DOCSLIB.ORG

Connected Vehicles and Telematics Integration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Connected Vehicles and Telematics Integration Connected Vehicles and Telematics Integration The Challenge of Merging Diverse Digital Technologies Into the Emerging Automobile Driving Experience Intertek Testing Services 350 Sentry Parkway Building 670, 2nd Floor Blue Bell, PA 19422 www.intertek.com 1-800-WORLD LAB [email protected] Connected Vehicles and Telematics Integration Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 What are the Odds ................................................................................................ 3 Field Interoperability Testing and Certification ........................................................ 3 Second and Third Party Vendor Management ....................................................... 4 Security, Safety, Data and Brand Protection .......................................................... 4 Data Mining ............................................................................................................ 5 Divergent Life Spans .............................................................................................. 6 Customization to Your Business Needs ................................................................ 6 What Else to Test ................................................................................................... 7 Criteria for Selecting a Testing Partner .................................................................. 8 Summary ................................................................................................................ 8 Intertek is Already in the Driver’s Seat ................................................................... 9 Benefits of Working with Intertek ............................................................................ 9 Introduction The Global Policy Group® defines telematics as “The convergence of wireless communications, location technology and in-vehicle electronics which is being used to integrate the automobile into the information age.” It also represents the convergence of diverse professionals and departments, including IT, networking, manufacturing, engineering, software, hardware and more – across numerous supplier industries. In short, it is a very diverse merging of specialized experts and industries attempting to integrate a new, dynamic and highly complex field. As telematics has revolutionized the consumer driving experience, the risk of incompatible technologies, failures and consumer dissatisfaction has also risen. Auto makers are integrating their on-board systems with numerous different mobile phone models, carriers, Bluetooth technologies, GPS systems, mp3 players, touch screens, voice recognition, safety monitoring, even life-saving capabilities. It spans numerous categories, like fleet tracking, vehicle rentals, emergency response vehicles, field service vehicles and more. Each of these diverse applications has the potential to impact the other’s performance. Also, with the constant upgrades and innovations, there’s no assurance that every new situation and application is going to be compatible with every other new situation or application. The auto industry has already suffered a few setbacks and disappointed consumers with early efforts to merge technologies into one integrated system. The Ford Motor Company is to be commended for its pioneering effort to merge technologies with their own “SYNC®” www.intertek.com 1 Connected Vehicles and Telematics Integration system, but they paid a price in customer alienation and brand image with its many glitches. Later it was re-launched as SYNC generation 2, then MyFord Touch. During that time, the brand fell from 10th place to 20th in Consumer Reports’ reliability rankings and likewise fell in the J.D. Power quality survey. www.intertek.com 2 Connected Vehicles and Telematics Integration There’s no debate about the popularity and new revenue potential of telematics. It is also a key means for auto manufacturers to differentiate their product hierarchies. However, telematics is a new, evolving area with little infrastructure. Each manufacturer is setting up its own closed system and forging new partnerships, often without proper accounting for all the potential risks. Compatibility with 150 mobile phones is laudable, but what about the other hundreds models and their respective carriers? As telematics, and the divergent technologies and suppliers it includes, continues to grow, one thing is certain – it is only going to get more complicated and prone to error. This document will give an overview of telematics, detail some of the cautions and processes a manufacturer must consider, and suggest solutions that can ultimately assure the driver’s positive experience, enhance the brand’s image and protect it from a perception and quality standpoint. What are the Odds? Presently, there are over 3500 mobile devices at play in the marketplace. They represent carriers, device manufacturers, component suppliers and more. Many have design schemes unto themselves with their own compatibility considerations. There is no one- size-fits-all since every device behaves differently in different situations – Bluetooth pairing, cross-manufacturer components, signal carriers, locality, software, environment and more. This gets even more complex with firmware updates on previously released handsets and devices. Beyond that, consider all the other coordinated telematics categories, like GPS systems, voice recognition, satellite radio and more. This is a market growth area for the automotive