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Pókok Növényvédelmi Szerepe Kártevő Rovarokkal Szemben

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Pókok Növényvédelmi Szerepe Kártevő Rovarokkal Szemben 1 DOKTORI (PhD) ÉRTEKEZÉS PANNON EGYETEM GEORGIKON KAR ÁLLAT- ÉS AGRÁRKÖRNYEZET-TUDOMÁNYI DOKTORI ISKOLA FESTETICS DOKTORI ISKOLA ISKOLAVEZETŐ: Dr. Anda Angéla egyetemi tanár TÉMAVEZETŐ: Dr. Samu Ferenc tudományos tanácsadó BELSŐ TÉMAVEZETŐ: Dr. Marczali Zsolt Ferenc egyetemi docens PÓKOK NÖVÉNYVÉDELMI SZEREPE KÁRTEVŐ ROVAROKKAL SZEMBEN Készítette: Beleznai Orsolya Ágnes KESZTHELY 2019 2 PÓKOK NÖVÉNYVÉDELMI SZEREPE KÁRTEVŐ ROVAROKKAL SZEMBEN Értekezés doktori (PhD) fokozat elnyerése érdekében Írta: Beleznai Orsolya Ágnes Készült a Pannon Egyetem Festetics Doktori iskolája, Környezettudományok programja, Élőlények az agrárkörnyezetben alprogramja keretében. Témavezető: Dr. Samu Ferenc Elfogadásra javaslom (igen / nem) (aláírás) Belső témavezető: Dr. Marczali Zsolt Ferenc Elfogadásra javaslom (igen / nem) (aláírás) A jelölt a doktori szigorlaton ........%-ot ért el, Az értekezést bírálóként elfogadásra javaslom: Bíráló neve: …........................ …................. igen /nem ………………………. (aláírás) Bíráló neve: …........................ …................. igen /nem ………………………. (aláírás) A jelölt az értekezés nyilvános vitáján …..........%-ot ért el. Keszthely, …………………………. a Bíráló Bizottság elnöke A doktori (PhD) oklevél minősítése: …................................. ……………………… Az EDHT elnöke 3 TARTALOM Kivonatok ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Magyar nyelvű kivonat .................................................................................................................. 7 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 9 El extracto ................................................................................................................................... 11 1 Bevezetés ............................................................................................................................ 14 1.1 Pókok ökológiai szerepe .................................................................................................. 15 1.1.1 Táplálékválasztás, táplálkozás ..................................................................................... 16 1.2 Pókok felhasználása a biológiai védekezésben ............................................................... 17 1.3 Pókok nem letális hatása a prédaállatokra ..................................................................... 18 1.4 Predátor-vektor-kórokozó kaszkád hatások ..................................................................... 20 1.4.1 A vizsgált pók-kabóca-vírus modell rendszer ................................................................. 21 1.4.1.1 A Tibellus oblongus faj általános jellemzői.................................................................. 21 1.4.1.2 A Psammotettix alienus általános jellemzői................................................................ 23 1.4.1.3 A búzatörpülés-vírus– Wheat Dwarf Virus (WDV) ...................................................... 24 1.4.2 A vizsgált pók-bogár-hőmérséklet modell rendszer ...................................................... 26 1.4.2.1 A Tigrosa helluo általános jellemzői ............................................................................ 27 1.4.2.2 A Pisaurina mira általános jellemzői ........................................................................... 29 1.4.2.3 A Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi általános jellemzői ...................................... 30 1.4.2.4 A klímaváltozás hatása a préda-predátor kapcsolatokra ............................................ 31 1.5 Pókgyomortartalom-vizsgálat ......................................................................................... 32 1.5.1 A polimeráz láncreakció .......................................................................................... 34 1.5.2 Primer tervezés ....................................................................................................... 35 1.5.3 DNS szekvenálás ...................................................................................................... 36 1.5.4 A gélelektroforézis .................................................................................................. 38 2 Célkitűzések..................................................................................................................... 40 2.1 A pók-vektor-kórokozó kaszkád hatások vizsgálatai ....................................................... 40 2.1.1 Viselkedés megfigyelések mezokozmoszban .......................................................... 41 2.1.2 Viselkedés megfigyelések mikrokozmoszban ......................................................... 