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Relationship Between Air Pollutants and Mortality from Cardiorespiratory Archive of SID فصلٌبهِ علویپضٍّطی، آهَسش ه حیظسیست ٍ تَسعِ پبیذار Quarterly Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development ؾبَ ٞفشٓ، قٕبضٜ چٟبضْ، سبثؿشبٖ Vol. 7, No. 4, Summer 2019 (117-126) )117-126( 1398 ارتثاط آﻻیىذٌَای ًَای ضُز مطُذ تا مزگيمیز واضی اس تیماریَای للثی ي عزيلی ي تىفسی، ﮔﺎﻣﯽ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ و آﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان از اﺛﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﯽ آﻻﯾﻨﺪهﻫﺎ *ﻋﻠﯽاﮐﺒﺮ ﻣﻠﮑﯽراد1، ﻓﻬﯿﻤﻪ ﺗﻨﺠﺎه2، ﻏﻼﻣﺤﺴﻦ واﻋﻈﯽ3 1. استادیار گزيٌ رياوشىاسی، داوشگاٌ پیام وًر، تُزان، ایزان 2. کارشىاس ارشد فیشیًلًصی، داوشگاٌ آساد اسﻻمی ياحد دامغان، دامغان، ایزان 3. استاد، گزيٌ سیستشىاسی، داوشکدٌ علًم پایٍ، ياحد علًم ي تحقیقات، داوشگاٌ آساد اسﻻمی، تُزان، ایزان )دریافت: 21/7/1397 پذیزش: 1397/11/6( Relationship between Air Pollutants and Mortality from Cardiorespiratory Diseases in Mashhad: A Step Towards Increasing Citizens’ Awareness of Adverse Effects of Pollutants *Ali Akbar Maleki Rad1, Fahimeh Tanja2, Gholamhassan Vaezi3 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 2. Master of Physiology, Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran 3. Professor of Physiology, Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Received: 13/10/2018 Accepted: 26/1/2019) چكیذٌ: :Abstract آِٛز٣ٌ ٛٞا زض قٟطٞب٢ خٟبٖ، ٔرّٛط د٥چ٥سٜ ا٢ اظ اخعا٢ ٣ٕؾ اؾتز وتAir pollution in different cities of the world is a complex ٝ mixture of toxic components, including particulate PM فٕسسبً ٔحهَٛ فطآٙ٤سٞب٢ احشطاق اؾز ٚ شضار ٔقّك ) ( فضت٥ٕٞ ٛكتmatter (PM), mainly produced by combustion processes. ٝ حبضط ا٤ٗ ٔرّٛط ؿٞشٙس. ٔغبِقٝ حبضط ثٝ ثطض٣ؾ اضسجبط آﻻٙ٤تسٞ ٜتب٢ ٞتٛا A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted to ثب ٥ٔعاٖ ٔطي ٥ٔٚط ٘بق٣ اظ ٞب٢ث٥ٕبض٢ لّجت٣ فطٚلت٣ ٚ سٙفؿت٣ زض ٔكتٟ س investigate the relationship between air pollutants and mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases in Mashhad. ٣ٔ دطزاظز. ع٣ ٤ه ٔغبِقٝ ٔمغق٣ سح٣ّ٥ّ ٥ٔعاٖ ٥ٔٚط ٔطي ثتط اثتط ث٥ٕتبض ٢ To this end, the data on mortality from cardiorespiratory لّج٣ ٚ فطٚل٣ اظ ؾبظٔبٖ ثٟساقز اؾتشبٖ ذطاؾتبٖ زض ثتبظٜ ظٔتب٣٘ ) diseases in 2012-2013 were obtained from Razavi -1391 Khorasan Health Organization. The mean daily 1392(زض٤بفز ٌطز٤س. ؾذؽ ٥ٔب٥ٍ٘ٗ ضٚظاٝ٘ آِٛز٣ٌ ٞتٛا قتبُٔ ٛ٘ٛٔوؿت٥ س concentration of air pollutants, including carbon وطثٗ ٛٔ ،coاز ٔقّك ثب لغط وٕشط اظ 10 ٥ٔىطٛٔ PM، 10 ٖٚاز ٔقّك ثب لغتط monoxide (CO), PM with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM ), and PM was calculated. The results of وٕشط اظ PM2.5 2/5 اذص ٌطز٤س. ٘شت ب٤ح ٔتٛضز سدع٤تٚ ٝسح٥ّتُ آٔتبض٢ لتط اض 2.5 10 data analysis showed that there was a relationship PM10 ٌطفز. شضار ٔقّك زاضا٢ اضسجبط ٔق٣ٙ زاض٢ ثب ٥ٔعاٖ ٔطي ٥ٔٚط ٘بق٣ between PM10 concentration and the rate of mortality اظ ٞب٢ ث٥ٕبض٢لّج٣ ٚ فطٚلت٣ زض ٔتطزاٖ اؾتز. ٕٞچٙت٥ٗ ا٤تٗ شضار زاضا ٢ from cardiovascular diseases in men. In addition, a significant relationship was observed between PM10 اضسجبط ٔق٣ٙ زاض٢ ثب ٥ٔعاٖ ٔطي٥ٔٚط ٘بق٣ اظ ث٥ٕبضٞ٢ب٢ سٙفؿت٣ زض ٔتطزاٖ concentration and the rate of mortality from respiratory ٚ ظ٘بٖ ثٛز. فﻻٜٚ ثط ا٤ٗ اضسجبط ٔق٣ٙ زاض٢ ث٥ٗ ٥ٔعاٖ شضار ٔقّتك diseases in both men and women. The results indicated PM2.5 ٚ ٥ٔعاٖ ٔطي ٥ٔٚط ٘بق٣ اظ ث٥ٕبض٢ ٞب٢ لّج٣ ٚ فطٚل٣ ٚ ٥ٔتعاٖ ٔتطي ٥ٔٚتط that there was a significant relationship between PM2.5 concentration and the rate of