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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

On request, the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, will place your name on a special mailing list to receive notices of new reports in this series as soon as they are issued. There will be no charge for receiving such notices. An alternative method is to deposit with the Superintendent of Documents the sum of $5, with the request that the reports be sent to you as soon as issued, and that the cost thereof be charged against your deposit. This will provide for the mailing of the publications without delay. You will be notified when the amount of your deposit has become exhausted. If 100 copies or more of any report are ordered at one time, a discount of 25 percent is allowed. Send all orders and remittances to the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

The following publications in this series are available by purchase from the Super- intendent of Documents at the indicated:

BMSl Research on Building Materials and Structures for Use in Low-Cost Housing lOfi BMS2 Methods of Determining the Structural of Low-Cost 10^ BMS3 Suitability of Fiber Insulating Lath as a Plaster Base 10^ BMS4 Accelerated Aging of Fiber Building Boards 10^ BMS5 Structural Properties of Six Masonry Constructions 15^ BMS6 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Southeastern States 15^ BMS7 Water Permeability of Masonry 10^ BMS8 Methods of Investigation of Surface Treatment for Corrosion Protection of Steel 10^ BMS9 Structural Properties of the Insulated Steel Co.'s "Frameless-Steel" Con- structions for Walls, Partitions, , and Roofs 10^ BMSIO Structural Properties of One of the "Keystone Beam Steel " Constructions Spon- sored by the H. H. Robertson Co 10(4 BMSll Structural Properties of the Curren Fabrihome Corporation's "Fabrihome" Construc- tions for Walls and Partitions 10(4 BMS12 Structural Properties of "Steelox" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by Steel , Inc 15^ BMS13 Properties of Some Fiber Building Boards of Current Manufacture 10^ BMS14 Indentation and Recovery of Low-Cost Floor Coverings 10^ BMSl 5 Structural Properties of "Wheeling Long-Span Steel Floor" Construction Sponsored by the Wheeling Corrugating Co 10|4 BMS16 Structural Properties of a "Tilecrete" Floor Construction Sponsored by Tilecrete Floors, Inc lOfJ BMS17 Sound Insulation of Wall and Floor Constructions 10(4 Supplement to BMS 17, Sound Insulation of Wall and Floor Constructions 5^ BMS18 Structural Properties of "Pre-fab" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by the Harnischfeger Corporation 10(4 BMS19 Preparation and Revision of Building Codes 150 BMS20 Structural Properties of "Tw&chtman" Constructions for Walls and Floors Sponsored by Connecticut Pre-Cast Buildings Corporation 100 BMS21 Structural Properties of a Concrete-Block Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association 100 BMS22 Structural Properties of "Dun-Ti-Stone" Wall Construction Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 100 BMS23 Structural Properties of a Brick Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the Brick Manufacturers Association of New York, Inc 10(6 BMS24 Structural Properties of a Reinforced-Brick Wall Construction and a Brick-Tile Cavity- Wall Construction Sponsored by the Structural Clay Products Institute 100 BMS25 Structural Properties of Conventional Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs 150 BMS26 Structural Properties of "Nelson Pre-Cast Concrete " WaU Construction Sponsored by the Nelson Cement Stone Co., Inc 100 BMS27 Structural Properties of "Bender Steel " Wall Construction Sponsored by the Bender Body Co 100 BMS28 Backflow Prevention in Over-Rim Water Supplies 100 BMS29 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Northeastern States 100 BMS30 Structural Properties of a Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Douglas Fir Plywood Association 100 BMS31 Structural Properties of "Insulite" Wall and "Insulite" Partition Constructions Spon- sored by The Insulite Co 150

[List continued on cover page iii] DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Jesse H. Jones, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lyman J. Briggs, Director

BUILDING MATERIALS and STRUCTURES

REPORT BMS91

A Glossary of Housing Terms

compiled by

Subcommittee on Definitions Central Housing Committee on Research, Design, and Construction

ISSUED SEPTEMBER 3, 1942

The National Bureau of Standards is a fact-finding organization;

it does not "approve" any particular material or method of con-

struction. The technical findings in this series ot reports are to

be construed accordingly.

• UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • WASHINGTON 1942

FOR SALE BY • THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, D. C. I 5 CENTS Foreword

A common terminolog}^ is always helpful in discussing any svibject. In the case of housing, Avhere there are many different opinions on what should be done and a large and growing vocabulaiy, it is especially important that some means should be provided for ascer- taining what is meant when a particular term is employed. This Glossary has been prepared by a representative committee, which has sought to record usage rather than to fix meanings arbitrarily. It is believed that the existence of such a document will assist in a better understanding of the many problems in the housing field.

Lyman J. Briggs, Director. Glossary of Housing Terms

Compiled by Subcommittee on Definitions of the Central Housing Committee on Research, Design, and Construction Robert Dter and Robert Turner, Brown Rolston, Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Federal Housing Administration. Carl R. Mahder and Roy S. Braden, George N. Thompson, Farm Secm-ity Administration. National Bui-eau of Standards. Wm. V. Reed and Samuel Ratensky, Henry H. Waples, United States Housing Authority. Public Buildings Administration.

