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The Perceived Credibility of Professional Photojournalism Compared to User-Generated Content Among American News Media Audiences
Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE August 2020 THE PERCEIVED CREDIBILITY OF PROFESSIONAL PHOTOJOURNALISM COMPARED TO USER-GENERATED CONTENT AMONG AMERICAN NEWS MEDIA AUDIENCES Gina Gayle Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Gayle, Gina, "THE PERCEIVED CREDIBILITY OF PROFESSIONAL PHOTOJOURNALISM COMPARED TO USER-GENERATED CONTENT AMONG AMERICAN NEWS MEDIA AUDIENCES" (2020). Dissertations - ALL. 1212. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/1212 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT This study examines the perceived credibility of professional photojournalism in context to the usage of User-Generated Content (UGC) when compared across digital news and social media platforms, by individual news consumers in the United States employing a Q methodology experiment. The literature review studies source credibility as the theoretical framework through which to begin; however, using an inductive design, the data may indicate additional patterns and themes. Credibility as a news concept has been studied in terms of print media, broadcast and cable television, social media, and inline news, both individually and between genres. Very few studies involve audience perceptions of credibility, and even fewer are concerned with visual images. Using online Q methodology software, this experiment was given to 100 random participants who sorted a total of 40 images labeled with photographer and platform information. The data revealed that audiences do discern the source of the image, in both the platform and the photographer, but also take into consideration the category of news image in their perception of the credibility of an image. -
Ethics in Photojournalism: Past, Present, and Future
Ethics in Photojournalism: Past, Present, and Future By Daniel R. Bersak S.B. Comparative Media Studies & Electrical Engineering/Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPTEMBER, 2006 Copyright 2006 Daniel R. Bersak, All Rights Reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: _____________________________________________________ Department of Comparative Media Studies, August 11, 2006 Certified By: ___________________________________________________________ Edward Barrett Senior Lecturer, Department of Writing Thesis Supervisor Accepted By: __________________________________________________________ William Uricchio Professor of Comparative Media Studies Director Ethics In Photojournalism: Past, Present, and Future By Daniel R. Bersak Submitted to the Department of Comparative Media Studies, School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences on August 11, 2006, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Comparative Media Studies Abstract Like writers and editors, photojournalists are held to a standard of ethics. Each publication has a set of rules, sometimes written, sometimes unwritten, that governs what that publication considers to be a truthful and faithful representation of images to the public. These rules cover a wide range of topics such as how a photographer should act while taking pictures, what he or she can and can’t photograph, and whether and how an image can be altered in the darkroom or on the computer. -
Photojournalism Photojournalism
Photojournalism For this section, we'll be looking at photojournalism's impact on shaping people's opinions of the news & world events. Photojournalism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (e.g., documentary photography, social documentary photography, street photography or celebrity photography) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work be both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be well informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a creative format that is not only informative, but also entertaining. Timeliness The images have meaning in the context of a recently published record of events. Objectivity The situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone. Narrative The images combine with other news elements to make facts relatable to audiences. Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter, but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often while exposed to significant obstacles (e.g., physical danger, weather, crowds, physical access). -
Valuing Subjectivity in Journalism: Bias, Emotions, and Self-Interest As Tools in Arts Reporting
