antarc tic H OFTHE IIUNITED U STATES

eptember 1979 National Science Foundation Volume Xl V—Number 3

March 1980) to conduct about 80 science projects. Research highlights include an investigation of the geology of the Ellsworth Mountains area and an investigation of wave- particle interactions in the magneto- sphere from .

The Ellsworths, a rugged moun- tain chain located about 2,000 kilo- meters from McMurdo Station be- tween the ice plateau of West and the Ronne and Filch- - -: ner Ice Shelves, are the highest mountains in Antarctica, reaching elevations of 5,100 meters. They are divided into a northern Sentinel $ Range and a southern Heritage Range. Geologists are interested in U.S. Navy photo (90214-11-78) by Frank R. Bair, Jr. the Ellsworths because they repre- Tent camps placed and relocated by helicopters will enable investigators to examine sent a bridge between the geologi- sites throughout the Ellsworth Mountains this season. A similar logistic technique cally older shield areas of East enabled the researchers shown above to study the movement of the Byrd Glacier Antarctica and the younger province in 1978-79. of . Glacial geolo- gists, because the Ellsworths occur precisely at the dividing line between Ellsworth Mountains, Siple Station the and the Ronne Ice Shelf, find the region studies highlight 1 )79-80-- U.S. US useful for monitoring ice recessions Antarctic Research Program and advances in the area. Small U.S. research parties visited This Septembers WINFLY or "winter fly-in" flights from California to the Ellsworth Mountains periodically McMurdo Station mark not only the opening of the 1979-80 United States from 1958 to 1967. Occasionally they Antarctic Research Program, but also a possible reduction in the high incidence were equipped with small motor of WINFLY colds among McMurdo and nearby (N.Z.) personnel. vehicles, whose range was limited by Winter personnel, isolated from March to September at antarctic research the rugged terrain. Helicopter sup- stations, have traditionally been susceptible to cold viruses brought by the port during the 1963-64 season, WINFLY group. This season one however, gave researchers access to investigator will attempt to interrupt much more territory. The results of be responsible for the colds, then the later laboratory research pointed out the transmission of cold viruses by 1979-80 U.S. Antarctic Research distributing highly virucidal paper several specific unsolved questions Program will have gotten off to a about the Ellsworths and indicated handkerchiefs to WINFLY, Mc- more enjoyable start. Murdo Station, and Scott Base that more intensive geological inves- personnel. If the handkerchiefs suc- More than 300 investigators will tigations there would be scientifically ceed in inactivating the viruses in follow the WINFLY crews to Antarc- rewarding. These investigations will nasal secretions which are thought to tica this season (October 1979 to take place this season. Field activities in the Ellsworth camp and to , a refueling electrons from the magnetosphere. Mountains will be supported from a stop which will be used on the return Such precipitation can be caused by base camp, similar to the one set up leg of the McMurdo-Ellsworth very-low-frequency waves produced last season on the Darwin Glacier. Mountains flight. by lightning discharges in Canada or The Ellsworth camp will be able to by the Siple VLF transmitter. An house up to 55 scientists and support Ellsworth camp will stay open for 10 weeks beginning in mid-Novem- understanding of these wave-parti personnel at once. It is expected that cle interactions is critical to an under- no more than 35 scientists will use ber. During that period, geologists hope to construct a detailed picture of standing of the radiation belts and the camp at one time. The plan is to the ionosphere, as well as to the operate three UH-1N helicopters out a 13,000-meter thick stratigraphic section of the Ellsworths and obtain development of plasma physics of the Ellsworth camp. Approxi- theory. mately 500 helicopter hours will be samples of fossil flora and fauna Seven scientific rockets—three available. About 800 LC-130 airplane particularly from the top of the hours will Precambrian and base of the Cam- Nike-Tomahawk and four Super be necessary to transport Arcas rockets, all furnished by scientists, equipment, food, fuel, and brian sedimentary beds. They will NASA—will be launched from Siple construction materials to Ellsworth examine the evolution of landforms in the Ellsworth Mountains and chart Station this season. The Nike- the sequence of major structural Tomahawk rockets will carry instru- geologic events there. They also hope ments designed to measure the to locate concentrations of radio- intensities and directions of precipi- active elements and provide funda- tating electrons, VLF waves, and mental geologic information about electric fields at about 230 kilometers the deposition or crystallization of altitude. The Super Arcas rockets will specific rock types. Data gained this carry instruments that will measure season may clarify the history of this X-rays produced by the precipitating portion of Antarctica as well as its electrons at about 80 kilometers. tectonic relationship to the Antarctic X-ray scintillation counters will be Peninsula area. launched on 10 balloons in close Glacial geologists will test their coordination with the rocket cam- hypothesis that during glacial periods paign. These counters will record X- the West Antarctic Ice Sheet expands rays produced at altitudes of 70 to 90 Editor: Richard P. Muldoon to the end of the continental shelves kilometers above the surface by in the Ross and Weddell Seas and that energetic electrons impinging upon Antarctic Journal of the United States, the atmosphere over Siple Station. established in 1966, reports on U.S. during interglacials the ice sheet activities in Antarctica and related ac- retreats to about its present position Ground instrumentation as well, tivities elsewhere, and on trends in the and maintains large ice shelves. including riometers, magnetometers, U.S. Antarctic Program. It is published During particularly warm intergla- and VLF receivers, will complement quarterly (March, June, September, cials—the last about 124,000 years the balloon and rocket experiments. and December) with a fifth annual re- ago—they think the West Antarctic Measurements taken by polar orbit- view issue by the Division of Polar Pro- Ice Sheet loses its ice shelves and ing satellites and during balloon grams, National Science Foundation, collapses rapidly. They will be looking launches at Roberval will provide Washington, D.C. 20550. Telephone more data about wave-particle inter- 202/632-4076. at traces of the ice sheet left above the current ice surface to test their actions. Subscription rates are $7.50 per five theory about the collapse of the ice Elsewhere in Antarctica scientists issues, domestic, and $9.40 per five sheet during the last interglacial will continue to examine how human issues, foreign; single copies are $1.00 period 124,000 years ago. beings and other life forms adapt to ($1.25 foreign) except for the annual The meteorite search which has antarctic conditions. One medical review isue, which is $5.50 ($6.90 proved so successful in the past two doctor will study the surprisingly foreign). Address changes and sub- persistent shedding of parainfluenza scription matters should be sent to the seasons will continue, this time in the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Ellsworth Mountains as well as in the virus by people isolated at Government Printing Office, Washing- McMurdo Sound region. Once again Station throughout the winter. ton, D.C. 20402. researchers will look for areas where Other investigators will study the ablation has uncovered meteorites synthesis of proteins in certain The director of the National Science long buried in the ice. As in the past, antarctic fishes, one of which, a Foundation has determined that the the meteorites will be handled care- glycoprotein, enables them to survive publication of this periodical is neces- fully to keep them from contamina- in ice-laden seawater. The research- sary in the transaction of the public tion and to preserve their scientific ers will examine the synthesis and business required by law of this agency. value. molecular structure of this glyco- Use of funds for printing this periodical protein and other plasma proteins has been approved by the director of At Siple Station 38 investigators and the way specific levels of the the Office of Management and Budget from 7 universities will use rockets, antifreeze are maintained in fishes at through 30 September 1984. balloons, ground-based instruments, different temperatures. The goal of and satellites in a coordinated study these studies is not only to determine of the precipitation of energetic the structures of these glycoproteins

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL

and the processes involved In their ANTARCTICA: MAJOR U.S. ACTIVITIES, synthesis, but to describe protein 1979-1980 synthesis in general. Such a descrip- ATLANTIC OCEAN 0 INDIAN OCEAN

tion is important because protein SANAE )RSA( synthesis is one of the most funda- I - mental adaptation strategies evi- AACTOWSKI (POLAND) - SYOWA (JAPAN) BELL(NGSHAUSEN (USSR) MOLODEZHNAYA (USSR)

denced in life in all regions of the ARAMBIO (ARGENTINA) world. WEDDELL SEA PALMER C -GENERAL BELGRANO RAT(ARGENTINA) Research also will continue into the ROTHERA(UK) movements and feeding habits of seals, especially in relation to their consumption of krill. Studies of diving behavior not only will provide information on the behavioral adap- MIRNS( (USSR) tations of these animals, but also • VOSTOK (USSR) about respiration processes. The latter information may be applicable BYRD (USA) CASEY to studies of human physiology. A ROSS cESHEI •DOMECYS (AUSTRALIA) new radio tracking system which will PACIFIC OCEAN McMURDO (USA) be tested this season at McMurdo DRY VALLEYS ALLANWLLS may enable investigators eventually (USSR) to track the movement of specific 500 0 500 1000 KILOMETERS DURVLLE (FRANCE)A. vertebrate species via signals tele- 180 metered to satellites. LENINGRADSKAYA (USSR) ne Astronomers at the U.S. station at the South Pole will use a new and highly sensitive telescope to measure pography upon the surface topog- large-scale motions on the surface of season to replace "temporary" hous- the sun. The telescope will enable the raphy and the overall dynamics of the ing built at McMurdo 20 years ago researchers to detect coherent veloc- . and still in use. Other construction ity patterns on the surface that are Near McMurdo, investigators will projects include laying the founda- caused by oscillations in its interior. explore the sediments on the floor of tion for a new power plant at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station McMurdo Sound in order to describe McMurdo Station and putting finish- offers astronomers a relatively stable the geological processes that formed ing touches on the new facilities at research platform where they can ob- the basins in the Sound. Knowledge . tain long-term observations uninter- of these processes will help scientists About 170 Holmes & Narver Inc. rupted by a day-night cycle. reconstruct what happened when the support staff and 675 U.S. Navy Continuing measurements of at- East and West Antarctic tectonic personnel will accompany research- mospheric constituents at the South plates met. Investigators in the dry ers to Antarctica this season. With- Pole Clean Air Facility will provide valleys of southern Victoria Land will out their support, few of the research additional data for studies of the explore more of the geology of the projects planned for this austral effects of pollution upon the Earths area. A team from Virginia Tech also summer could be completed. Holmes atmosphere and for studies of the will return to the dry valley lakes to & Narver will operate the Palmer transport of aerosol particles from continue its studies of algal mats that Station/Hero research system, Siple lower latitudes to the poles. New live in less than one-tenth the light Station, and South Pole Station for meteorological programs include in- necessary for temperate region algae NSF and provide administrative as- vestigations of the katabatic (gravity) to photosynthesize. sistance at McMurdo. The U.S. Navy will fly the airplanes and helicopters winds that fall from the polar plateau Finally, research vessel Hero and toward the coasts. These studies will three U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers, that transport U.S. personnel, equip- ment, and cargo throughout Antarc- depend on automatic weather sta- Northwind, Glacier, and the new Polar tions set in an array on the East Sea, will be used as mobile research tica. Navy personnel also will operate Antarctic Ice Sheet from dome C- platforms for marine biologic, geo- McMurdo Station and provide opera- one of the three major "domes" or logic, and oceanographic investiga- tional meteorology, communications, high spots on the East Antarctic Ice tions in the Weddell and Ross Seas and other services for the United Sheet—to the French station and in the area. States Antarctic Research Program. Dumont dUrville. They will collect meteorological data year-round. Last season two new dormitories, Following are brief descriptions of each housing 50 people, were built at each of the research projects planned Glaciology also will continue at McMurdo. Construction crews now for the coming season. The 1979-80 dome C where investigators will at work will have one of the buildings United States Antarctic Research study the different ice crystal orien- ready for occupancy in mid-October, Program will mark the 25th consecu- tations (anisotropies) within the ice the other in early November. Three tive year of U.S. activity in Antarctica sheet and the effects of bottom to- more dormitories will be built this in the modern era.