J. Stanley Young, Secretary and Acting Chairman. Federal Housing Administration

INTRODUCTION , appraisal, assessment, construc- tion, , engineering, finance, law, real The purpose of this Glossary is to bring to- estate, sociology, planning, and . gether for the convenient use of all persons Nine lists of related terms were prepared and concerned with housing the generally accepted circidated among advisers who were requested definitions of a limited number of terms cur- to suggest changes, eliminations, and additions. rently used in housing literature with defini- The extensive and studied suggestions received tions of closely related terms which are not from all sources were reviewed at length by fully defined in their special application to the Subcommittee. Definitions acceptable to present-day housing in most dictionaries or the membership were then formulated. Re- glossaries. The compilers of this edition of the visions and additions have been made in all Glossary have found, as did the committee m categories; but additions are most extensive in charge of the first edition of the Glossary, that the fields of landscape and construction work, even in a 5-year period meanings have under- where it was felt considerable confusion exists gone transitions, and some terms have appar- regarding many definitions. It was deemed ently lost their usefulness, and that many new advisable, where Govermnent agencies have words have appeared. adopted special definitions for use in then- The first edition of "A Glossary of Housmg work, to include many of those definitions in Terms," issued in 1937, was compiled by a com- the Glossary, noting their source and variation, mittee from the five Federal agencies principally if any, with the generally accepted definitions. concerned with housing at that time and in- The Glossary is subject to further expansion cluded definitions of approximately four hun- and revision. dred and seventy terms. This edition, the The cooperation of the Subcommittees on second, is a revision and expansion of the first Accounting, Landscape, and Fire Resistance edition and includes definitions of approximate- has been most helpful in this compilation. The ly eight hundred terms. contributions of advisers in specialized fields The work of revision was begun in January are gratefully acknowledged, particularly those 1940, and included a review of definitions of of Ayers J. duBois, Harold B. Biu-sley, Adelaide housing terms included in dictionaries and R. Hasse, Henry V. Hubbard, Isadoro Qumtana, glossaries, in codes and statutes, particularly Kenneth H. N. Newton, Horace W. Peaslee, those revised or issued since 1937, and in all and William A. Strong. Valuable assistance literattire issued by Government agencies con- has been i:endered by Elinor Dodds' of the cerned with housing. Public Relations Committee and Rosa L. In selecting the terms for inclusion in the Hanna, compiler, both from the Office of 1942 edition of the Glossary, the Subcommittee Government Reports, and by George E. Umhau, on Definitions has been guided largely by of the National Bureau of Standards, who advisers in specialized fields of accountmg. supervised the final revision. '

LISTING OF TERMS

The majority of terms in this Glossary are trical terms; types; estate; fee types; Hsted alphabetically. However, for convenience framing systems; gi-ade; grading; ; house in comparing the definitions of related terms, types; housing; ; lot types; lumber; mea- associated terms have been grouped together surements; mortgage loans; mortgage types; alphabetically and listed under the following ; partition types; plan types; plan- main terms, which will be found in their proper ning; plaxits; terms; types; alphabetical location in the Glossary: rafter types; rent; rights; types; ; types; apartment-house types; space; ; stairway types; traffic ways; uses; areas; buildings; construction types; corpora- ventilation; walls; types. tion depreciation dwelling types ; elec- ; ; ;

A —amenity income.—The services, satisfactions, or abstract. —In general: A summary of the pertinent benefits derived from owner occupancy of amenity- items in a document or documents, such as a deed. income dwelling properties. (Differentiated from abstract of title. —A summary of all conveyances, "monetary income".) such as or wills and legal proceedings, giving —amenity-income dwelling.—A residential prop- the names of the parties, the description of the land, erty which is of such quality and so located as to be and the agreements, arranged to show the continuity appealing to typical persons for the purpose of owner of ownership. occupancy. (Differentiated from "rental-income accrual. —In accounting: Sums which have accumu- dwelling or property".) lated or a sum to be accumulated in a regularly amortization.—In accounting: The scheduled liquida- recurring period. tion of a long-term debt. acoustic tile. — Tile designed and constructed to absorb amphitheater.—A structure, usually without roof, sound. having an open platform, an open space in front acreage. —Land which has not been subdivided and of the platform, and seats rising in tiers about the which is customarily measured in terms of acres open space. The space below the seats may be rather than in front feet or square feet. occupied as a building. addition. —Any construction which increases the area apartment.—A living unit or a suite of rooms in a or cubic contents of a building. {Compare altera- building containing three or more living units having tion.) some common services or facilities, or both, and air conditioning. The simultaneous control of tem- served by a common entrance . {See house — ; perature, humidity, movement, and purity of air in apartment house; living unit; flat.) buildings. apartment house: alcove.—A large recess connected v/ith or opening off 1. A building containing three or more living units a . having common services or facilities, or both, alignment.—The course or location of elements of and served by a common entrance hall. design or construction in relation to a determined 2. A structure two or more stories in height under one; line. roof, designed for the accommodation of two or alley. (See traffic ways: alley. more families. {Compare apartment; tenement.) —alley influence. —The effect caused by an alley on apartment types: the of abutting or nearby property. — apartment.—An apartment having two allotment garden. See garden, allotment. stories. alteration: —gallery apartment.—An apartment in a building

1. Any change in exit facilities, structural parts, or two or more stories high, accessible solely from an mechanical equipment which does not increase open or gallery. {See also apartment- the cubic content of a building. house types: gallery apartment house.) 2. Any change, addition, or modification in con- —housekeeping apartment.—An apartment provid- struction or occupancy. {Compare addition.) ing complete living facilities, including cOoking. amenities. —Satisfactions derived from ownership or — apartment.—An apartment providing occupancy, or both, of a property because of qualities limited space and equipment for cooking. {See also of excellence which characterize the property and its rooms: kitchenette.)

surroundings. In appraising: The term is most • —nonhousekeeping apartment.—An apartment

' frequently used in connection with considerations without cooking facilities. relating to properties which typically are strongly apartment hotel. —A hotel in which the majorityi appealing to prospective buyers for owner occupancy., of are designed for extended occupancy.

[2] —

apart merit -house types: munity of people- arc predominantlj^ subject to the —cooperative apartment house. —An apartment same influences. It may be small, as in the case of a honse in which the a]mrtments are held by different village, or large, as in the case of a city together with persons, usually stockholders in a corporation that its entire environing metropolitan area. (Frorn holds title to the building and owns or the Federal Housing Administration "Underwriting Man- land on which it is located. payments, general ual," 1938.) expenses, and payments on loans (if any) — floor area. —In building regulations: The fitjor space are collectively prorated among the stockholders, enclosed by exterior walls, fire walls, or fire partitions, who ha\-e a voting right in the management and sale or by a combination of them. of stock. (Compare house types: coopeuative —gross floor area. —The total area of a flour of a .) building or building unit, measuring from inside —corridor-type apartment house. —An apartment surfaces of enclosing walls. house in which all vertical means of exit from any • floor area. —The gross floor area, less the area one apartment can be reached only through a com- of the partitions, , and stairs and other mon corridor. floor openings.

