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Diagram Chasing in Abelian Categories
Diagram Chasing in Abelian Categories Daniel Murfet October 5, 2006 In applications of the theory of homological algebra, results such as the Five Lemma are crucial. For abelian groups this result is proved by diagram chasing, a procedure not immediately available in a general abelian category. However, we can still prove the desired results by embedding our abelian category in the category of abelian groups. All of this material is taken from Mitchell’s book on category theory [Mit65]. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Desired results ...................................... 1 2 Walks in Abelian Categories 3 2.1 Diagram chasing ..................................... 6 1 Introduction For our conventions regarding categories the reader is directed to our Abelian Categories (AC) notes. In particular recall that an embedding is a faithful functor which takes distinct objects to distinct objects. Theorem 1. Any small abelian category A has an exact embedding into the category of abelian groups. Proof. See [Mit65] Chapter 4, Theorem 2.6. Lemma 2. Let A be an abelian category and S ⊆ A a nonempty set of objects. There is a full small abelian subcategory B of A containing S. Proof. See [Mit65] Chapter 4, Lemma 2.7. Combining results II 6.7 and II 7.1 of [Mit65] we have Lemma 3. Let A be an abelian category, T : A −→ Ab an exact embedding. Then T preserves and reflects monomorphisms, epimorphisms, commutative diagrams, limits and colimits of finite diagrams, and exact sequences. 1.1 Desired results In the category of abelian groups, diagram chasing arguments are usually used either to establish a property (such as surjectivity) of a certain morphism, or to construct a new morphism between known objects. -
Arxiv:Math/9407203V1 [Math.LO] 12 Jul 1994 Notbr 1993
REDUCTIONS BETWEEN CARDINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTINUUM Andreas Blass Abstract. We discuss two general aspects of the theory of cardinal characteristics of the continuum, especially of proofs of inequalities between such characteristics. The first aspect is to express the essential content of these proofs in a way that makes sense even in models where the inequalities hold trivially (e.g., because the continuum hypothesis holds). For this purpose, we use a Borel version of Vojt´aˇs’s theory of generalized Galois-Tukey connections. The second aspect is to analyze a sequential structure often found in proofs of inequalities relating one characteristic to the minimum (or maximum) of two others. Vojt´aˇs’s max-min diagram, abstracted from such situations, can be described in terms of a new, higher-type object in the category of generalized Galois-Tukey connections. It turns out to occur also in other proofs of inequalities where no minimum (or maximum) is mentioned. 1. Introduction Cardinal characteristics of the continuum are certain cardinal numbers describing combinatorial, topological, or analytic properties of the real line R and related spaces like ωω and P(ω). Several examples are described below, and many more can be found in [4, 14]. Most such characteristics, and all those under consideration ℵ in this paper, lie between ℵ1 and the cardinality c =2 0 of the continuum, inclusive. So, if the continuum hypothesis (CH) holds, they are equal to ℵ1. The theory of such characteristics is therefore of interest only when CH fails. That theory consists mainly of two sorts of results. First, there are equations and (non-strict) inequalities between pairs of characteristics or sometimes between arXiv:math/9407203v1 [math.LO] 12 Jul 1994 one characteristic and the maximum or minimum of two others. -
Weak Subobjects and Weak Limits in Categories and Homotopy Categories Cahiers De Topologie Et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques, Tome 38, No 4 (1997), P
CAHIERS DE TOPOLOGIE ET GÉOMÉTRIE DIFFÉRENTIELLE CATÉGORIQUES MARCO GRANDIS Weak subobjects and weak limits in categories and homotopy categories Cahiers de topologie et géométrie différentielle catégoriques, tome 38, no 4 (1997), p. 301-326 <http://www.numdam.org/item?id=CTGDC_1997__38_4_301_0> © Andrée C. Ehresmann et les auteurs, 1997, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Cahiers de topologie et géométrie différentielle catégoriques » implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright. Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme Numérisation de documents anciens mathématiques http://www.numdam.org/ CAHIERS DE TOPOLOGIE ET Volume XXXVIII-4 (1997) GEOMETRIE DIFFERENTIELLE CATEGORIQUES WEAK SUBOBJECTS AND WEAK LIMITS IN CATEGORIES AND HOMOTOPY CATEGORIES by Marco GRANDIS R6sumi. Dans une cat6gorie donn6e, un sousobjet faible, ou variation, d’un objet A est defini comme une classe d’6quivalence de morphismes A valeurs dans A, de faqon a étendre la notion usuelle de sousobjet. Les sousobjets faibles sont lies aux limites faibles, comme les sousobjets aux limites; et ils peuvent 8tre consid6r6s comme remplaqant les sousobjets dans les categories "a limites faibles", notamment la cat6gorie d’homotopie HoTop des espaces topologiques, ou il forment un treillis de types de fibration sur 1’espace donn6. La classification des variations des groupes et des groupes ab£liens est un outil important pour d6terminer ces types de fibration, par les foncteurs d’homotopie et homologie. Introduction We introduce here the notion of weak subobject in a category, as an extension of the notion of subobject. -