September 1979 of enduring natural prolonged freez- Planned field research projects, 1979-80 ing without discernible damage. Our research involves isolating and exam- ining the several enzymatic processes responsible for producing and elim- Antarctic Peninsula across brood patches. We will use inating a variety of cryoprotectants radio telemetry to measure body depending on variations in temper- The role of the leopard seal in the temperatures and locate penguins in ature. Our research on insects that marine ecosystem. D.B. Siniff, Univer- the rookeries and feeding grounds. function normally despite core tem- sity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. (S-oil) peratures many degrees below freez- Leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) will ing could contribute information be captured, tagged, and released in critical to low temperature storage of the pack ice near the Antarctic Ecological and behavioral adapta- tions to antarctic environments. tissues and organs. (S-028) Peninsula, using R/V Hero as a mobile research platform. The objectives David F. Parmelee, University of Minnesota, are: (1) to obtain data on the diurnal Minneapolis, Minnesota. Our study Fluxes of organic compounds to activity patterns and long-range areas near are suited antarctic food webs. Robert W. to year-round investigations of the Risebrough, University of California Bodega movements of leopard seals; (2) to document social behavior during the ecological and behavioral adaptations Marine Laboratory, Modega Bay, Cali- pupping, weaning, and mating sea- of certain charadriiform birds, espe- fornia. We will use R/V Hero to obtain son; (3) to collect information on cially gulls and skuas. Our principal water samples which will indicate the seasonal and age-related changes in objectives are to study foraging levels of petroleum-derived and behaviors, time-energy budgets, and related compounds and synthetic and food habits; and (4) to investigate the reproductive success and survival of productivity. We will continue band- natural organic chemical compounds specific individuals. A field camp will ing shags, sheathbills, skuas, gulls, in marine food webs. We also will and terns. be maintained in a fast ice area to (S-012) undertake detailed censuses of pen- complement our studies. Temporary guin colonies and obtain data that will radio tags will help track and relocate Aquatic biology of South Georgia provide a growth curve for Adelie leopard seals more easily this season. endotherms. Gerald L. Kooyman, Scripps penguin chicks. The growth curve This research is coordinated with Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, might be a sensitive indicator of studies of food web relationships in California. This season, in collabor- present or future changes in the the antarctic ecosystem. (S-003) ation with the British Antarctic available food supply. (S-036) Survey, we will try to assess the diving characteristics of fur seals, Studies of development of antarc- Biological investigations of ant- macaroni penguins, and king pen- tic birds. Robert E. Ricklefs, University of M.A. McWhinnie, DePaul arctic krill. guins off South Georgia Island. We Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. University, Chicago, Illinois. We will will monitor the diving activities of We will study the reproduction and continue to study the biology of Eu- fur seals using time/depth recorders development of the Southern Giant phausia superba, the dominant species in an attempt to determine the Fulmar (macronectes giganteus) this of antarctic krill, using the facilities at energy they expend searching for season at Palmer Station. In par- Palmer Station and R/V Hero. Our food. We will determine the preferred ticular we will examine parental care, major objective is to determine diving depths of king and macaroni growth, development of homeo- whether data obtained for krill in the penguins using multiple maximum thermy, and energetics. Chicks will Palmer sea water aquaria are applica- depth recorders. The determination be studied both at their nests and in ble to the population in the sea. We of diving behavior at this point will laboratories at Palmer Station. Our will investigate whether different enable researchers to measure the goal is to determine how the environ- temperatures might cause different impact of krill exploitation on these ment fashions the reproductive pat- growth rates and study embryologi- endotherms if it should occur at a terns of birds. (S-035) cal development as a function of later date. Our data also will be useful temperature as well. Other investi- in comparing diving behavior in gations will clarify our understand- Evolution of Mesozoic and Ceno- different antarctic and subantarctic zoic depositional basins of the north- ing of female and male krill reproduc- regions. (S-026) tive characteristics. (S-oos) ern Antarctic Peninsula and the South Orkney Islands. David H. Elliot, Physiological and biochemical Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Thermoregulatory mechanisms in bases of freezing tolerance in ter- This summmer R/V Hero will trans- antarctic birds. David E. Murrish, State restrial arthropods. John G. Baust, port us to several locations along the University of New York, Binghamton, New University of Houston, Houston, Texas. Antarctic Peninsula, where there are York. We will study giant petrels and Our project will examine the physio- outcrops of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Adelie penguins in an effort to logical and biochemical strategies of rocks. We will continue to examine describe some of their thermoregula- freezing resistance demonstrated by sequences that bear on the evolution tory mechanisms. The birds will be terrestrial arthropods in the Palmer of the late Mesozoic depositional captured in the Antarctic Peninsula Station area. We are examining these basins and the antarctic cordillera. area for laboratory and field experi- insects because they represent the We will also pursue a paleomagnetic ments on the transfer of body heat highest phylogenetic system capable program to determine paleomagnetic

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL pole positions for the Antarctic season to analyze changes in the of storms approaching Palmer from Peninsula, to determine whether bearing of whistler signals. We also the . We will continue there is paleomagnetic evidence for will expand our activity in support of to investigate storms within a 150- bending of the peninsula, and to Siple Station transmitting experi- kilometer radius of Palmer Station to locate the Antarctic Peninsula in a ments, recording background VLF determine their motions, intensities, reconstruction of Gondwanaland. activity, signal reception from Siple, and structures, and their effects on sea ice and formations and (S-000) and particle-induced perturbations of the Siple-to-Palmer signal. We will movement. We are particularly inter- ested in the structure of precipitating Evolution of the West Antarctic- continue to take part in precipitation experiments in which the Siple storms, apparently caused by con- Andean Cordillera in the Scotia Arc siderable temperature differences Ian W.D. Daiziel, Lamont- transmitter and other fixed- region. between the surface of the ocean and Doherty Geological Observatory of Colum- frequency transmitter signals are We used as probes of particle-induced the air masses passing over the ocean. bia University, Palisades, New York. In cooperation with British scientists will study the geologic relationship of perturbations of the upper edge of the Antarctic Peninsula to southern the ionosphere. (S-100B) at Faraday Base, we will study radar reflectivity-precipitation rate rela- South America by continuing our (S-252) study of the basement complex rocks Air-sea-ice interaction investiga- tionships during snowfall. in the South Shetland and South tions with X-band radar. Joseph A. Orkney Islands. The data will con- Warburton, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Ice crystals near cloud base at tribute to our studies of the tectonic Nevada. We are interested in how the Palmer Station using depolarization history of these islands and of the Antarctic Peninsula, acting as a lidar. Vern N. Smiley, Desert Research evolution of the south Scotia Ridge. mountain barrier, affects the tracks Institute, Reno, Nevada. We will examine Other studies will focus on the geology of the southernmost Andes. Our goal is an elucidation of the The 38-meter wooden research vessel Hero, will support marine biological and geo- tectonic processes that influenced the logic research throughout the Antarctic Peninsula this season. Hero finished her breakup of the Gondwanaland super- annual drydocking and overhaul in August. continent and a clarification of orogenic processes in evidence throughout the Scotia Arc. (S-063A)

Late Cretaceous and Early Ter- tiary biogeography of the southern Circum-Pacific. William J. Zinsmeister, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. We will visit the Chilean canals on board RN Hero to document the nature of faunal differences between the Antarctic Peninsula and southern South America. Our goal is to test whether these faunal differences are due to the presence of a physical barrier (a proto-Drake Passage) or to environmental differences associated with changes in latitude. If we determine the cause of these faunal anomalies, we will be closer to \ understanding the paleoceano- graphic changes that occurred be- tween the Antarctic Peninsula and South America during the Tertiary period and the associated paleoceano- iL graphic changes along the southern Circum-Pacific as well. (S-086)

Very-low-frequency probing of the magnetosphere from Palmer Station. R.A. Helliwell, Stanford Uni- versity, Stanford, California. We will ••---: continue to participate in inter- -. -•••: national cooperative direction- finding experiments at Palmer Station, utilizing data gained last NSF photo by William A. Curtainger