industry and its continued fast expansion is inevitable. As auto manufacturers attempt to design integrated closed systems and exercise centralized control, the fact is all these variables ultimately come into play and can have a ripple effect on the system’s interoperability. Generally, consumers are unaware of the complexities and numerous suppliers involved in their driving experience. If a problem occurs, they generally place the blame on the auto manufacturer. In the end, what is at stake is the auto maker’s brand and reputation for innovation. Field Interoperability Testing and Certification Systems can perform one way in one region or environment and differently in another due to different carriers, roaming, high-low cell connectivity, tier three carriers, different radio frequency and network conditions, weather, even rush hour traffic. Testing should involve as many conditions as possible in the field. It should include carrier-specific requirements, industry standards, system acquisition, device call delivery, voice quality, data performance and feature capabilities. www.intertek.com 3 Connected Vehicles and Telematics Integration Second and Third-party Vendor Management A telematics third party manufacturing partner often relies on other third parties with whom the auto manufacturer isn’t necessarily aligned. For example, a single mobile device often behaves differently when operating with different signal carriers because of variations in programming. So a roaming device is susceptible to changes. Worse yet, programming incompatibilities with a new signal carrier can cause operational failures. Variances can also occur across different device manufactures, platform vendors, peripheral vendors and software developers. Each may be operating under a different set of programming commands from the other. For these reasons manufacturers must have a comprehensive vendor management system in place that is constantly proactive. This can be a vertical in- house department or an independent vendor management partner. An independent firm can also function as a buffer between the manufacturer and the soliciting vendors, sparing the manufacturer from the sales calls, evaluations, verifications, dismissals and the awkward act of saying, “No.” It can also monitor smaller upstart vendors, possibly with weaker applications. Security, Safety, Data and Brand Protection Every application and all of its lines of code should be tested for security to prevent any unwanted source from taking over any piece of the vehicle performance. It is vital to assure there can be no hacking or tampering with the vehicle’s system in any manner. Likewise, the manufacturer’s policies and brand should be protected to assure no inappropriate content, unwanted intrusion or tampering can infiltrate and interfere with a program. Policy testing is recommended to prevent such incursions. www.intertek.com 4 Connected Vehicles and Telematics Integration Another major concern today is driver distraction. This includes the areas of functionality and driver interaction. It is vital to classify and measure any potential driver distraction in all telematics operations. In addition, e-911, vehicle assist and emergency response systems should be tested for a variety of situations, such as the actual car location, network provider and network connectivity. Likewise, vehicle diagnostic systems should be tested throughout. Data Mining Telematics provides auto makers the invaluable opportunity to track the vehicle’s usage and performance, so testing should assure that device event logging and data mining are optimal, and that there is a robust data analysis for future customized planning and design. Again, the behavioral differences cited above among vendor products and their suppliers make testing crucial across all components. Beyond vehicle performance, data mining and www.intertek.com 5 Connected Vehicles and Telematics Integration connectivity have mushroomed into
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Survey: Customer Perception of Smart Key Systems in China
    Survey: Customer perception of smart key systems in China Did you know that more than 60% of car owners do not fully understand how to use their smart key systems? As an OEM or Tier 1 supplier can you afford not to know what customers really think? Insight Knowledge gap on smart key functionality 84% 88% 78% 47% 40% 33% Do you expect smart key to be standard on your next vehicle? 96% 2% 2% were undecided This research reveals telling statistics on how Expectations are unanimous for how a smart key OEMs are performing in the eyes of their customers system should function. and details what steps could be made to improve smart key in the future. By comparing the customer expectations for their next vehicle with what OEMs are currently offering, The results show just how little owners know about there are clear areas for improvement. the systems they own. Only half of those surveyed were able to accurately describe how to unlock and lock their When customers were asked how smart key should car using the smart key functionality. be offered by the OEM, 96% expected smart key as standard on their next vehicle.. Emphasising the current consumer awareness of the technology, this research looks at the perception of Another finding is whether the day-to-day usability of smart key in China amongst smart key owners. This the key fob needs improvement to make it more survey asks consumers about their expectations for convenient. Interestingly, the results showed a future systems and reviews their satisfaction of the variation between owners of different vehicles.