mortality from ٘بق٣ اظ ث٥ٕبض٢ ٞب٢ سٙف٣ؿ زض ٔطزاٖ ٚ ظ٘بٖ ٔكبٞسٜ قس. ٕٞچٙت٥ٗ اضسجتبط .cardiorespiratory diseases in both men and women ٔق٣ٙ زاض٢ ث٥ٗ شضار ٚ CO ٥ٔعاٖ ٔطي٥ٔٚط ٘بق٣ اظ ث٥ٕتبض٢ ٞتب٢ سٙفؿت٣ There was also a significant relationship between CO concentration and the rate of mortality from respiratory زض ظ٘بٖ ٔكبٞسٜ قس. شضار ٔقّك PM2.5 زاض٢ ث٥كشط٤ٗ سأث٥ط زض ٔطي ٥ٔٚتط diseases in women. The results demonstrated that PM2.5 سؾٛظ ث٥ٕبض٢ ٞب٢ لّج٣ ٚ فطٚل٣ ٚ سٙف٣ؿ ٣ٔ ثبقٙس. ٘شب٤ح ا٤ٗ دتٞٚػف زض has the greatest effect on mortality from چبضچٛة اضسجبعبر ٔح٥ظ ظؿ٤ش٣ ٚ اؾشفبزٜ اظ اثعاض ضؾبٝ٘ ثطا٢ اضسمب٢ آٌتب٣ٞ cardiorespiratory diseases. The study findings were reported within the context of environmental ٚ قٙبذز ف٣ٕٔٛ اظ اثطار آﻻٙ٤سٜٞب، ٌعاضـ قسٜ اؾز.. communication by using the media tools to raise public awareness of the adverse effects of pollutants. ياص ٌَای کلیذی: آِٛز٣ٌ ٛٞا، ث٥ٕبض٢ لّج٣ ٚ فطٚل٣، ث٥ٕبض٢ سٙف٣ؿ، Keywords: Air Pollution, Cardiorespiratory Diseases, ٔطي٥ٔٚط، قٙبذز ٚ آٌب٣ٞ. .Mortality, Awareness *Corresponding Author: Ali Akbar Malekirad E-mail: [email protected] www.SID.ir Archive of SID Maleki Rad et al.: Relationship between Air Pollutants and Mortality from Cardiorespiratory … 118 Introduction expectancy, mainly due to mortality from The number of studies on the health effects of cardiorespiratory diseases (Anderson, 2004). air pollution has significantly increased over It is believed that PM2.5 is a more serious the past 15-10 years. It is now well threat than PM10 to human health because established that exposure to air pollution is smaller particles are more likely to associated with a wide range of acute and accumulate on deeper layers of lungs. chronic health problems from minor Moreover, studies have shown that small physiological disorders to mortality from particles are able to penetrate into the deepest cardiorespiratory diseases (Pope III, 2006; layers of the body (Ostro, 2004). PM2.5 Bascom, 1996). Air pollution in different seriously threats human health and increases cities of the world is a complex mixture of the rate of mortality from cardiorespiratory toxic components, including particulate matter diseases and lung cancer (Anderson, 2004; (PM), mainly produced by combustion Ostro, 2004). processes (Cohen, 2005). PM is a mixture of World Health Organization (WHO) estimates liquid and solid particles with different sizes show that about 800,000 premature deaths and chemical compositions. Fuel combustion caused by air pollution occur annually around of mobile sources (such as cars, trucks, and the world (Goldberg, 2001). WHO's an buses) and stationary sources (such as power estimation of the global burden of diseases plants and boilers) is the main source of PM (GBD) caused by air pollution indicates that in large cities. However, dusty roads, biomass 89% of all deaths attributed to air pollution burning, manufacturing processes, and were caused by cardiorespiratory diseases primary pollutants from diesel engines are (Cohen, 2004). According to death data of also involved in PM production (Ostro, 2004). Behesht-e Zahra Organization (2007), about Many PM-related health effects have been 43% of all non-accidental deaths in 2006 were reported, such as mortality, lung cancer, caused by cardiorespiratory diseases. The data hospitalization due to cardiorespiratory published by this organization also diseases, visiting the emergency units or demonstrate that more than 90% of deaths doctor's