RATELVol. 44 No. 2. June 2017 Journal of the Association of British and Irish Wild Animal Keepers

greater kudu, Colchester Zoo. Stephen Woollard

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The Association of British & Irish Wild Animal Keepers ABWAK is a non-profit making organisation catering for those interested in and involved with the keeping of wild animals. The aim of the association is: “To achieve and advance the highest standards of excellence in wild animal care” We believe that: • We are the professional association representing animal keepers in Britain & Ireland for whom excellent animal welfare is the highest priority • We can have a significant impact in welfare issues by bringing keepers and stakeholders together and by being a strong representative & consultative body • We can make a significant contribution to the training & development of animal keepers thus raising standards and increasing the recognition of wild animal collections • By developing the skills & expertise of our members we can make a unique contribution to conservation Membership rates (2017) - no increase in membership fee this year. (NB current rates are those given on our website, rates are reviewed annually). Professional or Associate £30 Joint Professional £50 Overseas £50 Subscription is for ONE copy of each issue of RATEL Subscription to RATEL only £100 (to March 2018) eg for libraries; and does not give membership privileges or rights President: Prof. David Field, ZSL Vice Presidents: Jonathan Barzdo (founder); Dr Miranda Stevenson (retired); Stephen Woollard Hon. Vice Presidents: Rick Green; John Ray; Stewart Muir; Roger Wheater; ABWAK COUNCIL (March 2017) - elected by the Membership (all posts are voluntary). Chair: Tim Morphew*, Folly Farm Vice Chair & Symposium Secretary: Laura Gardner*, ZSL London Zoo Hon. Treasurer Nick Davis*, NEZS Chester Zoo Hon. Secretary Lucy Manning*, NEZS Chester Zoo

Membership Secretary Terri Hill (private breeder) * Executive Committee Editor (incoming) Gareth Richardson, ZSL Whipsnade Zoo Other Members of ABWAK Council:

Yianna Cooling, Twycross Zoo To contact the ABWAK Council: Adam Douglass, Noah’s Ark Zoo Farm General Enquiries [email protected] Daniel O’Loughlin, Sparsholt College Membership: Hannah Slaney, Colchester Zoo [email protected] Vicky Snook, Port Lympne Wild Animal Park Back Issues & merchandise: Ex officio - Non-council (temporary roles to June 2017): [email protected] Editor: Stephen Woollard, www.ZooStephen.com Articles and advertising: Book-keeping: Richard Barnett (retired) [email protected]

Advertising Full, and half page advertising space is available (colour or black and white) – contact the Editor for rates. © Copyright 2017 Association of British and Irish Wild Animal Keepers ISSN 0305 – 1218 Contents Vol.44. No.2. June 2017 From the editor 2 ABWAK’s new Editor, Gareth Richardson 3 Formal minutes of the ABWAK AGM 3 ABWAK Symposium 2017 A Cracking Colchester Conference 4 Shelby Stanfield Housing Primates in Mixed Species Exhibits 7 - The Key to Success? Tony Dobbs ABWAK’s first Associate Member workshop - careers 13 Hand raising a Southern White Rhinoceros calf 14 (Ceratotherium simum simum) at Zoo Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany. Garry White greater kudu at Colchester Zoo, venue of the 2017 The Importance of Vitamin D Supplementation in 17 ABWAK Symposium. South American Camelids Keeley Jonas Stephen Woollard Visitor Opinions on the Feeding of Whole Carcasses to Zoo 19 Carnivores Clare White A study into whether the behaviour expressed by a male 22 subadult yellow breasted capuchin (Cebus xanthostemos) is more aggressive when interacting with a related dominant male or a related subadult male in the social group, of five, housed in Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park. Billie Holliday Using Domestic Animals as Tiger Enrichment 24 Hannah Slaney ABWAK Grants Hannah Slaney 27

ABWAK COUNCIL News: As reported on page 3, at the AGM in Colchester new ABWAK Council members were elected, and four Council members stood down from their roles. Tim Morphew has now taken up the role of Chair and other Council positions and post-holders are listed opposite. ABWAK Council will meet again three more times this year and some Council members will be involved in various workshops and other meetings. Council also expects to co-opt additional members during the year. This year Council will coninue to promote the profession of zookeeping and promotion of ABWAK, whilst also considering strategic options for development and focus. Please remember that our events and other announcements are made on our website and via our social media - eg. workshops; Symposia; grants etc; and members can also access the MEMBERS ONLY area of the website.

THANK YOU to all the zoos and institutions that support our Council members, and those that have hosted Council meetings and workshops. We are very lucky that many provide this as ‘in kind’ support for the development of zookeepers and our work, ensuring your membership fees can be kept low, and used to support the Association’s mission and objectives. From the editor... thank you So the time has come for me to hand over the editor role. I am delighted that Gareth (see opposite) has agreed to take this on and I wish him every success. When I became editor in 2005, it is fair to say that both the journal and ABWAK were entering a time of transition and development. We had been struggling to get articles, and the publication of RATEL six times a year was unsustainable. We switched to publishing four times a year and moved into an A4 format (previously A5). However, during my first years in role it was still a huge struggle to get articles, but gradually the quality of RATEL improved. In December 2007 we launched the new ABWAK colour logo (and formally incoporated the word Irish into our title - although decided not to change our name to abiwak), and then in March 2009, I was pleased to produce the first full colour edition of RATEL, and in December 2011 produced the first ABWAK calendar, using the winning pictures from our photo competition (don’t forget to enter this year - deadline 31st August). In March 2012 the cover of RATEL took on the sandy yellow/brown colour of the new ‘banner’ logo used on our website, and it has stayed like this to date. Each issue of RATEL has been interesting and challenging, and as you can see from the pie chart below during my time as editor we have featured mammals most of all (67% of the taxa-focused articles, and about a third of all articlesChart published)- Title so we really do need keepers of other taxa to submit articles. Many of the 333 articles that have featured in RATEL under my editorship do specifcially focus upon a particular species, however 11% focus on symposia, workshops and conferences, 8% on conservation & 5% on enrichment. Apart from over 40 editorials, I have also written 38 articles myself in this time! A notable issue for me is the March 2010 biodversity special. I was delighted to get a guest editorial from Dr Lee Durrell, and article from Dr Bob Bloomfield, convenor of International Year of

Mammal Bird Rep tile Inverts Amphibian Fish Biodiversity-UK, and permission from Sir David Attenborough to use some of his writing as an introduction to life on earth! Coming now to this, my last issue, it is heartening to note that I actually received more articles than could be included! (a rare occurrence). I hope that you will deluge Gareth with articles and make his job easier. I’m sure in time he will bring his own style and ideas to the journal (and maybe a few elephant articles), and RATEL will continue to develop and remain a key aspect of ABWAK’s work. Please don’t forget to use [email protected] email address to send articles. As a Vice President of ABWAK I shall continue some involvement behind the scenes and hope to be able to attend ABWAK events in the years to come. Finally, thank you to everyone that has contributed to RATEL and helped me in this role. In editing articles I have learnt a lot about aspects of zoos, animals, enrichment etc that your average zoo educator wouldn’t usually engage with, and its been great to meet many of the contributors too and assist in the professionalism of the Association whilst ensuring we also encourage and support those wishing to join the profession. Stephen P. Woollard, ABWAK Vice President, Editor; Zoo Education Consultant www.ZooStephen.com Please send articles for RATEL by email to: [email protected] 2 www.abwak.org www.iczoo.org ABWAK’s new Editor, Gareth Richardson Dear ABWAK members, I am delighted to be elected to ABWAK Council and to take on the role as the new editor of RATEL, I would like to thank all members and council for your support in my new roles. Why animals? My passion for wildlife started with my grandparent’s enthusiasm for the natural world, they involved me with the husbandry and hand rearing of exotic birds. Growing up in the countryside, I spent many hours watching wildlife and using my ID guide to list species that I managed to see. My first two jobs consisted of being a farm hand and then an aquarist at the local garden centre. I was later drawn to birds of prey, where as a civil servant I had the chance to work with a Harris hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus, this gave me an exciting introduction into training which motivated me to change career. I consider myself fortunate to have worked at three different collections with a variety of species, my fondest memories include those with rhino, giraffe, owls and primates. It didn’t take long for me to develop a fascination with elephants, although I enjoyed working with African elephants, (Loxodonta africana) I am currently a keeper at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo with a breeding herd of Asian elephants, (Elephas maximus). In addition, I have a keen interest in native species conservation, this lead me to become a wildlife champion for several taxonomic groups as part of the native species initiative at ZSL. My zoo career has included a combination of volunteering, educational and keeper roles, I am excited to use these experiences as a representative of ABWAK. Opportunities such as the DMZAA qualification and the DESMAN course at Durrell academy has enabled me to gain knowledge an understanding that is key to my career development, as editor, I aim to continue the high standards set by Stephen Woollard and support the progression of RATEL, highlighting your hard work regarding the keeping and conservation of wild animals. Yours sincerely, Gareth Richardson - editor of RATEL (Sept 2017 issue onwards).