The Freyd-Mitchell Embedding Theorem States the Existence of a Ring R and an Exact Full Embedding a Ñ R-Mod, R-Mod Being the Category of Left Modules Over R
The Freyd-Mitchell Embedding Theorem Arnold Tan Junhan Michaelmas 2018 Mini Projects: Homological Algebra arXiv:1901.08591v1 [math.CT] 23 Jan 2019 University of Oxford MFoCS Homological Algebra Contents 1 Abstract 1 2 Basics on abelian categories 1 3 Additives and representables 6 4 A special case of Freyd-Mitchell 10 5 Functor categories 12 6 Injective Envelopes 14 7 The Embedding Theorem 18 1 Abstract Given a small abelian category A, the Freyd-Mitchell embedding theorem states the existence of a ring R and an exact full embedding A Ñ R-Mod, R-Mod being the category of left modules over R. This theorem is useful as it allows one to prove general results about abelian categories within the context of R-modules. The goal of this report is to flesh out the proof of the embedding theorem. We shall follow closely the material and approach presented in Freyd (1964). This means we will encounter such concepts as projective generators, injective cogenerators, the Yoneda embedding, injective envelopes, Grothendieck categories, subcategories of mono objects and subcategories of absolutely pure objects. This approach is summarised as follows: • the functor category rA, Abs is abelian and has injective envelopes. • in fact, the same holds for the full subcategory LpAq of left-exact functors. • LpAqop has some nice properties: it is cocomplete and has a projective generator. • such a category embeds into R-Mod for some ring R. • in turn, A embeds into such a category. 2 Basics on abelian categories Fix some category C. Let us say that a monic A Ñ B is contained in another monic A1 Ñ B if there is a map A Ñ A1 making the diagram A B commute. -
Monomorphism - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Monomorphism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomorphism Monomorphism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In the context of abstract algebra or universal algebra, a monomorphism is an injective homomorphism. A monomorphism from X to Y is often denoted with the notation . In the more general setting of category theory, a monomorphism (also called a monic morphism or a mono) is a left-cancellative morphism, that is, an arrow f : X → Y such that, for all morphisms g1, g2 : Z → X, Monomorphisms are a categorical generalization of injective functions (also called "one-to-one functions"); in some categories the notions coincide, but monomorphisms are more general, as in the examples below. The categorical dual of a monomorphism is an epimorphism, i.e. a monomorphism in a category C is an epimorphism in the dual category Cop. Every section is a monomorphism, and every retraction is an epimorphism. Contents 1 Relation to invertibility 2 Examples 3 Properties 4 Related concepts 5 Terminology 6 See also 7 References Relation to invertibility Left invertible morphisms are necessarily monic: if l is a left inverse for f (meaning l is a morphism and ), then f is monic, as A left invertible morphism is called a split mono. However, a monomorphism need not be left-invertible. For example, in the category Group of all groups and group morphisms among them, if H is a subgroup of G then the inclusion f : H → G is always a monomorphism; but f has a left inverse in the category if and only if H has a normal complement in G. -
Classifying Categories the Jordan-Hölder and Krull-Schmidt-Remak Theorems for Abelian Categories
U.U.D.M. Project Report 2018:5 Classifying Categories The Jordan-Hölder and Krull-Schmidt-Remak Theorems for Abelian Categories Daniel Ahlsén Examensarbete i matematik, 30 hp Handledare: Volodymyr Mazorchuk Examinator: Denis Gaidashev Juni 2018 Department of Mathematics Uppsala University Classifying Categories The Jordan-Holder¨ and Krull-Schmidt-Remak theorems for abelian categories Daniel Ahlsen´ Uppsala University June 2018 Abstract The Jordan-Holder¨ and Krull-Schmidt-Remak theorems classify finite groups, either as direct sums of indecomposables or by composition series. This thesis defines abelian categories and extends the aforementioned theorems to this context. 1 Contents 1 Introduction3 2 Preliminaries5 2.1 Basic Category Theory . .5 2.2 Subobjects and Quotients . .9 3 Abelian Categories 13 3.1 Additive Categories . 13 3.2 Abelian Categories . 20 4 Structure Theory of Abelian Categories 32 4.1 Exact Sequences . 32 4.2 The Subobject Lattice . 41 5 Classification Theorems 54 5.1 The Jordan-Holder¨ Theorem . 54 5.2 The Krull-Schmidt-Remak Theorem . 60 2 1 Introduction Category theory was developed by Eilenberg and Mac Lane in the 1942-1945, as a part of their research into algebraic topology. One of their aims was to give an axiomatic account of relationships between collections of mathematical structures. This led to the definition of categories, functors and natural transformations, the concepts that unify all category theory, Categories soon found use in module theory, group theory and many other disciplines. Nowadays, categories are used in most of mathematics, and has even been proposed as an alternative to axiomatic set theory as a foundation of mathematics.[Law66] Due to their general nature, little can be said of an arbitrary category. -
