ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY
Critical Concepts in the Environment
Edited by J. Baird Callicott and Clare Palmer
Volume I: Values and Ethics
Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS
VOLUME I: VALUES AND ETHICS
Acknowledgements xvii Chronological table of reprinted articles and chapters xxi General introduction xxxi Introduction to Volume I 1
PART 1 Seminal and early works 7
1 The land ethic 9 ALDO LEOPOLD
2 Is there a need for a new, an environmental, ethic? 24 RICHARD SYLVAN (ROUTLEY)
3 The rights of animals and unborn generations 33 JOEL FEINBERG
4 Is there an ecological ethic? 54 HOLMES ROLSTON III
PART 2 Zoocentrism 73
5 All animals are equal 75 PETER SINGER
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6 Interspecific justice 91 DONALD VANDEVEER
PART 3 Biocentrism 113
7 On being morally considerable 115 KENNETH E. GOODPASTER
8 The good of trees 132 ROBIN ATTFIELD 9 The ethics of respect for nature 151 PAUL W. TAYLOR
PART 4 Ecocentrism 173
10 Can and ought we to follow nature? 175 HOLMES ROLSTON, III
11 Against the inevitability of human chauvinism 199 VAL PLUMWOOD AND RICHARD SYLVAN 12 Appreciation and the natural environment 222 ALLEN CARLSON 13 The conceptual foundations of the land ethic 235 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT
PART 5 The possibility of environmental ethics 261
14 The nature and possibility of an environmental ethic 263 TOM REGAN 15 The justification of an environmental ethic 279 EVELYN B. PLUHAR 16 Duties concerning islands: of rights & obligations 294 MARY MIDGLEY
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PART 6 The intrinsic value of nature 309
17 The rights of non-humans and intrinsic values 311 WILLIAM GODFREY-SMITH
18 The varieties of intrinsic value 327 JOHN O'NEILL
19 Intrinsic value in nature: a metaethical analysis 345 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT
VOLUME II: SOCIETY AND POLITICS
Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume II 1
PART 1 Marxism and environmental philosophy 7
20 On the Marxian view of the relationship between man and nature 9 DONALD C. LEE
21 Karl Marx, alienation, and the mastery of nature 24 CHARLES TOLMAN
22 On Karl Marx as an environmental hero 36 VAL PLUMWOOD
23 Marxism, ecology, and technology 44 HWA YOL JUNG
PART 2 Deep Ecology 49
24 The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement: A summary 51 ARNE NAESS
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25 The Deep Ecology movement 57 BILL DEVALL
26 The deep ecological movement: some philosophical aspects 81 ARNENAESS
27 Conservation and self-realization: a Deep Ecology perspective 100 FREYA MATHEWS
28 The Deep Ecology-ecofeminism debate and its parallels 109 WARWICK FOX
PART 3 Ecofeminism 131
29 Deeper than Deep Ecology: the eco-feminist connection 133 ARIEL KAY SALLEH
30 Development, ecology, and women 140 VANDANA SHIVA
31 The power and the promise of ecological feminism 151 KAREN J. WARREN
32 Nature, self, and gender: feminism, environmental philosophy, and the critique of rationalism 173 VAL PLUMWOOD
33 The gender and environment debate: lessons from India 199 BINA AGARWAL
34 Ecofeminism: toward global justice and planetary health 234 GRETA GAARD AND LORI GRUEN
PART 4 Social Ecology 261
35 Social ecology versus 'Deep Ecology': a challenge for the ecology movement 263 MURRAY BOOKCHIN
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36 What is social ecofeminism? 279 JANET BIEHL
PART 5 Continental political ecology 297
37 The threat of ecofascism 299 MICHAEL E. ZIMMERMAN
38 Ethics, politics, science, and the environment 323 CATHERINE LARRERE
39 Nature as origin and difference: on environmental philosophy and continental thought 341 STEVEN VOGEL
40 To modernise or ecologise? That is the question 359 BRUNO LATOUR
VOLUME III: POLICY, PLURALISM, AND PRAGMATISM
Acknowledgements vii Introduction to Volume III 1
PART 1 Nature and rights 7
41 Should trees have standing?—toward legal rights for natural objects 9 CHRISTOPHER D. STONE
42 Anglo-American land use attitudes 58 EUGENE C. HARGROVE
43 Environmental ethics and nonhuman rights 86 BRYAN G. NORTON
44 The rights of the nonhuman world 107 MARY ANNE WARREN
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PART 2 Moral pluralism 129
45 Moral pluralism and the course of environmental ethics 131 CHRISTOPHER D. STONE
46 Moral pluralism and the environment 147 ANDREW BRENNAN
47 Minimal, moderate, and extreme moral pluralism 165 PETER S. WENZ
48 Value pluralism, incommensurability and institutions 180 JOHN O'NEILL
49 The case for a practical pluralism 195 ANDREW LIGHT
PART 3 Pragmatism 225
50 Environmental ethics and weak anthropocentrism 227 BRYAN G. NORTON
51 Beyond intrinsic value: pragmatism in environmental ethics 246 ANTHONY WESTON