Formal minutes of the ABWAK AGM 4th March 2017 1. The AGM was held at Colchester Zoo on 4th March 2017 within the annual ABWAK Symposium. Chaired/Presented by Stephen Woollard (SW). 2. In attendance were: all of ABWAK Council, except for Mairee Vincent; co-opted members (election candidates: Adam, Hannah & Daniel; apologies Gareth); Vice Presidents Rick Green & John Ray; President-elect David Field; approx. 120 ABWAK members eligible to vote, plus some other symposium attendees (as observers). 3. A short summary report of ABWAK activity 2016 was given; membership now exceeds 1000 members (approx. 65% professional). 4. The accounts were tabled (2016 income £54k, expenditure £57k) and no questions were raised. Accepted. 5. No changes to the Constitution, Byelaws or subscriptions were proposed. 6. Council Election: SW noted that any Professional member can stand for election – in line with the Constitution and Byelaws; and that Council Exec can co-opt people to the Council up until the next AGM. It was noted that Stephen Woollard, Richard Barnett, Andy Moore and Mairee Vincent all complete their terms of office and stand down this weekend; and that Stephen is now a Vice President & hon life member; and Richard a hon life member. Announcement of election was made 28 days in advance and no comments from members were received. (i) Vicky Snook & Yianna Cooling were proposed for re-election and elected. (ii) Adam Douglass, Hannah Slaney, Daniel O’Loughlin & Gareth Richardson were individually proposed and elected. 7. David Field was proposed as President and elected. 8. The new Council was thereby named – and it was noted that Council have elected Tim Morphew as Chair. 9. Notice was given that the next AGM will be held within the annual Symposium 3-4 March 2018 at Longleat. 10. AoB – any questions. VP Rick Green raised the issue of the ‘legal status/entity’ of ABWAK. SW responded by noting that in the recent process of strategic review the status of ABWAK as a not-for-profit members association was being reviewed and for example, the possibility of charity status being considered. SW noted that Council ‘recruitment’ (for co-option) is in progress. 3 No further comments / questions were raised. The AGM closed. Stephen Woollard, 5/3/2017 ABWAK Symposium 2017 A Cracking Colchester Conference Shelby Stanfield

There is nothing quite like the thrill of arriving to an ABWAK Conference. Whether it’s your first one, or you’re a seasoned delegate, the air is buzzing with excitement from seeing old friends and new acquaintances, or knowing you’re surrounded by like-minded keepers, researchers and students. This year’s annual conference was held at Colchester Zoo and was well attended with an impressive 160 delegates. After an introduction to the collection by Anthony Tropeano, Zoological Director of Colchester Zoo, the attendees were inspired to network and make the most of the conference by the newly elected ABWAK President David Field. The annual general meeting was held in between some of the talks, and while no changes were proposed to the constitution and bylaws, members did vote to see some new council members and president elected. As mentioned earlier, David Field Zoological Director of ZSL is also now President of ABWAK. Newly elected council members were Adam Douglass of Noah’s Ark zoo farm, Daniel O’Loughlin of Sparsholt College, Hannah Slaney of Colchester Zoo and Gareth Richardson of ZSL Whipsnade Zoo. One of the great aspects of ABWAK conferences is the variety of talks delegates are treated too. There is so much diversity in subjects, however there is consistently enthusiasm and passion displayed by all speakers. Dave Morgan talked about his work helping zoos in Ghana really inspired one to think about making a difference. On Sunday, Luke Harding reminded us about the difference that keepers can make in improving wildlife conservation. Other great talks included successes in giraffe husbandry training by Emma Hoverd and Cassie Coveney. Workshops ranged from “Presentation Tips” to “Animal Training”, and provided a great opportunity to practise networking and get inspiration for things to try at our own collections. My own experience in the Speed Enrichment was excellent as we all shared quick enrichment ideas and discussed how effective they were. The ever-popular dinner event was sold-out this year and all had a merry time. Delegates were treated to an inspirational keynote speech the following morning, this time by Durrell CEO Lesley Dickie, who reminded us to plan ahead within our zoo careers and to not be afraid to be known as ambitious. The highlight of the morning though came from a group of young students from Tendring Technical College showing us their sun bear feeder. This impressive (and noisy) contraption fired paper balls a considerable distance into the audience as a demonstration of a ‘remotely controlled’ random feeding mechanism. During the middle of the day, Colchester Zoo’s keepers were on hand to give behind the scenes tours of some of the exhibits. In particular, a few were treated to Komodo dragon training! It was a great opportunity to not only see the wonderful collection, but also ask questions about the animals. This amazing conference would not have been possible without the excellent team at Colchester Zoo, who provided not only their time and expertise, but treated us to wonderful food as well! After the success and great memories of this conference, ABWAK 2018 at Longleat safari park cannot come soon enough.

photos by Stephen Woollard & ABWAK 5 Leading the way

Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0) 1376 511260 Fax: +44 (0) 1376 511247 www.mazuri.eu

SDS7778 Mazuri Ad 210x148mm AW.indd 1 11/05/2015 09:26 Housing Primates in Mixed Species Exhibits - The Key to Success? Tony Dobbs Co-chair BIAZA Primate Focus Group Introduction Mixed species exhibits are something many zoos now utilise for a number of purposes, from maximising space to increasing visitor experience. The effectiveness of these exhibits is not always evaluated and multiple zoos may end up trying the same mix without being aware of the experiences of other collections. This study was set up to allow animal managers throughout British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA) collections to share their experience with primate mixed exhibits, a resource that currently unavailable. In the late 90’s The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Neotropical primate taxon advisory group surveyed 70 holders for their experiences with mixing primates and produced a report indicating successes and failures. Similarly the 2010 the European Association of Zoos and Aquariums (EAZA) callitrichid husbandry guidelines contain a short chapter on considerations to make when introducing primate and non-primate species to callitrichids as well as tables indicating which species have been mixed together. However unlike the AZA survey there is no explanation as to why certain mixes worked or failed. Aim Our aim is to survey all relevant BIAZA collections for their experience of mixing primates with any other species over the past 5 years with the hope of providing a reference resource for all BIAZA institutions to use when considering mixing primates species in the future. The goal wasn’t to simply identify what mixes had or hadn’t worked but rather investigate the factors that lead to that success or failure. By reviewing this information the hope was to identify any trends that may help toward a mix being successful, we knew that we weren’t going to find a guaranteed success formula but instead aimed to provide some basic pointers for anyone considering a new mixed species exhibit. Method As this survey was being carried out by the BIAZA Primate Focus Group it was to focus on mixed species exhibits that contained at least one primate species. We know there are many mixed exhibits at varying collections which don’t contain primates so we needed to target our search to be more specific. Having received the support of the BIAZA Research Committee it was necessary to determine exactly what we wanted to find out through this survey. In order to do this we wrote a list of simple questions that we were looking to answer and then from these simple questions we expanded and produced the survey. The use of an internet based survey tool (SurveyMonkey) meant that it was easy for us to circulate the survey to a large number of people quickly and efficiently. Using the BIAZA contact list as well as personal contacts we already had we were able to contact 64 BIAZA collections that were known to hold primate species. A period of about 6 months was allowed for collections to complete the survey, this time frame allowed for a few polite reminders to be sent which helped improve the response rate. Of these 64, 40 collections responded providing us with a 62% response rate. Once the survey period was complete the analysis was started. For this we returned to the original simple questions that were the backbone of the survey and using these as the subheadings within the results section we analysed the data to answer each question in turn. The combination of all these answers was hoped to provide the basic pointers for those considering new mixed exhibits that were always the intended overall goal. Results How many collections have or have tried mixed species exhibits? Of the 40 collections that responded to the survey, 31 collections currently had mixed species exhibits containing primates or had had this type of mixed species exhibit in the past. A large number of these collections actually had or had tried more than one mixed species exhibit. In total 66 different mixed species exhibits were indicated in the survey results. How many of the collections that currently have or have tried mixed species exhibits have been successful long term? In order to answer this question a definition of success was required. A successful exhibit was considered to be any exhibit that is functioning or functioned for the required period of time with no major behavioural or medical issues being shown by any of the animals involved in the enclosure. Of the 31 collections that have or have tried mixed exhibits, 22 of them had exhibits that met the criteria to be considered a successful exhibit. This was a total of 41 different mixed exhibits. 7 What number of species in a mixed exhibit is most likely to It is worth noting that when considering lead to success? the exhibits that contained the larger Table one shows the number of exhibits grouped according to numbers of different species (i.e. 5 or the number of different species being held within it. more) that the percentage success rate may not very accurate due to the low number of exhibits being analysed. Number of species Number of exhibits analysed 2 36 3 14 4 10 5 or more 6

Which species or group of primates are the most likely to be housed in a successful mixed exhibit? All the primates that were housed in mixed exhibits were grouped with similar species and from this we formed six main groups. These were lemurs, callitrichids, pitheciinae (sakis and titis etc), cebids (squirrel monkeys, capuchins etc), guenons and apes. There were a few individual species that didn’t fit in these categories but as these were one off examples we did not include them in the analysis. It is also worth noting that a large number of the exhibits being analysed have more than one primate species housed within them hence the total number of species exceeds the actual number of exhibits. Table three (below left) shows the most commonly used primate groups tried in mixed species exhibits. Table Two shows the percentage success rate when considering Table four (next page top) shows each of the groups of species number. For example, of the 66 related success rates for each primate exhibits being analysed 36 of them contained 2 different species. grouping Of those 32 exhibits, 24 (67%) were considered successful Again it is worth noting the sample according to the definition previously given. size when considering the success rate of the last three groups (cebids, guenons and apes). Because there are very few mixed exhibits housing these types of primate the result may not be considered significant (see table below). Species/Group Number of exhibits Lemurs 14 Callitrichids 33 Pitheciinae 16 Cebids 6 Guenons 2 Apes 2 When a mixed exhibit contains primates mixed with non-primate species, which type of non- primate is the most likely to allow a successful mixed exhibit to occur? All non-primate species found in mixed exhibits were grouped in a similar manner to how the primate species were grouped previously. The groups vary in specificity with most being rather broad and an ”other” category was included this time to account for the huge variation in types of non-primate used. Table six shows the most commonly used non-primate species housed with primates in mixed exhibits. Table seven (next page) shows the related success rates for each grouping of non-primate. Does having breeding groups present in a mixed exhibit effect the overall success of that exhibit? Of the 66 exhibits being analysed 52 of them (79%) contained at least one breeding group with only 14 exhibits (21%) not containing any breeding individuals. Table eight (next page) show the respective success rates when considering mixed exhibits containing and not containing breeding groups. The table shows the success rates of exhibits that have one or more breeding groups housed within them. Table nine (next page) shows how many exhibits housed a single breeding group, a pair of breeding groups or multiple breeding groups. Table ten (next page) shows the relative success rates based on the number of breeding groups housed in an exhibit. Does being housed in a mixed exhibit affect the breeding success of a group? There were 52 exhibits that had breeding groups housed within them. Of these 52, 44 enclosures (85%) had Which is more successful, mixed exhibits with a purely primate breeding success. However 21 of the mix or mixed exhibits containing non-primate species? 44 enclosures (48%) were reported Of the 66 mixed exhibits being analysed 36 contained primates to have either sub optimal breeding mixed with non-primate species and 30 contained a mix consisting (i.e. irregular pattern, issues with purely of primates. Table five (above top) shows the success births or rearing, reduced litter rates for each type of mixed exhibit. size etc) or reported that not all 9 groups that were expected to breed were breeding (i.e. in an exhibit housing two breeding groups, only one was breeding) Again it is worth considering if the number of breeding groups present in an exhibit has an effect on the overall breeding success within that exhibit, both when considering overall breeding and optimal breeding (i.e. all expected groups breeding with no difficulties or abnormalities). Table eleven shows the exhibit’s success rate depending on the number of breeding groups but also shows how many of these breeding successes were sub-optimal. Does the management strategy affect the overall success of the mixed exhibit? Often in order for a mixed species exhibit to function there has to be some form of management strategy in place which allows animals periods of time apart from the other species in the exhibit. If there is no strategy in place the animals are together 24 hours a day. Common management strategies would be separating species at certain times of the day such as feeding time or during their sleeping periods or both. Another strategy is to separate species for certain periods of the year such as the breeding season or during the winter months when there is adverse weather. Table twelve shows if these variations in the management strategy of a mixed exhibit have any implication on the overall success of the exhibit.