    [Show full text]
  • Rolls-Royce Cardata Telematics Data Catalogue
    Rolls-Royce CarData Telematics Data Catalogue The Rolls-Royce CarData Telematics Data Catalogue provides you with an explanation of the telematics data that your motorcar regularly sends to Rolls-Royce as part of the Rolls-Royce Teleservice service. This includes vehicle metrics and measurements generated by sensors in your motorcar, such as the mileage and check control messages. The telematics data has been divided into the following categories: ‘Vehicle status data’, ‘Usage-based data’, and ‘Events-related data’ for easy reference. The below list details all available data elements, however please note that the quantity and type of telematics data transmitted by each motorcar will vary, depending on the vehicle and drive type, the model, the model year and special accessories. Basic data of a vehicle CarData Element Description This value indicates a list of basic vehicle data, e. g. vehicle brand and full Basic vehicle data model name. List of optional This value indicates a list with information about the optional equipment of equipment the vehicle. Data on the status of a motorcar CarData Element Description Availability of This value indicates whether teleservices are available for this teleservices¹ vehicle. Battery voltage¹ The value indicates the current battery voltage in the vehicle's electrical system. This value is always given in voltage, e. g. 14. 4 V. Check control Check control monitors functions in the vehicle and notifies the user messages¹ when there is a fault in the monitored system. A check control message is displayed as a combination of indicator lights or warning lights and text messages on the dashboard, and on the head-up display, if applicable.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of the Impact of a Telematics System on Safe and Fuel-Efficient Driving in Trucks
    Study of the Impact of a Telematics System on Safe and Fuel-efficient Driving in Trucks April 2014 FOREWORD Phase I of the Motor Carrier Efficiency Study (MCES) identified a broad array of technology applications that have the potential to leverage advancements in wireless communications. With the commercial rollout of fourth-generation (commonly called 4G) wireless telecommunications systems, creative developers have greater opportunity to develop useful tools to exploit high- speed, data-rich communications networks. The convergence of advanced wireless capabilities and increasingly sophisticated onboard computing capabilities presents a timely opportunity to explore new ways to improve commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver performance, and simultaneously enhance CMV safety and fuel efficiency. This report is an evaluation of the use of telematics systems focusing on safe and fuel-efficient driving. Telematics is technology that combines telecommunications (i.e., the transmission of data from on-board vehicle sensors) and global positioning system (GPS) information (i.e., time and location) to monitor driver and vehicle performance. NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its contents or the use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the contractor, who is responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the U.S. Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers named herein. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • DEVELOPING GUIDELINES for MANAGING DRIVER WORKLOAD and DISTRACTION ASSOCIATED with TELEMATIC DEVICES Donald Bischoff Executive D
    DEVELOPING GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING DRIVER WORKLOAD AND DISTRACTION ASSOCIATED WITH TELEMATIC DEVICES Donald Bischoff BACKGROUND Executive Director NHTSA (retired), Chairman Driver Focus-Telematics Working Group On July 18, 2000 the National Highway Traffic United States Safety Administration (NHTSA) held a public Paper Number 07-0082 meeting to address growing concern over motor vehicle crashes and driver use of cellular telephones ABSTRACT and other electronic distractions present in the vehicle. At that meeting, NHTSA challenged The explosive growth of in-vehicle telematic devices industry to respond to the rising concern in this area. has brought with it a safety concern since there is the potential for distraction of the driver away from the As a result of this challenge, the Alliance agreed to driving task. To address this concern the Alliance of develop a “best practices” document to address Automobile Manufacturers (Alliance) formed a work essential safety aspects of driver interactions with group of experts from the auto industry, government future in-vehicle information and communication and other stakeholders (ITSA, SAE, CEA, AAA, systems. These systems, also known as “telematic” NSC, TMA and others) and tasked them with devices, include such items as cellular telephones, developing a “best practices” document to address navigation systems, or Internet links. In December essential safety aspects of driver interactions with 2000, the Alliance submitted to NHTSA a future information and communication systems. This comprehensive list of draft principles related to the effort, which has been ongoing for 6 years, has design, installation and use of future telematic produced 3 iterations of the document “Statement of devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Smartphone-Based Vehicle Telematics — a Ten-Year Anniversary Johan Wahlstrom,¨ Isaac Skog, Member, IEEE, and Peter Handel,¨ Senior Member, IEEE