52 Pragmatism and environmental thought 265 KELLY A. PARKER
53 The pragmatic power and promise of theoretical environmental ethics: forging a new discourse 279 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT
PART 4 Against economism 303
54 At the shrine of our Lady of Fatima or why political questions are not all economic 305 MARK SAGOFF CONTENTS
55 Valuing wildlands 320 HOLMES ROLSTON III
56 Selling environmental indulgences 347 ROBERT E. GOODIN
57 Are choices tradeoffs? 369 ALAN HOLLAND
VOLUME IV: ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS
Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume IV 1
PART 1 Poverty and population 7
58 The tragedy of the commons 9 GARRETT HARDIN
59 Feeding people versus saving nature? 23 HOLMES ROLSTON, III
60 The environmentalism of the poor 41 RAMACHANDRA GUHA AND J. MARTINEZ-ALIER
61 Poverty, puritanism and environmental conflict 62 ANDREW BRENNAN
PART 2 Environmental justice and sustainability 89
62 Ethics, public policy, and global warming 91 DALE JAMIESON
63 Sustainability and intergenerational justice 105 BRIAN BARRY
64 Living for the city: urban United States and environmental justice 124 BILL LAWSON
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PART 3 Contrasting environments: the wilderness-urban axis 137 65 The value of wilderness 139 RODERICK NASH 66 Radical American environmentalism and wilderness preservation: a Third World critique 151 RAMACHANDRA GUHA 67 The incarceration of wildness: wilderness areas as prisons 164 THOMAS H. BIRCH 68 The urban blind spot in environmental ethics 189 ANDREW LIGHT 69 Towards an ethics (or at least a value theory) of the built environment 218 WARWICK FOX 70 Placing animals in urban environmental ethics 232 CLARE PALMER
PART 4 Species preservation 249
71 Why do species matter? 251 LILLY-MARLENE RUSSOW 72 Duties to endangered species 263 HOLMES ROLSTON III 73 On the inherent danger of undervaluing species 278 BRYAN G. NORTON
PART 5 Environmental conservation and restoration 303
74 Faking nature 305 ROBERT ELLIOT
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75 The big lie: human restoration of nature 318 ERIC KATZ
76 What is good ecological restoration? 329 ERIC S. HIGGS
77 Aesthetic character and aesthetic integrity in environmental conservation 351 EMILY BRADY
PART 6 Theory and practice 369
78 An apologia for activism: global responsibility, ethical advocacy, and environmental problems 371 KRISTIN SHRADER-FRECHETTE
79 The implicit practice of environmental philosophy 398 IRENE KLAVER
80 The missing shade of green 408 KATE RAWLES
VOLUME V: HISTORY AND CULTURE
Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume V 1
PART 1 Historical roots 7
81 The historical roots of our ecologic crisis 9 LYNN WHITE, Jr.
82 Discrepancies between environmental attitude and behaviour: examples from Europe and China 19 YI-FU TUAN
83 The ancient roots of our ecological crisis 36 J. DONALD HUGHES
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PART 2 Spinoza as deep ecologist? 43
84 Spinoza and ecology 45 ARNE NAESS
85 Spinoza's environmental ethics 52 GENEVIEVE LLOYD
86 Spinoza and ecology revisited 70 K. L. F. HOULE
PART 3 Process thinking and environmental philosophy 87
87 The rights of the subhuman world 89 CHARLES HARTSHORNE
88 Identity, community and the natural environment: some perspectives from process thinking 101 CLARE PALMER
PART 4 Gaia 113
89 Geophysiology—the science of Gaia 115 JAMES E. LOVELOCK
90 Forms of Gaian ethics 129 ANTHONY WESTON
91 The mechanical and the organic: on the impact of metaphor in science 144 DAVID ABRAM
PART 5 Cosmic awareness 159
92 Letting the world grow old: an ethos of countermodernity 161 FREYA MATHEWS
93 The neo-stoicism of radical environmentalism 181 JIM CHENEY
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PART 6 Asian philosophy and the environment 217
94 The Japanese appreciation of nature 219 YURIKO SAITO
95 On the environmental ethics of the Tao and the Ch'i 233 CHUNG-YING CHENG
96 Man and nature: toward a middle path of survival 253 DAVID J. KALUPAHANA
97 "Conceptual resources" in South Asia for "Environmental Ethics" 264 GERALD JAMES LARSON
PART 7 African and Australian philosophy and the environment 275
98 Wilderness and the Bantu mind 277 G. W. BURNETT AND KAMUYU WA KANG'ETHE
99 Mapping the mythological landscape: an aboriginal way of being-in-the-world 293 PAUL FAULSTICH
PART 8 Philosophy and ecology 315
100 The metaphysical implications of ecology 317 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT
101 Ecosystem ecology and metaphysical ecology: a case study 333 KAREN J. WARREN AND JIM CHENEY
102 The shifting paradigm in ecology 352 S. T. A. PICKETT AND RICHARD S. OSTFELD
Index 369
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