Sport and Multiculturalism (2004) EU
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG EDUCATION & CULTURE STUDIES ON EDUCATION AND SPORT SPORT AND MULTICULTURALISM (LOT 3) FINAL REPORT A Report by PMP in partnership with the Institute of Sport and Leisure Policy Loughborough University August 2004 CONTENTS Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................i Glossary of terms.................................................................................................................... iii Preface....................................................................................................................................iv Executive summary..................................................................................................................v Section 1: Aims and approach of the project ......................................................................... 1 The context.......................................................................................................................... 1 The brief .............................................................................................................................. 1 The research team .............................................................................................................. 2 The approach adopted ........................................................................................................ 3 The structure of the report................................................................................................... 4 Section 2: Sports policy and multiculturalism: a review of approaches in the 25 Member States...................................................................................................................................... 5 The nature of the data sought for Stages 1 and 2............................................................... 5 Models of nationality and citizenship and their implications for sports policy...................... 5 The French republican model.............................................................................................. 6 The German model of ethno-nationalism ............................................................................ 6 The Anglo-Saxon liberal individualist model of nationality and citizenship.......................... 6 The Polish context – an evolving European model ............................................................. 7 Approaches to national identity and citizenship .................................................................. 7 Categorising the policy positions of Member States ........................................................... 8 Section 3: Global, European and Member State initiatives in relation to sport and multi- cultural dialogue.................................................................................................................... 31 The research focus............................................................................................................ 31 Macro-level analysis: the EU and sport in a global context............................................... 32 The International Platform on Sport and Development ..................................................... 32 "Protect children in war" International Committee of the Red Cross - ICRC and UEFA.... 33 Sports Policy at the European Neighbourhood Level........................................................ 38 Meso level analysis: trans EU initiatives ........................................................................... 42 Major obstacles .................................................................................................................44 Micro level analysis: three types of policy initiative within the 25 Member States............. 46 Policies of social cohesion (sport and social Inclusion) versus policies of social diversity (sport and a multicultural society)...................................................................................... 46 Sport and social integration of refugees and asylum seekers........................................... 66 Positive elements of sport ................................................................................................. 74 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 74 Sport and national minorities............................................................................................. 77 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 79 Section 4: Conclusions and recommendations.................................................................... 84 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 84 Policy issues and recommendations arising from the study.............................................. 85 The promotion of awareness in the national policy systems of the use of sport to promote cultural dialogue ................................................................................................................ 85 Transnational minorities and the space for EU policy ....................................................... 86 Sport, cohesion and diversity, and the Structural Funds................................................... 87 The use of sport organisations for the promotion of educational message of respect for diversity ............................................................................................................................. 88 Sport, the EU’s ‘Neighbourhood Policy’ and external relations ......................................... 88 Sport and refugees and asylum seekers........................................................................... 89 Perceptions of sport by different religious and ethnic communities .................................. 90 The relationship of sport and health policy........................................................................ 91 Gender and the provision of sport to promote dialogue .................................................... 91 Aspects of good practice in the use of sport for promoting dialogue................................. 91 Good practice in the governance of sporting organisations serving culturally diverse communities ...................................................................................................................... 92 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 92 APPENDICES (UNDER SEPARATE COVER) Appendix A - Bibliography Appendix B - Stage 1 research templates Appendix C - Summary of situation in individual countries Appendix D - Sport, Multiculturalism and Integration: Background Concepts and Definitions Appendix E - Conference Report Appendix F - Sport, Multiculturalism and the Integration of Muslim Minorities in the European Union ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following colleagues and partners across Europe who have provided invaluable support for the project: Adam Aisen Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Copenhagen Verónica Afonso Lycée Secondaire Classique Robert-Schuman, Luxembourg Michael Aquilina University of Malta Dr. Corrado Beccarini Scuola dello Sport, CONI, Rome Dr. Ann Bourke University College, Dublin Professor Manuel Brito Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Portugal Dr. Rolf Carlson Stockholm University College of Physical Education Dr.Vilma Cingiene Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education Mag. Dr. Martina Gerhartl Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Austria Jan De Haese K U Leuven Belgium Michael Groll German Sport University, Cologne Dr. Tomas Gursky The Private Practice, Top-Fit, Bratislava, Slovakia Dr. Jan Janssens W.JH. Mulier Instituut, The Netherlands Jari Kanerva Finnish Society for Research in Sport and Physical Education Dr Chris Kennett Olympic Studies Centre, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Dr. Claude Legrand Institut National du Sport et de l’Education Physique, Paris Gyozo Molnar Loughborough University Dr Nicos Kartakoullis National Olympic Committee of Cyprus Dr Chris Kennett Olympic Studies Centre, Barcelona Laila Ottesen, University of Copenhagen Denis Musso Institut National du Sport et de l’Education Physique, Paris Dr. Rimantas Pacenka Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education Dr. Dimitra Papdimitrou University of Patras Dr. Karen Petry German Sport University, Cologne Professor Gertrud Pfister University of Copenhagen Olga Piperidou National Olympic Committee of Cyprus Rimantas Pacenka Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education Tomas Roztocil University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic Sport and multiculturalism - final report Page i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr Roberto San Salvador Instituto de Estdios de Ocio, Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao Ole Skjerk Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Copenhagen Brigita Stloukalova University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic Prof. Dr. Walter Tokarski German Sport University, Cologne Dr. Mateus Tusak University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Prof. Bart. Vanreusel K U Leuven Belgium Dr. Janis Zidens Latvian Academy of Sport Education Dr. Jolanta Zysko Jozef Pilsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw We would also like to thank our UK expert advisors group for their useful comments on the study Hazel Baird Head of Communities, Policy and