10 Were modifications to the exhibit required after animals were housed within it? It is often the case that the need for a modification or adjustment to an exhibit may not be identified until after the animals have moved in and started to utilise the space. Of the 66 exhibits being analysed only 7 of them (11%) remained unmodified following the animals being housed within them. There were a variety of modifications carried out within the remaining 59 exhibits with a number of exhibits needing to carry out more than one type of modification. Table thirteen shows the percentage of exhibits that required each type of modification. What is the most common reason for a mixed exhibit to be considered unsuccessful? The survey showed that 18 collections have had unsuccessful exhibits, some collections having had more than one hence the overall total for unsuccessful mixed species exhibits is 25. Table fourteen considers the reasons why these exhibits were unsuccessful. In some cases there may have been more than one reason why the exhibit didn’t work. Conclusions As the results show there are many factors involved in the success or failure of a mixed exhibit. Due to the multi-variable nature of mixed exhibits it is not surprising that there is no definitive solution and no mix that is a guaranteed success Firstly it is worth noting that as nearly 65% of mixed exhibits that have been tried have been successful, indicating that mixed species exhibits involving primates are a viable consideration when designing new enclosures. The other information obtained through the analysis of this survey will hopefully allow collections to design said mixed exhibits with an increased knowledge of previous successes and failures and therefore increase the future chance of success. The first consideration when designing the mixed exhibit should be the primary primate species to be housed. Callitrichids and lemurs were the most commonly reported species (table 3) and both have a fairly similar level of success (table 4). This isn’t unexpected, both lemurs and callitrichids are generally calm species and their smaller size and thus reduced spatial requirement for housing is also a 11 potential asset when designing a mixed exhibit. exhibit has two breeding groups housed within it the When considering the larger primate species such as chances of both groups breeding as expected is only apes or the more socially sensitive species such as 41%, this drops to 20% if another breeding group is guenons or cebids the impact of their size or social present. This would strongly suggest that multiple structures on the mix is much greater and thus may breeding groups within a mixed exhibit would not be increase the potential for the mixed exhibit to fail. recommended and that breeding is restricted entirely When considering the number of species to have in or limited to only one species. This recommendation your exhibit the survey is able to provide some fairly doesn’t affect the overall success of the exhibit but strong guidelines. The success rate for an exhibit should hopefully improve the welfare of the animals housing two or three species as shown in table two within that exhibit. is very similar (71% and 67%) but this reduces to Interestingly the reasons given for the failure of a 40% when additional species are added. This isn’t mixed exhibit may actually provide one the best a definite rule, as we have seen the multi-variable insights into what determines a mixed exhibit to nature of mixed exhibits mean there isn’t a magic be deemed successful. Aggression issues were by number of species you can house in an exhibit but the far the main cause (52%) of exhibits failing, with results do indicate once you go beyond three species dominance issues (28%) and competition being the likelihood of success is drastically reduced (table (16%) other significant factors to consider. This is two). The assumption would be that as the number supported by the information gained when looking of species increases so does the variables within at modifications that were carried out after the the exhibit e.g. space requirements, intra-species completion of an exhibit. The two main modifications behaviours. The greater the number of variables that were carried out were changes to the sleeping the higher the chance adverse behaviours such as areas and changes to the feeding areas, both areas dominance and aggression could arise thus the where aggression, dominance and competition potential for a decreased success rate. would potentially occur. By knowing this information Having decided your primary primate species and beforehand it is possible to design the exhibit the desired overall number of species for the mixed to avoid these potential hotspots, maybe have exhibit the next decision is what species will be separate sleeping areas that are species specific, joining the primary primate species. The survey having a large number of feeding stations within showed that primate with primate mixes were about the exhibit, any option that allows for the avoidance equally common as primate with non-primate mixes or the reduction of the potential for aggression or (table five). However the mixes involving primates competition. Whilst the variety of management mixed with non-primate species were slightly more strategies does appear to have any major effect successful (67% vs 57% for primate/primate mixes). on the overall success of an exhibit, separation for Mixed exhibits containing primates housed with feeding or sleeping may be considered a viable carnivores, hoof stock, xenarthra and birds all show option to achieve this avoidance or reduction. a very high success rate, 100% in some cases. This Our goal was to create some guidelines or result is to be expected, these species have very considerations for mixed exhibits being considered different requirements to the primates and as such it in the future. Although this survey hasn’t provided is unlikely the two species types would come into any any certainties, there does appear to be a number form of conflict over resources. However it must be of trends that allow us to provide some suggestions noted that the sample size for this study (66 mixed that are summarised below… exhibits in total) and the number of specific mixed • Two or three species within a mixed exhibit seems exhibits being considered is relatively low and thus to be the most success number of species to house, the indicated success rate should be interpreted with although this obviously depends on the individuals some caution. or groups involved. The decision as to whether or not to house breeding • A mixed exhibit involving a primate species with groups within the mixed exhibit would appear to a non-primate species would appear to be slightly have very little impact on the overall success of the more successful than multiple primate species exhibit. One or two breeding groups in a mix seem mixed together. to have minimal effect but any more than that and • When considering non-primate species, hoof the success rate does appear to reduce (table ten). stock, carnivores, xenarthra and bird species seem However the impact that being housed within a mixed to provide the best mixes but these must be done exhibit has on animals breeding success would with care (especially when considering carnivores) appear to be relatively significant. Whilst the general success of breeding doesn’t really reduce, regardless • Although mixed species exhibits are equally as of how many species in the mixed exhibit are successful whether they contain breeding or non- intended to breed, the quality and consistency breeding groups, it would appear being housed in 12 of this breeding does drastically reduce. If an a mixed exhibit can have a negative effect on the breeding capabilities of the animals involved. Therefore it is probably unadvisable to include species that are of breeding importance such as those that the collection is being asked to breed for the studbook etc in a mixed exhibit. • When designing a new mixed exhibit the key factors to consider are aggression, competition and dominance between the animals in the exhibit. If these factors can be reduced or avoided the chances of a successful mixed exhibit are increased. Mixed exhibits housing primates have the potential to be interesting for both the animals housed within them and the public that visit to see them. They can allow for multiple species to be housed in a space that may not otherwise house that number. A mixed exhibit takes a lot more planning and will require closer monitoring than an average exhibit but the potential benefits if done well should easily outweigh these factors. Further Study For this study to be more beneficial it needs to have an increased amount of data. A 62% response rate from zoos within BIAZA was fairly good and we suspect that even if we were to get an increased response the data would still be limited by the number of collections within BIAZA that can be approached. To truly increase the data set we believe it would be necessary to expand the survey into European zoos and possibly even beyond that. An increased amount of responses would also mean that the data could become statistically viable and thus be able to provide some scientifically proven recommendations for how to design mixed species exhibits in the future. Having reviewed the initial findings from this survey it may also be beneficial to re-approach some of the collections with mixed exhibits and obtain some more information from them. Quantitative data such as enclosure dimensions, the number of feeding areas or the number of sleeping areas may be beneficial in further analysis of the information. Bibliography Buchanan-Smith, H.M., 2012. Mixed-species exhibition of Neotropical primates: analysis of species combination success. International Zoo Yearbook, 46 (1), 150–163 Dalton, R.and Buchanan-Smith, H.M., 2005. A mixed-species exhibit for Goeldi’s monkeys and Pygmy marmosets Callimico goeldii and Callithrix pygmaea at Edinburgh Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 39 (1), 176-184 Jens, W., Mager-Melicharek, C.A.X. and Rietkerk, R.F., 2012. Free-ranging New World primates in zoos: cebids at Apenheul. International Zoo Yearbook, 46 (1) 137-149. Ruivo,. B.A., 2010, EAZA husbandry guidelines for callitrichidiae. Sodaro, V., 1999. Housing and Exhibiting Mixed Species of Neotropical Primates. AZA Callitrichid Husbandry Manual.

ABWAK’s First Associate Member Workshop - Careers, Sparsholt, March 2017 ABWAK’s workshops have proved to be both popular and successful, but until now have only be accessible to Professional Members. So it was great that in March ABWAK was able to offer an ‘Associate Member’ exclusive event, held at Sparsholt College, and run by Council Member Daniel O’Loughlin and featuring ZooStephen (ABWAK’s new Vice President, Stephen Woollard), with a session from Marwell zookeeper Meg Fieldhouse, and ZSL’s Kathy Doherty. The day involved a variety of presentations, visit to the animal centre, discussion and activities assisting delegates in examining the job opportunities in zoos, understanding the job adverts and requirements, creating an appropriate CV, and preparing for an interview. Feedback from participants included: “I am grateful to ABWAK and the participants for running workshops such as this one. It has been hugely useful, even if just adding a bit of encouragement on this tough journey”. “The day was very beneficial to help me understand the positives and negatives of zoo work. Also have new ideas and changed path to achieve my goal”. “Absolutely fantastic! I don’t think it could have been more helpful!” Check ABWAK website & social media for workshops. Hand raising a Southern White Rhinoceros calf (Ceratotherium simum simum) at Zoo Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany.