Math 395: Category Theory Northwestern University, Lecture Notes
Math 395: Category Theory Northwestern University, Lecture Notes Written by Santiago Can˜ez These are lecture notes for an undergraduate seminar covering Category Theory, taught by the author at Northwestern University. The book we roughly follow is “Category Theory in Context” by Emily Riehl. These notes outline the specific approach we’re taking in terms the order in which topics are presented and what from the book we actually emphasize. We also include things we look at in class which aren’t in the book, but otherwise various standard definitions and examples are left to the book. Watch out for typos! Comments and suggestions are welcome. Contents Introduction to Categories 1 Special Morphisms, Products 3 Coproducts, Opposite Categories 7 Functors, Fullness and Faithfulness 9 Coproduct Examples, Concreteness 12 Natural Isomorphisms, Representability 14 More Representable Examples 17 Equivalences between Categories 19 Yoneda Lemma, Functors as Objects 21 Equalizers and Coequalizers 25 Some Functor Properties, An Equivalence Example 28 Segal’s Category, Coequalizer Examples 29 Limits and Colimits 29 More on Limits/Colimits 29 More Limit/Colimit Examples 30 Continuous Functors, Adjoints 30 Limits as Equalizers, Sheaves 30 Fun with Squares, Pullback Examples 30 More Adjoint Examples 30 Stone-Cech 30 Group and Monoid Objects 30 Monads 30 Algebras 30 Ultrafilters 30 Introduction to Categories Category theory provides a framework through which we can relate a construction/fact in one area of mathematics to a construction/fact in another. The goal is an ultimate form of abstraction, where we can truly single out what about a given problem is specific to that problem, and what is a reflection of a more general phenomenom which appears elsewhere. -
Congruence Lattices of Semilattices
PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS Vol. 49, No. 1, 1973 CONGRUENCE LATTICES OF SEMILATTICES RALPH FREESE AND J. B. NATION The main result of this paper is that the class of con- gruence lattices of semilattices satisfies no nontrivial lattice identities. It is also shown that the class of subalgebra lattices of semilattices satisfies no nontrivial lattice identities. As a consequence it is shown that if 5^* is a semigroup variety all of whose congruence lattices satisfy some fixed nontrivial lattice identity, then all the members of 5^" are groups with exponent dividing a fixed finite number. Given a variety (equational class) J^ of algebras, among the inter- esting questions we can ask about the members of SίΓ is the following: does there exist a lattice identity δ such that for each algebra A e S?~, the congruence lattice Θ(A) satisfies S? In the case that 5ίΓ has dis- tributive congruences, many strong conclusions can be drawn about the algebras of J%Γ [1, 2, 7]. In the case that 3ίΓ has permutable con- gruences or modular congruences, there is reason to hope that some similar results may be obtainable [4, 8]. A standard method of proving that a class of lattices satisfies no nontrivial lattice identities is to show that all partition lattices (lattices of equivalence relations) are contained as sublattices. The lattices of congruences of semilattices, however, are known to be pseudo-complemented [9]. It follows that the partition lattice on a three-element set (the five-element two-dimensional lattice) is not isomorphic to a sublattice of the congruence lattice of a semi- lattice, and in fact is not a homomorphic image of a sublattice of the congruence lattice of a finite semilattice. -
Dualogy: a Category-Theoretic Approach to Duality
Dualogy: A Category-Theoretic approach to Duality Sabah E. Karam [email protected] Presented May 2007 at the Second International Conference on Complementarity, Duality, and Global Optimization in Science and Engineering http://www.ise.ufl.edu/cao/CDGO2007/ Abstract: Duality is ubiquitous. Almost every discipline in the natural and social sciences has incorporated either a principle of duality, dual variables, dual transformations, or other dualistic constructs into the formulations of their theoretical or empirical models. Category theory, on the other hand, is a purely mathematically based theory that was developed to investigate abstract algebraic and geometric structures and especially the mappings between them. Applications of category theory to the mathematical sciences, the computational sciences, quantum mechanics, and biology have revealed structure preserving processes and other natural transformations. In this paper conjugate variables, and their corresponding transformations, will be of primary importance in the analysis of duality-influenced systems. This study will lead to a category-based model of duality called Dualogy. Hopefully, it will inspire others to apply categorification techniques in the classification and investigation of dualistic-type structures. Keywords: duality theory, optimization, category theory, conjugate, categorification. 1 1 INTRODUCTION Duality arises in linear and nonlinear optimization techniques in a wide variety of applications. Current flows and voltage differences are the primal and dual variables that arise when optimization and equilibrium models are used to analyze electrical networks. In economic markets the primal variables are production and consumption levels and the dual variables are prices of goods and services. In structural design methods tensions on the beams and modal displacements are the respective primal and dual variables. -