Original Article Journalism Valuing subjectivity in journalism: Bias, emotions, and self-interest as tools in arts reporting Phillipa Chong McMaster University, Canada Abstract This article examines the meanings and norms surrounding subjectivity across traditional and new forms of cultural journalism. While the ideal of objectivity is key to American journalism and its development as a profession, recent scholarship and new media developments have challenged the dominance of objectivity as a professional norm. This article begins with the understanding that subjectivity is an intractable part of knowing (and reporting on) the world around us to build our understanding of different modes of subjectivity and how these animate journalistic practices. Taking arts reporting, specifically reviewing, as a case study, the analysis draws on interviews with 40 book reviewers who write for major American newspapers, including The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, and prominent blogs. Findings reveal how emotions, bias, and self-interest are salient – sometimes as vice and sometimes as virtue – across the workflow of critics writing for traditional print outlets and book blogs and that these differences can be conceptualized as different epistemic styles. Keywords Blogs, emotion, literary journalism, newspapers, online media, practice, subjectivity/ objectivity Introduction Objectivity has long been the gold standard in American journalism and was key to its development into a profession (Benson and Neveu, 2005; Schudson, 1976). Yet Corresponding author: Phillipa Chong, Department of Sociology, McMaster University, 609 Kenneth Taylor Hall, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M4, Canada. Email: [email protected] Chong 2 scholars have complicated the picture by pointing to the unattainability of objectivity as an ideal with some noting the increasing acceptance of subjectivity across different forms of journalism (Tumber and Prentoulis, 2003; Wahl-Jorgensen, 2012, 2013; Zelizer, 2009b). -
Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020
Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Supported by Surveyed by © Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 4 Contents Foreword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5 3.15 Netherlands 76 Methodology 6 3.16 Norway 77 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.17 Poland 78 3.18 Portugal 79 SECTION 1 3.19 Romania 80 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9 3.20 Slovakia 81 3.21 Spain 82 SECTION 2 3.22 Sweden 83 Further Analysis and International Comparison 33 3.23 Switzerland 84 2.1 How and Why People are Paying for Online News 34 3.24 Turkey 85 2.2 The Resurgence and Importance of Email Newsletters 38 AMERICAS 2.3 How Do People Want the Media to Cover Politics? 42 3.25 United States 88 2.4 Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: 3.26 Argentina 89 Problems Mount for Regional and Local News 47 3.27 Brazil 90 2.5 How People Access News about Climate Change 52 3.28 Canada 91 3.29 Chile 92 SECTION 3 3.30 Mexico 93 Country and Market Data 59 ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE 3.31 Australia 96 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.32 Hong Kong 97 3.02 Austria 63 3.33 Japan 98 3.03 Belgium 64 3.34 Malaysia 99 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.35 Philippines 100 3.05 Croatia 66 3.36 Singapore 101 3.06 Czech Republic 67 3.37 South Korea 102 3.07 Denmark 68 3.38 Taiwan 103 3.08 Finland 69 AFRICA 3.09 France 70 3.39 Kenya 106 3.10 Germany 71 3.40 South Africa 107 3.11 Greece 72 3.12 Hungary 73 SECTION 4 3.13 Ireland 74 References and Selected Publications 109 3.14 Italy 75 4 / 5 Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) The coronavirus crisis is having a profound impact not just on Our main survey this year covered respondents in 40 markets, our health and our communities, but also on the news media. -
Telling Stories to a Different Beat: Photojournalism As a “Way of Life”
Bond University DOCTORAL THESIS Telling stories to a different beat: Photojournalism as a “Way of Life” Busst, Naomi Award date: 2012 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Telling stories to a different beat: Photojournalism as a “Way of Life” Naomi Verity Busst, BPhoto, MJ A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Media and Communication Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Bond University February 2012 Abstract This thesis presents a grounded theory of how photojournalism is a way of life. Some photojournalists dedicate themselves to telling other people's stories, documenting history and finding alternative ways to disseminate their work to audiences. Many self-fund their projects, not just for the love of the tradition, but also because they feel a sense of responsibility to tell stories that are at times outside the mainstream media’s focus. Some do this through necessity. While most photojournalism research has focused on photographers who are employed by media organisations, little, if any, has been undertaken concerning photojournalists who are freelancers. -
How Has Photojournalism Framed the War in Afghanistan?