Garry White BSc Zoo Augsburg, Brehmplatz.1 86161, Augsburg, Germany e: [email protected] A male Southern white rhinoceros “Kibo” (Ceratotherium simum simum) was and at the time of writing continues to be hand-raised at Zoo Augsburg, Germany. This rhino being the first to be born and also hand raised at the Zoo. Staff made a difficult decision along with the guidance of a birthing consultant from the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) to remove the calf from its mother “Kibibi” for hand-rearing, as there was a high possibility of severe physical injury or death if left with its mother due to her behaviour directly after birthing. This calf is the first offspring from Kibibi who arrived at Zoo Augsburg along with another female “Chris” in 2008 for the purpose of an eventual breeding programme. Immediately after birth the behaviour shown by Kibibi was promising, cleaning and helping the calf to stand, it was only when the calf attempted to suckle did her behaviour change and become increasingly more nervous and aggressive. It was noted by staff that Kibibis milk started very shortly before birth only showing significantly 48-24hrs before birth, this caused the udders to swell drastically with Kibibi showing discomfort when touched in this area. Kibibis behaviour after birth was believed to be due to this sudden swelling and the discomfort it caused. A decision was made in an attempt to desensitise Kibibi to this touch-phobia that it should be attempted to Milk her. Luckily due previous blood draw training she was happy to stand in a improvised “race system” and allow staff to attempt to milk her, however these attempts were unsuccessful and she still did not allow staff to touch her in this area for any extended period. The calf was born late evening on 06.02.2016 with Kibibi being stalled separately, the birthing area were two large boxes with concrete flooring covered in straw. However Kibibi has a close bond with the older female “Baby” and shows signs of distress when fully separated from her, so Baby was stalled next to her with a restricted contact doorway between them, allowing visual and limited physical contact at all times. The calf was born with a normal birth presentation weighing 65kg, the mother recovered quickly and the after birth passed 2 hours later. Leading up to this birth, under advisement from the birthing consultant, Kibibi was on a reduced restricted hay & bran mix diet so to limit the size of the calf, however she was allowed to graze within the grass enclosure during the day or on ad lib straw at all times when stalled. The health of the calf and mother was monitored closely during the pregnancy, regular (weekly and then daily) blood draws were introduced (taken from the ear) and the Bull “Bantu” was removed from the group approximately half way through the pregnancy as both pregnant females became aggressive towards him and would not tolerate or allow him close contact with them at any point and it was observed that his presence was only causing stress within the female grouping. After the decision was made to remove Kibo from his mother, he was stalled alone within a large “bull box” constructed from concrete walls with only a small open barred area, next to the other pregnant female Chris. The box had underfloor heating (raised bed area) with panel heaters above and a deep litter straw substrate, the entire rhino barn is climatically controlled to maintain a constant 16 degrees Celsius however this can be manually adjusted as needed. During the first 4 weeks, staff members slept in the box with Kibo at night until it was deemed no longer necessary at which point a large Bean Bag was introduced, to which the calf slept on or near to from the start. During the first 3 days Kibo appeared to shiver occasionally so a large dog coat was modified for him to wear and then later a foal coat. This was only worn at night or when outside of the barn due to the winter weather. However this coat was only needed occasionally for the first 3 weeks and was discarded after this. At the point Kibo was removed from his mother for hand rearing a decision was made to sedate the mother and milk her, however only 200ml of colostrum was collected. This was given immediately to Kibo approximately 6 hours after birth, 200ml in one feeding with a second feeding of milk formula 30 minutes later. All formulas / feeding were always given separately with a 30 minute gap and never mixed together, all water used for the milk formula was boiled first and all bottles and feeding equipment was sterilised after use. When mixing the milk formula the powder was always added to cold water first then boiling water added so as not to destroy the quality of the powder. The milk formula was heated to a temperature of between 37-38 degrees Celsius; the formula should not exceed this temperature however it was observed that Kibo preferred a cooler milk temperature. Initially a human baby bottle was used for the first day. From this point, all feedings were recorded along with urine & defecation notes for the first 4 weeks with feeding schedules and daily body weight to be continually monitored and recorded until weaned. The milk formula used – Foal Milk from Salvana 10g per 100ml Kibos first 24hrs feeding schedule: 1 Tsp. Salvana elephant mineral per 24hrs, divided 02:30 – 200ml colostrum from Kibibi between feedings. 03:00 – 100ml milk formula These quantities were given in gradual increments to avoid the 06:00 – 100ml possibility of diarrhoea allowing the calf to adjust to artificial milk. 08:00 – 150ml On the 2nd and 3rd days, Colostrum taken from a female rhino at Zoo 10:00 – 200ml Salzburg was given to Kibo and warmed to 37 degrees Celsius - 11:45 – 250ml 100ml x 1 per day. 13:45 – 250ml On the 4th and 5th day horse blood plasma was also given in between 15:50 – 250ml milk feeds again warmed to 37 degrees Celsius 100ml x 6 then 100ml x 4 the next day. 18:00 – 250ml The milk formula was given at 10% body weight increasing to 15% 20:00 – 300ml on day 3, after the 8th day the milk formula was increased to 20% 22:00 – 350ml body weight. This was then reduced to 15% at 3 months old and 02:00 – 500ml then a further reduction to 13% at 4 months with the intent to reduce the volume of milk formula again to 8-10%. Also on the 8th day the umbilicus dropped off cleanly, it was not disinfected after birth and was left to naturally dry and remove itself, only to be cleaned and area moisturised after dropping off. 6 days after birth Kibo was introduced to the outside enclosure, under supervision and encouraged to explore and exercise by himself a weight decrease of 6kg was recorded on this day. Short walks around the large enclosure accompanied by his main carers became a daily and frequent occurrence, due to the number of mosquitos and biting insects present it was noticed Kibo suffered a few bites. To rectify this, along with daily mud wallows, mudpacks containing crushed garlic were applied to the skin during high mosquito periods, Kibo fortunately didn’t suffer another bite. To stop the mudpacks from drying out or cracking the skin, a skin care routine was implemented where Kibo was washed with warm water. This was instantly a hit for him and now regularly receives a power shower from the high-pressure washer. From this point fresh water and soaked grass pellets were available to him ad lib. At 8 weeks old, Kibo experienced a period of 10 days with diarrhoea, Coincidentally Keeva (6 weeks old, raised by the mother) also had diarrhoea; therefore this was put down to an excess of protein as the rhinos were being given access to the fresh grass on the large enclosure. Kibo was then given: Lytafit – Electrolyte powder, 1/2 spoon (19g) per feed this was mixed in with the formula. Also warm water was offered via bottle between feeds to keep him hydrated. It was also noticed at this stage Kibo had started to eat the faecal matter of the other rhinos, this was deemed ok and he was allowed to continue this behaviour as he wished. At the time of writing, Kibo is 4 months old and 254 Kg. He is given normal hay, fresh grass and straw ad-lib also bran & grain mix (2L) is given along with grated carrot which he eats with no problem. The milk formula is presented in a feeding bucket fixed in front of a weigh scale. 15 Kibo will happily step up onto the scale to be weighed, he will also allow joint, ear, tail manipulation and full body inspection in preparation for future blood draws and foot care training. Milk formula schedule at 4 months, 13% of total body weight: 06:00 – 6.0L Each feed contains 450g milk powder regardless of water quantity. 08:00 – 4.0L During the hand raising process, Kibos future welfare was always foremost, his socialisation 10:00 – 4.0L with the other rhinos and integration into the group was held as high priority. 12:00 – 4.5L With this in mind he was relocated within the barn to a box next to his mother. The large wooden panels were removed in the interconnecting door at adult head height allowing 15:00 – 4.0L his mother to put her head completely through the door but so that she was not able to 18:00 – 4.0L hit or injure him. 22:00 – 6.0L At 6 weeks old, during the day when the adults were outside Kibo was allowed to run freely with the staff in the barn during cleaning routines but also into a box where the adults could have restricted contact to him. This restricted contact continued each day for longer periods until 8 weeks old when he was introduced to Kibibi & Baby in a small holding area. There was no form of aggression at all and Kibibi also exhibited play behaviour allowing horn on horn contact and push games. Baby would not allow this and Kibo quickly learned rhino etiquette. During this introduction period Chris and her calf Keeva were also introduced to Kibibi and Baby. Once this was successful the same process again of restricted contact between Kibo - Chris & Keeva began. Initially Chris was very aggressive towards Kibo and would mock charge and loudly vocalise towards Kibo. Chris & Keeva were allowed to leave the space at anytime and slowly they became acclimatised to his presence. At 4 months old, Kibo was introduced to all the rhinos Chris & Keeva, Baby & Kibibi in the same process as before, and has fitted in nicely into the herd and continues to go from strength to strength.