—elevator apartment house. —An apartment house — usable floor area. See .4RE.\: rentable .'^.re.'^^. equipped with one or more passenger . —ground area of dwelling structures. —In USHA —gallery apartment house.—An apartment house, work: The area at grade level of all dwelling build- two or more stories high, with open galleries or ings, including bays, chinmeys, and enclosed , porches at each story giving sole access to individual to the outside surfaces of exterior walls. Outside apartments. (

1. The process of deriving valuations and other esti- building coverage, open to passage, and used as a mates pertaining to property. or common, , lawn, or garden; 2. The valuations and estimates so derived. usually public and recreational in character. appreciation.—Increase in value of property. {Com- —private area. —An area, within or outside of a pare DEPRECIATION.) building or group of buildings, reserved for the ex- approved. —Passed upon as satisfactory by the author- clusive use of a single family or group of families ity designated by law to give approval in the matter living therein. in question. —public area. —An area open and free to the public apron. —The flat member of the inside trim of a win- at large at all times. dow placed against the wall immediately beneath — recreational area. —Outdoor, or indoor, space de- the stool. voted to play and other leisure-time activities. areas: —rentable area. —The total floor area contained —area of a building. —The area, taken on a horizontal within the enclosing walls of one living unit. In plane at the mean grade level, measured to the center addition to room areas, this includes private halls, of party walls or fire walls and to the outside of foyers, , baths, and partitions. other walls, exclusive of uncovered porches, terraces, — total rentable area. —The gross floor area less and steps. (Compare areas: building .\re.\; cover- the area of all common and service spaces within age.) the building. — blighted area. —A decadent area without apparent —: prospect of improvement. —gross residential area,—The net residential area — building area. —The total of areas, taken on a plus one-half the area of bounding , plus horizontal plane at the mean grade level, of the princi- one-quarter the area of bounding inter- pal building or buildings and of all accessory build- sections. ings, exclusive of uncovered porches, terraces, and — net residential area. —The total area of land in steps. (Compare coverage; density'.) the following uses:

—developed area, —An area of land to and upon 1. Sites of residential buildings. which improvements have been made. 2. Park or playground areas unmediately ad- —economic background area. —An area within joining these sites, and maintamed in which the conditions of industry, , labor, and proper condition for constant use of the living—that is, the economic and social life of a com- occupants of such sites by the authority

[3] directly responsible for operation and less complete connection with the services and social maintenance of residential bnildings. life of the city. room area: — transitional area. —An area in process of change —net room area. —The floor area of a room meas- from the predominance of one use to the predom- ured from wall to wall, or, as measured on plans, inance of another use, or to an heterogeneity of uses. from rough to rough. — urban area. —Territory inside the city limits, or rural area. —An open region not included in city, immediately adjacent thereto, developed or un- town, or . developed. service area, service court, or service yard. —An areaway. —An open subsurface space adjacent to a outdoor space, adjacent to a building or group of building used to admit light or air or as a means of buildings, providing work space, access for deliveries, access to a or cellar. and temporary storage. {See also space: service arterial highway, road, or street. See traffic ways: SPACE.) ARTERIAL HIGHWAY, ROAD, Or STREET. site area: assemblage: —gross site area.—The total area within the prop- 1. The merging of adjacent properties into a single ertj' lines of a project, including the area of all unit of ownership or use. the internal streets, one-half the area of all bound- 2. The property so merged, considered as a unit. ary streets, and one-quarter the area of bounding assembly hall. See halls: assembly hall. street intersections. assessment: (As defined in USHA Bulletin No. 17, "Defini- 1. A charge levied against property to meet some tion of Terms," the term "gross area" means specific purpose. "the area of the project within property lines (to 2. The valuation of property for taxation; also the be used for immediate development) plus the area value so assigned. of all streets which traverse the site, plus the area 3. A levy against security holders of a corporation; to the center line (not measured beyond 40 feet) also the amount so fixed. of all boundary streets and one-quarter the area —special assessment. —A charge imposed by a of all boundary intersections (not figured over government upon a restricted group of properties to 1,600 square feet), plus the area, to a maximum defray, in whole or in part, the cost of a specific im- distance of 40 feet, of any adjoining public park, provement or service which is presumed to be of playground, or any other adjoining open or un- special benefit to such properties and may be of built-on area which may reasonably be assumed to general benefit to the public. be permanently open. Where the project abuts auditorium. See halls: assembly hall. other than a public park, permanent property B open space, or streets, no area beyond the property lines shall be included. Gross area shall not backfill. —The replacement of excavated earth into a include the area of land reserved for future pit or trench or against a structure. development nor the area of streets traversing such base line:

land, nor any area of streets or other open areas 1. Any imaginary line on the earth's surface running adjoining svich land.") due east and west, from which township lines —net site area.—In general: The total area within are established. (Compare meridian.) the property lines of a project, excluding external 2. A definitely located arbitrary line for reference streets. control purposes. (As defined in USHA BuUetin No. 17, "Defini- basement. —A story partly underground, but having tion of Terms," the term "net area" means "the less than half its clear height below grade. (Compare area within property lines (to be used for immediate cellar.) development) including narrow service drives, batter.—The slope, or inclination from the vertical, small play spaces, sitting-out areas, laundry of a wall or other structure or portion thereof. drying yards, and automobile areas, but bay. —One of the intervals or spaces into which a excluding all public boundary streets and public building plan is divided by columns, piers, or division streets which, traverse the site (whether existing or walls.

to be dedicated) , land reserved for future develop- beam. —A structural member transversely supporting ment, unbuildable land, major recreation or park a load. areas or major automobile parking spaces which bench marks. —Identification symbols on stone, metal, are additional to the over-all project pattern of or other durable matter permanently fixed in the open spaces, and the land covered by and im- ground, from which differences of elevation are mediately associated with community buildings, measured, as in tidal observations or topographical central or group heating plants, commercial surveys. (See datum.) buildings, and other nonresidential structures.") betterment. —An improvement to a property which suburban area. —Territory adjacent to or within adds to its value, as distinguished from repairs or the outer limits of an urban area; to be distinguished replacements. (See also alteration; remodeling; from urban area, by less intensive use of the land and repair; replacement.)