September 1979 the occurrence and vertical distribu- that will enable us to study the State University, Columbus, Ohio. tion of ice crystals, water droplets, internal layering of the ice sheet in With a and mixed-phase clouds at Palmer view toward beginning a field pro- addition to its thickness; (2) electrical gram on the surface regime and flow Station and relate these measure- resistivity studies that will detect ments to meteorological conditions. dynamics of the ice sheet in a later different temperatures in the ice; (3) year, two researchers will work at Our lidar (optical radar) system magnetotelluric soundings that will detects the occurrence and height of dome C and at the South Pole during provide information about the sub- the 1979-80 field season. The dome C ice crystals, obtains additional in- glacial rock and, theoretically at least, formation on the relative amounts of camp will be the starting point for a information about the upper mantle; future transverse; conditions at the ice and water in mixed-phase clouds, (4) seismic measurements which, and gives some indication of the types South Pole are more representative when combined with radar measure- of conditions on the side of a dome, of ice particles present in pure clouds. ments, will help us locate anisotropy Our goal is to determine the struc- where most of our later efforts will in the ice, and which, in combination be directed. This season temperature ture of constituents of the tropo- with gravity and magnetic mapping, sphere in Antarctica so that we can profiles will be measured in the 100 will also help determine the sub- meter holes drilled last season at understand meteorological glaciation glacial crustal structure; and (5) sonic and precipitation processes. (S-260) dome C and the South Pole. The ther- logging which will provide detailed mal conductivity of firn will also be data about anisotropy. (S-151A) Air chemistry studies—antarctic measured. New hot-point drills will ocean areas. be tested and pit work undertaken to Elmer Robinson, Washington Deep geoelectric soundings. F. State University, Pullman, Washington. assess the importance of local topog- Thyssen and Charles R. Bentley, Inst it utfur raphy on stratigraphy. (S-164) The main objective of this research is Geophysik, Munster, Germany, and Uni- to obtain air chemistry data between versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. South America and Palmer Station French participation in the dome C Deep geoelectric soundings of the ice investigations. Claude Lorius, Labora- using the USARP Ship Hero, ashore at sheet will be conducted in the vicinity toire de Glaciologie, Grenoble, France. We Palmer Station, and between Florida of dome C. Evaluation of similar and Palmer Station using the British will continue our glaciological studies resistivity experiments on the of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. We research ship Bransfield. The data to be Greenland ice sheet shows what collected will include: (1) real-time are interested in determining the appear to be two regions with origins of chemical impurities in the analyses of ozone, N20), and halo- different behavior within the ice. We carbons F-li, F-12, CH3CC1 1, and ice and impurity changes over time, plan to use longer electrode spacings and in studying elevation changes in Cci i; and (2) whole-air samples for than those used in Greenland to analysis for CO. CH3C1, and a vari- the ice sheet that tell us about its determine if this difference in ice stability. Our field work will involve ety of light hydrocarbons in Wash- behavior is also evident in the collecting shallow snow cores and ington State University Laboratories. antarctic ice sheet. (S-151B) A trans-Pacific profile of trace air samples from snow pits and obtain- ing ice cores from the existing chemistry constituents will also be Glaciological investigations in the obtained on one of the LC-130 ferry 906-meter-deep hole at dome C. dome C area. Ian M. Whillans, Ohio (S-167) flights between Christchurch, N.Z., and California early in the 1979-80 field season. All of these data will be compared with air chemistry results Glaciologlsts will return to dome C In to continue their studies of the ice sheet. The camp, located about 1500 kilometers west of McMurdo Station, Is supported obtained in previous seasons in the totally by LC-130 flights from McMurdo. region south from Christchurch, N.Z. to McMurdo and the South Pole. Our goal is to establish antarctic air chemistry as a reference for other assessments of the nature of the earths atmosphere. We are especially interested in determining the impact of natural and anthropogenic trace species upon atmospheric chemical processes. (S-275)

Dome C

Geophysical investigation of dome C. Charles R. Bentley, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. The main aspects of our studies of the ice sheet and the subglacial continent in the vicinity of dome C are: (1) upgraded radar sounding equipment U.S. Navy photo (90284-12-78) by Thomas E. McCabs, Jr.

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL Ellsworth Mountains monitoring ice advances and reces- geochemical characteristics of those sions in the Weddell Sea area. In the rocks; (2) to provide fundamental McMurdo Sound region we will map geologic information about specific Ellsworth Mountains geodetic the upper Taylor and Wright Valleys rock types and conditions of deposi- control. William J. Kosco and Charles D. and the Mackay Glacier area to gain tion or crystallization; and (3) to Zeigler, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, more data on the last advance of provide baseline radioactivity meas- Virginia. Three topographic engineers grounded ice in the Ross Sea. (S-056) urements that may ultimately serve will establish a geodetic control net in as benchmarks for evaluating the Search for meteorites. William A. environmental impact of human the Ellsworth Mountains using satel- Cassidy, University of Pittsburgh, Pitts- operations in Antarctica. (S-059) lite Doppler point positioning and burgh, Pennsylvania. In past seasons we conventional survey techniques. The have found meteorites at sites where Geologic investigation of the net will provide data necessary for ice flow slows or stops and the ice is mapping study sites in the Ellsworth Ellsworth Mountains. Gerald F. Webers, eroded by ablation. This season we Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota. Mountains. The data also will help will continue our search for meteor- researchers set up field camps and The Ellsworth Mountains occupy a ites and investigate further the strategic position as a bridge between study areas at precisely identified ablation mechanism which reveals sites. (S-052B) the geologically younger province of meteorite concentrations on the West Antarctica and the older shield surface of the ice sheet. We expect to Glacial history of the Ellsworth areas of East Antarctica. Our goal is recover more meteorite specimens to clarify the geologic relationship of Mountains and McMurdo Sound and to support researchers who region. George H. Denton, University of the Ellsworth Mountains to the measure earth residence times of remainder of Antarctica by mounting Maine, Orono, Maine. We will map meteorites by supplying data on glacial erosional and depositional a major field investigation in the area. modern ice flow trends and directions Our objectives are: (1) to construct a features in the Ellsworth Mountains to obtain a clearer picture of ice this season in order to reconstruct detailed picture of a 13,000 meter dynamics and past climates. We will stratigraphic section of the Ells- former ice sheet surfaces and chart concentrate our search this season in their recession. We hypothesize that worths; (2) to obtain samples of fossil the Ellsworth Mountains and at the floras and faunas throughout the during glacial periods the West Allan Hills and Mt. Reckling areas in Antarctic Ice Sheet expands to the stratigraphic section for correlative, edge of the continental shelves in the the McMurdo vicinity. (S-058) environmental, and evolutionary Ross and Weddell Seas and that study; (3) to examine the evolution of during interglacials the ice sheet International radiometric survey. landforms beginning with a probable retreats to about its present position Edward J. Zeller, University of Kansas, Jurassic uplift through continental and maintains large ice shelves. Lawrence, Kansas. We will determine glaciation and partial recession; (4) to During particularly warm inter- the distribution and concentration of chart the sequence of major struc- glacials, however, the last about radioactive elements in the folded tural geologic events in the area; (5) 124,000 years ago, we think the West sediments of the Beacon Supergroup to analyze the tectonic relationship of Antarctic Ice Sheet loses its shelves in the Ellsworth Mountains this the Ellsworths to the Antarctic and collapses rapidly. Because the season using airborne gamma-ray Peninsula and to the East Antarctic Ellsworth Mountains occur precisely spectrometers. Our objectives are: shield; and (6) to obtain information at the grounding line between the (1) to locate specific rock types which on the nature and composition of West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the may have radioactive element con- igneous rocks exposed in the Herit- Ronne Ice Shelf, they are ideal for centrations and to evaluate the age Range. (S-094)

Last season geologists and glaciologists were deployed by helicopter from a single base camp to small temporary camps (below) throughout the Darwin Glacier vicinity. This season the same field camp concept will enable researchers to deploy to various sites throughout the Ellsworth Mountains.

A16107, 174v 0 -

.. NSF photo by Franz-DIst.r MIotks

September 1979 McMurdo Station and vicinity

Satellite tracking and automatic position/ activity monitoring for se- lected vertebrates. V. Kuechie, D.B. Siniff, and D. DeMaster, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. A radio tracking system with remote sensing will be developed that will enable us to monitor species-specific movements of certain antarctic ver- tebrates. Eventually this technology will be capable of monitoring move- ments of several vertebrate species from one region of the Antarctic to another and to integrate those movements with other information about the trophodynamic relation- ships of the marine ecosystem. This season we will test a telemetry package for tracking the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) and the antarctic cod (Dissostichus mawsoni) in the McMurdo vicinity and obtain data on local movements of these species. A data collection system which will telemeter data from key monitoring stations to a central laboratory or satellite will be tested. (S-004)

The effect of temperature on levels of glycoprotein antifreeze in fishes U.S. Navy photo (9071-11-78) by David Thompson inhabiting different thermal envi- Dr. Harold Muchmore of the University of Oklahoma takes a blood sample from Gary ronments. Arthur L. DeVries, University Foltz of Holmes & Narver, Inc. for studies of human immune responses during the of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. One funda- austral winter isolation at South Pole Station. Dr. Muchmores work is described in mental strategy of adaptation shown the Amundsen-Scott South Pole section of this issue. by living organisms is the adjustment of rates of protein synthesis in Respiratory virus transmission New Zealand will help us isolate response to external environmental among personnel at McMurdo Sta- viruses from our samples. (S-oio) factors. We will investigate the tion during the WINFLY isolation synthesis of the unique glycoprotein period. Elliot C. Dick, University of The role of seabirds in the marine antifreeze in certain antarctic fish Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Some ecosystem. David C. Ainley, Point Reyes which enables them to survive while scientific evidence suggests that Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, Cali- swimming in ice-laden seawater. In respiratory infections are spread fornia. A major goal is to estimate the particular we will examine why these through a population by viruses in biomass of seabirds in the Ross Sea fish aparently maintain constant nasal secretions. Our goal this season and to compare their biomass with levels of this antifreeze even during is to prevent the dissemination of that of marine mammals. In this way warm acclimation by conducting these infections by having McMurdo we will determine the relative nu- long-term warm acclimation experi- and Scott Base personnel use highly merical importance of birds, whales, ments. This season we will investi- virucidal paper handkerchiefs and seals in this region. We also will gate the molecular basis of this throughout the early September examine the food, oceanographic, apparent insensitivity to warm accli- flights to McMurdo which break the and ice characteristics that affect the mation and whether the amount of stations winter isolation. The per- distributions of individual species in protein synthesized is directly related sonnel at Scott Base will use the the antarctic pelagic seabird com- to the amount of messenger RNA virucidal handkerchiefs throughout munity. This season we will operate coding for it. We will also look at the the 1979-80 summer season in an from the icebreaker Northwind, sam- peptide antifreeze in the blood of the attempt to create a "cold-free" island pling different areas and habitats, eel pout to determine why a molecule in the McMurdo area. We will particularly at various ice edges, to so different from a glycoprotein can monitor our success throughout the determine avian feeding habits and to produce the same lowering of the season at the Ecklund Biological explain the prevalence of different freezing point of blood. (S-005) Center. Christchurch Hospital in species in different areas. (S-013)