    Internet of Things Telematics Vehicle Telematics Smartphone-based Vehicle Telematics Smartphone-based Vehicle Telematics — A Ten-Year Anniversary Johan Wahlstrom,¨ Isaac Skog, Member, IEEE, and Peter Handel,¨ Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—Just like it has irrevocably reshaped social life, Estimated market value: the fast growth of smartphone ownership is now beginning to revolutionize the driving experience and change how we think 263 about automotive insurance, vehicle safety systems, and traffic Internet of Things research. This paper summarizes the first ten years of research in smartphone-based vehicle telematics, with a focus on user- 138 friendly implementations and the challenges that arise due to Telematics the mobility of the smartphone. Notable academic and industrial projects are reviewed, and system aspects related to sensors, Vehicle Telematics 45 energy consumption, cloud computing, vehicular ad hoc net- [Billion dollars] works, and human-machine interfaces are examined. Moreover, we highlight the differences between traditional and smartphone- Smartphone-based based automotive navigation, and survey the state-of-the-art Vehicle Telematics By 2020 By 2019 in smartphone-based transportation mode classification, driver classification, and road condition monitoring. Future advances are expected to be driven by improvements in sensor technology, evidence of the societal benefits of current implementations, and the establishment of industry standards for sensor fusion and Fig. 1. A Venn diagram illustrating the relation between the internet of things, telematics, vehicle telematics, and smartphone-based vehicle telemat- driver assessment. ics. Predicted market values are $263 billion (internet of things, by 2020) [2], Index Terms—Smartphones, internet-of-things, telematics, ve- $138 billion (telematics, by 2020) [7], and $45 billion (vehicle telematics, by hicle navigation, usage-based-insurance, driver classification.
    [Show full text]
  • Overcoming Speed Bumps on the Road to Telematics
    Overcoming speed bumps on the road to telematics Challenges and opportunities facing auto insurers with and without usage-based programs A research report by the Deloitte Center for Financial Services About the authors Sam Friedman is the insurance research leader at Deloitte’s Center for Financial Services in New York. He joined Deloitte in 2010 after a three-decade career as a business journalist, most promi- nently as group editor-in-chief of property-casualty insurance publications, websites, and events for National Underwriter, where he published an award-winning blog and magazine column. At Deloitte, his research has explored consumer behavior and preferences in auto, home, life, and small business insurance. Additional studies have examined how financial services providers might more effectively help individuals finance their retirements, as well as the potential for greater privatization of federal flood insurance. Michelle Canaan is a manager with the Deloitte Center for Financial Services in New York. With a background in the financial services industry, Canaan joined Deloitte’s Capital Markets practice in November 2000. Over the past 10 years, she has served as a subject matter specialist for Deloitte’s Market Intelligence group, with a focus on the insurance sector. She produces insurance-related thoughtware for the organization’s insurance practice as well as for external audiences. Contents Overview: Have we reached a point of no return on telematics? | 2 Creating a niche: How big is the market for UBI products? | 4 Overcoming
    [Show full text]
  • News Release
    News Release VOXX Electronics to Introduce and Showcase New Products Across Its Vehicle Security and ADAS Product Lines at CES 2020 LAS VEGAS, NV– JANUARY 6, 2020 – LVCC – CENTRAL HALL BOOTH 13517 –VOXX Electronics Corporation (VEC), a wholly-owned subsidiary of VOXX International Corporation (NASDAQ: VOXX), announced today new product introductions from the Company’s Vehicle Security and ADAS product lines that will be showcased within the VOXX International booth at the 2020 Consumer Electronics Show (CES). “We have added products to our expanded ADAS and convenience product lines this year. From our expanding power lift-gate applications, to new back-up cameras with better vision technology and state-of-the-art blind spot sensor solutions, as well as Gentex Auto Dimming Mirrors and new HomeLink Connect. We can equip car dealers with profitable safety and convenience products that consumers demand in today’s vehicles,” said Aron Demers, Senior Vice President, VOXX Electronics Corporation. “We are also bringing new developments to our telematics family of products, all CarLink and Pursuit SVR systems now operate on the latest 4G cellular network providing fast, reliable communication.” New products that will be on display in VOXX International’s booth include: The best of a mirror display and backup camera all in one! The Gentex Full Display Mirror was designed to enhance driving safety by optimizing the driver’s rear visibility and help eliminate blind spots. It functions as a standard automatic dimming rear view mirror, but with the flip of a lever, a custom high-dynamic-range imager captures video of the vehicle’s rear view and streams it to a unique mirror-integrated LCD display.