[4] blight. —A deteriorating influence or condition affect- buildings: ing the use of . {See areas: blighted —accessory building. —In general: A supplemental AREA.) building, the use of which is incidental to that of the block. —An area of land in an organized community, main building. bounded bj' streets or by other definite limits. In — administration building. — A building or portion some localities such areas are known as "squares." thereof that contains the principal executive and — superblock. —A large block, frequently consolidated administrative departments or offices of any enter- of existing small blocks, normalh" surrounded by prise. trafBc routes and penetrated by narrow residential —assembly hall. See halls: assembly hall. streets, cul-de-sacs, or walks which give access to the —club or club house. —A building or a portion houses. thereof designed or used for social, recreational, or . See house types: boarding house. educational purposes by the bona-fide members of a boulevard. See traffic ways: boulevard. club and their guests. bridging. —Small wood or metal members that are in- —comfort station. —A structure primarily to provide serted in a diagonal position between the floor joists facilities for the use of the public. acting both as tension and compression members for —existing building. —In codes and regulations: A the purpose of bracing the joists and spreading the completed building or structure, or a building which action of the effect of loads. may be built under prior laws or regulations. building. —In general: A roofed structure designed or — factory. —A building or a portion thereof designed used for the shelter of persons, animals, or ;. or used for the manufacture or assembly in whole or (See occupancy: building occupancy.) in part of one or more . —area. See areas: building .\rea. —. —A building or a portion thereof in which —building line. —A line established by law or agree- one or more motor vehicles are stored, repaired, or ment beyond which a building shall not extend. serviced, but not including display rooms. —building maintenance: —garage group or garage compound.—A group 1. Any labor or material pro\ ided to remedy de- of private garages either attached or under one terioration or obsolescence. roof, arranged in a row or around a common means 2. In accounting: An expenditure upon a fixed of access; usually erected for the use of residents asset which tends to preserve its value but in the immediate vicinity. which, under accepted accounting procedures, —private garage:

is not reflected in an increase in its book value. 1. In building codes: A building or a portion — building site. —A parcel of land suitable for building thereof, in which not more than a limited or on which a building is or may be built, including number (usually three or four) motor ve- all surrounding land specifically allocated to the hicles are stored or kept. building. 2. In zoning ordinances: A garage designed for —building unit.—That portion of a building served the exclusive use of one family. by the same main means of ingress and egress. —public garage. —Any garage not included within —cubic content. See cubic content of a building. the definition of a private garage. —height of building. See measurements: height — hotel. —A building or a portion thereof designed or OF BUILDING. used primarily for the accommodation of' transients building code. —A collection of legal requirements the and which has a public register and an office where purpose of which is to protect the safety, health, an attendant is present at all times. In building morals, and general welfare of those in and about codes, a minimum number of rooms is usually speci- buildings. {From NBS BMS19, "Preparation and fied. (Compare house types: lodging house; Revision of Building Codes," 1939.) see also .apartment hotel.) building department.—The department of govern- — house.—A building designed or used for continuous ment charged with enforcement of ordinances and human occupancy. (Compare dwelling.) laws regulating the erection, construction, alteration, —industrial building. —A business building designed moving, demolition, and repair of buildings and or used primarily for manufacturing purposes. structures. —institutional building. —A building or a portion building official. See official: building official. thereof in which persons are harbored to receive building, , and loan association. —A fi- medical, charitable, or other care or treatment, or nancial institution, the purposes of which are to in which persons are held or detained by reason of extend credit to finance the construction, purchase, public or civic duty, or for correctional purposes; repair, and modernization of, and the of including, among others, hospitals, asylums, sani- mortgages upon, , primarily ; tariums, fire houses, police stations, and jails. and to provide a method of systematic savings —nonconforming buildings and nonconforming through the purchase of dividend-bearing shares of uses. —In zoning: Buildings and uses which do not the institution. "Homestead Associations" is the conform to the zoning ordinance. They may exist designation for similar institutions, used only in in a zoning district either (a) because they existed Louisiana. on the effective date of the zoning ordinance and

[5] .

cannot be ousted or (b) because a variance or excep- of them. {Derived from New York Tene- tion has been obtained therefor. {From USHA ment House Act of 1901.) Bulletin No. 27 on Policy and Procedure, "Zoning 2. An apartment house. (Building Code for and Rezoning for USHA-Aided Projects," November California, 1939; and State of Florida, De- 1939.) partment of Hotel Commissions.) {Compare office building. —A business building designed or apartment; apartment house.) used primarily for professional or clerical purposes. —theater. —A building or a portion thereof designed —public building. —A building designed or used or used for theatrical purposes, with accommoda- primarily for civic, political, educational, religious, tions for an audience and having a permanent social, or recreational purposes; including among stage upon which movable scenery and theatrical ap- others, courthouses, schools, colleges, libraries, and pliances are employed or having permanently in- museums (other than private), exhibition buildings, stalled equipment for the projection of motion lecture halls, churches, assembly halls, lodge rooms, pictures. {Compare halls: assembly hall and dance halls, theaters, bath houses, armories, recrea- PUBLIC HALL.) tion piers. bulkhead: —public service station.—A building or a portion 1. A structure above the roof of any part of a build- thereof designed or used for the purpose of selling ing, enclosing a stairway, tank, elevator ma- and furnishing to the public, at and in the chinery, or ventilating apparatus, or such part open air, gasoline, lubricating oils, grease, and other of a shaft as extends above the roof. {Compare high-hazard commodities for motor vehicles or house- house types: penthouse.)

hold use, and for cleaning and servicing motor (Note.—The terms "bulkhead" and "penthouse" are defined vehicles. as synonymous in some building codes.)