41 2.2 A pók-bogár-hőmérséklet kaszkád hatások vizsgálatai................................................... 42 2.3 Pókgyomortartalom vizsgálatok ..................................................................................... 42 3 Anyag és módszer ........................................................................................................... 43 3.1 A pók-vektor-kórokozó kaszkád hatások vizsgálatai ....................................................... 43 3.1.1 Viselkedés megfigyelések mezokozmoszban .......................................................... 43 4 3.1.1.1 A kísérleti állatok gyűjtése és tartása ...................................................................... 43 3.1.1.2 Viselkedési megfigyelések ....................................................................................... 43 3.1.1.3 A mozgásaktivitás megfigyelései ............................................................................. 44 3.1.1.4 A táplálkozás megfigyelései .................................................................................... 46 3.1.1.5 Statisztikai analízis ................................................................................................... 46 3.1.2 Viselkedés megfigyelések mikrokozmoszban ......................................................... 49 3.1.2.1 A kísérleti állatok gyűjtése és tartása ...................................................................... 49 3.1.2.2 A kísérleti elrendezés .............................................................................................. 50 3.2 A pók-bogár-hőmérséklet kaszkád hatások vizsgálatai................................................... 55 3.2.1 A kísérleti állatok gyűjtése és tartása ...................................................................... 55 3.2.2 A fajok kritikus hőmérsékleti maximuma ................................................................ 55 3.2.3 A hőmérséklet hatása a töknövény – uborkabogár – pók tritrofikus rendszerre ... 56 3.2.4 Statisztikai elemzés ................................................................................................. 57 3.3 Pókgyomortartalom vizsgálatok ..................................................................................... 59 3.3.1 A kísérleti állatok gyűjtése és tartása ...................................................................... 59 3.3.2 A kísérleti beállítás .................................................................................................. 59 4 Eredmények és értékelésük ............................................................................................ 64 4.1 A pók-vektor-kórokozó kaszkád hatások vizsgálatai ....................................................... 64 4.1.1 Viselkedés megfigyelések mezokozmoszban .......................................................... 64 4.1.2 Viselkedés megfigyelések mikrokozmoszban ......................................................... 69 4.1.2.1 Penetrációk száma .................................................................................................. 69 4.1.2.2 Penetráció sikeressége ............................................................................................ 71 4.2 A pók-bogár-hőmérséklet kaszkád hatások vizsgálatai................................................... 74 4.2.1 Kritikus hőmérsékleti maximum (CTM50) .............................................................. 74 4.2.2 Tritrofikus rendszer ................................................................................................. 75 4.3 Pókgyomortartalom vizsgálatok ..................................................................................... 77 4.3.1 Psammotettix alienus DNS kimutathatósági vizsgálatok és hígítási sor ................. 77 4.3.2 Non-target teszt eredményei .................................................................................. 79 4.3.3 A Tibellus oblongus gyomortartalom vizsgálatának eredményei ........................... 81 5 Megvitatás, következtetések és javaslatok ..................................................................... 84 5.1 A pók-vektor-kórokozó kaszkád hatások vizsgálatai ....................................................... 84 5.1.1 Viselkedés megfigyelése mezokozmoszban ............................................................ 84 5.1.2 Viselkedés megfigyelése mikrokozmoszban ........................................................... 87 5.2 A pók-bogár-hőmérséklet kaszkád hatások vizsgálatai................................................... 89 5 5.3 Pókgyomortartalom vizsgálatok ..................................................................................... 94 6 Összefoglalás ..................................................................................................................
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