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL Anatomical studies of fishes. Joseph data on other marine mammals and season from beneath the Ross Ice T. Eastman, Ohio University, Athens, birds. (S-034) Shelf and obtain new bottom samples from the McMurdo Sound region. Ohio. We will study the anatomy of Ionospheric and geodetic studies. antarctic fishes from McMurdo We are interested in how tectonic Arnold J . Tucker, University of Texas, elevations and depressions during Sound. We are attempting to relate Austin, Texas. We will upgrade the gross anatomy, histology and ultra- the Cenozoic period influenced the equipment at the McMurdo geodetic sedimentary and biostratigraphic structure to the physiology, bio- satellite observatory this season to chemistry, ecology, taxonomy and patterns of basin deposits and in the improve the reliability and the possibility that during the late evolution of these fishes. Our ulti- efficiency of the observatory. We will mate goal is a better understanding of Mesozoic and early Tertiary periods a collect dual-frequency Doppler data seaway lay between East and West the role of these fishes in the from polar orbiting satellites which ecosystem of the southern ocean. Antarctica which provided an avenue have transmitted similar data to for water current and biological This year we will be concentrating on South Pole Station on specific orbits. buoyancy control mechanisms in movements between the Pacific and Data from both stations will help us Atlantic oceans. (S-062) these swim bladderless fishes. We are determine the spacial and time especially interested in modifications variations of the ionosphere and Meteorological phenomena of the of the body systems that have provide geodetic positioning con- McMurdo area. Austin A. Hogan, State allowed a few of these fishes to trols. Other satellite passes will University of New York, Albany, New become neutrally buoyant and capa- provide telemetered magnetometer York. Our goal is to define the ble of exploiting the underutilized data for study of variations in the physical properties of atmospheric midwaters. (S-031) earths magnetic field at 1000 km aerosols and to determine the Protein metabolism in cold adapta- altitude. (S-051) meteorological processes that trans- tion of fish Audrey E.V. Haschemeyer, port aerosol materials from maritime Hunter College, New York, New York. Our Cenozoic biostratigraphy. Peter- and possibly continental regions to project focuses on the study of Noel Webb, Northern Illinois University, Antarctica. We are also interested in protein synthesis in antarctic fish as a DeKalh, Illinois. We are studying what causes aerosol materials to be way to assess metabolic adaptation to sediments deposited at various precipitated to the surface of the ice year-round subzero temperatures. A depths in the basins of the McMurdo sheet and to what capacity the major objective is to determine rates Sound and Ross embayment region Antarctic serves as a sink for of protein turnover in living antarctic to determine the geologic growth and particulate materials which enter the fish for comparison with protein extent of the basins which separate atmosphere in other regions of the turnover rates in temperate fish and East and West Antarctica. We will Earth. Analysis of the residue in ice in mammals. At McMurdo this pursue our analysis of microfaunas- crystals also will tell us more about season we will continue to investi- diatoms, silicoflagellates, radiolaria, the physical properties of these gate the biochemical mechanisms and foraminif era—recovered last precipitated particles. (S-255) responsible for the transfer of in- formation from nucleic acids into protein sequences and to assay This crinoid, photographed at 29 meters depth, is typical of bottom life at New Harbor. protein synthetic rates in living specimens. The results should pro- vide insight into the mechanisms which regulate protein synthesis in lower vertebrates and into the evolution of this fundamental biolog- ical process which allows organisni to adapt to extreme environments (S-032) Distribution and ecology of small odontocete whales. W.E. Evans and J.R. JehI, Jr., Huhhs/Sea World Research Institute, San Diego, California. Our field work will be concentrated in the McMurdo area, where we will at- tempt to obtain vocalizations of local killer whale populations. The re- search team will then board Polar Sea to census and photograph small whales en route to Palmer Station and Ushuaia, Argentina. These studies are intended to obtain infor- mation on color patterns to elucidate the movement and distribution of local whale stocks. We also will collect NSF photo by Bob Cowen

September 1979 Mesoscale atmospheric events. beyond the Antarctic Convergence. signals will be perturbed by the Robert]. Renard, Naval Postgraduate Our research will supplement know- effects of particle precipitation along School, Monterey, California. We will ledge of the primary productivity of the path between the stations. examine thermal and moisture struc- the southern ocean by furthering our Information about the perturbations tures and the circulation of the understanding of this trophic level. will contribute to current studies of atmosphere within 100 kilometers of (S-o37) wave-induced particle precipitation. McMurdo Station during tropo- Our other objectives include: (1) spheric moisture intrusions. Our Petrologic study of metamorphic rocks of Enderby Land. Edward S. Grew participation in spaced-station map- goal is to determine the subsynoptic- ping of the occurrence of VLF noise scale circulations which are precur- and W.G. Ernst, University of California, Los Angeles, California. Our goal is to forms over the polar regions; (2) a sors of storms in the McMurdo further description of the "hissler" vicinity and to test the reliability of estimate the pressure and tempera- ture conditions under which meta- auroral noise phenomenon and a meteorological data gathered by search for its relation to optical satellites. We use visual and infrared morphic rocks in Enderby Land crystallized and to map regional auroral forms; and (3) investigation weather satellite observations, data gradients in temperature and pres- of the properties of the vertical from automatic weather stations, atmospheric electric field with em- and conventional meteorological sure. Grew will return to Enderby Land this season with the Australian phasis on its relation to the inter- measurements in our research at planetary magnetic field. (S-iooC) McMurdo. (S-268) National Antarctic Research Expedi- tion to collect more samples of the Ross Ice Shelf Project. John C. Trace gases from sea ice. T.A. unusual mineral assemblages such as Clough, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Gosink, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, sapphirine-quartz and sillimanite- Nebraska. We will recover recorders Alaska. We will take air, sea ice, and orthopyroxene which are character- and data left at the drill site last sea water samples north of McMurdo istic of the granulite-facies rocks and summer for two winter long freeze- this season which we will compare to to map their distribution. An impor- in experiments. One experiment was similar samples from the Arctic. Our tant concern is the role played by the designed to record the current and goal is to determine the sources of chemistry of the rocks in stabilizing temperature characteristics of the trace gases—carbon monoxide, car- the unusual mineral assemblages. water column beneath the Ross Ice bon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, and Combined with age isotopic deter- Shelf. The other was designed to nitrous oxide—in the samples in minations, our work will help to measure the freezing or melting rate order to understand atmospheric clarify the geologic history of the at the bottom of the ice shelf. circulation and to gauge the effect of Precambrian shield in Enderby Land. (S-150A) human activity upon the atmosphere. (S-o69) In addition, our measurements of Shallow ice core drilling. Karl carbon dioxide content over the sea Measurements of very-low- Kuivinen, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, ice of McMurdo Sound and in the air frequency waves and atmospheric Nebraska. This year the Polar Ice at the South Pole should provide a electric fields at . R.A. Coring Office (PICO) staff will drill clearer understanding of the influ- Helliwell, Stanford University, Stanford, 100-meter holes at Siple, Byrd, and California. ence of sea ice upon the atmosphere Our main objective is to Vostok Stations, and at dome C, in the Antarctic. (S-278) investigate the phase and amplitude collecting ice core for scientists characteristics of subionospheric sig- investigating the physical properties nals propagating to Vostok from the and chemical constituents of snow Siple Station VLF transmitter. These and ice from the polar ice caps. PICO Remote or multiple sites

Bacterial plankton dynamics and Vostok Station (U.S.S.R.) shown below will house a U.S. exchange scientist this adaptation in antarctic waters. Roger season who will study VLF waves and atmospheric electric fields. B. Hanson, Skidaway Institute of Ocean- ography, Savannah, Georgia, and Daniel H. Pope, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. We are interested in the adaptation and functional role of bacterio-plankton as a food source and a consumer of dissolved organic matter in the southern ocean. We will investigate changes in the physiol- ogy, biochemistry, and population succession of microheterotrophs adapted to antarctic surface water as it leaves a region of high primary productivity and low temperature and sinks below the photic zone. We tti will compare these populations with T those of water that has been out of communication with the surface U.S. Navy photo (90227-12-78) by Douglas K. Nortell

10 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL Santa Cruz, California. We will complete through satellite imagery and data our analysis of temperature and buoys to determine its effects on heat salinity data gathered in the 1978 and other exchanges across the season during the International Wed- air-sea boundary; (3) take ice samples deli Sea Oceanographic Expedition. to characterize the structural and Our goal is a better understanding of physical properties of sea ice; and (4) (i) the mixing of high salinity analyze the drift, air temperature, continental shelf water with inter- and atmospheric pressure records mediate water which intrudes onto from buoys deployed last season to the shelf; (2) the subsequent sinking determine the forcing fields for sea of the mixture down the continental ice motion in the Weddell Sea. Most slope; and (3) the formation of of our field work will be performed bottom water. This season we will with the aid of a U.S. Coast Guard attempt to recover current meters set icebreaker. (S-205) r!1 in the southern Weddell Sea and conduct a closely spaced array of Marine geological survey of the conductivity_temperature_depth sta- Bellingshausen Sea. John B. Anderson, tions with the aid of USCGC Glacier. Rice University, Houston, Texas. Our S-200) objective this season is to examine sediment and faunal distribution Sea ice. Stephen F. Ackley, U.S. Army patterns on a portion of the antarctic Cold Regions Research and Engineering continental margin bounded by Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire. We mountains and valley glaciers. We are trying to determine the relation- will take piston cores throughout the ship of antarctic sea ice to the by Thomas E. McCabe, Jr. Bellingshausen Sea from USGCG atmospheric and oceanic circulation Glacier. Rich Tilison and Philip Marshall of the patterns of the southern polar region Our samples should provide Polar Ice Coring Office (University of information about past and present because sea ice influences exchanges Nebraska) pack an ice core for shipment ice conditions, about the influence of between ocean and atmosphere, and to the United States. PICO will take more tectonic elements upon terrigenous is itself modified by these exchanges. cores this season. sedimentation, and about the hydro- This season we will: (1) place five carbon potential of the continental buoys in the Weddell Sea to gather margin. (S-207) will also provide drilling support for meteorological data about the rela- the seismic profile studies to be tive effects of winds and water Automatic weather stations for conducted at dome C. (S-150B) currents upon the pack ice; (2) meteorological research. Allen M. measure ice thickness distribution Peterson, Stanford University, Stanford, Relationship of nitrogenous chem- ical content of polar ice and snow to atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Bruce C. Parker and Edward J. Zeller, Virginia USCGC Glacier will return to Antarctica to help break a channel to McMurdo Station and to support marine biology and oceanography on her subsequent route to Palmer Polytechnic Institute and State University, Station. icebreakers Polar Sea and Northwjnd also will work in Antarctica this season. Blacksburg, Virginia, and University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. We are trying to determine fixed nitrogen content at different depths in snow, firn, and glacial ice from various locations in Antarctica. We are also examining the sources of the fixed nitrogen. Currently we are investigating I anomalous fluctuations in nitrate and ammonia nitrogen in snow and ice which may be correlated to past solar activity and world climate. If we can establish this correlation, our data NECUERL will help us investigate past world climates and give us tool with which to measure the age of ice, places and rates of deposition, and stratigraphic correlations. This season we will collect more samples from Byrd, Siple, and Vostok Stations for later analysis. (S-169)

Physical oceanographic studies. Theodore D. Foster, University of California, U.S. Navy photo (90424-1-79) by Douglas K. Nortell