- building designed or used primaril}' residence. —A 2. In Northern States: A sloping or as a dwelling. affording entrance to a cellar from outside a residential building —A building designed or used building. primarily for residential purposes; including, among bungalow. See house types: bungalow. others, dwellings, apartment houses, hotels, lodging business district, —An area in a city or town given to houses, , convents, , club houses. commercial purposes, often limited and defined by — restaurant. —A building or a portion thereof de- use and zoning laws. signed or used for the sale of meals prepared and buttress.—A structure built against a wall to strength- served on the premises. en it. — service building.—A work building or C building used in connection with a group; including, among others, garages, laundry houses, and repair cabin. See house types: cabin. shops. carrying charges. —Costs incidental to the ownership

shack. —A crude structure designed or used for (as distinguished from the • operation) of property temporary human occupancy. {Compare buildings: during a period of unproductivity, such as during the SHED.) period of construction or the period during which shed. —A roofed structure usually one story high land is held as vacant land. with one or more sides unenclosed. {Compare catch basin. See plumbing terms: catch basin. buildings: shack.) , height of. See measurements: height of —stable.—^A building or a portion thereof designed ceiling. or used as a shelter for horses, cattle, or similar cellar. —A story having half or more than half of its animals, either permanently or transiently, usually clear height below grade. {Compare basement.) including space for accessory equipment. —subcellar.—A cellar under a cellar. —private stable. —In codes: A stable the capacity chase. —A groove in a masonry wall usually provided of which is limited by constituted authority (usu- for accommodation of pipes, ducts, or conduits. ally limited to three or four animals). chattel. —A material object constituting the subject of —public stable. —In codes: A stable with capacity personal property.

for more animals than specified for a private stable. (Note. —Chattels are sometimes divided into (1) "chattels real," less than freehold, and "chattels store.—A building or a portion thereof designed or being in land which are (2) personal," being all other interests embraced under the heading of used for the sale of goods, wares, or merchandise personal property.) (See mortgage types: ch.\ttel mortgage.) and services. Provision made for traffic within or tenement or tenement house: circulation. — through buildings, outside areas, and communities. 1. A building or a portion thereof which is occu- — circulation. The provision for the move- pied as a residence by three or more families exterior — traffic around or outside a stated area. living independently of each other and doing ment of their own cooking on the premises and having city planning. See planning: city planning. a common right in the halls, stairways, . —A minor enclosed space in a building, designed yard, cellar, or water-closets thereof, or some or used for the storage of clothing or goods.

[6] — maid's, janitor's, or porter's closet. —A closet —excess condemnation. —Condemnation (exercise of usaall.\' equipped with a slop sink and providing space eniinent domain) of more property than is needed for storage of equipment used by the liouse cleaning for a proposed public use or improvement. staff. confiscation.—The taking of private property for club or club house. See building types: club or put)lic use without adequate compensation. CLUB HOUSE.) congested district. —An area of highly concentrated : occupation or u.se, crowded with people, vehicles, o-r 1. In architecture: A perpendicular su|jporting mem- buildings. ber, circular in section, usually consisting of a construction.—The materials and methods of fab- shaft, base, and capital. ricating the various elements of a structure or 2. In engineering: A structural compression member, building. usually vertical, acting on or supporting loads construction loan. —A loan of monej' secured by a near and in the direction of its longitudinal axis. bond or promissory note and mortgage or trust pier.) {Compare deed intended to defray the cost of a building, station. st.^tion. comfort See buildings: comfort usually advanced to the borrower as construction

common.—A public open area devoted to community progresses. (This loan, after completion, is often uses, usually in the center of a village or town. converted into a term loan.) common facilities or joint facilities. —Exterior or construction types: interior common spaces, including rooms such as —adobe construction. —A type of construction in recreation rooms and laundry rooms, designed to which the exterior walls are built of blocks that are serve all families of a building or buOdings. made of soil mixed with straw and hardened in the common passageway.—A space between two build- sun. This type of construction is employed chiefly ings or properties dedicated for use as a means of in the warm, dry climate of the Southwest. egress or ingress, which hy deed or agreement remains — brick construction.—A type of construction in forever unobstructed. which the exterior walls are bearing walls made of brick or a combination of brick and tile masonry. common services or joint services. —Systems of — brick-veneer construction. type of construc- plumbing, , heating, air conditioning, etc., —A tion in which a wood-frame construction has an designed to serve all families of a building or buildings. community: exterior surface of brick applied. —dry-wall construction. —A type of construction 1. A body of persons having common interests and in which the interior wall finish is of a material other privileges, living in the same localitj-. than plaster or material similar to it. 2. A political . —exterior-protected construction. —That type of (physical). act of bringing to a con- completion —The building construction in which the exterior walls, dition of physical completeness and readiness for use party walls, and fire walls are of incombustible occupancy, or to condition legally considered and a materials and self-supporting, and interior structural to be completion. Used generally with reference to framing is wholly or partly of wood or similar a building operation or project. materials. —completion date (physical). The date at which a — — fireproof construction.—A type of construction construction project is to or is legally considered be designed to withstand a complete burn-out of the completed, usualh* the end of the "con- to have been contents for which the structure was intended with- struction period." out impairment of structural integrity. Use of concrete: incombustible materials, and certain fire-resistance —plain concrete. —Concrete containing not more than requirements for structural members, including two-tenths of 1 percent of reinforcement. (From exterior walls, is customarily stated in codes. NBS BH18, "Recommended Minimum Require- —incombustible construction. —That type of build- ments for Small Dwelling Construction," 1932.) ing construction which has all structural elements of —reinforced concrete. —Concrete containing mare incombustible materials with fire-resistance ratings

than two-tenths of 1 percent of reinforcement and in of 1 hour or less. which the reinforcement is so embedded that the —ordinary construction.—A type of construction two materials act together in sustaining the load. in which the exterior walls are of masonry, or of (From NBS BH18, "Recommended Minimum reinforced concrete; and in which the interior struc- Requirements for Small Dwelling Construction," tural elements are wholly or partly of wood. 1932.) —prefabricated construction. —A type of construc- condemnation: tion so designed as to involve a minimum of assembly 1. A declaration by a legally constituted authority at the site, usually comprising a series of large units under the police power to the effect that a prop- manufactured in a plant.

erty or structure is unfit for use or habitation or —rammed-earth construction. —A tj-pe of con- dangerous to persons or to other property. struction in which the exterior walls are bearing 2. The exercise of the right of . walls composed of a controlled combination of sand,

