Prehistoric Mining at the Great Orme
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The Smelting of Copper
Chapter 4 The Smelting of Copper The first written account of the processes of smelting and refining of copper is to be found in the 12th century.1 On smelting: Copper is engendered in the earth. When a vein of which is found, it is acquired with the greatest labour by digging and breaking. It is a stone of a green colour and most hard, and naturally mixed with lead. This stone, dug up in abundance, is placed upon a pile, and burned after the manner of chalk, nor does it change colour, but yet looses its hardness, so that it can be broken up. Then, being bruised small, it is placed in the furnace; coals and the bellows being applied, it is incessantly forged by day and night. On refining: Of the purification of copper. Take an iron dish of the size you wish, and line it inside and and out with clay strongly beaten and mixed, and it is carefully dried. Then place it before a forge upon the coals, so that when the bellows acts upon it the wind may issue partly within and partly above it, and not below it. And very small coals being placed around it equally, and add over it a heap of coals. When, by blowing a long time, this has become melted, uncover it and cast immediately fine ashes over it, and stir it with a thin and dry piece of wood as if mixing it, and you will directly see the burnt lead adhere to these ashes like a glue. -
Wales: River Wye to the Great Orme, Including Anglesey
A MACRO REVIEW OF THE COASTLINE OF ENGLAND AND WALES Volume 7. Wales. River Wye to the Great Orme, including Anglesey J Welsby and J M Motyka Report SR 206 April 1989 Registered Office: Hydraulics Research Limited, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX1 0 8BA. Telephone: 0491 35381. Telex: 848552 ABSTRACT This report reviews the coastline of south, west and northwest Wales. In it is a description of natural and man made processes which affect the behaviour of this part of the United Kingdom. It includes a summary of the coastal defences, areas of significant change and a number of aspects of beach development. There is also a brief chapter on winds, waves and tidal action, with extensive references being given in the Bibliography. This is the seventh report of a series being carried out for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. For further information please contact Mr J M Motyka of the Coastal Processes Section, Maritime Engineering Department, Hydraulics Research Limited. Welsby J and Motyka J M. A Macro review of the coastline of England and Wales. Volume 7. River Wye to the Great Orme, including Anglesey. Hydraulics Research Ltd, Report SR 206, April 1989. CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 COASTAL GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 3.1 Geological background 3.2 Coastal processes 4 WINDS, WAVES AND TIDAL CURRENTS 4.1 Wind and wave climate 4.2 Tides and tidal currents 5 REVIEW OF THE COASTAL DEFENCES 5.1 The South coast 5.1.1 The Wye to Lavernock Point 5.1.2 Lavernock Point to Porthcawl 5.1.3 Swansea Bay 5.1.4 Mumbles Head to Worms Head 5.1.5 Carmarthen Bay 5.1.6 St Govan's Head to Milford Haven 5.2 The West coast 5.2.1 Milford Haven to Skomer Island 5.2.2 St Bride's Bay 5.2.3 St David's Head to Aberdyfi 5.2.4 Aberdyfi to Aberdaron 5.2.5 Aberdaron to Menai Bridge 5.3 The Isle of Anglesey and Conwy Bay 5.3.1 The Menai Bridge to Carmel Head 5.3.2 Carmel Head to Puffin Island 5.3.3 Conwy Bay 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY FIGURES 1. -
Distribution and Status of the Welsh Endemic Hieracium Britannicoides, Confused Hawkweed (Asteraceae)
British & Irish Botany 3(1): 65-73, 2021 Conservation of Britain’s biodiversity: Distribution and status of the Welsh endemic Hieracium britannicoides, Confused Hawkweed (Asteraceae) Sarah J. Lee¹; Wendy McCarthy²; Timothy C.G. Rich³* ¹Swansea, U.K. ²Llandudno, U.K. ³Cardiff, U.K. *Corresponding author: Timothy C.G. Rich: [email protected] This pdf constitutes the Version of Record published on 16th February 2021 Abstract Hieracium britannicoides, Confused Hawkweed, is a Welsh endemic plant confined to Caernarvonshire (v.c.49) and Denbighshire (v.c.50). Field surveys 2009-2019 indicate at least 390 plants occur in eight sites. The IUCN threat status is ‘Vulnerable’. The main threats are spread of alien woody species (especially Cotoneaster), which without continued management will become a serious problem in the future, and over-grazing or spread of scrub from under-grazing. Keywords: IUCN threat status, Wales. Introduction Hieracium britannicoides P. D. Sell, Confused Hawkweed, was first described as a species by Sell & Murrell (2006) who separated it from other members of the H. britannicum group. Bevan (1990) gave the first detailed account of H. britannicoides (as H. britannicum) in Wales. The history of the H. britannicum group may be briefly be summarised as follows (Bevan, 1990; Sell & Murrell, 2006). Hanbury (1892) first described H. britannicum F. Hanb. and gave its distribution as Derbyshire (v.c.57), Staffordshire (v.c.39), mid-west Yorkshire (v.c.64), and possibly Fife (v.c.85). Further records followed including the first Welsh records in Caernarvonshire (v.c.49) (Linton, 1905). Subsequent studies showed there was significant variation within H. -
Conwy Archive Service
GB 2008 CX223 Conwy Archive Service This catalogue was digitised by The National Archives as part of the National Register of Archives digitisation project The National Archives W J ELLIS BEQUEST CX223 Catalogiwyd gan / Catalogued by: Leila Tate, Archive Assistant Gwasanaeth Archifau Conwy Llyfrgell, Gwybodaeth a Diwylliant Conwy Archive Service Library, Information and Culture 2006 Contents CX223/1 Ephemera relating mainly to Llandudno's tourist industry and local businesses. CX223/1/1 Ephemera relating to hotels in Llandudno including brochures, leaflets, menus, wine lists etc. CX/223/1/2 Ephemera relating to entertainments in Llandudno including posters, vouchers, tickets, leaflets, programmes etc. CX223/1/3 Guide Books, maps and street plans for Llandudno area. CX223/1/4 Ephemera relating to Llandudno Publicity Department. CX223/1/5 Travel booklets, timetables and flyers for sailing trips and coach tours from Llandudno. CX223/1/6 Collection of tie-on labels, compliment slips, cards, envelopes, postcards, receipts etc. For various hotels and businesses in Llandudno. CX223/2 Emphemera relating to hotels, guest houses, businesses and entertainments in Conwv County excluding Llandudno. r Ephemera relating to hotels in Betws-y-coed. CX223/2/1 Ephemera relating to hotels and guest houses CX223/2/2 in Capel Curig. Ephemera relating to Colwyn Bay. CX223/2/3 Ephemera relating mainly to hotels and guest CX223/2/4 houses in Conwy town. CX223/2/5 Ephemera relating to hotels and businesses in Deganwy. CX223/2/6 Brochure for hotel in Dolwyddelan. CX223/2/7 Ephemera relating to hotels in Llanfairfechan. CX223/2/8 Ephemera relating to hotels in Penmaenmawr including hotels, businesses and entertainments. -
Llandudno Tourist Pocket
View Creative Creative View viewcreative.co.uk Design Dyluniwyd | ........................................................ Centre Information Tourist D6 © Follow Films Films Follow © Photography Ffotograffiaeth LLANDUDNO | Conwy County Borough Council 2019 2019 Council Borough County Conwy Conwy Sirol Bwrdeistref Cyngor © © | .................................... Experience Front Home II War World D5 of the information contained within this brochure. this within contained information the of 26 [email protected] [email protected] omissions or for any matter in any way connected with or arising out of the publication publication the of out arising or with connected way any in matter any for or omissions Venue Cymru Cymru Venue ................... E9 (Conference Centre, Theatre & Arena) & Theatre Centre, (Conference Conwy County Borough Council. Council. Borough County Conwy Conwy. Sirol Bwrdeistref Cyngor 25 this publication, the Council cannot accept responsibility for any errors, inaccuracies or or inaccuracies errors, any for responsibility accept cannot Council the publication, this Community Development Service, Service, Development Community Gwasanaeth Datblygu Cymunedau, Cymunedau, Datblygu Gwasanaeth ................................................... F3 Cricket & Llandudno Bowling Club) Bowling Llandudno & Cricket Whilst Conwy County Borough Council has made every effort to ensure accuracy in in accuracy ensure to effort every made has Council Borough County Conwy Whilst Tourism, and Business Twristiaeth, a Busnes The Oval -