16 The Importance of Vitamin D Supplementation in South American Camelids Keeley Jonas Director Mayfield Alpacas Animal Park

Introduction The number of alpaca (Vucugna pacos) being kept in the UK has been rapidly increasing over the years; in 2001 there were a recorded 2719, whereas currently 35,000 are registered with the British Alpaca Society (BAS) alone1,2. The alpaca’s natural habitat of the Peruvian Andes provides constant exposure to sunlight3. This is in vast contrast to the UK, especially during winter months4. Ultraviolet (UV) B rays from the sun are absorbed in the skin by 7-dehydrocholesterol, which converts to pre-vitamin D3, prior to vitamin D35. In order to become biologically available, it is hydroxylated in the liver and kidneys to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, responsible for the control of calcium and phosphate levels6. Presentation and clinical signs Fala, a four month old cria, presented with signs of lethargy and unwillingness to stand, at times she was laid in lateral recumbancy with her head outstretched. Prior to this she was seen to be extremely active, suckling well and beginning to eat hard feed. A veterinary surgeon was called out, on examination nothing abnormal was diagnosed, and by this point with the majority of reported cases being cria aged she was standing to eat. The dams and cria had three to six months, still suckling from the mother7. been housed inside a barn for past five weeks due In studies by Smith and Van Saan, blood samples to extremely cold, wet weather. Access to an outside taken over one year showed serum Ca levels area was available. There were two other cria present, remained within normal ranges, whereas both P both of which were born in the July. Fala was a surprise and vitamin D levels dropped considerably during birth, born later than the others in September, as a the winter months, which is important to be aware result of an escaped male. of with young growing cria8. Investigation Treatment procedure Reduced sunlight throughout December to March South American camelids are inclined to develop impairs the ability of vitamin D to be absorbed rickets due to vitamin D3 deficiency in the UK; in by the skin, negatively affecting phosphorus (P) combination with decreased sunlight they have a 7 concentrations, especially in a growing cria . As the dense fleece which would ordinarily be protection month was January, Fala was undergoing rapid growth against the intense radiation of their natural habitat10. at four months old. Consequently it was decided to Shearing has been shown to increase vitamin D obtain a blood sample for a basic profile, to include levels in a short amount of time, illustrating the serum P levels. This was decided due to vitamin D importance of supplementation during winters in the and P levels being interrelated, furthermore vitamin Northern Hemisphere9. Supplementation of vitamin D assays are more technical and expensive to run, D in alpaca with rickets has been shown to increase and hence P levels were advised3. Even clinically well levels of both vitamin D and phosphorus, without alpacas have shown a decrease in serum P levels the need for phosphorus supplementation11. It must 8 during the winter months . be noted that overdosing vitamin D can cause Diagnosis toxicity, so must be done with care12. Nutritionally The blood screen showed that P levels were below managing rickets in alpaca can be difficult. Unlike the normal reference range (1.5mmol/l – 2.4mmol/l) a lot of species which can obtain vitamin D through for a camelid at 1.14mmol/l. Calcium levels were diet, South American Camelids have poor ability slightly above the normal reference range (2.0mmol/l to absorb this way, so principally rely on – 2.7mmol/l) for a camelid at 2.72mmol/l. Results of absorption through the skin13. Despite this, low serum P has shown to be an indicator of rickets, it is still good practice to supplement vitamin 17 D in the diet for maintenance through the winter, During the winter months when there is little to no fresh with trials recommending a rate of 30-40 IU/kg8. grass availability, adding hay or haylage, and another Camelibra was already fed to all alpacas at a rate dry grass forage can be fed to balance out the Ca:P of 1gm/kg bodyweight. Camelibra is a camelid ratio. Topchop grass for example has a Ca:P ratio of supplement, which along with the addition of vitamin 2:117. In combination with the high bioavailability of Ca D3 and P, also has the inclusion of yeast cultures, in Alfalfa, the vitamin D supplementation in the diet and greatly increasing the digestibility of P. Camelibra oral gel, and the added sun cured roughage, Ca and P offers 15IU vitamin D3 per 1gm, meaning an alpaca levels throughout the winter should be maintained. weighing 60kg would be obtaining 900IU vitamin Outcome D3 in their feed14. To reach the recommended Fala seemed to pick up quickly. She was only reported supplementation over winter this would have to to be recumbent on the day the veterinary surgeon be doubled. A combined vitamin oral paste, which was called out. Her symptoms seemed to be mainly delivers 5000 IU/ml, was sourced from a UK subclinical, which demonstrates the importance of supplier. Although available for import through the owners being aware of the animal’s normal behaviour, veterinary medicines directorate (VMD), there are and close monitoring of young during the winter in order currently no injectable sources of vitamin D licensed to notice any changes as soon as possible. for use in the UK. The paste was at a recommended dose of 1000 IU/kg bodyweight15. For the treatment As there were no further clinical signs of illness, and of rickets 1000-2000 IU/kg bodyweight can be the cria was being supplemented with oral and dietary administered monthly12. In combination with the vitamin D there was no need to repeat a blood sample increased amount of camelibra to both cria and at that time. dam, 3.4ml and 12.5ml vitamin ADEB&K paste A serum phosphorus level was administered to the cria and dam respectively. was repeated in September Feeding legume roughage is a good source of to check the levels before calcium, which can reduce the chance of Ca the winter months set in deficiency, conversely though the phosphorus to gain a base line idea in content is low3. For example the Ca:P ratio of case of future problems. Alfa-A original is 6:116. The result was normal at 2.61mmol/l.

References 1 Alterio, G.L.D. Knowles, T.G. Eknaes, E.I. Loevland, I.E. Foster, A.P. 2006. Postal survey of the population of South American camelids in the United Kingdom in 2000/01. Veterinary record. 158 (3), pp. 86. 10 Dittmer, K.E. Thompson, K.G. Vitamin, D. 2011. Metabolism and Rickets in Domestic Animals A Review. 2 BAS. 2016. About BAS. [On-line]. The British Alpaca Veterinary Pathology Online. 48 (2), pp. 389-407. Society. Available from: http://www.bas-uk.com/about-bas. [Accessed 14th May 2016]. 11 Van, Saun R.J. Smith, B.B. Watrous, B.J. 1996. Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas 3 Long, P. 2006. Vitamin D deficiency and hypophoshataemic with hypophosphatemic rickets. Journal of the American rickets syndrome. British Camelid Society Proceedings of Veterinary Medical Association. 209 (6), pp. 1128-33. 2006 conference. pp. 7-8. 12 Whitehead, C.E. 2011. Vitamin D Supplementation. 4 Van Saun, R.J. 2006. Nutritional diseases of South [online]. Camelid Veterinary Services. Available from: American camelids. Small ruminant research. 61 (2), pp. http://www.camelidvets.org/_webedit/uploaded-files/ 153-164. All%20Files/Vet%20Vit%20D%20Supp%20unbranded. 5 Holick, M.F. 2004. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health pdf. [Accessed 7th September 2016]. and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and 13 Mancinelli, E. 2016. UVB advice for small animals. cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical [on-line]. Vet Times. Available from: https://www. Nutrition. 80 (6), pp. 1678S-1688S. vettimes.co.uk/article/uvb-advice-for-small-mammals/. 6 Slominski, A. Semak, I. Zjawiony, J. Wortsman, J. Li. [Accessed 6th September 2016]. Szczesniewski, A. Tuckey, RC. 2005. The cytochrome 14 Gwf nutrition, 2016. Camelibra NG-2 for camelids. P450scc system opens an alternate pathway of vitamin D3 [online] Available at: http://www.gwfnutrition.com/ metabolism. FEBS Journal. 272 (16), pp. 4080-90. camelibra-ng2-camelid [Accessed 25 Sept. 2016]. 7 Van Saun, R.J. 2016. Where’d the sun go? Vitamin D and 15 Homestead farm supplies, 2016. ADE & B12 bone development. PennState Extension. pp. 1-3. Vitamin paste 60ml. [online] Available at: http:// 8 Van Saun, R.J. 2016. Vitamin D and phosphorus www.homesteadfarmsupplies.co.uk/vitamin-paste- interrelationships in alpacas. PennState Extension. pp. 1-3. 60ml-p-916.html [Accessed 25 Sept. 2016]. 9 Smith, B.B. Van Saun, R.J. 2001. Seasonal changes in 16 Hammond, T. 2016. Alfa-A Original. [email]. serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D concentrations 17 TopSpec, 2016. Ca:P ratio of TopChop grass. Twitter in llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary 25.09.2016. @TopSpec2, 25.09.16. Research. 62 (8), pp. 1187-93. Visitor Opinions on the Feeding of Whole Carcasses to Zoo Carnivores Clare White Trainee Keeper, Africa Section, ZSL Whipsnade Zoo

Introduction In the wild, carnivores spend a large percentage of their time engaged in food related behaviours, which can be broken down into four-stages: 1. Locating prey; 2. Stalking and chasing prey; 3. Killing prey; 4. Eating prey (Roe & Cleave, 2005). However, carnivores aren’t necessarily successful at each attempt, so feeding activity time can be greatly extended (Roe & Cleave, 2005, Stark, 2005). In captivity, things are slightly different. It is illegal to feed live prey in the UK under the Secretary of States Standards of Modern Zoo Practice (2012), meaning the first three stages of activity related to feeding are missed out (Hosey et al, 2013, Ings et al, 1997). Often carnivores are fed chunks of flesh - this meat is softer in texture than chewing through a whole carcass, so dental problems and loss of muscular strength in the jaw can develop (Ings et al, 1997). Eating itself is also only one of the four feeding stages in the wild, therefore taking up considerably less time than wild feeding (Roe & Cleave, 2005). More time is then left for captive carnivores to be inactive, which may affect the development or display of abnormal or stereotypic behaviours (Ings et al, 1997). In an attempt to address this, whole prey carcasses are sometimes fed to captive carnivores - they do take longer to eat than chunks of flesh, are better for the animal’s oral health and gastro intestinal tract health (Veasey et al, 1996, Ings et al, 1997). However, carcass feeds are not commonly fed in zoos (Gilchrest et al, 2005). This is because visitors may perceive whole carcass feeding negatively – as unethical or barbaric (Veninga & Lemon, 2001, Vervaecke et al, 2007, Young, 2005). It is considered a controversial point and therefore avoided (Gaengler & Clum, 2015). This study aimed to investigate whether visitors to ZSL Whipsnade Zoo would react negatively to the idea of whole carcass feeding. Method The questionnaire consisted of six questions developed by the researcher from previous studies (Gaengler & Clum, 2015, Veninga & Lemon, 2001). It was kept short and concise, and simple in layout so to keep visitors attention and encourage them to complete the questionnaire (Jensen & Laurie, 2016, Moss, 2006). Data collection took place in February 2016, in the low visitor season. This was suggested by ZSL Management as the time of year being in both the zoo’s and visitors best interests, as in peak season marketing surveys are also conducted with visitors (Lindsay, 2016). Data was collected over ten days, until 150 questionnaires had been completed. The researcher asked the questionnaire whilst standing by the lion (Panthera leo) enclosure, chosen as the public viewing area offered some shelter from rain and wind, and because lions are large, easily recognisable carnivores that visitors could consider when answering the questions. All visitors leaving the enclosure were asked, when the researcher was not already engaged with participants. Children were not approached to participate to prevent potentially upsetting them (Gaengler & Clum, 2015, Roth, 2015). However, if their parent was participating and encouraged the child to also answer the questions, their responses were recorded. Participants were read the introductory paragraph and then each question by the researcher to ensure standardisation and lack of bias, and the researcher ticked the answers (Jensen & Laurie, 2016, Moss, 2006). Results 97.3% of visitors approved of feeding whole carcasses to zoo carnivores - all but four participants. Of these 97.3%, most (85%) approved because whole carcass feeding was understood to be a natural behaviour for carnivores. Figure one illustrates responses given to the second question. It is evident that most people approved of the various carcasses being fed, ranging from 99% approving of a whole fish being fed, down to 87% approving of a whole horse. Interestingly, large numbers of visitors also wanted to watch the carcass being eaten, from 89% with a fish to 54% with a horse. It is worth noting that at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, fish, rats, chickens and rabbits are all currently fed as whole carcasses. 19 Figure 1 – Visitor responses to Question 2 - “How would you feel if the whole carcass of one of the following animals was fed to an appropriate carnivore in a zoo exhibit?”