469007"— 42 2 [7] claj', coarse aggregate, and moisture compacted by corridor. —An enclosed way for passage. pressure into forms. cottage. See house types: cottage. —reinforced-concrete construction. —A type of court. —An open, unoccupied space bounded on two construction in which tlie principal structural mem- or more sides by the exterior walls of a building or by bers, such as floors, columns, and beams, are made of exterior walls and lot lines. concrete poured around isolated steel bars or steel —inner court.—A court enclosed on all sides by meshwork in such manner that the two materials exterior walls of a building or by exterior walls and act together in resisting force. lot lines on which walls are allowable. —skeleton construction. —A type of construction —outer court. —A court enclosed on not more than in which all external and internal loads and stresses three sides by exterior walls of a buOding or by are transmitted to the foundations by a rigidly con- exterior walls and lot lines on which walls are allow- nected framework of metal or reinforced concrete. able, with one side or end open to a street, driveway, The enclosing walls are supported by the frame at alley, or j^ard. designated intervals; usually at each story. —See also measurements: court measurements. —steel-frame construction. —A type of construc- . —An uncovered enclosure adjacent to a tion in which the structural parts are of steel or building, or the open interior of a building or of a dependent on a steel frame for support. group of buildings. —unprotected-metal construction. —A type of coverage. —That percentage of the area of a site occu- construction in which the structural parts are of pied by buildings. (See also areas: building area; metal unprotected by fireproofing. and density.) — wood-frame or frame construction.—A type of (As defined in USHA Bulletin No. 17, "Definition construction in which the structural parts are of of Terms": "The term 'net coverage' means the wood or dependent upon a wood frame for support. ratio of the ground area of dwelling structures to the In codes, if brick or other incombustible material is net area of land" as defined in site area.) applied to exterior walls, tlie classification of this cricket.—A small roof structure of single or double type of construction is usually unchanged. slope placed at the junction of larger surfaces that contour line: meet at an angle for the purpose of diverting drainage. 1. An imaginary line or its representation on a map, cubic content of a building.—As determined by any following all points of the same heights above or prescribed method for use in estimating total con- below a given datum. struction costs, such as method used by Rental 2. A level line typified by a water or shore line. Housing Division, Federal Housing Administration, coping. —A capping at the top of a wall, serving to viz, the volume of a building is derived by multiply- shed water. ing the area of a building (see definition) by the corner influence.—The element of value of a lot due height figured as follows: Where flat roofs with to location at or in close proximity to the intersection parapets occur, a point 6 in. above the roof is taken. of two streets. Where sloping roofs occur, one-half the height of cornice. —A decorative element made up of molded the slope is used. Where occur, a point members usually placed at or near the top of an 6 in. below the basement slab is used. Where no exterior or interior wall. basements occur, the point varies depending upon corporation. —An artificial person created by law, the depth of the foimdation walls. For example, constituting a legal entity and having the rights, with a 2 ft 6 in. foundation wall, a point 6 in. below powers, and privileges and subject to such duties the floor construction is used. Where the foundation and restrictions as may be prescribed by law. walls are 4 ft deep, a point 2 ft below the first floor —limited-dividend corporation: construction is used. Other depths are figured in

1. A corporation, the charter of which limits the proportion. Dormers, chimneys, and other protru- dividends payable to its stockholders. sions from the building proper are figured separately. 2. In housing: A corporate body usuallj' having cul-de-sac. See traffic ways; cul-de-sac. power to undertake housing projects, such as curb elevation or curb level. —The elevation of the provide for clearance of and for new top of a curb at a given point with a reference to a accommodations for persons of low income, designated datum. provided that the corporation is subject to D public supervision and control and that its dividends to stockholders are limited b3' law damage.—Injury or impairment in the value of prop- or by agreement with a public administrative erty, usually as a result of loss of a portion of the agency. property under action in eminent domain. —municipal corporation. —A town or city acting datum.—An assumed horizontal reference plane used under a certificate of incorporation issued under the as a basis for computing elevations. laws of a particular State. debenture. —A loan bond which is not a specific lien —private corporation. —A corporation created solely upon any of the real property of the issuer and for for the private benefit of the collective members of the collection of which no remedy exists save the the corporation. ordinarj' action of law.

[8] decentralization. —The process of divcrtiiif? and deterioration.—Impairment of condition of pliysical spreading populations, buildings, businesses, or property. (Compare obsolescknck.) traffic from a central location. differential rental. —The rent charged to each tenant deciduous plant. —See plants: deciduous plant. family adjusted in relation to need and ability to deed. —A written instrument whereby an estate in pay rather than to size and desirability of the living real property is conveyed by a grantor to a grantee. unit. —deed restriction. —A restriction upon the use of a dormer. —An internal recess the framing of which property placed in a deed. projects from a sloijing roof. (See window types: —quitclaim deed. —A deed whereby the grantor dormer window.) conveys to the grantee whatever he possesses :

in the propertj' granted without warranty. 1. A room or a suite of rooms arranged to prcjvide —trust deed. —A deed whereby legal title to property sleeping accommodations for more than four is conveyed to a trustee, for the purpose of securing persons without completely separating the a debt or discharge of an obligation while the equi- sleeping units by partitions or other i)ermanent table title remains vested in the trustor. The deed division. recites the authority and duties of the trustee and 2. A building in which the greater portion of the usually vests him with power of sale in the event of floor area is so arranged or used. default in order to satisfy the debt or discharge the 3. A building containing sleeping quarters without obligation. (Compare mortgage.) housekeeping facilities, and usually with com- —warranty deed. —A deed in which, either expressly mon sanitary facilities, which are occupied or by implication, the grantor guarantees that the entirely by students, or by employees, including title which he undertakes to transfer has not been among others, college dormitories, nurses' previously conveyed by him and is free from defects homes, etc. and that the property is unencumbered except as dormitory town. —A town devoted primarily to stated, and for himself and heirs, agrees to defend residential and related activities and not containing and protect the grantee against any loss which may the places of employment of the majority of its be suffered by reason of the existence of any other citizens. (Compare garden city; satellite com- title or interest in the property existing at the time munity; greenbelt town.) the deed was executed and not excepted therein. drainage. See plumbing terms: drainage. density. —The number of units (persons, families, or driveway. See traffic ways: driveway. dwellings) per acre or square mile. (See also areas: dry well. See plumbing terms: dry well. BUILDING area; and coverage.) dumbwaiter.—A hoisting and lowering mechanism (As defined in USHA Bulletin No. 17, "Definition equipped with a car, which moves in guides in a sub- of Terms": "The term 'gross density' means the stantially vertical direction, the floor area of which number of dwelling units per acre of gross area of does not exceed 9 square feet, the compartment land. The term 'net density' means the number of height of which does not exceed 4 feet, the capacity dwelling units per acre of net area of land.") of which does not exceed 500 pounds, and which is used exclusively for carrying freight. (American depreciation. —^Loss in value due to all causes, includ- Standard Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, ing functional and economic obsolescence and and Escalators, 1937.) deterioration. dwelling. In general: building designed or —accrued depreciation: — A occupied as the living quarters for one or more families, or 1. The amount of depreciation that has accrued , usually equipped with cooking, bathing, during a given period or up to a given date. toilet, and, where necessary, heating facilities. Usu- 2. In appraising: Accrued depreciation is usually ally thought of as a detached single-family house. the difference between the valuation at the (Compare buildings: house; living unit.) date of valuation and the estimated replace- (Note. Some building codes limit definition of a "dwelling" to ment cost of the property in new condition. — a residence occupied by one family; others to two, three, or four families.) —actual depreciation. —Actual loss in value which dwelling types. —The various forms in which the has accrued, as differentiated from book depreciation. housing units may be assembled; free-standing single — book depreciation. —The amounts entered on and twin houses, one-story or two-story row houses, books of account as depreciation, as differentiated flats, apartments, duplex or triplex combinations of from actual depreciation. these. (USHA Bulletin No. 11 on "Policy and Pro- —reserve for depreciation.—An amount reserved by cedure," 1939.) periodic charges against income for the purpose of —detached dwelling. —A dwelling which is completely offsetting depreciation of fixed assets that are carried surrounded by open spaces. at values which were assigned to them before they —double dwelling. —A two-family dwelling in which had suffered the depreciation for which the reserve is the living units are side b)' side, each unit having provided. Three designations are in use: (a) pro- open spaces on at least three sides. (Compare

