of pressure- treated wood is often dependent on the requirements of the Conversion table specific application. To guide selection of pressure-treated English unit Conversion factor SI unit wood, the American Wood Protection Association developed inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) Use Category System standards. Other preservative charac- foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) teristics, such as color, odor, and surface oiliness may also be relevant. Guidelines for selection and application of field October 2012 Lebow, Stan; Anthony, Ronald W. 2012. Guide for use of wood preserva- tives in historic structures. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-217. Madi- son, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 59 p. A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726–2398. This publication is also available online at www.fpl.fs.fed.us. Laboratory publications are sent to hundreds of libraries in the United States and elsewhere. The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) of any product or service. The USDA prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orienta- tion, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program informa- tion (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimi- nation, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250–9410, or call (800) 795–3272 (voice) or (202) 720–6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Contents Standardization ............................................................. 34 Executive Summary ............................................................1 Treatment Specifications ............................................... 35 Introduction .........................................................................1 Environmental Considerations for Pressure-Treated Wood ............................................................................. 37 Intended Audience ..........................................................2 Alternatives to Pressure-Treated Wood ......................... 38 Wood Preservatives and Historic Preservation Philosophy.......................................................................2 Summary ........................................................................... 39 Wood Preservatives and Pressure-Treated Wood in Sources of Information ..................................................... 41 Historic Preservation .......................................................4 Appendix A—Pressure-Treated Wood Dichotomous Assessing the Need for Preservative Treatment ..................4 Key .................................................................................... 44 Causes of Wood Degradation ...........................................4 A. Sawn Lumber or Timbers ......................................... 44 Role of Wood Cellular Structure ................................... 11 B. Sawn Lumber or Timbers for Highway Construction ............................................................. 46 Problem Areas for Deterioration in Historic Structures ...................................................................... 11 C. Round Piles .............................................................. 46 Nonpreservative Approaches to Preventing D. Round Posts.............................................................. 46 Deterioration ................................................................. 15 E. Poles ......................................................................... 47 Wood Preservative Overview ............................................ 17 F. Glued-Laminated Members ...................................... 48 What Is a Wood Preservative? ...................................... 17 G. Plywood ................................................................... 49 When Is Application of Preservatives Appropriate? ..... 17 H. Permanent Wood Foundations ................................. 50 Historical Use of Wood Preservatives........................... 20 I. Wood in Seawater ...................................................... 51 Options for In-Place Preservative Treatment .................... 21 Appendix B—Description of Pressure Treatment Characteristics of In-Place Treatments ......................... 21 Preservatives (Grouped by Exposure Hazard) .................. 52 Application Guidelines .................................................. 24 Applications Protected from Moisture .......................... 52 Summary of In-Place Treatment Application Applications Above Ground with Partial Protection ..... 52 Conversion table Concepts ........................................................................ 27 Applications Above Ground but Fully Exposed to English unit Conversion factor SI unit Example In-Place Treatment Applications .................... 28 the Weather.................................................................... 53 inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) Who Can Apply In-Place Preservative Treatments? ..... 30 Applications in Direct Contact with the Ground or Fresh Water ................................................................... 54 foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) Using Pressure-Treated Wood ........................................... 32 Marine (Seawater) Applications ................................... 59 When to Consider Using Pressure-Treated Wood ......... 32 Preservative Penetration ................................................ 33 Treated Wood Use Category System ............................ 34 Guide for Use of Wood Preservatives in Historic Structures Stan Lebow, Research Forest Products Technologist Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin Ronald W. Anthony, Wood Scientist Anthony & Associates, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado Executive Summary preservative applied is often dependent on the requirements of the specific application. To guide selection of the types Extending the life of (preserving) wooden building

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