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Hydrogeochemistry ﺟﯾوﮐﻣﯾﺎء اﻟﻣﯾﺎه (G441)

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Hydrogeochemistry ﺟﯾوﮐﻣﯾﺎء اﻟﻣﯾﺎه (G441) Hydrogeochemistry جيوكمياء المياه (G441) Dr. Esam Abu El Sebaa Osman Ismail اعزائى الطﻻب برجاء التواصل عن طريق اﻻيميل التالى • [email protected] المحاضرة اﻻولى Hydrogeochemistry .The chemistry of ground and surface waters, particularly the relationship between the chemical characteristics and quality of waters and the areal and regional geology. .The study of the chemical composition of natural waters. .Chemistry of ground water and surface water. Surface water • Surface water is water on the surface of the planet such as in a river, lake, wetland, or ocean. • Non-saline surface water is replenished by precipitation and by recruitment from ground-water. It is lost through evaporation, seepage into the ground where it becomes ground-water, used by plants for transpiration, extracted by man kind for agriculture, living, industry etc. or discharged to the sea where it becomes saline. Groundwater • Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. • A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. • The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Water cycle • The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. • The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor. المحاضرة الثانية GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD • Electrical resistivity method is useful to investigate the nature of subsurface formations by studying the variations in their resistance to flow of electrical current and hence determine the occurrence of groundwater. • The objectives of this method in the field of groundwater exploration are to locate groundwater bearing formations, estimation of depth to the water table, thickness and lateral extent of aquifers, depth to bed rock, delineation of weathered zone, structures and stratigraphic conditions such as fractures, dykes etc., distribution and configuration of saltwater/fresh water interface, etc. GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD • The electrical resistivity method has particular advantage in hydrogeology because of its low cost, easy operation and efficacy to detect the water bearing formations. • Resistivity of geological formations vary significantly between their dry and saturated states. Resistivity values of rocks are controlled by chemical composition of the minerals, density, porosity, water content, water quality and temperature. GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD • The main aim of electrical resistivity survey is the measurement of electrical resistivity of the subsurface formations. In general, four electrodes are required to measure the resistivity of subsurface formations. Current T is sent through the earth formation through one pair of electrodes (A & B) called current electrodes. The potential difference (AV) produced as a result of current flow is measured across a second pair of electrodes (M&N) called potential electrodes. Sample collection • Surface water sampling • Groundwater sampling Sampling Problems • The first problem is the extent to which the sample may be representative of the water source of interest. Many water sources vary with time and with location. The measurement of interest may vary seasonally or from day to night or in response to some activity of man or natural populations of aquatic plants and animals. The measurement of interest may vary with distances from the water boundary with overlying atmosphere and underlying or confining soil. The sampler must determine if a single time and location meets the needs of the investigation, or if the water use of interest can be satisfactorily assessed by averaged values with time and location, or if critical maxima and minima require individual measurements over a range of times, locations or events. The sample collection procedure must assure correct weighting of individual sampling times and locations where averaging is appropriate. Sampling Problems • The second problem occurs as the sample is removed from the water source and begins to establish chemical equilibrium with its new surroundings – the sample container. Sample containers must be made of materials with minimal reactivity with substances to be measured; and pre-cleaning of sample containers is important. The water sample may dissolve part of the sample container and any residue on that container, or chemicals dissolved in the water sample may sorb onto the sample container and remain there when the water is poured out for analysis. Similar physical and chemical interactions may take place with any pumps, piping, or intermediate devices used to transfer the water sample into the sample container. Water collected from depths below the surface will normally be held at the reduced pressure of the atmosphere; so gas dissolved in the water may escape into unfilled space at the top of the container. Atmospheric gas present in that air space may also dissolve into the water sample. Other chemical reaction equilibria may change if the water sample changes temperature. Finely divided solid particles formerly suspended by water turbulence may settle to the bottom of the sample container, or a solid phase may form from biological growth or chemical precipitation. Microorganisms within the water sample may biochemically alter concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and organic compounds. Changing carbon dioxide concentrations may alter pH and change solubility of chemicals of interest. These problems are of special concern during measurement of chemicals assumed to be significant at very low المحاضرة الثالثة Field work • Temperature (OC):Water temperature naturally fluctuates both daily and seasonally varies with air temperature. Temperature affects the speed of chemical reaction; aquatic plants photosynthesize interaction of pollutants with aquatic residents, it can influence the solubility of dissolved oxygen (DO) Field work • Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Oxygen is required for the metabolism of aerobic organism. It influences inorganic chemical reaction. Oxygen is used as an indicator of water quality, that high concentration of oxygen indicates good water quality. Oxygen enters water through diffusion across the water’s surface by rapid movement as aeration. The amount of dissolved oxygen gas highly depends on temperature and sometimes on atmospheric pressure. Salinity influences the dissolved oxygen concentration which oxygen is low in highly saline water. The amount of any gas including the dissolved oxygen in water is inversely proportional to the temperature of the water; as temperature increase, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases Field work • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) are measures of water quality that reflect the degree of organic matter pollution. BOD is measure the amount of oxygen by aerobic micro-organism for their metabolic requirements during the break down of organic matter, with high BOD tends to have low dissolved oxygen concentrations. COD is measured of oxygen equivalent of the organic matter in water samples are susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidant, such as dichromate. Field work • Hydrogen ion - concentration (pH): The pH of aqueous solution is controlled by interrelated chemical reactions that produced or consume hydrogen ions. Water + - (H2O) molecules dissociate and form (H ) and hydroxyl (OH ) ions. If hydrogen ions more than hydroxyl ions, the water are acidic. If hydroxyl ions are abundant, the water is alkaline. The pH in the groundwater depends mainly on the composition of the rock and sediment which the water are migrating during it. is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions. More precisely it is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the hydrogen ion. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. Pure water is neutral, at pH 7 (25°C), being neither an acid nor a base. Field work • Electrical conductivity (E.C): Electrical conductivity measures the capacity of water to conduct an electrical current and it is a function of the types and quantities of dissolved substances in water. As concentration of dissolved ions increase, electrical conductivity of water also increases. It is expressed in units of micro mhos/cm at 25 degree Celsius or micro semen’s/cm. Field work • Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular (colloidal sol) suspended form. • Total dissolved
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