    [Show full text]
  • Vehicle Safety Technology Final Report March 2018
    Vehicle Safety Technology Final Report March 2018 Through the Pilot, TLC hoped to evaluate the Executive Summary potential impact of the technology on crash In February 2014, New York City released the rates. In the Pilot, most participants tested either Vision Zero Action Plan with the goal to end all driver alert systems or black box recording traffic-related deaths by 2024. As the regulator of systems. Vehicles with driver alert systems over 120,000 vehicles licensed for hire and the exhibited an overall decrease in lane departure, more than 180,000 drivers who drive them, TLC tailgating, and forward collision warnings over has a central role in Vision Zero through adopting time, while warnings for harsh braking or policies and testing technologies which target acceleration showed little change over time. The unsafe driver behaviors. crash rates per participating vehicle did not show Among TLC-licensed drivers, the top contributing a clear decline over the course of the program. factors for traffic collisions include driver However, most data provided by participants in inattentiveness, failure to yield to pedestrians, the Pilot were collected without identifying driver and following too closely1. Today, advanced information, making it difficult to determine collision warning and prevention systems are whether specific drivers were consistently gradually being introduced for some vehicle exposed to VST in a way that could meaningfully models. These systems include features such as impact crash rates. In addition, the status of automatic braking, blind spot monitoring and many drivers as independent contractors may lane departure warnings. While these features also impact the efficacy of VST, as many of these are not yet standard for all vehicle models2, systems contemplate more active fleet aftermarket solutions are also available that management.
    [Show full text]
  • Vehicle Telematics Via Exteroceptive Sensors: a Survey Fernando Molano Ortiz, Matteo Sammarco, Lu´Is Henrique M
    1 Vehicle Telematics Via Exteroceptive Sensors: A Survey Fernando Molano Ortiz, Matteo Sammarco, Lu´ıs Henrique M. K. Costa, Senior Member, IEEE and Marcin Detyniecki Abstract—Whereas a very large number of sensors are avail- drivers, passengers and the environment around the vehicle. able in the automotive field, currently just a few of them, mostly Figure 1 shows a projection of the electronics market growth proprioceptive ones, are used in telematics, automotive insurance, between 2018 and 2023 [5]. Automotive electronics forecast is and mobility safety research. In this paper, we show that exteroceptive sensors, like microphones or cameras, could replace only comparable to industrial electronics, pushed by the fourth proprioceptive ones in many fields. Our main motivation is to industrial revolution. provide the reader with alternative ideas for the development of Vehicles are today equipped with a myriad of sensors, which telematics applications when proprioceptive sensors are unusable integrate different systems and help to improve, adapt, or for technological issues, privacy concerns, or lack of availability in commercial devices. We first introduce a taxonomy of sensors automate vehicle safety and driving experience. These systems in telematics. Then, we review in detail all exteroceptive sensors assist drivers by offering precautions to reduce risk exposure of some interest for vehicle telematics, highlighting advantages, or by cooperatively automating driving tasks, with the aim drawbacks, and availability in off-the-shelf devices. Successively, of minimizing human errors [6]. Typically, counting only on we present a list of notable telematics services and applications in measurements from internal (“proprioceptive”) sensors is not research and industry like driving profiling or vehicular safety.