office, deterioration of respiratory caused by cardiorespiratory diseases in symptoms, absenteeism, restricted daily Tehran were related to individuals aged over activities, and acute and chronic bronchitis 30 years (Behesht-e Zahra Organization, (WHO, 2003). Many studies around the world 2007). have shown the relationship between non- Epidemiological studies have shown that the accidental daily mortality and PM (Zmirou, 24-hour high mean of air pollution is 1998; Goldberg, 2001). Epidemiological associated with an increased rate of mortality studies in Europe and around the world over from cardiorespiratory diseases and all other the past decade have indicated that one-day causes of death (Bascom, 1996; Schwartz, and the several-day mean of PM are 1991). However, little information is available associated with total mortality and mortality on the effects of short-term exposure to air from cardiorespiratory diseases (Schwartz, pollution. Many studies have reported that 1999; Dominici, 2002). PM10, PM2.5, black adverse effects of increased concentration of fume, and sulfates seem to have the highest PM, CO, and other pollutants include association with mortality and prevalence of increased admission to hospital and diseases (Ostro, 2004). Group studies have emergency units for respiratory diseases. In demonstrated that long-term exposure to PM addition, numerous studies conducted in the results in a substantial reduction in life US, Canada, and Europe have shown that www.SID.ir Archive of SID 119 Quarterly Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development (Vol. 7, No. 4, Summer 2019) increased concentration of PM and CO leads Malekafzali (2001) reported that there was a to an increase in hospital admission for significant relationship between the cardiovascular diseases. These findings concentration of SO2, CO, and PM10 and indicate that air pollution is a risk factor for mortality rate. Ghorbani et al. (2007) studied both respiratory diseases and acute coronary the relationship between exposure to air events, including acute coronary syndrome pollution and the onset of ACS attacks in 250 (ACS) and myocardial infarction (MI) patients admitted to hospitals of Tehran and (Jaakkola, 2001). reported a significant positive relationship Polluted air inhalation can aggravate acute between the occurrence of ACS and the 24- heart attacks through lung inflammation and hour mean of CO (CI 95%: 1.34-1.03, increasing coagulability due to protein C OR:18.1) per unit increase in CO. However, deficiency (Schwartz, 1995). The increased the relationship between ACS and the 24-hour concentration of reactive plasma protein has mean of PM10 (CI 95%: 1.01-0.99, OR: 1.005) been observed in healthy individuals after a was not statistically significant. There was period of exposure to polluted air (Peters et also a significant difference between men and al., 2001). Increased heart rate and increased women in terms of the relationship between risk of disruption of the implantable the 24-hour mean of CO and ACS, as women cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) indicate the were more sensitive than men (CI 95%: 2.26- automatic response of the nervous system to 1.25, OR: 1.75). However, the relationship exposure to air pollutants, especially CO between ACS and the 24-hour mean of PM10 (Routledge and Ayres, 2005). Peters et al. did not change by effect-moderating variables.
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