A Propos Des Matrices Aléatoires Et Des Fonctions L Paul Bourgade

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A Propos Des Matrices Aléatoires Et Des Fonctions L Paul Bourgade A propos des matrices aléatoires et des fonctions L Paul Bourgade To cite this version: Paul Bourgade. A propos des matrices aléatoires et des fonctions L. Mathématiques [math]. Télécom ParisTech, 2009. Français. tel-00373735v2 HAL Id: tel-00373735 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00373735v2 Submitted on 31 Dec 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. On random matrices and L-functions Paul Bourgade c Paul Bourgade, this version : 2010. A` propos des matrices al´eatoires et des fonctions L Paul Bourgade Th`ese de doctorat pr´epar´ee `al’Institut T´el´ecom et `a l’Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, present´ee pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Ecole´ Nationale Sup´erieure des T´el´ecommunications Soutenue devant le jury compos´ede M. Philippe Biane Rapporteur M. Jean-Marc Deshouillers Examinateur M. Jonathan Keating Rapporteur M. Joseph Oesterl´e Examinateur M. G´erald Tenenbaum Examinateur M. Ali S¨uleyman Ustunel¨ Directeur M. Marc Yor Directeur Abstract Evidence for deep connections between number theory and random matrix theory has been noticed since the Montgomery-Dyson encounter in 1972 : the function fields case was studied by Katz and Sarnak, and the moments of the Riemann zeta function along its critical axis were conjectured by Keating and Snaith, in connection with similar calculations for random matrices on the unitary group. This thesis concentrates on the latter aspect : it aims first to give further evidence for this analogy in the number field case, second to develop probabilistic tools of interest for number theoretic questions. The introduction is a survey about the origins and limits of analogies between random matrices in the compact groups and L-functions. We then state the main results of this thesis. The first two chapters give a probabilistic flavor of results by Keating and Snaith, previously obtained by analytic methods. In particular, a common framework is set in which the notion of independence naturally appears from the Haar measure on a compact group. For instance, if g is a random matrix from a compact group endowed with its Haar measure, det(Id g) may be decomposed as a product of independent random variables. − Such independence results hold for the Hua-Pickrell measures, which generalize the Haar measure. Chapter 3 focuses on the point process induced on the spectrum by these laws on the unit circle : these processes are determinantal with an explicit kernel, called the hypergeometric kernel. The universality of this kernel is then shown : it appears for any measure with asymmetric singularities. The characteristic polynomial of random matrices can be considered as an ortho- gonal polynomial associated to a spectral measure. This point of view combined with the widely developed theory of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle yields results about the (asymptotic) independence of characteristic polynomials, a large deviations principle for the spectral measure and limit theorems for derivatives and traces. This is developed in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 6 concentrates on a number theoretic issue : it contains a central limit theorem for log ζ evaluated at distinct close points. This implies correlations when counting the zeros of ζ in distinct intervals at a mesoscopic level, confirming numerical experiments by Coram and Diaconis. A similar result holds for random matrices from the unitary group, giving further insight for the analogy at a local scale. v Remerciements J’ai une profonde gratitude envers Marc Yor, qui a accept´ede superviser mes premiers pas dans la recherche : il m’a propos´eun sujet de th`ese tr`es stimulant, pour lequel j’ai b´en´efici´ede sa propre intuition. Je lui suis aussi tr`es reconnaissant de sa disponibilit´equotidienne et de ses relectures minutieuses, qui ont largement am´elior´e la clart´ede ce manuscrit. Etreˆ son ´el`eve fut un honneur et un plaisir : je garderai en particulier en exemple sa curiosit´eet son honnˆetet´eintellectuelle. Cette th`ese n’aurait jamais eu lieu sans Ali Suleyman Ust¨unel¨ : il m’a accueilli `a l’Institut T´el´ecom avec une extrˆeme bienveillance. Ma reconnaissance se double d’une grande admiration pour ses connaissances encyclop´ediques et la hauteur de sa vue face aux probl`emes math´ematiques. Il a su, aux moments opportuns, dispenser des conseils toujours concis et avis´es. Philippe Biane a accept´ela tˆache peu gratifiante de rapporter sur ce travail. Ses suggestions, marqu´ees par la polyvalence qui le caract´erise, m’ont permis d’en am´eliorer la qualit´e: je l’en remercie vivement. Rapporteur ´egalement, Jonathan Keating tient une place essentielle, `ala fois `al’origine et `ala conclusion de ce ma- nuscrit : ses math´ematiques ont inspir´ede nombreuses parties de cette th`ese, dont il a effectu´eune lecture attentive. Je le remercie aussi de m’avoir invit´e`aexposer mes travaux `ala conf´erence Number theory and random phenomena organis´ee `aBristol avec Christopher Hughes et Nina Snaith. Je suis ´egalement tr`es honor´e(et anxieux) de la pr´esence de Jean-Marc De- shouillers, Joseph Oesterl´eet G´erald Tenenbaum dans le jury. Leur profonde connais- sance de la th´eorie des nombres, associ´ee `aun r´eel int´erˆet pour les techniques proba- bilistes, constitue pour moi un mod`ele `asuivre. Au cours de ces deux ann´ees, j’ai appris des math´ematiques et d´ecouvert les joies de la collaboration scientifique aupr`es de coauteurs passionn´es. En particulier, Ashkan Nikeghbali m’a invit´e`ade nombreuses reprises `al’universit´ede Zurich. Ces s´ejours furent extrˆemement rafraichissants et l’occasion d’avanc´ees substantielles dans cette th`ese : je remercie Ashkan pour sa g´en´erosit´eet son amiti´e. J’ai aussi appris de la com- binatoire aupr`es de Paul-Olivier Dehaye, de la th´eorie analytique des nombres grˆace `aChristopher Hughes et des polynˆomes orthogonaux al´eatoires avec Alain Rouault : leur savoir a permis d’´elargir le spectre de cette th`ese, je les en remercie vivement. De plus, j’ai ´et´emarqu´epar la gentillesse du professeur Kai-Man Tsang, les do- cuments qu’il m’a transmis furent une r´ef´erence pour ce texte. J’ai ´egalement eu la chance d’exposer mes travaux tr`es r´eguli`erement au groupe de travail anim´epar Ca- therine Donati-Martin et Fr´ed´erique Petit, je les remercie pour cette organisation et leurs conseils. Mon travail a ´et´efinanc´epar le corps des t´el´ecommunications et l’Institut T´el´ecom. Je remercie donc en particulier Pascal Faure pour son ouverture d’esprit et la confiance qu’il m’a accord´ee, ainsi que Michel Riguidel pour son constant soutien. Je suis ´egalement reconnaissant envers Olivier Croissant et Michel Crouhy. Je garderai ´egalement un souvenir unique de ma th`ese grˆace `a mes amis, docto- rants ou non. Je pense en particulier `aMaxime Agostini, Arnaud Anantharaman, David Auger, Vincent Bansaye, Rapha¨el B´enichou, Amel Bentata, Isabelle Camilier, Fran¸cois Chapon, Fernando Cordero, Pierre-Henri Cumenge, Sophie Dede, Gr´egoire Deyirmendjian, Camille Illand, Emmanuel Jacob, Nathalie Krell, Joachim Lebovits, Numa Lescot, Guillaume Lupo-Krebs, Joseph Najnudel, Agn`es P´erier, Thomas Pillot, Alborz Rafie Elizei, Victor Reutenauer, S´ebastien et toute la famille Ricard, Rapha¨el Rodriguez-Sierra, Abass Sagna, Philippe Sourlas, J´erˆome Ternat, J´erˆome Valentin Stavros Varekoudis, Hubert Virlet et Cengbo Zheng. Merci aussi aux membres du vii viii remerciements personnel administratif de l’Institut T´el´ecom et du LPMA, pour leur sourire et leur diligence, en particulier Florence Besnard, Philippe Mac´eet Josette Saman. Enfin, je veux dire ma profonde affection pour mes grands-parents, mes fr`eres Henri et Vincent, ainsi que mes parents. Notations Matrix groups S(n) Symmetric group : set of permutations of J1,nK U(n) Unitarygroup:setof n n complex matrices u satisfying u tu = Id O(n) Orthogonal group : elements× in U(n) with real entries SU(n) Special unitary group : elements in U(n) with determinant 1 SO(n) Specialorthogonalgroup:elementsinO(n) with determinant 1 USp(2n) Unitary symplectic group : elements u U(2n) such that uz tu = z ∈ 0 Id with z = n Idn 0 U(n, K) Unitarygroupoveranarbitraryfield:setof − n n complex matrices u with entries in K satisfying u tu = Id × Z (u, X) Characteristic polynomial : Z (u, X) = det(Id uX), u a n n n n n − × matrix, X C∗. When the dimension, the evaluation point or the ∈ iϕ matrix is implicit, Zn(u, X) is written Z(u, X), Z(u, ϕ) (X = e ) or Zn (X = 1). Number theory Set of prime numbers πP(x) Prime-counting function : π(x)= [1, x] ζ Riemann zeta function |P ∩ | 1 S(t) Argument of ζ on the critical axis : S(t)= π arg ζ(1/2+it), defined continuously from 2 to 2 + it to 1/2 + it (if ζ vanishes on the horizontal line Imz = t, S(t) = S(t+)) N(t) Numberofnon-trivialzeros z of ζ with 0 < Imz 6 t : N(t) = t log t + S(t)+ 7 + R(t), R(t) 1 2π 2πe 8 t Random variables ω Uniform random variable on (0,1) eiω Uniform random variable on the unit circle (here ω is uniform on (0, 2π)) Ba,b Beta random variable with parameter (a,b) (n) Dira Dirichlet distribution of order n with parameter a Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle D Open unit disk ∂D Unit circle , Hermitian product on the unit circle associated to an implicit mea- h· ·i sure ν : f,g = f(x)g(x)dν(x) h i ∂D (Φk, k > 0) Monic orthogonal polynomials for , associated to a measure ν on ∂D R h· ·i (αk, k > 0) Verblunsky coefficients associated to (Φk, k > 0) (γk, k > 0) Modified Verblunsky coefficients ix x notations Special functions Γ Gamma function (x)n Pochhammer symbol : (x)n = Γ(x + n)/Γ(x) = x(x + 1) ..
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