ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY

Critical Concepts in the Environment

Edited by J. Baird Callicott and Clare Palmer

Volume I: Values and Ethics

Routledge Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS

VOLUME I: VALUES AND ETHICS

Acknowledgements xvii Chronological table of reprinted articles and chapters xxi General introduction xxxi Introduction to Volume I 1

PART 1 Seminal and early works 7

1 The land ethic 9 ALDO LEOPOLD

2 Is there a need for a new, an environmental, ethic? 24 RICHARD SYLVAN (ROUTLEY)

3 The rights of animals and unborn generations 33 JOEL FEINBERG

4 Is there an ecological ethic? 54 HOLMES ROLSTON III

PART 2 Zoocentrism 73

5 All animals are equal 75 PETER SINGER

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6 Interspecific justice 91 DONALD VANDEVEER

PART 3 Biocentrism 113

7 On being morally considerable 115 KENNETH E. GOODPASTER

8 The good of trees 132 ROBIN ATTFIELD 9 The ethics of respect for nature 151 PAUL W. TAYLOR

PART 4 173

10 Can and ought we to follow nature? 175 HOLMES ROLSTON, III

11 Against the inevitability of human chauvinism 199 VAL PLUMWOOD AND RICHARD SYLVAN 12 Appreciation and the natural environment 222 ALLEN CARLSON 13 The conceptual foundations of the land ethic 235 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT

PART 5 The possibility of 261

14 The nature and possibility of an environmental ethic 263 TOM REGAN 15 The justification of an environmental ethic 279 EVELYN B. PLUHAR 16 Duties concerning islands: of rights & obligations 294 MARY MIDGLEY

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PART 6 The intrinsic value of nature 309

17 The rights of non-humans and intrinsic values 311 WILLIAM GODFREY-SMITH

18 The varieties of intrinsic value 327 JOHN O'NEILL

19 Intrinsic value in nature: a metaethical analysis 345 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT

VOLUME II: SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume II 1

PART 1 Marxism and environmental philosophy 7

20 On the Marxian view of the relationship between man and nature 9 DONALD C. LEE

21 Karl Marx, alienation, and the mastery of nature 24 CHARLES TOLMAN

22 On Karl Marx as an environmental hero 36 VAL PLUMWOOD

23 Marxism, ecology, and technology 44 HWA YOL JUNG

PART 2 49

24 The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement: A summary 51 ARNE NAESS

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25 The Deep Ecology movement 57 BILL DEVALL

26 The deep ecological movement: some philosophical aspects 81 ARNENAESS

27 Conservation and self-realization: a Deep Ecology perspective 100 FREYA MATHEWS

28 The Deep Ecology-ecofeminism debate and its parallels 109 WARWICK FOX

PART 3 Ecofeminism 131

29 Deeper than Deep Ecology: the eco-feminist connection 133 ARIEL KAY SALLEH

30 Development, ecology, and women 140 VANDANA SHIVA

31 The power and the promise of ecological feminism 151 KAREN J. WARREN

32 Nature, self, and gender: feminism, environmental philosophy, and the critique of rationalism 173 VAL PLUMWOOD

33 The gender and environment debate: lessons from India 199 BINA AGARWAL

34 Ecofeminism: toward global justice and planetary health 234 GRETA GAARD AND LORI GRUEN

PART 4 Social Ecology 261

35 Social ecology versus 'Deep Ecology': a challenge for the ecology movement 263 MURRAY BOOKCHIN

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36 What is social ecofeminism? 279 JANET BIEHL

PART 5 Continental political ecology 297

37 The threat of ecofascism 299 MICHAEL E. ZIMMERMAN

38 Ethics, politics, science, and the environment 323 CATHERINE LARRERE

39 Nature as origin and difference: on environmental philosophy and continental thought 341 STEVEN VOGEL

40 To modernise or ecologise? That is the question 359 BRUNO LATOUR

VOLUME III: POLICY, PLURALISM, AND PRAGMATISM

Acknowledgements vii Introduction to Volume III 1

PART 1 Nature and rights 7

41 Should trees have standing?—toward legal rights for natural objects 9 CHRISTOPHER D. STONE

42 Anglo-American land use attitudes 58 EUGENE C. HARGROVE

43 Environmental ethics and nonhuman rights 86 BRYAN G. NORTON

44 The rights of the nonhuman world 107 MARY ANNE WARREN

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PART 2 Moral pluralism 129

45 Moral pluralism and the course of environmental ethics 131 CHRISTOPHER D. STONE

46 Moral pluralism and the environment 147 ANDREW BRENNAN

47 Minimal, moderate, and extreme moral pluralism 165 PETER S. WENZ

48 Value pluralism, incommensurability and institutions 180 JOHN O'NEILL

49 The case for a practical pluralism 195 ANDREW LIGHT

PART 3 Pragmatism 225

50 Environmental ethics and weak anthropocentrism 227 BRYAN G. NORTON

51 Beyond intrinsic value: pragmatism in environmental ethics 246 ANTHONY WESTON

52 Pragmatism and environmental thought 265 KELLY A. PARKER

53 The pragmatic power and promise of theoretical environmental ethics: forging a new discourse 279 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT

PART 4 Against economism 303

54 At the shrine of our Lady of Fatima or why political questions are not all economic 305 MARK SAGOFF CONTENTS

55 Valuing wildlands 320 HOLMES ROLSTON III

56 Selling environmental indulgences 347 ROBERT E. GOODIN

57 Are choices tradeoffs? 369 ALAN HOLLAND

VOLUME IV: ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS

Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume IV 1

PART 1 Poverty and population 7

58 The tragedy of the commons 9 GARRETT HARDIN

59 Feeding people versus saving nature? 23 HOLMES ROLSTON, III

60 The of the poor 41 RAMACHANDRA GUHA AND J. MARTINEZ-ALIER

61 Poverty, puritanism and environmental conflict 62 ANDREW BRENNAN

PART 2 Environmental justice and sustainability 89

62 Ethics, public policy, and global warming 91 DALE JAMIESON

63 Sustainability and intergenerational justice 105 BRIAN BARRY

64 Living for the city: urban United States and environmental justice 124 BILL LAWSON

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PART 3 Contrasting environments: the wilderness-urban axis 137 65 The value of wilderness 139 RODERICK NASH 66 Radical American environmentalism and wilderness preservation: a Third World critique 151 RAMACHANDRA GUHA 67 The incarceration of wildness: wilderness areas as prisons 164 THOMAS H. BIRCH 68 The urban blind spot in environmental ethics 189 ANDREW LIGHT 69 Towards an ethics (or at least a value theory) of the built environment 218 WARWICK FOX 70 Placing animals in urban environmental ethics 232 CLARE PALMER

PART 4 Species preservation 249

71 Why do species matter? 251 LILLY-MARLENE RUSSOW 72 Duties to endangered species 263 HOLMES ROLSTON III 73 On the inherent danger of undervaluing species 278 BRYAN G. NORTON

PART 5 Environmental conservation and restoration 303

74 Faking nature 305 ROBERT ELLIOT

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75 The big lie: human restoration of nature 318 ERIC KATZ

76 What is good ecological restoration? 329 ERIC S. HIGGS

77 Aesthetic character and aesthetic integrity in environmental conservation 351 EMILY BRADY

PART 6 Theory and practice 369

78 An apologia for activism: global responsibility, ethical advocacy, and environmental problems 371 KRISTIN SHRADER-FRECHETTE

79 The implicit practice of environmental philosophy 398 IRENE KLAVER

80 The missing shade of green 408 KATE RAWLES

VOLUME V: HISTORY AND CULTURE

Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume V 1

PART 1 Historical roots 7

81 The historical roots of our ecologic crisis 9 LYNN WHITE, Jr.

82 Discrepancies between environmental attitude and behaviour: examples from Europe and China 19 YI-FU TUAN

83 The ancient roots of our ecological crisis 36 J. DONALD HUGHES

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PART 2 Spinoza as deep ecologist? 43

84 Spinoza and ecology 45 ARNE NAESS

85 Spinoza's environmental ethics 52 GENEVIEVE LLOYD

86 Spinoza and ecology revisited 70 K. L. F. HOULE

PART 3 Process thinking and environmental philosophy 87

87 The rights of the subhuman world 89 CHARLES HARTSHORNE

88 Identity, community and the natural environment: some perspectives from process thinking 101 CLARE PALMER

PART 4 Gaia 113

89 Geophysiology—the science of Gaia 115 JAMES E. LOVELOCK

90 Forms of Gaian ethics 129 ANTHONY WESTON

91 The mechanical and the organic: on the impact of metaphor in science 144 DAVID ABRAM

PART 5 Cosmic awareness 159

92 Letting the world grow old: an ethos of countermodernity 161 FREYA MATHEWS

93 The neo-stoicism of radical environmentalism 181 JIM CHENEY

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PART 6 Asian philosophy and the environment 217

94 The Japanese appreciation of nature 219 YURIKO SAITO

95 On the environmental ethics of the Tao and the Ch'i 233 CHUNG-YING CHENG

96 Man and nature: toward a middle path of survival 253 DAVID J. KALUPAHANA

97 "Conceptual resources" in South Asia for "Environmental Ethics" 264 GERALD JAMES LARSON

PART 7 African and Australian philosophy and the environment 275

98 Wilderness and the Bantu mind 277 G. W. BURNETT AND KAMUYU WA KANG'ETHE

99 Mapping the mythological landscape: an aboriginal way of being-in-the-world 293 PAUL FAULSTICH

PART 8 Philosophy and ecology 315

100 The metaphysical implications of ecology 317 J. BAIRD CALLICOTT

101 Ecosystem ecology and metaphysical ecology: a case study 333 KAREN J. WARREN AND JIM CHENEY

102 The shifting paradigm in ecology 352 S. T. A. PICKETT AND RICHARD S. OSTFELD

Index 369

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