vision for depreciation, (b). allowance for deprecia- dwelling ty'pes: multiple dwelling; semide- tion, (c) reserve for depreciation. tached dwelling; two-family dwelling.)

[9] —

—duplex dwelling. —A two-family dwelling in which economic life: the living units are one above the other but may or 1. The period during which it is more profitable to may not have separate outside entrances as in flats. keep a building in use and in repair than to {Compare dwelling types: two-family dwelling; scrap or reconstruct it. FLAT.) 2. The period during which a building has value in — multiple dwelling or multiple -family dwell- excess of its salvage value. ing. —A dwelling or group of dwellings on one plot edging. —A border, either structural or vegetative, containing separate living units for two or more used to define different areas. families; may have joint services or facilities or both. effluent. —The outflow from a pipe-drainage system. —one- family dwelling.—A dwelling designed as the electrical terms: residence of one family. {Compare house; living —ampere.—A measure of electric current. unit; buildings: residence.) —cable: armored cable. —Insulated wire having —one-story dwelling: additional flexible metallic protective sheathing

1. A dwelling having its main roof-eaves line at or often referred to as BX cable. below the ceiling construction and its finished —circuit. —A continuous conducting path, usually of living space on one floor level. wire, through which'current flows. 2. A dwelling having its main roof-eaves line at or —circuit breaker. —An automatic mechanical de-

below the ceiling construction of the main vice which serves the same purpose as a, fuse, i. e., to floor. Dwellings which contain rooms prevent overheating in a circuit due to overloading. or suiJicient attic space for possible future {See also electrical terms: fuse.) rooms, etc., may be considered one-story, —power circuit. —A circuit transmitting electric provided the usable floor area in the attic energy to a motor or to a heating unit too large space which has a clear headroom of 5 feet to be served by an ordinary circuit. or more does not exceed 50 percent of the —conduit, electrical. —A pipe, usually metal, m main floor, and dormers containing which wiring is installed. not wider than 5 feet (outside rough dimen- —current. —A flow of electricity. sion). {Fro?n Property Standards and Min- —alternating current. —A flow of current which imum Construction Requirements, Federal constantly changes direction at a fixed rate. Housing Administration.) —direct current. —A flow of current constantly —row dwelling: in one direction. —fuse. for interrupting electric 1. One of three or more dwellings having party —A device an current walls or one or more walls contiguous. Row under conditions of overloading or short circuiting, dwellings are usually confined to one-family comprising a fusible element which fuses at prede- or two-family occupancy. termined excess currents so as to open the circuit. — electrical. 2. A dwelling the walls on two sides of which are in insulation, — Nonconducting covering common with the walls of adjoining dwellings applied to wire or equipment to prevent the flow of and are party or lot-line walls. {From current to contiguous materials. —kilowatt hour. —A unit of measurement of the con- Property Standards and Minimum Construe- . tion Requirements, Federal Housing Ad- sumption of electric energy at a fixed rate for 1 hour; ministration.) specifically, the use of 1,000 watts for 1 hour. — meter. for —semidetached dwelling. —A dwelling one side wall meter: service —A device used measur- of electric of which is in common with the wall of an adjoining ing the amount energy consumed. — point an electric circuit designed dwelling and is a party or lot-line wall. outlet. —A on for the direct connection of lighting fixtures, appliances, —three-story duplex dwelling. —A dwelling type and equipment. in which the ground floor is occupied by flats and the —ceiling outlet. —An outlet for ceiling lighting two floors above are divided vertically into row fixtures. houses. (USHA Bulletin No. 11 on "Policy and —convenience outlet. —An outlet into which may Procedure," 1939.) be plugged portable equipment such as lamps. —two- family dwelling. A dwelling having separate — —radio outlet. —An outlet having connected living units for two families. A double dwelling or a thereto an aerial and ground for the use of a radio. duplex dwelling. {Compare dwelling types: —special purpose outlet. —An outlet used for DOUBLE dwelling; duplex dwelling; multiple purposes other than ordinary lighting and power. dwelling.) —panelboard. —A center for controlling a number of dwelling unit.—See living unit. circuits by means of fuses or circuit breakers, usually contained in a metal . Switches are some- E times added to control each circuit. easement.—A vested or acquired right to use land —switch. —A device to open and close a circuit. other than as a tenant, for a specific purpose; such —3- way switch. —A switch designed to operate in right being held by someone other than the owner conjunction with a similar switch to control one who holds title to the land. outlet from two points.