When considering what would make whole carcass feeding more acceptable, 61% of participants said signs warning visitors that there is a carcass in the exhibit. Education through zoo staff and signs about natural feeding behaviours were also considered good options with 39% and 36% of visitors saying that respectively (Figure 2).

Figure 2 – Visitor opinions on what would make whole carcass feeding more acceptable. Participants were allowed to choose more than one answer, so the total percentage exceeds 100%. Participants were invited to comment with any other opinions on the subject of whole carcass feeding. Of the 150 participants, 87 made one or more comments – 47% of comments regarded whole carcass feeding being natural/helping to lessen the impact of captivity. 18% of comments expressed concern for other people viewing it, 15% of comments expressed concern for children. 9% of comments said that it is a good thing for children to see. Discussion The 97.3% approval of whole carcass feeding was unexpected - previous studies have reported approval rates of around 70% (Gaengler & Clum, 2015, Veninga & Lemon, 2001). This may be due in part to the relatively rural location of ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, which could attract a different range of people than perhaps a city zoo such as ZSL London Zoo would. Or it may be due to changing attitudes over time. A hierarchy of concern was displayed, with less people approving of carcasses being fed with the increasing size of the prey species (Gaengler & Clum, 2015, Ings et al, 1997, Vervaecke et al, 2007). However, with each prey species, more than 87% of participants approved of the carcass being fed. Deer was considered more acceptable than would be expected following this trend, but comments from participants suggest that this is because deer are less domesticated than other large animals listed, and are more similar to what large carnivores may eat in the wild. Participants in this study often disapproved of a species being fed in if they had a pet of that species (Ings et al, 1997). The feeding of whole horse carcasses proved to be the most controversial point, with the highest percentage of participants disapproving than for any other species (12%). This is interesting, as horsemeat is currently a major part of the carnivores diet at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo. Zebra was considered more acceptable than horse, as participants stated lions would hunt zebras in the wild. For both horses and zebras, many participants expressed concern about the sourcing of carcasses. 20 Although disapproval increased with the size of the species, more people wanted to watch the carcass being consumed than didn’t for each species. This echoes previous findings that many visitors actually enjoy watching carnivores eating carcasses (Gaengler & Clum, 2015, Roth, 2015, Young, 2005). Even though some participants did not wish to watch carcasses being fed, feeding carcasses outside of opening hours was a relatively unpopular option, with only 6% of participants choosing it (Gaengler & Clum, 2015). Signs warning visitors that a carcass was in the exhibit was the most popular strategy to ensure carcass feeding was acceptable. Warning signs can help prepare parents to answer any questions their children may have on the subject (Gaengler & Clum, 2015). Education through zoo staff and signs about natural feeding behaviours were also popular strategies. Whole carcass feeding can have an educational value, through food chains as well as prey and predator anatomy (Roth, 2015, Verninga & Lemon, 2001). Conclusion 97.3% of a sample of visitors surveyed at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo approved of feeding whole carcasses to zoo carnivores, with over half wanting to watch these carcasses being eaten by the appropriate carnivores. Visitors demonstrated that they were aware of the importance of replicating wild feeding habits, and were accepting of making this behaviour visible to the public.

References Gaengler, H. & Clum, N. (2015). Investigating the Impact of Large Carcass Feeding on the Behaviour of Captive Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus) and its Perception by Zoo Visitors. Zoo Biology, 34, 118-129. Gilchrest, E., Melfi, V. & Clarke, F. (2005) Can environmental enrichment compensate for not providing carcasses or live prey? In (Eds. Clum, N., Silver, S. & Thomas, P.) Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Environmental Enrichment, 31st July – 5th August. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York USA. Pp 247. Hosey, G., Melfi, V. & Pankhurst, S. (2013) Zoo Animals: Behaviour, Management and Welfare, Second Edtition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Ings, R., Waran, N.K. & Young, R.J. (1997) Attitude of zoo visitors to the idea of feeding live prey to zoo animals. Zoo Biology 16: 343-347. Jensen, E. & Laurie, C. (2016) Doing Real Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. SAGE Publications Ltd, London, UK. Lindsay, N. (2016) Personal Communication – Email. 20/1/2016. Moss, A. (2006) Surveys and Questionnaires. In (Eds. Bishop, J., Hosey, G. & Plowman, A.) BIAZA Handbook of Zoo Research: Guidelines for conducting research in zoos. British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums BIAZA, London, UK. Pp 134-153. Roe, S. & Cleave, R. (2005) Are we just feeding carnivores or are we providing enrichment as well? In (Eds. Clum, N., Silver, S. & Thomas, P.) Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Environmental Enrichment, 31st July – 5th August. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York USA. Pp 248 – 258. Roth, E.K. (2015) Food for Thought: Assessing Visitor Comfort and Attitudes towards Carcass Feeding at the ABQ BioPark Zoo. MA Thesis, University of Washington. Stark, B. (2005) The Use of Carcass Feeding to Enhance Animal Welfare. In (Eds. Clum, N., Silver, S. & Thomas, P.) Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Environmental Enrichment, 31st July – 5th August. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York USA. Pp 198-204. Veasey, J.S., Waran, N.K. & Young, R.J. (1996) On comparing the behaviour of zoo housed animals with wild conspecifics as a welfare indicator. Animal Welfare, 5, 13-24. Veninga, S.A., Lemon, J. (2001) Whole carcass Feeding as a Source of Behavioural Enrichment for African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Captivity and Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo. Available at http://www. painteddogconservation.iinet.net.au/news/whole-carcass-feeding-by-veninga-and-lemon-2001.pdf Accessed 25/2/2016. Vervaecke, H., Stevens, J., De Wolf, E., Van der Velde, R. & Melfi, V. (2007) Carnivore feeding in zoos: perceptions of Belgian zoo visitors. Benelux Congress of Zoology, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1-2 November, 2007. Young, R. (2005) A review of zoo visitor perceptions of carcass feeding zoo-housed carnivores. In (Eds. Clum, N., Silver, S. & Thomas, P.) Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Environmental Enrichment, 31st July – 5th August. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York USA. Pp 246. 21 A study into whether the behaviour expressed by a male subadult yellow breasted capuchin (Cebus xanthostemos) is more aggressive when interacting with a related dominant male or a related subadult male in the social group, of five, housed in Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park. Billie Holliday BSc (Hons) Animal Welfare and Behaviour Oxford Brookes University Solihull College and University centre