How has photojournalism framed the war in Afghanistan? David Campbell PUBLICATION In Burke and Norfolk: Photographs from the War in Afghanistan, John Burke and Simon Norfolk (Stockport: Dewi Lewis, 2011). Images are central to contemporary geopolitics. We encounter other people and places though a “field of perceptible reality” enabled by visual representations.1 Photographs, paintings, video, film, computer games – each and every pictorial artefact - helps establish what can be represented and how it can be shown. In turn, those images are made possible by a series of historical, cultural and political frames.2 The field of perceptible reality that is the decade-long war in Afghanistan has been enacted in large part through news imagery and photojournalism. We have seen a steady stream of familiar pictures made up of allied forces, Afghan civilians, Taliban casualties and American military families. Photojournalism on the front line has focused on the military struggles of international forces as they combat an ‘elusive’ opponent, with soldiers and their weaponry front and centre. There is also an inevitable regularity to the style of these images. As Associated Press photographer David Guttenfelder notes, the work of photojournalists in Afghanistan “sometimes looks very uniform.”3 “Embedded journalism” has been a frame commonly focused upon to explain the nature and limits of what we do and don’t see. That analysis sometimes proceeds on the assumption that there was once a time when photography’s contribution to the field of perceptible reality was free from government controls. As Judith Butler claims in her assessment of the ethics of photography: Recent war photography departs significantly from the conventions of war photojournalism that were at work thirty or forty years ago, where the photographer or camera person would attempt to enter the action through angles and modes of access that sought to expose the war in ways that no government had planned. -
The Iconic News Image As Visual Event in Photojournalism and Digital Media
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. i The Iconic News Image as Visual Event in Photojournalism and Digital Media A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Media Studies At Massey University, Manawatu New Zealand Samantha Diane Kelly 2013 ii Abstract This thesis shows how the uses and meanings of the iconic news image have changed with the emergence of digital media. Most of the iconic photographs of the twentieth century were produced by photojournalists and published in mass circulation newspapers and magazines. In the twenty–first century, amateurs have greater access to image producing technologies and greater capacity to disseminate their images through the Internet. This situation has made possible the use of iconic news images to support political agendas other than those promoted in the media institutions and beyond the range of censorship imposed by those media. In order to demonstrate the functions and understand this unprecedented situation, this thesis explores how iconic news images produce meaning. I consider formal definitions of iconic news images but adopt Nicholas Mirzoeff's theory of the visual event to explain how the meanings of iconic news images are impacted by historical context, media institutions and viewer responses. This dynamic model of visual communication allows us to see that iconic news images indeed function as events and that there is a political struggle over the creation, staging, publication and interpretation of those events. -
The Mainstreaming of US Games Journalism
The Mainstreaming of US Games Journalism David B. Nieborg University of Amsterdam Turfdraagsterpad 9 1012 XT Amsterdam, NL [email protected] Maxwell Foxman Columbia University 116th St & Broadway New York, NY 10027, USA [email protected] Keywords journalism studies, games journalism, mainstreaming, games coverage, games industry EXTENDED ABSTRACT While a decade ago coverage of video games in the mainstream press was hardly guaranteed, it is difficult today to find a major daily or lifestyle magazine in the United States—from USA Today to The New Yorker—that is not taking games seriously. And yet this “mainstreaming” of games coverage has hardly come easily. Aside from the struggles of game critics themselves, who have acutely pointed to their tenuous and dependent relationship on the industry (Nieborg & Sihvonen, 2009), perhaps the most notable portrayal of game culture over the past years has been the Gamergate scandal—one of the most vitriolic chapters in games journalism (Mortensen, 2016). As a consequence, the mainstreaming of games journalism has given rise to critical questions concerning the role of the reporter. What is his/her relationship to the games industry? And, how is she/he shaped by the traditional practices of the press? Our paper is part of an ongoing investigation into contemporary modes of games journalism and seeks to answer these questions through an exploratory study of mainstream US games journalists’ coverage of both their beat and the wider industry. The paper draws on valuable work about the ever-changing role of arts and entertainment critics (e.g. Frey 2015). It also expands on previous analyses that uncovered a network of structural ambivalences among games critics in the enthusiast press (Foxman & Nieborg, 2016), driven in part by its dependency on, yet in a combative relationship with, the industry. -