    [Show full text]
  • The First LTE Car Phone with Telematics Features for Fixed Installation
    PTCarPhone 6 The First LTE Car Phone with Telematics Features for Fixed Installation www.malux.fi PTCarPhone ✓ LTE / 3G / 4G Stand-alone system with SIM card tray ✓ Reachability does not depend on the phones battery ✓ Very safe from theft, loss or defect ✓ Removable handset for discreet phone calls ✓ WiFi hotspot – Share your mobile internet connection ✓ Integrated GPS module; Position location, Route recording, Geofencing ✓ Compatible with BRIDGE - the new web platform ✓ Extensive range of accessories ✓ 6 digital I/O ports Enables several individual functions ✓ Excellent voice and audio quality and Perfect reception due to connections for external antennas ✓ Individual adjustable restrictions; Incoming and outgoing calls, SMS messages, Phone number restriction (FDN function) LTE / VoLTE / WiFi Hotspot The First LTE Car Phone with Telematics Features for Fixed Installation • LTE with multi-antenna technology • Even better reception than the predecessors • Two SMA connections for "LTE MIMO antenna" • VoLTE support → significantly better voice and audio quality, both in hands-free mode and in private mode with the handset WiFi Hotspot - Share your Mobile Internet Connection via WiFi ◼ Mobile wireless internet access ◼ Perfect for mobile (e.g. laptop, tablet) or stationary devices (e.g. vehicle computers) ◼ Up to 10 devices at the same time ◼ Various wireless security settings (as secure as your home network) GPS Tracking and BRIDGE Web Platform Integrated GPS Module • Standard equipment of the PTCarPhone 6 • Enables various telematics functions,
    [Show full text]
  • Telematics in Auto Insurance
    Telematics in Auto Insurance Sam Madden • Chief Scientist • [email protected] https://cmt.ai CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY Our Mission: To make the world’s roads & drivers safer Artificial Behavioral Mobile Internet of Intelligence Science Sensing Things (IoT) Select US Customers Select Global Customers DriveWell A complete mobile telematics and behavioral analytics solution • Measure driving behavior with our mobile SDK and Trip Processing • Collect even more data with Tag • Offer better pricing with Score • Improve driving behavior with Engage • Reduce commercial risk with Fleet Solutions Enabled: Try Before You Buy, Pay How You Drive, Pay by Distance, and more Why Telematics in Auto Insurance? • Telematics is truly predictive of crash risk • Consumers gain more control over their premiums • Enables rate transparency • Raises awareness of risky driving behaviors and how to improve them • Lowers the number of crashes • Aligns with public safety efforts to lower road fatalities • Telematics is an equitable and fair measure of risk Overview of Telematics Technology Technology What It Is What It Measures How Policyholders Engage With It OBD-II • Measures vehicle behavior Speed, trip distance/time, idling, • Insurance company sends • Connected to vehicle’s on-board and device to policyholder who diagnostics port harsh braking installs it in the car • Policyholder sends back the OBD dongle after 90 days, on average Mobile • Measures driver and vehicle behavior Phone use while vehicle is moving, • Policyholder downloads the • Smartphone app
    [Show full text]
  • Onboard Telematics for Automobile: a Blessing in Disguise
    ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 Onboard Telematics for automobile: A blessing in disguise Arjun Reddy BCA Student, IFIM College, Bangalore [email protected] Prof. Veena. N Assistant Professor, IFIM College, Bangalore [email protected] Dr. Lakshmi. P Assistant Professor, IFIM College, Bangalore [email protected] Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2020 1275 http://adalyajournal.com/ ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 Abstract The modern telematics methods have a great deal of applications in teleservices and the impact on the engineering methods and applications is very huge. Telematics is a field which cartels together the telecommunications and vehicular technologies which mainly highlight on road safety, road transportation, and how it can be amalgamated with computer science. It is the technology of that is used to control remote objects such as automobiles by sending, receiving and storing information by using the telecommunication devices. The paper is done to analyze the possibilities of telematics to understand the performance of the fleet which in turn leads to the fuel efficiency tracking, fault code information for fleet health and also the behaviors of the driver for better safety management, using telematics in vehicles so that the organizations can access the critical data such as the GPS location, the movement made by the vehicle which can be seen in the accelerograph, and the data related to the engine which can be obtained from vehicle diagnostics data bus. Key words: Telematics, trailer tracking, GPS, transportation. Introduction Telematics has a very important role in today’s transportation and automobile infrastructure. Telematics is a reliable and also an essential way to improve the safety for the automobiles while they are in motion.
    [Show full text]