September 1979 11 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, California. We will recalibrate and Siple Station Minnesota. The goal of our research is service the automatic weather sta- to characterize the role of the tions at Minna Bluff, Ross Island, Very-low-frequency probing of the magnetosphere from Siple Sta- plasmapause in the generation of Marble Point, White Island, Byrd micropulsations. We will visit Siple Station, and the Asgard Range. We tion. R.A. Helliwell and J.P. Katsufrakis, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Station this season to perform will shift the unit at Byrd Station to routine maintenance and recalibra- dome C, where it will provide data for Our operation of the VLF transmit- ter at Siple Station will include tion of the micropulsation detector. katabatic wind studies. As a part of Our past observations from an the katabatic wind studies, two further investigation of the response of the magnetosphere to changes in auroral light detector and from the additional stations will be deployed at micropulsation detector enabled us to sites D-59 (68 0 20S, 1370 21E) and transmitter power. We also will begin studying the response of the magnet- determine the entry region in the D-49 (67° 33 5, 138 0 26 E) during ionosphere for the micropulsations 1979-80. (S-272) osphere to transmissions at multiple frequencies. A major objective in our and to propose an interaction be- Katabatic winds. Gerd Wendler and studies is to determine more clearly tween upward moving ULF waves John Kelley, University of Alaska, Fair- how wave-induced particle precipita- and downward moving ions. We will banks, Alaska. To obtain data on the tion events contribute to the loss of continue to examine simultaneous katabatic wind we will establish an energetic particles from the mag- auroral light emissions and ULF array of automatic weather stations netosphere. We will continue special pulsations at both Siple and Roberval in cooperation with French investi- VLF transmission to satellites to to extend our understanding of these gators from dome C to Dumont study details of magnetospheric wave-particle interactions at the dUrville Station. The French scien- wave-particle interactions in situ, and plasmapause. (S-102) tists under the leadership of A. Poggi conduct active and passive probing have already established an instru- Photometer observations of par- campaigns in support of rocket and ticle precipitation. Stephen B. Mende, mented 80 meter tower recording balloon investigations of precipita- temperature, humidity, atmospheric Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, tion effects in the ionosphere and Palo Alto, California. Our scientific pressure, wind speed, and wind subionosphere. An improved moni- direction; four more stations will be objectives are to make photometric toring system at Siple will handle and measurements of mid-latitude opti- established this austral summer. We display photometric and VLF wave will also establish four: one for inter- cal emissions caused by energetic information on precipitation activity. particles. In 1977 we demonstrated comparison, one at dome C, and two (S-100A) at intermediate points. This will give that the detection of ULF and VLF us the first systematic data set from Flux-gate magnetometer installa- waves was correlated with optical dome C to the ocean on a year-round tion at Siple Station. L.J. Lanzerotti, Bell emissions. Photometry provided basis of the katabatic wind which will Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey. spectral evidence that the correlated result in a better understanding of The flux-gate magnetometer and emissions are caused by ionizing this phenomenon and will be the digital data acquisition system at precipitating particles. This year we basis for the development of models. Siple Station are used extensively for will install better diagnostic instru- ments to pursue our study of wave- (S-277) studies of hydromagnetic wave phe- nomena and sub-auroral magnetic particle interactions. In cooperation The United States and the Antarc- activity in the Earths magneto- with investigators from Boston Col- tic since World War H. Lawrence J. sphere. Our present concentration is lege, we also will install a mono- Baack, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, on measuring azimuthal wave lengths chromatic all-sky television which Nebraska. The goal of this project, and phase velocities of hydromag- will detect the spatial extent and the supported in cooperation with the netic disturbances at sub-aurora! location of the correlated pulsing National Endowment for the Hu- latitudes. Simultaneous magnetom- regions. (S-104) manities, is a history of U.S. involve- eter measurements at different lon- ment in Antarctica since World War gitudes will enable us to test different Naturally and artificially stimu- II. The major objective of this visit is theories of hydromagnetic wave lated electron precipitation near the to examine research projects in the generation and propagation in the plasmapause. T.J. Rosenberg and D.L. field and to gain an historical magnetosphere. Siple data will be Matthews, University of Maryland, College perspective on the activities of U.S. crucial in defining the standing waves Park, Maryland. We will launch 10 researchers and support personnel. that will be used in the analysis. In balloons equipped with X-ray scintil- (S-311) cooperation with University of lation counters from Siple Station in Maryland scientists, we also will use close coordination with the rocket riometers to detail the latitude campaign this season. These coun- dependence of particle precipitation ters will record X-rays produced at events at mid-latitudes and the altitudes of 70-90 kilometers above effects on precipitation of hydro- the surface by energetic electrons magnetic waves. (S-ioi) impacting the atmosphere over an area 150 km in diameter centered Micropulsation research at Siple above the balloon. On 5 of the Station and Roberval, Quebec. balloons three-axis electric field M1 Laurence J. Cahill and Roger L. Arnoldy, detectors provided by the University ANTARCTIC JOURNAL 12 TOMAHAW of Houston will record the DC field — 200km and variations at ultra-low-frequen- 1 cies (ULF <1Hz). Each of the other 5 SIPLE BALLOON j balloons, will carry a VLF radio ROCKET CAMPAIGN f receiver provided by the University AUSTRAL SUMMER 79180 j of Oslo to record signals in the X-PMS frequency range from 0 to 10 kHz. —100km Also coordinated with the Siple

program is the launch of 4 balloons by ARM \ the Universities of California and VU WAVES Washington from the geomagneti-

cally conjugate region near Roberval, BAUOUN Canada. These balloons will be instrumented with X-ray and electric

field detectors. Complementary ULF MICOPtSATION and electron precipitation data also will be obtained by a magnetometer

and riometer at Siple and from a 4-station latitude array of similar VU ELIVU iI1 instruments in the conjugate region operated jointly by Bell Laboratories and the University of Maryland. The 1II4IjJ data obtained will be used to deter- mine the degree of conjugacy of various particle and field phenomena and the relationship of these phe- nomena to the plasmapause. The At Slple Station Investigators will launch 3 Nike-Tomahawk and 4 Super Arcas objectives of this multi-experiment sounding rockets and 10 balloons to measure the precipitation of energetic electrons from the magnetosphere. Ground Instrumentation—the Siple VLF transmitter, balloon and ground-based program riometerS, photometers, magnetometers, and micropulsation detectors—also will be are to study the physical processes involved in VLF and ULF wave- employed In the study. particle interactions as they affect the origin of the waves and the injection, drift, modulation, and precipitation of energetic electrons. This project will be supported by the Siple VLF transmitter and by extensive analysis and interpretation of VLF emission data in real time by Stanford University scientists at Siple and Roberval. (S-ill) Rocket investigation of electron precipitation. David L. Matthews Insti- tute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. Three sounding rockets will be launched at Siple to measure interactions between electrons and very-low-frequency (VLF) waves in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Each payload comprises wide-range directional electron spectrometers (Maryland) and full electric and magnetic wave vector measurements (Cornell University, University of Southampton (England), and Univer- sity of Oslo ()). Vehicle telemetry, ground station, and launch support will be provided by the NASA Goddard Space Flight The balloon and rocket investigations this season at Siple Station will be supple- Center. Both natural events and mented at Roberval, Quebec, Canada, the geomagnetic conjugate to Siple. Four balloons equipped with X-ray and electric field detectors will be launched from those triggered by the Siple VLF Roberval during the rocket and balloon soundings at Sipie Station. transmitter will be investigated.

13 September 1979 These will be the first comprehensive in situ Siple low-light level television measurements of the remark- experiments. Institute and State University, Blacksburg, able phenomena previously observed Robert H. Eather, Boston Virginia. We will return to Lakes College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. Our Fryxell and Hoare in lower Taylor on the ground and in satellites, and project, in collaboration with investi are essential to the development of a - Valley to continue our studies of convincing physical interpretation of gators from Lockheed Palo Alto benthic algal mats and their role in these phenomena. Other objectives Research Laboratory, is to conduct auroral photometric experiments in the biological activity of antarctic of the program are to measure the Antarctica. This season we will oasis lakes. This season half our team signal intensity actually produced by will repeat underwater scuba obser- provide a new low-light monochro- vations and perform immediate anal- the Siple transmitter at the base of matic level television device to study yses of samples at Lake Hoare. The the ionosphere, and how both up- particle precipitation induced by going and downgoing waves are rest of our team will remain at affected in direction and intensity as wave-particle interactions over Siple McMurdo to conduct more sophisti- Station. The instrument will enable cated analyses of mat specimens at they pass through the ionosphere. In observers to make chart recordings addition to their scientific value, the Ecklund Biological Center. (S-002) these results will be used to improve of the total light intensity in selected regions of the sky and to obtain direct Endolithic microorganisms in the the understanding and design of VLF dry valleys. direction-finding systems. (S-112) measurements of the size and shape E. Imre Friedmann, Florida of the wave-particle interaction re- State University, Tallahassee, Florida. We gions. Such information until now will continue our studies of the Super Arcas rocket program at could only be obtained by indirect microbial flora living inside rocks in Siple Station. W.R. Sheldon and JR. inference from wave properties. In the dry valleys of southern Victoria Benbrook, University of Houston, Houston, addition, we will be installing an Land and other arid areas. The Texas. We will launch an X-ray image intensified meridian slit cam- existence of cyanobacteria, lichens, detector and a small geiger counter era at South Pole Station. The camera and eukaryotic algae has been con- from Siple Station to measure the will image a 30 wide slit of sky from firmed in Beacon sandstone, marble, low-energy X-ray flux generated by horizon to horizon in the geomag- granite, and anorthosite rocks. Sev- the precipitation of high-energy netic meridian onto continually mov- eral of the organisms have been electrons. We will try to measure any ing 35 mm film. The images will successfully grown in laboratory charged particle fluxes that penetrate provide a continuous record of cultures. We estimated the amount of below 80 kilometers altitude. Our latitudinal shifts of the dayside biomass of the microflora. We estab- campaign will concentrate on an aurora. We will discontinue opera- lished that the main source of altitude range of 65 to 80 kilometers. tion of our 6-channel meridian nitrogen is not biological nitrogen These studies, combined with high scanning photometer at South Pole. fixation, but abiotically fixed nitro- altitude rocket investigations, low (S-119) gen probably formed by aurora altitude balloon ascents, and satellite activity and deposited by snow. Our and ground observations, will help us Digital ionosonde studies of the goals are (1) to sample further rocks determine the location, size, and ef- ionosphere at Siple Station and and culture more organisms; (2) to fectiveness of the wave-particle Roberval, Quebec. G.S. Stiles and J.R. determine ecological and micromete- interaction region over Siple Station. Doupnik, Utah State University, Logan, orological factors that affect the (S-us) Utah. We will visit Siple Station this distribution and growth of endolithic season to arrange for the installation Measurements of DC and AC microorganisms; and (3) to study the of a high frequency radar system possible effects of microorganisms on electric fields and plasma density during the 1980-81 season. This year above the Siple VLF transmitter. the rock substrate such as weather- we will check the availability of space ing, mineral leaching, etc. (S-015) M.C. Kelley and P.M. Kintner, School of and power systems and choose Electrical Engineering, Cornell University, suitable sites for the antenna. (S-120) Seismic studies in the Transant- Ithaca, New York. We will fly electric arctic Mountains. Lyle D. McGinnis, field and electron density experi- Northern Illinois University, DeKaIb, ments aboard the three high altitude Southern Victoria Land Illinois. This season we will investi- sounding rockets launched from gate the upper few kilometers of the Siple Station this season. Our plan is Ecosystem comparisons of oasis lakes and soils. Earths crust in the McMurdo to investigate the plasma processes Bruce C. Parker and Sound—Transantarctic Mountains which are responsible for the amplifi- George M. Simmons, Virginia Polytechnic boundary region near Taylor Valley. cation of VLF waves transmitted from the Siple Station transmitter by taking in situ measurements at 250 International participation, 1979-80 kilometers altitude. The equipment provided by the Cornell team aboard About 50 scientists from Argentina, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, New the rockets will enable us to analyze Zealand, Norway, the Soviet Union, and West Germany will participate with four components of waves in a U.S. colleagues in the 1979-80 United States Antarctic Research Program. plasma; equipment provided by other U.S. scientists will participate in Australian, British, French, New Zealand, investigators will extend our cover- Soviet, and West German expeditions. The international exchange of age to all seven wave components. scientists and scientific observations has been characteristic of antarctic (S-118) research since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty on 1 December 1959.