Introduction Yellow breasted, or golden-bellied, capuchins are native to South America where they live in social groups of six to forty members (World Animal Foundation, 2016). Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park house five capuchins [at date of publish], the most recent addition born in September 2016. The social group includes a dominant male and breeding female, two subadult males and the infant [gender unknown at date of publish]. The eldest subadult male was the focus of the study in which his social interactions with the dominant male and second subadult male were observed and recorded over a three month period. Due to the critically endangered status of the yellow breasted capuchins the focal subadult male will be moved to another establishment for breeding purposes. The high levels of aggression noted by the keepers may affect the success of the relocation and the breeding programme. Methodology To find the source of the focal subadult male’s aggression, a genus normative behaviour (GNB) list was designed focused on the behaviours occurring during interactions with the other males. Primary observations and data from Silva (2015) aided the creation of the GNB and the ethograms used for recording. It was considered that ethograms for the behaviour of each male could be carried out, nevertheless, to minimise human error it was decided to carry out instantaneous sampling with one ethogram. Under this method, the frequencies of the behaviours listed on the GNB [resting, out of view, eating, play interactions with subadult male, play interactions with dominant male, aggression, fighting interactions with subadult male, fighting interactions with dominant males, allogrooming with subadult male and allogrooming with dominant male] were recorded over a thirty minute period at thirty second intervals. Four ethograms were carried out during each weekly visit, ultimately resulting in forty eight completed ethograms. Results The results of the study show that the focal subadult male expressed high levels of aggression, with one hundred and thirty accounts of aggression recorded during the observations. Also, forty one accounts of fighting behaviours towards the dominant male were recorded and nineteen fighting behaviours towards the subadult male. See figure 1 (top right) for a visual comparison of the fighting interactions recorded towards the dominant male and the subadult male of the group. Play interactions were also recorded during the observations; they show a total of one hundred and nineteen playful interactions between the focal subadult male and the other subadult, while only five playful interactions were recorded between the focal subadult male and the dominant male (see figure 2). A chi-squared test (x2 test) was performed on the fighting interactions data. The results showed a p-value of 0.02 (>0.05), meaning that the frequency of fighting behaviours expressed towards each individual differs. This allowed for the alternative hypothesis (H1) [the focal subadult male will show different amounts of aggression towards only one of the individuals being observed at Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park] to be accepted. Discussion The data shows that the focal subadult male expresses more aggressive behaviours towards the dominant male of the group, in comparison to the subadult male. A possible reason for this increase of aggression towards the dominant male of the group is the natural response to nearing sexual maturity, which for male capuchins is between five and seven years of age (Nagle and Denari, 1982) [the focal subadult male was three years of age at the date of publish]. In the wild, the focal subadult male would be preparing to leave the family group and become a dominant male of his own family group (Nagle and Denari, 1982). Being the dominant male of a social group allows for selection of the best food (Janson 1985; Deusch and Lee, 1991; Jack and Fedigan, 2005). By having a higher level of aggression, an individual is able to gain a higher position in the hierarchy (Jack and Fedigan, 2005). Individuals that are high ranking consume more food in one sitting and have higher energy levels compared to subadult members of the group. Ranking highly in the social group, by winning male-male competition (Jack and Fedigan, 2005), allows for mating privileges. Aggressive individuals are more likely to have successful breeding compared to lower ranking individuals that do not enter male-male competitions (Cowlishw and Dunbar, 1991). By identifying the source of the focal subadult male’s aggression, the success of relocation and breeding can be gauged and the welfare of the current group at Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park can be increased [by taking appropriate actions]. Undertaking in a captive breeding programme is a necessary commitment for modern animal establishments and acts as a safety net for the populations (Hosey et al, 2009). By relocating the focal subadult male to another establishment, the gene pool of yellow breasted capuchins will widen. The focal subadult male may also be able to produce offspring viable for reintroduction into the wild. However, release of captive born primates has proved difficult and can have negative effects on the existing wild populations (Fa et al, 2011). It is the author’s opinion that a vacant enclosure adjoining the capuchin enclosure can be made accessible, proving more useable space for the individuals. It should also be considered to put a visual barrier into place between the visitors and the capuchins, as gestures or facial expressions from the public can have detrimental effects on the capuchins behaviour and welfare (Zuberbuhler, 2001). On the other hand, reducing the visibility for the public may have negative effects on their experience and the income for Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park (Sherwen et al, 2015). However, the focal subadult male, and the other individuals of the group, will benefit from the focal subadult male being relocated to another establishment. In the new establishment he will have the ability to be the dominant male, breed with an alpha female and raise his own offspring. 23 Conclusion To conclude, the study shows statistical evidence of the focal subadult male changing his behaviour when interacting with either the dominant male or the subadult male [as the p-value showed a significant outcome]. Increased fighting interactions were recorded between the focal subadult male and the dominant male compared to the subadult male; whereas more play behaviours were recorded with the subadult male compared to the dominant male. The increased aggression expressed towards the dominant male and low levels of aggression expressed towards the subadult male acts as an indicator of the natural progression the focal subadult male is taking towards becoming a dominant male. This is a positive outcome, as the focal subadult male can be moved to another establishment to breed with a female and be the dominant male of his own group without concern about his aggression levels and the safety of any other individuals. Acknowledgments With thanks to Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park and all the staff who supported the study. References Cowlishaw, G. and Dunbar, M.I.R. (1991) Dominance rank and mating success in male primates ‘Animal behaviour’ (41) 6. 1045-1056 Deutsch, C.J. and Lee, P.C. (1991) Dominance and feeding competition in captive rhesus monkeys ‘International Journal of Primatology’ (12) 6 615-628 Fa J.E, Funk S.M and O’connell D (2011) Zoo conservation bilogy. Cambridge: Cambridge Universit Press. (Ecology, biodiversity and conservation). Hosey, G. Melefi, V. And Pankhurst, S. (2009) Zoo animals: behaviour, management and welfare. Oxford: Oxford University Press Jack, M.K. and Fedigan, M.L (2005) New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican primates. Springer: New York Janson, C. (1985) Aggressive competition and individual food consumption in wild brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) ‘Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology’ (18) 2. 125-138 Nagle A.C and Denari H.J (1982) ‘The reproductive biology of capuchin monkeys’. International Zoo Yearbook. 22 (1) 143-150 Sherwen, L.S. Harvey, J.T, Magrath, L.J.M. Butler, L.K. Fanson, V.K. Hemsworth, H.P (2015) Effects of visual contact with zoo visitors on black-capped capuchin welfare ‘Applied Animal Behaviour Science’ (167) 65-73 Silva, C.P.C (2015) Behavioural Profiles of Captive Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus spp.): analyses at group and individual levels. ‘University of Rio Grande’ (80) 1-114 World Animal Foundation (2016) Capuchin Fact Sheet [pdf] Available at: http://www.worldanimalfoundation.net/f/ capuchin.pdf (Accessed: 10/11/2016) Zuberbuhler, K (2001) Non-human primates and communication. ‘EOLSS’ (20) 1-6

Using Domestic Animals as Tiger Enrichment Hannah Slaney Colchester Zoo, Deputy Head of Section – Tiger Section ABWAK Council Member – Grants Officer [email protected] Introduction At Colchester Zoo we have a well established but evolving enrichment program, using many different ideas and techniques for our many different species. One form of enrichment we use is the presence of our domestic animals in the enclosures of our carnivore species, whilst the carnivores are safely shut away. This is something that seemed unique, to Colchester zoo. In September 2015 I attended the International Congress of Zookeepers in Leipzig, Germany, for which I was fortunate enough to received an ABWAK grant. During a Shape Enrichment workshop there I discussed this type of enrichment with the keepers, who all wanted to know more about this type of enrichment. So I decided then, that I would do a research project to find out if this was an effective form of enrichment for the tigers, to be able to share this information with other keepers. Method The research would be looking at if by providing the domestic animals as enrichment, there was an increase in the tigers activity levels. And my Null hypothesis is ‘providing enrichment for the tigers will not significantly change the amount of time that the tigers are active’. The research would take place for a total of 10 not consecutive weeks in spring and summer 2016. On one day in the week the domestic animals would be used as enrichment and data was collected on the tigers behaviour. On another day in the week no new enrichment was added to the tigers enclosure and their behaviour was recorded to provide the baseline to compare their behaviour to. The research was conducted non consecutive weeks to prevent the tigers from being able to predict what was going to happen on certain days, and the species that were used were rotated to prevent the tigers from becoming habituated to the animals coming into the enclosure and then not reacting to them. The tigers would be recalled into their house and safely locked away, and the domestic animals were in the tiger enclosure for 10-20mins, when they and their keepers were safely removed. The tigers would then be released and their behavior for the 30 minutes is recorded, using the behavioural sampling method of focal instantaneous sampling, looking at state behaviours, every minute. All the animals involved had fecal sample checks to prevent the transfer of zoonosis or parasites. A public announcement was made prior to the domestic animal going into the enclosure, and a keeper was around to answer and questions public may have and to ensure them they weren’t food. The welfare of the domestic animals was a primary concern, and animals were selected that that were confident and had previously shown to be comfortable in the tiger enclosure. The animals involved were all well trained and at ease to walk on a head collar or to follow a target, with their keepers, around the zoo. The animals that were chosen were kune kune pigs, hand reared pygmy goat kids and the alpaca. Other species have been used before and since the research was conducted but these were the animals best suited to this research project. Only one species at a time was used and the animals would be taken into the enclosures once the tigers were locked away and were allowed to explore and graze, bathe, toilet, etc. The experience of going into the tiger enclosure, would therefore be enriching to the domestic animals themselves. The domestic animals behaviour and welfare was monitored by experienced staff, and if they showed any signs of stress they would be very carefully monitored. If it became prolonged or heightened they would be of been removed from the tiger enclosure. During the project none of the animals had to be removed as they had been carefully chosen, habituated and trained The tigers used in this research were our 12 year old male Amur tiger Igor and 13 year old spayed hybrid female Anouskha. They mostly kept together as they had a good bond and they had been exposed to this type of enrichment for a number of years before I started the research and anecdotal evidence from keepers showed that they have responded well to it and would intently follow the smells and trails left around the enclosure. The tiger enclosure is designed so that there are different indoor and outdoor areas the tigers can be moved to for feeding and cleaning purposes. There are 2 outside enclosures and 1 house with 2 sides to it, all areas are connected by slides as tunnels, and all locks double checked when going into and out of enclosures. The tigers are used to coming into the house for a variety of reasons, they do not get stressed by being shut in their house for periods of time. Which means it was easy to recall the tigers into the house, they would be shut away and out of site from the domestic animals, while they were in the outside enclosure. Results An ethogram was produced to aid the data collection which is show in table 1, the behaviours were then divided into 2 groups active and non active behaviours, with Not visible, Resting and Sitting being non active behaviours. Using this ethogram and the research conducted on days when no additional enrichment a baseline activity budget for the tigers combined was produced which is shown in chart 1. The activity budget shows that 25 the tigers spend 49% of their time doing resting and 9% of their time out of site and > 1% of time sitting, these were the behaviours that should be reduced if the enrichment is effective. The results show that there was a reduction in the amount of non active behaviours after the tigers have had the enrichment, which is shown in chart 2. It shows that there is a noticeable decrease in the amount of time that the tigers spend resting, there is also an increase in the amount of time the tigers are interacting with enrichment which is to be expected, there is also a slight increase in the time the Tigers are seen being social with each other which is not expected. The results showed that there was an increase in the amount of time that both the tigers were active, which was the aim of the enrichment. To test that these results are reliable and not just down to chance they were then analysed using the T test paired analysis. For the tigers combined the results showed they had gone from being active 42% of the time, up to being active 64% of the time after enrichment was used. Using T test paired analysis I found that P =0.0002 which shows that there is a statistically significant difference between the amount of time spent active before and after enrichment is given. Which shows this is an effective form of enrichment for both the tigers to increase the activity levels. Looking at the tigers as individuals would show if this form of enrichment was beneficial to both of them or if one was getting more out of it than the other. For Anoushka the results showed she had gone from being active 41% of the time, up to being active 66% of the time after the enrichment was used. Using T test paired analysis I found that P =0.0424 which shows that there is statistically significant difference between the amount of time spent active before andafter enrichment is given. Which shows this is an effective form of enrichment for Anoushka to increase her activity levels. For Igor the results showed he had gone from being active 43% of the time, up to being active 62% of the time after the enrichment was used. Using T test paired analysis I found that P =0.1402 which shows that there is not statistically significant difference between the amount of time spent active before and after enrichment is given.Which shows this is an effective form of enrichment for Igor to increase his activity levels. Conclusion Anecdotal evidence of using this type of enrichment had appeared to be successful as the tigers were seen to be following the tracks left behind by the animals in their enclosure, and to be interacting with the smells, feces and changes in the environment. This research has shown that the use of this enrichment has significantly increased in the activity levels of the tigers combined and Anoushka in particular when the enrichment is used. Whilst the statistical analysis has shown that there is not a significant difference in Igor’s activity levels when the enrichment is used, there was still an increase in his activity levels. To which I would say that the enrichment is effective, that the tigers do interact with it. This type of enrichment will continue to be used the tigers in the future, as part of a board enrichment program and on an unpredictable basis. I feel that this is an interesting idea for enrichment and would like to from other keepers if they have tried it, or would like to in future. Any questions feel free to email me. 26 Acknowledgements Thanks A massive thank you so go to Jon Rowe and the volunteer team, especially to Dee Graham and Denise Farmer, Lisa Davis and the familiar friends team, Angela Matthews and the Tiger team, Rebecca Moore and the education team, Sarah Forsyth and Lisa Doran