Categories and Natural Transformations
Categories and Natural Transformations Ethan Jerzak 17 August 2007 1 Introduction The motivation for studying Category Theory is to formalise the underlying similarities between a broad range of mathematical ideas and use these generalities to gain insights into these more specific structures. Because of its formalised generality, we can use categories to understand traditionally vague concepts like \natural" and \canonical" more precisely. This paper will provide the basic concept of categories, introduce the language needed to study categories, and study some examples of familiar mathematical objects which can be categorized. Particular emphasis will go to the concept of natural transformations, an important concept for relating different categories. 2 Categories 2.1 Definition A category C is a collection of objects, denoted Ob(C ), together with a set of morphisms, denoted C (X; Y ), for each pair of objects X; Y 2 Ob(C ). These morphisms must satisfy the following axioms: 1. For each X; Y; Z 2 Ob(C ), there is a composition function ◦ : C (Y; Z) × C (X; Y ) ! C (X; Z) We can denote this morphism as simply g ◦ f 2. For each X 2 Ob(C ), there exists a distinguished element 1X 2 C (X; X) such that for any Y; Z 2 Ob(C ) and f 2 C (Y; X), g 2 C (X; Z) we have 1X ◦ f = f and g ◦ 1X = g 3. Composition is associative: h ◦ (g ◦ f) = (h ◦ g) ◦ f Remark: We often write X 2 C instead of X 2 Ob(C ) Remark: We say a category C is small if the collection Ob(C ) forms a set. -
Snake Lemma - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Snake lemma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_lemma Snake lemma From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The snake lemma is a tool used in mathematics, particularly homological algebra, to construct long exact sequences. The snake lemma is valid in every abelian category and is a crucial tool in homological algebra and its applications, for instance in algebraic topology. Homomorphisms constructed with its help are generally called connecting homomorphisms. Contents 1 Statement 2 Explanation of the name 3 Construction of the maps 4 Naturality 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Statement In an abelian category (such as the category of abelian groups or the category of vector spaces over a given field), consider a commutative diagram: where the rows are exact sequences and 0 is the zero object. Then there is an exact sequence relating the kernels and cokernels of a, b, and c: Furthermore, if the morphism f is a monomorphism, then so is the morphism ker a → ker b, and if g' is an epimorphism, then so is coker b → coker c. Explanation of the name To see where the snake lemma gets its name, expand the diagram above as follows: 1 of 4 28/11/2012 01:58 Snake lemma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_lemma and then note that the exact sequence that is the conclusion of the lemma can be drawn on this expanded diagram in the reversed "S" shape of a slithering snake. Construction of the maps The maps between the kernels and the maps between the cokernels are induced in a natural manner by the given (horizontal) maps because of the diagram's commutativity. -
Hilbert Algebras As Implicative Partial Semilattices
DOI: 10.2478/s11533-007-0008-2 Research article CEJM 5(2) 2007 264–279 Hilbert algebras as implicative partial semilattices J¯anis C¯ırulis∗ University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia Received 15 August 2006; accepted 16 February 2007 Abstract: The infimum of elements a and b of a Hilbert algebra are said to be the compatible meet of a and b, if the elements a and b are compatible in a certain strict sense. The subject of the paper will be Hilbert algebras equipped with the compatible meet operation, which normally is partial. A partial lower semilattice is shown to be a reduct of such an expanded Hilbert algebra iff both algebras have the same filters. An expanded Hilbert algebra is actually an implicative partial semilattice (i.e., a relative subalgebra of an implicative semilattice), and conversely. The implication in an implicative partial semilattice is characterised in terms of filters of the underlying partial semilattice. c Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. All rights reserved. Keywords: Compatible elements, filter, Hilbert algebra, implication, implicative semilattice, meet, partial semilattice MSC (2000): 06A12, 03G25 1 Introduction Hilbert algebras, or positive implication algebras [35], are the duals of Henkin algebras called by him implicative models in [21] (this term has also been used for Hilbert algebras [30, 31]). Positive implicative BCK-algebras [24] are actually another version of Henkin algebras (see, e.g. [28, 37]). As a matter of fact, these algebras are an algebraic counterpart of positive implica- tional calculus. Various expansions of Hilbert algebras by a conjunction-like operation have also been studied in the literature.