14 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL ronments. A second phase of our project will involve occupying a hut at the summit of Mt. Erebus to monitor volcanic activity associated with the persistent anorthoclase lava lake. We will make audio-visual observations and temperature measurements of the lava lake, perform heat flow studies, and take samples of volcanic ejecta. (S-081) Characteristics and significance of rock glaciers in southern Victoria Land. Paul A. Mayewski, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hamp- shire. We will examine the dynamic characteristics of approximately 20 rock glaciers in southern Victoria Land this season to investigate mass wasting in a polar environment. In addition, we will revisit experiments set up during the 1968-69 austral summer in Wright Valley to gather similar data. Results of these studies will aid in further understanding the U.S. Navy photo (90435-1-79) by James Gilicrist mode of formation and history of Investigators will return to Lake Hoare In the dry valleys, shown here In January 1979, development of the features. In to study and retrieve samples of the algal mats that live on the bottom of the lake. addition, examination of the char- acteristics of these features will be used to determine their former and We will use standard seismic refrac- sills. These studies will help us current states of activity in order to tion and reflection techniques to understand the structure of the develop a record of this activity for determine the types and thicknesses Earths upper mantle, the interaction comparison with the glacio-geomor- of sediments above the basement of the mantle with the crust, and phic record already available in this rock complex, the structure of the magma genesis in continental envi- area. (S-092) basement complex, and the depth to crystalline basement rocks. Our studies on sedimentation rates and This Instrumentation was used by Dr. Mlotke last season to measure temperature the configuration of the basement changes in rocks In the dry valleys. The goal of the study Is better understanding of surface will tell us whether Taylor rock weathering. Valley had a preglacial history and give us an approximate date when the valley was formed. Our seismic measurements from New Harbor seaward will diagnose the history of sea level elevation and glacial thick- ness in McMurdo Sound. Our objec- tive is to chart the transitional geology and structure of this area to determine whether the Transantarc- tic Mountains represent an active tectonic plate boundary or an older, inactive plate boundary. (S-053) Investigations of Ferrar Group rocks from southern Victoria Land. Philip R. Kyle, Ohio Stale University, Columbus, Ohio. We will sample and investigate Ferrar Group dolerite sills in the Transantarctic Mountains of southern Victoria Land. Our primary objective is to understand the unus- ual geochemical nature and origin of these rocks and the processes which modified them after emplacement as NSF photo by Franz-Dieter Miotke

September 1979 15 positioning in support of glaciologi- cal, geophysical, and mapping pro- jects. In addition, the two-person winter team will operate and main- tain a seismometer in support of worldwide earthquake studies. (S-052A) Investigations of cosmic ray inten- t 11 sity variations. Martin A. Pomerantz, 4 Bartol Research Foundation of the Franklin Institute, Newark, Delaware. The cosmic ray detectors located at McMurdo w r a and South Pole Stations and at Thule, Greenland, enable us to monitor the dynamic state of interplanetary "weather" by keeping track of the changing flow patterns of cosmic rays in the vicinity of the Earth. The sea level counterpart stations at McMurdo and Thule record north/ south assymetries in the flow pat- U.S. Navy photo (90130-11-78) by Dana B. Sabin terns; the high altitude South Pole Researchers will use the Clean Air Facility at South Pole Station, shown here as of station, equipped with extremely November 1978, to monitor carbon dioxide, ozone, certain fluorocarbons, and aerosols sensitive detectors, records the pres- In the atmosphere. Continual measurements year after year provide data for studies of ence of relativistic solar cosmic long-term variations in atmospheric constituents. rays—the highest energy particles the sun can produce. We will continue to study cosmic ray modula- tions and anisotropies this season and Amundsen-Scott South the deep structure of the earth by will also attempt to detect more of the Pole Station analyzing seismograms of distant ground level enhancements that earthquakes recorded at the South herald the arrival of relativistic solar Human immune responses during Pole. This season we will again cosmic rays which cannot be observed bio-isolation. Harold G. Muchmore, measure free oscillations of the Earth with other techniques. (S-109A) Veterans Administration Medical Center, with two ultra-long-period seismo- Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. We are meters (modified LaCoste-Romberg South Pole solar observatory. investigating immunity and the viral gravity meters) and continue our Martin A. Pomerantz, Bartol Research respiratory infections in South Pole search for the pendulum mode of the Foundation of the Franklin Institute, personnel which occur long after Earths inner core. It may be that the Newark, Delaware. We will begin a station closure, and which have been inner core pendulum mode has not program of direct optical observa- observed each winter since 1974. In yet been excited strongly enough for tions of the sun this season, using a 1978 we identified an unexpected and detection by present technology. For special solar telescope that was tested remarkable high rate of parainflu- that reason we will continue to last season at the South Pole. The enza virus recovery in samples taken improve the sensitivity of our instru- purpose of our collaborative experi- from South Pole personnel before, ments. A pendulum installed at ment with French astronomers is to during, and after bio-isolation. Our distance from the dome at South Pole detect large-scale motions on the goal is to confirm this occurrence of will provide information on horizon- surface of the sun caused by oscilla- virus shedding during the isolation tal Earth tides and help us evaluate tions in its interior (solar seismol- period, and to investigate immuno- the stability of the South Pole ogy). The unique telescope with its logical and environmental factors location as a research platform for sophisticated instrument package can which may be responsible for this horizontal tide measurements. (S-050) detect coherent velocity patterns virus persistence. This viral persist- with a sensitivity of less than 1 meter ence and shedding, which occurred in South Pole Doppler studies. William per second, well below the back- asymptomatic as well as symptomatic J. Kosco and Charles D. Zeigler, U.S. ground arising from varying atmos- personnel, is contrary to present con- Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. The pheric effects encountered at any cepts of respiratory virus epidemiol- U.S. Geological Survey will continue other location on Earth. (S-109B) ogy, and if confirmed by this research to operate a fixed satellite Doppler may lead to revision of these con- station at Amundsen-Scott South Solar-terrestrial effects on atmo- cepts. (S-007) Pole Station to obtain data on ice spheric electric fields. R.A. Helliwell sheet movement, polar motion, and and C.G. Park, Stanford University, Search for the pendulum mode of the Earths spin axis. We will support Stanford, California. We will measure the Earths inner core. Leon Knopoff, the worldwide geodetic net program the fair-weather atmospheric electric University of California, Los Angeles, and serve as a translocation station field at South Pole and Vostok California. We are trying to determine for refining satellite Doppler point Stations and use our electric field

16 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL data to investigate the effects of solar stratosphere. We will continue to Tritium. H. Gote Ostlund and Allen S. flares, solar magnetic sector bound- monitor levels of carbon dioxide, Mason, University of Miami, Miami, ary crossings, and transpolar mag- surface and total ozone, certain Florida. Because it is so remote, South netospheric convection electric fields fluorocarbons, and aerosols in the Pole Station is ideal as a global upon the atmospheric electrical field. atmosphere from the South Pole baseline station for measuring the We are especially interested in the Clean Air Facility, and make wind, amount of tritium gas and tritiated role played by the atmospheric pressure, temperature, and solar hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. We electric field in the coupling between radiance measurements as well. will analyze the samples taken during the upper atmosphere and the lower (S-257) 1979 when they are sent to the U.S. atmosphere as demonstrated, for Measurement of trace gases and Our data will be used in studies of air example, in apparent correlations aerosols in the stratosphere. David]. exchange between the hemispheres, between the fair-weather electric Hofmann and James M. Rosen, University of of atmospheric hydrogen and hydro- field near the ground and solar- Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.We plan to carbon residence times, and of the terrestrial events. (S-117) fly and recover balloons carrying flux of water vapor between the trace gas samplers, aerosol counters, stratosphere and the troposphere. Geophysical monitoring for cli- and a condensation nucleus counter (S-267) matic change. Kirby J. Hanson, National from South Pole and McMurdo Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Stations to measure selected strato- Boulder, Colorado. We are trying to spheric constituents. These constitu- Measurement of atmospheric con- detect changes over long periods of ents are important in determing, stituents. David C. Murcray, University time in background concentrations of among other things, the strato- of Denver, Denver, Colorado. Our goal is atmospheric trace gases and particles spheric ozone profile, the level of to measure the total overburden of a resulting from human activities that major volcanic activity, and the way number of chemical species in the may affect the Earths climate. In condensation nuclei in the tropo- atmosphere. We use a moving- recent years a network of observa- sphere and stratosphere affect pre- mirror interferometer at South Pole tories in Alaska, Hawaii, Samoa, and cipitation. Our previous measure- Station to collect solar absorption at the South Pole has been the ments have enabled us to begin a spectra which are then analyzed once principal source of information on study of long-term variations of the field season is over. Our project the gradual build-up of carbon nitrous oxide and certain chloro- will supply data necessary to test the dioxide in the atmosphere and on fluorocarbons in the atmosphere. accuracy of models of photochemical injections of volcanic debris into the (S-264) processes in the stratosphere. (S-270)

LC130 Hercules airplanes, such as this one unloading cargo at Byrd Glacier in November 1978, will play a crucial part in ferrying personnel, equipment, food and fuel across Antarctica. Effective scientific investigation would be impossible without the mobility provided by air support. The LC-130 Hercules airplanes used in Antarctica are owned by the National Science Foundation and flown and maintained b y the U.S. Navy.