Chart 1. Baseline Tigers activity budget (top)

Chart 2 (left) Comparison of the tigers combined behaviour at baseline and after using Domestic Animals as enrichment.

ABWAK Grants Hannah Slaney, Colchester Zoo, and ABWAK council member [email protected] As an ABWAK member you are a very fortunate individual, as you have, behind the scenes a dedicated and passionate group of volunteers on the council, who are working on your behalf. Last year we started a strategic review to make sure we are giving our best for our members, and that we stay relevant the modern zoo keepers. One way we want to do this is by developing our grants, and we are very proud now to announce to you the new grants and they will soon be launched on our website, for you to apply for. As well as a very special new grant and an amazing opportunity that all ABWAK members are able to apply for, and one lucky member will be awarded. For our associate members we have developed 2 special grants aimed directly at their needs, the job interview grant and the work experience grant. The job interview grant is our way of helping our associate members take the step to become professional zoo keeper and Jobs aimed at entry-level keepers are few and far between so this grant is aimed to help associate members be able to go to interviews anywhere in the country. Grants are up to £50 with applications in by the 28th of each month, and can be offered retrospectively . The work experience grant is aimed at our associate members, as many participate in unpaid work experience to help advance their skills and employability. This may well involve people living for away from for periods and this grant of up to £100 is to help with the living costs while doing work experience. The work experience must be taking place at least 30miles away from the members home address, and for a period of 2 weeks or more to qualify for the grant, applications can be throughout the year. For our professional members we have developed 2 different types of grant, to help our members develop their skills, knowledge, the workshop grant and the Conservation grant. The Workshop grant offers our professional up to £50 to cover the cost of travel/accommodation / registration to ABWAK workshops or to symposium. Not all members are able to afford the full expense of attending ABWAK events so we offer this grant to help our members attend events that will help them advance in their careers, and provide better care for the animals in their collections. Conservation grant, of is up to £400 and can be used to cover the cost of travel, accommodation or some research materials, for a worthy Conservation project. Many keepers are keen to be a part of the larger conservation network but lack the resources, and this grant aims to help members to be able to learn more about the species they look after, aid local or global conservation efforts, or even to share their knowledge in developing countries. 27 We are also very proud to be the home of the Live your Legacy grant, this is a very special grant, funded by ABWAK president Professor David Field and Dr Lesley Dickie. This is a very generous private donation from two professionals at the very top of their field. In their own words “We are continually inspired and enthused by the passion and commitment of the zookeeping community especially those who are testing, and progressing, the so-called established norms of zoo keeping. So, coupled with our desire to give something back and a chance for individuals to take an opportunity, we would like to offer a small travel and development grant to ABWAK members”. The objective of this grant would be to support an individual in an activity that is going to make a significant difference to them in their career development, but also lead to making a difference for the animals they care for. We are looking for more than just a conference attendance, or visiting zoos in another country. We are looking for how this support will assist you in becoming a specialist in your chosen area of expertise.” The grant is up to £1000 with an additional £200 being made available to the recipient to aid attending a future ABWAK Symposium. This is a very exciting opportunity for anyone with the imagination, passion and ambition to be worthy of it!

Testimonial from a former recipient of an ABWAK ICZ grant Jack Gradidge. “I was provided with a grant which helped me attend the 5th International Congress on Zoo Keeping 9 - 13 September 2015 which was hosted by Zoo Leipzig, Germany. Without the ABWAK grant I simply would not have even considered attending the conference as all the costs soon add up. The ICZ conference itself was absolutely brilliant; there were zoo keepers from all corners of the world and all there to share stories, experiences and advice. The topics covered in the talks were very broad; however it was great to hear about species which I have never worked with before, such as the Tasmanian devil. We are so fortunate to have an association like ABWAK to bring the zoo community together, not only in the UK but also allow us to network with other countries. Many friendships were made during my week in Germany. Zoo keeping can feel very isolated at times so it is important to have these ties to the outside world! I am truly thankful for the opportunity ABWAK gave me, and I would really encourage other keepers to apply for these grants – there are great opportunities to be had!” Another grant recipient is Greg Clifton who used a Conservation Grant to attend the White Footed Tamarin Conservation Workshop in Colombia working with Durrell - which featured in March RATEL and as a talk in this year’s symposium: “I couldn’t have been part of this workshop without the help of ABWAK’s grant scheme who helped me with the cost of the flights to Colombia. I am very grateful for all the help they have given me over the years and I was very proud to be an ABWAK member and a UK zookeeper.” ABWAK grants make the going to other countries, and sharing ideas, gaining knowledge and practical experience, and improving animal welfare a reality. As well as aiding keepers to take their first steps into the industry. Whilst also aiding it’s members to attend workshops and symposium here in the UK aid keepers personal development, networking, to ‘achieve and advance the highest standards of excellence in wild animal care”.

So if you have an idea of a project you really want to do but don’t think it’s achievable on your own, or you really want to attend something you otherwise wouldn’t be able to. Think of ABWAK, think of our grants and how we can give back to you our members, then you can pass on the knowledge and experiences to other ABWAK members. There are terms of conditions for applying for these grants which will be listed on the website, all applications are assessed and graded by our impartial council focus group. Please check the website www.abwak.org and keep an eye on ABWAK social media; and APPLY. 28 www.abwak.org

Photography Competition 2017 Categories (open to ABWAK Professional and Associate Members): 1. Life as a Wild Animal Keeper Images should show a keeper(s) at work and may illustrate any aspect of the working day; for example, this category may include animal care, veterinary work, training (where the staff member involved is clearly shown), visitor engagement, cleaning, researching etc...

2. Enrichment or Training Images should illustrate the use and effectiveness of enrichment or training. (The enrichment or training method must be clearly identified and described). 3. Animal Portrait in a Zoo/Aquarium An individual animal or group of animals photograph. The photographs entered in this category must be taken in captivity in the UK & Ireland and be accompanied by a note on species, and location taken. 4. Animal Portrait - Wild An individual animal or group of animals photograph. The photographs entered in this category must be taken in the wild (UK or abroad) – and be accompanied by a note on species, and location taken. A short written description is required with each entry, identifying species, location and any relevant information.

To Enter: Please include the category you have entered, your name and email address along with a description of the photograph. Send your photos to [email protected] along with a description of the photograph and the category you have entered. (Max size of each photo 10MB). See Terms and Conditions for more information. LANDSCAPE format is preferred. Results The results will be announced in the December issue of RATEL, www.abwak.org, ABWAK Facebook and ABWAK Twitter. Please note that only successful entrants will be contacted individually and no correspondence will be entered into regarding the entries or results. There will be one winner and 2 runners up in each category. Prizes: The 4 category winners will win: 1 year membership to ABWAK (renewal, subject to eligibility) and copy of the December RATEL in which winners photographs are published. Runners up will receive: copy of the December RATEL in which their photo is published. Full acknowledgement will be given to the winning contestants. CLOSING DATE: 31st AUGUST 2017 (entries received after this date will not be judged) . MAX 3 entires per category per person.

Winners 2016: Debbie Haynes, Tara Humphrey, Thomas Lindley, Natalie Guerrier Vision: “To achieve and advance the highest standards of excellence in wild animal care”

Mission: “ABWAK is a membership organisation for those interested & involved in the keeping & conservation of wild animals, which seeks to achieve the highest standards of excellence in animal care through communication, cooperation, training and development” www.abwak.org

From the editor, Stephen Woollard ABWAK’s new Editor, Gareth Richardson Formal minutes of the ABWAK AGM ABWAK Symposium 2017 A Cracking Colchester Conference Shelby Stanfield Housing Primates in Mixed Species Exhibits - The Key to Success? Tony Dobbs ABWAK’s first Associate Member workshop - careers Hand raising a Southern White Rhinoceros calf (Ceratotherium simum simum) at Zoo Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany. Garry White The Importance of Vitamin D Supplementation in South American Camelids Keeley Jonas Visitor Opinions on the Feeding of Whole Carcasses to Zoo Carnivores Clare White A study into whether the behaviour expressed by a male subadult yellow breasted capuchin (Cebus xanthostemos) is more aggressive when interacting with a related dominant male or a related subadult male in the social group, of five, housed in Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park. Billie Holliday Using Domestic Animals as Tiger Enrichment Hannah Slaney ABWAK Grants Hannah Slaney

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