Digital and Print News 2020-2021
Bachelor of Arts in Journalism – Digital and Print News 2020-2021 UNT CORE REQUIREMENTS SCHOOL REQUIREMENTS COMMUNICATION (ENGLISH COMP & RHETORIC) 6 hrs. GRAMMAR, SPELLING AND PUNCTUATION TEST A grade of C or higher is required for all UNT students All undergraduate journalism students must pass the ENGL 1310 3 hrs. Grammar, Spelling and Punctuation (GSP) Test to enroll in ENGL 1320 3 hrs. foundation courses and to take advanced level journalism coursework. More information about the GSP and when the MATHEMATICS test is being offered can be found at: See School of Journalism requirements. https://journalism.unt.edu/undergraduate/GSP LIFE & PHYSICAL SCIENCES 6 hrs. ELEMENTARY PROBABILITY & STATISTICS 3-4 hrs. Any from Approved List of Classes MATH 1680 FOREIGN LANGUAGE 6 hrs. CREATIVE ARTS 3 hrs. LANG 1010 Any from Approved List of Classes LANG 1020 Language options: Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, LANGUAGE, PHILOSOPHY & CULTURE 3 hrs. Latin, Portuguese, Russian, Sign Language (SPHS), Spanish. Any from Approved List of Classes See Foreign Language Dept. for placement exam information ADVANCED SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSES AMERICAN HISTORY 6 hrs. Four courses (12 hrs.) at the 3000/4000 level in the following areas of study: HIST 2610 3hrs. ANTH, ECON, GEOG, HIST, PHIL, PSCI, PSYC, SOWK, SOCI HIST 2620 3hrs. GOVERNMENT/POLITICAL SCIENCE 6 hrs. PSCI 2306 3hrs. PSCI 2305 3hrs. MINOR OF CHOICE A minor of 18 to 21 hours is required for all JOUR majors. SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 3 hrs. Any from Approved List of Classes *A complete list of minors can be found at catalog.unt.edu* DEGREE HOUR REQUIREMENTS COMPONENT AREA OPTION 6 hrs. -
The Effects of False Information on Journalism
BRIEF 2 The Effects of False Information on Journalism KEY FINDINGS This brief explores how false information* has influenced the profession of journalism, journalists themselves, and the production of news. Evidence The focus on “fake news” and • draws from an original survey of 1,018 journalists, 22 semi-structured disinformation in the media has interviews, and secondary sources. See the Executive Summary for decreased trust in journalism for more information about the methodology. The effects outlined in this a subset of Americans; however, brief primarily stem from two sources: (1) journalists’ knowledge of in contrast, part of the public increasing misinformation and disinformation shaping their behavior, and has simultaneously increased (2) the public’s varied interpretations of “fake news” in the current news their demand for and respect of environment. “Fake news” had a range of meanings to respondents, but was journalism, resulting in increased broadly considered to reflect a general attack on the media—specifically hiring at large outlets. allegations that the field of journalism is rife with fabricated information due to misinformation, disinformation, and the journalists themselves. Balancing Several survey respondents link • the public’s understanding of “fake news” and maintaining trust in a time the current news environment to when accusations of “fake news” are commonplace, has impacted the increased harassment: 27% of ways in which journalists conduct themselves. surveyed respondents said they have been harassed and 43% said they have colleagues who have been harassed. Minorities and women are disproportionately the targets of harassment. • Heightened publicity about false information has led some journalists to increase the time and resources they spend on sourcing. -
Let's Talk About …
Let’s talk about … News Writing By Jeanne Acton, UIL Journalism & ILPC Director News Writing … gives the reader information that will have an impact on them in some way. It usually flows from most important to least important. “What is news? It is information only.” - Walter Cronkite, former CBS News anchor Transition/Quote Formula Lead: Most important information. Focus on newest information. Focus on the future. Additional Information: Important information not found in the lead. Sometimes not needed. Linked Side Notes: 1) Each box is Direct Quote: a new a para- Connects to the additional information or lead. Use more than one sentence. graph. 2) Story should flow Transition: from most Next important fact or opinion for the story . important to Use transition words to help story flow . Transi- least important tion can be a fact, indirect quote or partial information. quote. Linked Direct Quote: Connects to the first transition. Use more than one sentence. Do not repeat the transition in the quote. DQ should elaborate on the transition. DQ should give details, opinions, etc. Transition: Next important fact or opinion for the story . Use transition words to help story flow . Transi- tion can be a fact, indirect quote or partial Linked quote. Direct Quote: Connects to the second transition. Use more than one sentence. Do not repeat the transition in the quote. DQ should elaborate on the transi- tion. DQ should give details, opinions, etc. and so on!!! until the story is complete Let’s start at the beginning with … LEADS. Let’s talk about Leads Lead: Most important information.