U.S. Navy photo (90203-11-78) by Thomas Barns

September 1979 17 U.S. Navy photo (90014-10-78) by Frank R. Bair, Jr. Darwin Glacier camp, shown here partially completed in October 1978, housed up to 58 scientists and support personnel last season during an examination of the Byrd and Darwin Glacier areas. This season a similar camp will be installed In the Ellsworth Mountains. Major field camps are one way in which the United States Antarctic Research Program stretches logistics in support of scientific investigations.

Major summer camps: what sites, what research?

The United States Antarctic Re- Additional snowmobile support will search Program frequently estab- enable some researchers to range LLI lishes large camps at remote locations even further. Similar multi-disciplin- in Antarctica for support of a suite of ary, multi-investigator field projects research projects during a summer will be mounted during the 1980-81 operating season. In the 1978-79 and 1981-82 seasons based on the season, a camp was established at the capacity of the United States Antarc- Darwin Glacier (see table), 240 tic Research Program to mount at kilometers south of McMurdo. In least one major field project each previous years, camps have been season without preempting support placed in Marie Byrd Land, at dome C for smaller remote camps. in East Antarctica, and in the central Transantarctic Mountains. The ad- During 1980-81 a major field camp vantage of a large camp is that it will be installed at site D-59 (near the provides a base for helicopter opera- French Dumont dUrville Station) on tions, surface vehicles, and numerous the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, where research projects in locations remote earlier glaciological investigations from existing stations. (See the June under the International Antarctic Antarctic Journal of the United States for a Glaciological Project took place. description of Darwin Glacier camp Camp personnel will attempt to activities.) repair and recover an LC-130 air- plane that crashed in 1971 at the site. U.S. Navy photo (90342-12-78) This season a large camp will be by Michael P. Helms During the 1981-82 season research- UH-1N helicopters deployed to field placed in the Ellsworth Mountains to ers will investigate the geology of camps provide mobility for researchers. support a geological investigation of northern Victoria Land out of a This one landed on a frozen lake near that area. Three helicopters will helicopter-supported camp in that Derrick Peak during a December 1978 deploy to the camp to transport area. A symposium was organized survey. investigators to remote field sites. and chaired by Dr. Edmund Stump at

18 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL Arizona State University in Septem- ber for preliminary discussions of the projects slated for the northern Victoria Land investigation.

The United States Antarctic Re- search Program will consider support of other major field investigations after the 1981-82 season. Possible . 1 future projects include a study of the West Antarctic ice stream, further examinations of antarctic glaciology, A111111111111m," research in southern Victoria Land, or wider-ranging investigations using 11321 airborne research instrumentation. . Additional projects may involve ob- • taming deep ice core to bedrock or further investigations of the Ross Ice Shelf.

The Division of Polar Programs invites researchers to suggest proj- ects or groups of projects which would justify placing major field camps away from existing stations. Write to the program manager in the appropriate discipline, care of the Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. U.S. Navy photo 20550. During the 1980-81 season the major field effort will be recovery of an LC-130 airplane Formal proposals would be which crashed on the East Antarctic ice sheet. This photo shows the plane shortly after premature at this stage. its 4 December 1971 crash.

Major U.S. field camps in Antarctica , 1977-1982

Season 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82

Location Marie Byrd Darwin Glacier Ellsworth D-59, near Dumont Northern Victoria Land Mountains dUrville Land Purpose geology, geophysics, geology, glaciology, geology, glaciology, airplane recovery geology, glaciology, biology geophysics geophysics geophysics Days 50 65 60 40 70 Number of projects 5 12 10 p 8-15 Number of investigators 13 50 45 P 50-60 Peak camp population 35 58 65 40 65 Number of helicopters 3 3 3 0 3 Number of surface vehicles 0 3 13 2 7-9

All figures for 1979-80 through 1981-82 are projections and may change as planning continues.

September 1979 19 United States now has ratified all New National Antarctic Treaty recommendations Science Board Members sworn in Since 1961, when the Antarctic at the 9th Consultative Meeting Treaty was ratified by its 12 signa- which took place in London in 1977. tories, 118 recommendations have Eight new members have been been made at nine consultative Even before ratification, the appointed to 6-year terms expiring in meetings. These recommendations United States adhered informally to May 1984 on the National Science cover a broad range of topics, most recommendations. Now adher- Board. The 24 part-time members of including uses of the region, preser- ence is official. And, in the case of the the National Science Board plus the vation and conservation of wildlife Agreed Measures, penalties are pro- Director ex officio constitute the and living resources, facilitation of vided for noncompliance. National Science Foundation. research and international coopera- The new members are: tion, exchanges of information, and operation of the Treaty and its • Lewis M. Branscomb, Vice Presi- consultative meetings. Supplies air- dent and Chief Scientist, IBM Inc., Armonk, New York. The recommendations do not carry dropped to force until accepted or ratified by a • Eugene Cota-Robles, Professor of government that adheres to the McMurdo Station Biology, University of California, Treaty. They then apply only to Santa Cruz, California. governments that have implemented On 13 July a U.S. Air Force C-141 • Ernestine Friedl, Professor of An- the ratifications. dropped 2,068 pounds of parts, 1,185 thropology, Duke University, Dur- pounds of mail, and 6,022 pounds of ham, North Carolina. As of 31 July 1979, the United fresh food to McMurdo Station States of America has adopted all 118 winter personnel. The supplies, drop- • Michael Kasha, Director, Institute Antarctic Treaty recommendations. ped by parachute in 24 bundles, were of Molecular Biophysics and Profes- A major accomplishment was passage recovered undamaged by the Mc- sor of Physical Chemistry, Florida of the Antarctic Conservation Act of Murdo crew near the Williams Field State University, Tallahassee, Florida. 1978 (see June 1979 Antarctic Journal of skiway. • Walter E. Massey, Director, Ar- the United States), which ratified gonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Aside from radio communications, Recommendation 111-8—the Agreed Illinois. Measures for the Conservation of the airdrop was the first contact Antarctic Fauna and Flora. McMurdo has had with the outside • David V. Ragone, Dean of the world since the beginning of the College of Engineering, University of Three other Antarctic Treaty na- austral winter last March. Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. tions have ratified all the recom- • Edwin E. Salpeter, J.G. White mendations: Belgium, New Zealand, The parachutes and containers will be stored at McMurdo until October. Professor of Physical Sciences, Cor- and the Republic of South Africa. nell University, Ithaca, New York. Argentina, France, Poland, Norway, They will be returned to Christ- and the U.S.S.R. have ratified all church, New Zealand, for use in sub- • Charles P. Slichter (renominee), recommendations except those made sequent airdrops. Professor of Physics and in the Center for Advanced Study, Univer- sity of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois. The National Science Foundation Act of 1950 charges the National Byrds 1929 flight to be commemorated Science Board with responsibility for the overall health of fundamental On 29 November 1929, Admiral Richard E. Byrd made antarctic and science in the United States. The aviation history when he and his three companions—pilot Bernt Balchen, Members are selected by the Presi- photographer Ashley C. McKinley, and radioman Harold I. June—became dent with the advice and consent of the first men to fly over the South Pole. Their flight from Little America on the U.S. Senate so as to represent the Ross Ice Shelf to the Pole and back in a Ford trimotor airplane, the Floyd Bennett, scientific leadership in all areas of the took 18 hours and 39 minutes. United States. The National Science This November, in commemoration of Byrds achievement and in Board is the policymaking body of the recognition of the contribution that airplanes have made to the exploration National Science Foundation. and scientific investigation of Antarctica, a United States Antarctic Research Program LC-130 Hercules airplane will re-fly Byrds route to the Pole. The The new members replace W. round trip will take the Hercules about 6 hours. Other ceremonies in Glenn Campbell, T. Marshall Hahn, recognition of Byrds achievements will be staged in the United States this Jr., Anna J. Harrison, William H. Meckling, William A. Nierenberg, fall. Russell D. ONeal, and Joseph M. Reynolds.

20 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL Foundation awards of funds for antarctic projects ATANN 1 April to 30 June 1979

Following is a list of National Science Foundation antarctic awards made from 1 April to 30 June 1979. Each item contains the name of the principal investigator or project manager, his or her institution, a shortened title of the project, the award number, its duration, and the amount awarded. If an investigator received a joint award from more than one Foundation program, the antarctic program funds are listed first, and the total amount of the award is listed in parentheses. Amounts followed by an asterisk are funding increments. International Southern Ocean Studies awards were made by the Division of Ocean Sciences. All other awards were made by the Division of Polar Programs.

Services and support Mende, Stephen B. Lockheed Missile & Space Co. Inc., Palo Alto, Cali- Bawd en, John. British Antarctic Sur- fornia. Photometer observations of vey. Annual resupply of R/V Hero/ particle precipitation. DPP 71- Palmer Station research system by 01668. 48 months. $121,779. U.S. Navy photo (90422-1-79) RRS Bransfield. DPP 77-00455. 12 by Michael P. Helms months. $3,309. Pomerantz, Martin A. Franklin Insti- Andy Brown, a New Zealand survival tute, Newark, Delaware. Long- Instructor, demonstrates rapelling on an Johnson, James R. Holmes & Narver, term continuous observations of Ice cliff near Cape Evans. The survival Inc., Orange, California. RIV Hero/ large-scale motions and structures class Is given each year for personnel Palmer Station research system. on the sun. DPP 78-22467. 36 who will be working in the field. DPP 74-03237. 3 months. $800,000. Rapelling Is just one of the ice climbing months. $181,750. skills taught In the course. Overton, R.H., III. Department of Rosenberg, Theodore J. University of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Maryland, College Park, Maryland. DPP Icebreaker support, 1978-79. Naturally and artificially stimu- 77-01365. 4 months. $686,700. lated electron precipitation near SCAR group Westbrook, Darrel E. Department of the plasmapause. DPP 76-82041. announces Defense, Washington, D.C. Logis- 12 months. $29,000. tics and other support. DDP BIOMASS 76-10886. 4 months. $6,832,000. Meteorology Newsletter Robinson, Elmer. Washington State Glaciology University, Pullman, Washington. The Scientific Committee on Ant- Ewing, Richard E. Ohio State Univer- Air chemistry studies in ocean arctic Research (SCAR) Group of sity, Columbus, Ohio. Heat trans- areas. DPP 78-16614. 12 months. Specialists on Living Resources of the fer in firn and ice. DPP 78-23834. $37,415. Southern Ocean has made its "BIO- 24 months. $11,098 ($49,335). MASS Newsletter" available to inter- Smiley, Vern N. Desert Research Whillans, Ian M. Ohio State Univer- Institute, Reno, Nevada. Study of ested scientists. The newsletter is ice crystals near cloud base at intended to facilitate and enhance the sity, Columbus, Ohio. Glaciolog- ical investigations of dome C. Palmer Station, using depolariza- exchange of information and news months. related to the international DPP 76-23428. 12 $55,818. tion lidar. DPP 78-23835. 36 months. BIOMASS program. $82,728. Upper atmosphere physics Warburton, Joseph A. Desert Re- Interested scientists should write search Institute, Reno, Nevada. to Dr. Saved Z. El-Sayed, Depart- Eather, Robert H. Boston College, Air-sea-ice interaction investiga- ment of Oceanography, Texas A&M Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. .-band radar. DPP University, College Station, Texas Siple low-light level TV experi- tions with X months. $79,980. 77843. ment. DPP 78-23513. 33 months. 78-21718. 36 $73,959. The U.S. National Academy of Biology and medicine Sciences is assembling a group of Helliwell, Robert A. Stanford Uni- scientists under joint sponsorship of versity, Stanford, California. Baust, John G. University of the Ocean Affairs Board and the Very-low-frequency probing of Houston, Houston, Texas. Physio- Polar Research Board to provide the magnetosphere from Vostok logical and biochemical bases of guidance and recommendations for Station. DPP 78-18316.12 months. freezing tolerance in terrestrial U.S. participation in BIOMASS. $47,858. Continued On Back Page

21 September 1979

Monthly climate summary corrections

The table below presents corrected monthly climate summary data for the stations and months listed. These revised numbers should be substituted for the data that appeared in the March and June 1979 issues of Antarctic Journal of the United States.

