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ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY Critical Concepts in the Environment Edited by J. Baird Callicott and Clare Palmer Volume I: Values and Ethics Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS VOLUME I: VALUES AND ETHICS Acknowledgements xvii Chronological table of reprinted articles and chapters xxi General introduction xxxi Introduction to Volume I 1 PART 1 Seminal and early works 7 1 The land ethic 9 ALDO LEOPOLD 2 Is there a need for a new, an environmental, ethic? 24 RICHARD SYLVAN (ROUTLEY) 3 The rights of animals and unborn generations 33 JOEL FEINBERG 4 Is there an ecological ethic? 54 HOLMES ROLSTON III PART 2 Zoocentrism 73 5 All animals are equal 75 PETER SINGER V CONTENTS 6 Interspecific justice 91 DONALD VANDEVEER PART 3 Biocentrism 113 7 On being morally considerable 115 KENNETH E. GOODPASTER 8 The good of trees 132 ROBIN ATTFIELD 9 The ethics of respect for nature 151 PAUL W. TAYLOR PART 4 Ecocentrism 173 10 Can and ought we to follow nature? 175 HOLMES ROLSTON, III 11 Against the inevitability of human chauvinism 199 VAL PLUMWOOD AND RICHARD SYLVAN 12 Appreciation and the natural environment 222 ALLEN CARLSON 13 The conceptual foundations of the land ethic 235 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT PART 5 The possibility of environmental ethics 261 14 The nature and possibility of an environmental ethic 263 TOM REGAN 15 The justification of an environmental ethic 279 EVELYN B. PLUHAR 16 Duties concerning islands: of rights & obligations 294 MARY MIDGLEY VI CONTENTS PART 6 The intrinsic value of nature 309 17 The rights of non-humans and intrinsic values 311 WILLIAM GODFREY-SMITH 18 The varieties of intrinsic value 327 JOHN O'NEILL 19 Intrinsic value in nature: a metaethical analysis 345 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT VOLUME II: SOCIETY AND POLITICS Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume II 1 PART 1 Marxism and environmental philosophy 7 20 On the Marxian view of the relationship between man and nature 9 DONALD C. LEE 21 Karl Marx, alienation, and the mastery of nature 24 CHARLES TOLMAN 22 On Karl Marx as an environmental hero 36 VAL PLUMWOOD 23 Marxism, ecology, and technology 44 HWA YOL JUNG PART 2 Deep Ecology 49 24 The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement: A summary 51 ARNE NAESS Vll V CONTENTS 25 The Deep Ecology movement 57 BILL DEVALL 26 The deep ecological movement: some philosophical aspects 81 ARNENAESS 27 Conservation and self-realization: a Deep Ecology perspective 100 FREYA MATHEWS 28 The Deep Ecology-ecofeminism debate and its parallels 109 WARWICK FOX PART 3 Ecofeminism 131 29 Deeper than Deep Ecology: the eco-feminist connection 133 ARIEL KAY SALLEH 30 Development, ecology, and women 140 VANDANA SHIVA 31 The power and the promise of ecological feminism 151 KAREN J. WARREN 32 Nature, self, and gender: feminism, environmental philosophy, and the critique of rationalism 173 VAL PLUMWOOD 33 The gender and environment debate: lessons from India 199 BINA AGARWAL 34 Ecofeminism: toward global justice and planetary health 234 GRETA GAARD AND LORI GRUEN PART 4 Social Ecology 261 35 Social ecology versus 'Deep Ecology': a challenge for the ecology movement 263 MURRAY BOOKCHIN Vlll CONTENTS 36 What is social ecofeminism? 279 JANET BIEHL PART 5 Continental political ecology 297 37 The threat of ecofascism 299 MICHAEL E. ZIMMERMAN 38 Ethics, politics, science, and the environment 323 CATHERINE LARRERE 39 Nature as origin and difference: on environmental philosophy and continental thought 341 STEVEN VOGEL 40 To modernise or ecologise? That is the question 359 BRUNO LATOUR VOLUME III: POLICY, PLURALISM, AND PRAGMATISM Acknowledgements vii Introduction to Volume III 1 PART 1 Nature and rights 7 41 Should trees have standing?—toward legal rights for natural objects 9 CHRISTOPHER D. STONE 42 Anglo-American land use attitudes 58 EUGENE C. HARGROVE 43 Environmental ethics and nonhuman rights 86 BRYAN G. NORTON 44 The rights of the nonhuman world 107 MARY ANNE WARREN IX CONTENTS PART 2 Moral pluralism 129 45 Moral pluralism and the course of environmental ethics 131 CHRISTOPHER D. STONE 46 Moral pluralism and the environment 147 ANDREW BRENNAN 47 Minimal, moderate, and extreme moral pluralism 165 PETER S. WENZ 48 Value pluralism, incommensurability and institutions 180 JOHN O'NEILL 49 The case for a practical pluralism 195 ANDREW LIGHT PART 3 Pragmatism 225 50 Environmental ethics and weak anthropocentrism 227 BRYAN G. NORTON 51 Beyond intrinsic value: pragmatism in environmental ethics 246 ANTHONY WESTON 52 Pragmatism and environmental thought 265 KELLY A. PARKER 53 The pragmatic power and promise of theoretical environmental ethics: forging a new discourse 279 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT PART 4 Against economism 303 54 At the shrine of our Lady of Fatima or why political questions are not all economic 305 MARK SAGOFF CONTENTS 55 Valuing wildlands 320 HOLMES ROLSTON III 56 Selling environmental indulgences 347 ROBERT E. GOODIN 57 Are choices tradeoffs? 369 ALAN HOLLAND VOLUME IV: ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume IV 1 PART 1 Poverty and population 7 58 The tragedy of the commons 9 GARRETT HARDIN 59 Feeding people versus saving nature? 23 HOLMES ROLSTON, III 60 The environmentalism of the poor 41 RAMACHANDRA GUHA AND J. MARTINEZ-ALIER 61 Poverty, puritanism and environmental conflict 62 ANDREW BRENNAN PART 2 Environmental justice and sustainability 89 62 Ethics, public policy, and global warming 91 DALE JAMIESON 63 Sustainability and intergenerational justice 105 BRIAN BARRY 64 Living for the city: urban United States and environmental justice 124 BILL LAWSON XI CONTENTS PART 3 Contrasting environments: the wilderness-urban axis 137 65 The value of wilderness 139 RODERICK NASH 66 Radical American environmentalism and wilderness preservation: a Third World critique 151 RAMACHANDRA GUHA 67 The incarceration of wildness: wilderness areas as prisons 164 THOMAS H. BIRCH 68 The urban blind spot in environmental ethics 189 ANDREW LIGHT 69 Towards an ethics (or at least a value theory) of the built environment 218 WARWICK FOX 70 Placing animals in urban environmental ethics 232 CLARE PALMER PART 4 Species preservation 249 71 Why do species matter? 251 LILLY-MARLENE RUSSOW 72 Duties to endangered species 263 HOLMES ROLSTON III 73 On the inherent danger of undervaluing species 278 BRYAN G. NORTON PART 5 Environmental conservation and restoration 303 74 Faking nature 305 ROBERT ELLIOT Xll CONTENTS 75 The big lie: human restoration of nature 318 ERIC KATZ 76 What is good ecological restoration? 329 ERIC S. HIGGS 77 Aesthetic character and aesthetic integrity in environmental conservation 351 EMILY BRADY PART 6 Theory and practice 369 78 An apologia for activism: global responsibility, ethical advocacy, and environmental problems 371 KRISTIN SHRADER-FRECHETTE 79 The implicit practice of environmental philosophy 398 IRENE KLAVER 80 The missing shade of green 408 KATE RAWLES VOLUME V: HISTORY AND CULTURE Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume V 1 PART 1 Historical roots 7 81 The historical roots of our ecologic crisis 9 LYNN WHITE, Jr. 82 Discrepancies between environmental attitude and behaviour: examples from Europe and China 19 YI-FU TUAN 83 The ancient roots of our ecological crisis 36 J. DONALD HUGHES Xlll CONTENTS PART 2 Spinoza as deep ecologist? 43 84 Spinoza and ecology 45 ARNE NAESS 85 Spinoza's environmental ethics 52 GENEVIEVE LLOYD 86 Spinoza and ecology revisited 70 K. L. F. HOULE PART 3 Process thinking and environmental philosophy 87 87 The rights of the subhuman world 89 CHARLES HARTSHORNE 88 Identity, community and the natural environment: some perspectives from process thinking 101 CLARE PALMER PART 4 Gaia 113 89 Geophysiology—the science of Gaia 115 JAMES E. LOVELOCK 90 Forms of Gaian ethics 129 ANTHONY WESTON 91 The mechanical and the organic: on the impact of metaphor in science 144 DAVID ABRAM PART 5 Cosmic awareness 159 92 Letting the world grow old: an ethos of countermodernity 161 FREYA MATHEWS 93 The neo-stoicism of radical environmentalism 181 JIM CHENEY XIV CONTENTS PART 6 Asian philosophy and the environment 217 94 The Japanese appreciation of nature 219 YURIKO SAITO 95 On the environmental ethics of the Tao and the Ch'i 233 CHUNG-YING CHENG 96 Man and nature: toward a middle path of survival 253 DAVID J. KALUPAHANA 97 "Conceptual resources" in South Asia for "Environmental Ethics" 264 GERALD JAMES LARSON PART 7 African and Australian philosophy and the environment 275 98 Wilderness and the Bantu mind 277 G. W. BURNETT AND KAMUYU WA KANG'ETHE 99 Mapping the mythological landscape: an aboriginal way of being-in-the-world 293 PAUL FAULSTICH PART 8 Philosophy and ecology 315 100 The metaphysical implications of ecology 317 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT 101 Ecosystem ecology and metaphysical ecology: a case study 333 KAREN J. WARREN AND JIM CHENEY 102 The shifting paradigm in ecology 352 S. T. A. PICKETT AND RICHARD S. OSTFELD Index 369 xv.
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