December January February February March March April April Feature Palmer Palmer McMurdo Palmer Palmer South Pole Palmer South Pole (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date)

Average temperature 1 2 -8.8 2 1 -51.7 -1 -53.4 (° C)

Temperature maximum 9 8 -1.7 6 5 -34.9 3 -38.3 (°C) (25) (20) (16) (21) (26) (27) (25) (29,30)

Temperature minimum -2 -3 -17.1 -3 -2 -66.1 -8 -66.5 (°C) (6) (10) (22) (19,28) (22,29,30,31) (24) (9) (21)

Average station 983.3 993.4 986.3 985.9 991.8 678.6 979.6 683.5 pressure (mb)

Pressure maximum 1005.2 1009.8 995.1 1006.2 1016.5 691.0 1012.8 697.8 (mb) (31) (18) (20) (19) (21) (3) (1) (10)

Pressure minimum 961.0 973.2 973.7 955.0 967.5 670.3 960.8 669.9 (mb) (10) (23) (26) (7) (26) (24) (15) (5)

Snowfall (mm) 5.1 Trace Trace

Prevailing wind direction 2200 0500 1200 0300 2200 0450 2200 0450

Average wind speed (m/sec) 4.2 4 6.4 5 3 4.2 9 5.2

15 18 34.0 18 13 10.8 26 12.9 Fastest wind speed 0300 0300 2700 0100 0300 2950 0300 0250 (m/sec) (11) (20) (26) (16) (10) (27) (10) (10)

Average sky cover 9/10 8/10 8.2/10 9/10 9/10 7.2/10 10/10 3.0/10

Number clear days 1 2 0 .3 0 6 0 19

Number partly cloudy days 11 9 1 6.3 6 5 4.7 8

Number cloudy days 10 20 27 21.4 25 20 25.3 3

Number days with visibility less 0 0 0.7 0 0 0.9 0 2.4 than 0.4 km

22 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL Monthly climate summary

May 1979 June 1979 July 1979

Feature McMurdo Palmer Siple South Pole McMurdo Palmer Siple South Pole McMurdo Palmer Siple South Pole (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date) (date)

Average temperature -25.7 -5.0 -23.0 -61.5 -21.6 -6.0 -31.4 -57.1 -30.0 -7.0 -34.3 -63.8 (CS)

Temperature maximum -14.0 0.0 -7.9 -42.3 -9.0 2.0 -18.0 -45.6 -13.1 1.0 -13.9 -44.5 ( CI ) ( 1) (30) (10) (27) (25) (18,30) (10) (24) (3) (3) (23) (16)

Temperature minimum -35.6 -13.0 -42.5 -72.7 -33.9 -15.0 -46.0 -69.2 -42.7 -22.0 -51.8 -76.3 ( CO ) ( 22) (22) (20) (23) (18) (22) (28) (22) (11) (18) (27) (29)

Average station pressure (mb) 984.0 997.4 864.3 673.5 979.3 988.6 859.2 678.7 976.5 986.5 851.1 664.9

Pressure maximum 1000.9 1020.2 882.8 688.7 999.4 1012.5 877.2 686.8 992.4 1007.8 862.8 676.3 (mb) (1) (28) (27) (1) (16) (10) (9) (9) (30) (24) (1) (2)

Pressure minimum 968.2 967.2 848.2 662.3 965.3 970.2 844.6 667.2 957.3 965.2 828.1 648.9 (m b) (31) (30) (2) (16) (7) (27) (13) (1) (16, 24) (6) (7, 8) (31)

Snowfall (mm) 33.0 68.6 Trace 249.0 165.1 Trace 96.5 195.6 Trace

Prevailing wind direction 0650 0300 2500 0900 0900 030° 2000 0700 0700 3600 1350 0700

Average wind speed (M/sec) 4.7 4.0 9.1 3.8 5.2 4.0 4.8 4.4 4.0 5.0 6.6 4.1

31.7 13.0 27.3 8.8 33.1 14.0 20.6 12.7 27.3 26.0 23.2 10.8 Fastest wind speed 1600 210° 0200 1350 1600 0200 0200 3600 1600 3600 2600 0450,1350 (m/sec) (8) (21) (21) (3) (26) (1) (16) (5) (2) (5) (29) (24,31)

Average sky cover 4.3/10 8.0/10 6.5/10 1.8/10 5.8/10 9.0/10 5.7/10 3.5/10 4.8/10 9/10 6.1/10 2.3/10

Number clear days 2 4 10 25 2 1.2 12 18 0 1 12 20

Number partly cloudy days 14 8 4 3 11 5.1 4 5 19 8 5 8

Number cloudy days 15 19 17 3 18 23.7 14 7 12 22 14 3

Number days with visibility less 0 0 11 0 0.6 0 7 0 0.3 0 11 0.3 than 0.4 km

rrepreu irom urliormaLiori receuveu oy teuetype irom me stations. Locations: McMurdo 77-51S, 166-40E. Palmer 64 0 46S, 64°03W. Siple 750 55S, 830 55W. Amundsen-Scott South Pole 90 0 S. Elevations: McMurdo sea level. Palmer sea level. Siple 1000m. Amundsen-Scott South Pole 2850m. For prior data and daily logs contact National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina 28801. National Science Foundation

Washington, D. C. 20550 Postage and Fees Paid National Science Foundation Official Business UALMML Penalty for private use, $300 THIRD CLASS (ji Bulk Rate a

Continued From Page 21 tains and data reduction on rocks and Glacier sediment core descrip- arthropods. DPP 78-21116. 24 from the Leverett and Scott Gla- tion. DPP 79-08242. 12 months. months. $50,205. ciers. DPP 78-20624. 18 months. $39,743. Haschemeyer, Audrey E. City Uni- $30,614. Dick, Henry J.B. Woods Hole Ocean- versity of New York, Hunter Col- Stump, Edmund. Arizona State Uni- ographic Institution, Woods Hole, lege, New York. Role of protein versity, Tempe, Arizona. Science Massachusetts. A joint petrology, metabolism in cold adaptation of and logistics symposium on geophysics, and coring cruise along fish. DPP 77-20461. 12 months. northern Victoria Land. DPP the antarctic plate boundary in the $60,000. 78-23515. 8 months. $8,160. far South Atlantic and Drake pass- age. DPP 79-00036. 12 months. Ichiye, Takashi. Texas A&M Univer- Tucker, Arnold J. University of $121,064. sity, College Station, Texas. Physical Texas, Austin, Texas. Geodetic oceanographic study of ARA Islas and upper atmospheric studies Foster, Theodore D. University of Orcadas winter cruise 17. DPP using artificial earth satellites. California, Santa Cruz, California. 79-09258. 12 months. $21,259. DPP 68-00508. 12 months. $1. Physical oceanography. DPP 78- 07797. 12 months. $105,100. Murrish, David E. State University of Webers, Gerald F. Macalester Col- New York, Binghamton, New lege, St. Paul, Minnesota. Geologi- Huang, Ter-Chien. University of York. Thermoregulatory mechan- cal investigation of the Ellsworth Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode isms in birds. DPP 77-21861. 12 Mountains. DPP 78-21720. 48 Island. History of bottom current months. $26,813. months. $171,545. scour in the southern ocean. DPP 78-08511. 12 months. $27,661. Earth sciences Zeller, Edward J. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Re- Kennett, James P.University of Rhode Askin, Rosemary A. Ohio State Uni- source and radioactivity survey by Island, Kingston, Rhode Island. versity, Columbus, Ohio. Palynol- airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. Micropaleontological and paleoen- ogy and paleobotany of Mesozoic DPP 77-21504. 12 months. $90,079. vironmental studies of marine rocks of the Antarctic Peninsula sediment from the southern ocean. area and southern South America. Zinsmeister, William J. Ohio State DPP 78-08512.12 months. $52,607. DPP 78-21128.24 months. $25,000. University, Columbus, Ohio. Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary Wise, Sherwood W. Florida State Elliot, David H. Ohio State Univer- biogeography of the southern University, Tallahassee, Florida. sity, Columbus, Ohio. Geology and Circum-Pacific. DPP 77-21585. 12 Islas Orcadas piston and trigger core paleomagnetism of Mesozoic rocks, months. $24,989. studies. DPP 78-07183.12 months. northern Antarctic Peninsula. DPP $59,602. 78-21102. 24 months. $24,342. Ocean sciences International Southern Ocean Kyle, Philip R. Ohio State University, Ackley, Stephen F. Department of Studies Columbus, Ohio. Investigations of Army, CRREL, Hanover, New Spillane, Michael W., and Julian Mc- Ferrar Group rocks and Mt. Erebus. Hampshire. Sea ice. DPP 77-24528. DPP 77-21590.24 months. $26,000. Creary. Nova University, Fort 12 months. $129,527. Lauderdale, Florida. Lee-wave Stump, Edmund. Arizona State Uni- Anderson, John B. Rice University, model of the Drake Passage circu- versity, Tempe, Arizona. Field in- Houston, Texas. A marine geologic lation. OCE 78-21963. 12 months. vestigations of the LaGorce Moun- cruise to the Bellingshausen Sea, $44,749.