[10] —

— transformer.—A device for transforming the volt- estate: age characteristics of a current supply. 1. A right in property. — voltage. —A measure of electric pressure between 2. A tract of land. any two wires of an electric circuit. — — estate in fee simple: watt. —A unit of measurement of electric power. 1. An inheritable, possessory interest in land which — wiring: knob-and-tube wiring. —A method of endures until the extinction of all lineal and exposed wiring using knobs and tubes of noncon- heirs of the owner and which may be ducting materials to insulate the wiring from the freely conveyed by its owner. surfaces on which or through which it is installed. 2. The largest possible estate in land. elevation: —estate in land. —The degree, nature, or extent of

1. Altitude relative to a given datum. interest which a person has in land. 2. A scale drawing of the upright parts of a structure. —estate of freehold. —Any one of the three types of elevator.—-A hoisting and lowering mechanism possessory interests in land—fee simple, fee tail, and equipped with a car or platform which moves in estate for life—which in feudal times were granted guides in a substantially vertical direction. only to freemen.

(Note.—Dumbwaiters, endless belts, conveyors, chains, buckets, (Note.—Estates of freehold are said to be estates of indefinite dura- etc., used for the purpose of elevating materials, and tiering, piling, tion and any other estate is said to be "less than freehold.") or feeding machines giving service within one story, are not included exedra. —A wall seat, usually of stone and curving in in the term "Elevator." (American Standard Safety Code for plan; a place for conversation; a motif of garden Elevators, Dumbwaiters, and Escalators, 1937.)) decoration. elevator types: — expense: electric, automatic self-service elevator.—An — elevator operated by means of momentary pi-essure administrative expense. — All expenses which arise of push buttons at the landings, with or without out of and are incidental to management and super- push buttons in the car. (American Standard Safety vision, including salaries and fees, office expense, Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, and Escalators, professional services, operations, and recrea- 1937.) tional activities, as differentiated from operating and —freight elevator. —An elevator used for carrying maintenance expenses.

freight and on which - only the operator and the — initial occupancy expense. —Expenses incurred in persons necessary for loading and unloading are installing the original tenants in a building. permitted to ride. (American Standard Safety exposure. —The directional aspect of a structure or Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, and Escalators, plant in relation to the points of the compass or 1937.) weather. {Compare orientation.) —passenger elevator. —An elevator designed for carrying persons. F eminent domain.—The right to expropriate, i. e., facade. —The face of a building. to condemn private property for public use. facilities: .—An interest or right in real property —common facilities. See common facilities. which diminishes the value of the fee, but does not — prevent conveyance of the fee by the owner thereof. community facilities. —Common, social, recrea- tional, or convenience facilities, such as social halls, (Note.—Mortgages, , judgments are known as liens. Restrictions, easements, reservations are encumbrances public , central heating, , private roads, though not liens.) , and accommodations for them. entry: — living facilities. —Those provisions for living, 1. A minor enclosed space at the entrance to a build- sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation ordinarily ing or living unit having the entrance door in considered as part of a permanent abode. one wall and usually a second in door another factor of safety. —The ratio of the ultimate strength wall giving access to an entrance hall or other of a material to its working stress. space. factory. See buildings: factory. 2. A . family. —One or more persons living, sleeping, cooking, equity. —In connection with property: and eating on the same premises as occupants of one 1. Broadly, anj" interest which will receive recogni- living unit. tion in a court of equity, whether or not sucli Federal Savings Association. interest rests on legal ownership. and Loan —A build- ing, savings and loan association chartered 2. Specifically, the interest, usuall.v expressed in under the Federal Home Loan Bank Act. , of the equitable owner of a property over and above all liens against the property. fee: escheat. —Reversion of property to the state by reason 1. Remuneration for services. of failure of persons legally entitled to hold, or lack 2. When applied to property—an inheritable estate of heirs. in land. [See fee types.)

[11] . —

fee types: flat: —absolute fee simple: 1. In general: Any one floor of a building two or 1. The largest possible interest or estate in prop- more stories high each floor of which con- erty, subject, however, to the limitations of stitutes a living unit and has a private outside eminent domain, escheat, police power, and entrance. (Compare apartment.) taxation. 2. A building containing two or more such floors. 2. An estate of indefinite duration and inheritable 3. Specifically, in USHA work: A small dwelling without limitation. unit arranged so that the access hall or stairs —limited fee simple. —An estate in fee giving the are incorporated in the dwelling and main- owner thereof fee rights as long as certain conditions tained by the tenant. (USHA Bulletin No. 11 obtain, its termination being governed by the on "Policy and Procedure," 1939.) occurrence of some stated event. floor area. See areas: floor area. —fee tail. —An estate of inheritance limited to some flue. —The space or passage in a through particular class of heirs of the person to whom it is which smoke, gas, or fumes ascend. Each passage granted is called a flue, which together and including the fire door.—A door construction, consisting of door, surrounding masonry make up the chimney. frame, hardware, and sill, which under standard test footing.—The spreading course or courses at the base conditions meets the requirements for the location or bottom of a foundation wall, pier, or column. in which it is to be used. foundation. —The supporting portion of a structure the first-floor construction, fire door types: below or grade, including footings. — heat-actuated fire door. —A fire door designed to the close automatically under the action of heat or foyer,—An entrance within a living unit or smoke. building. —self- fire door.—A fire door normally closed framing systems: and designed to close automatically upon being — balloon framing. —A system of framing a building opened. in which all vertical structural elements of the bear- ing walls and partitions consist of single pieces extend- fire resistance: utlimate fire resistance.— Resis- the foundation sill tance shown when tested under conditions prescribed ing from the top of to the roof plate and to which all floor joists are fastened. in the standard fire test approved by the ASA as "American Standard." {From NBS M151 "Design - braced framing. —A system of framing a building in which all vertical structural elements of the bear- and Construction of Building Exits," 1935.) ing walls and partitions, except corner posts, extend fire resistive. —In the absence of a specific ruling for one story only, starting at the foundation sill for by the authority having jurisdiction, applies to the first-story framing and at the top plate of the materials or construction not combustible in the story below for all stories above the first; corner temperatures of ordinary fires and which will with- posts extend from foiuidation sill to roof plate and stand such fires without serious impairment of their are braced by diagonal members usually ' extending usefulness for at least 1 hour. (Compare constrtjc- the full height of each story and crossing several of TION types: FlREPROOi' CONSTRUCTION.) the studs on each side. fire stop. A solid, tight closure of a concealed spacei — —platform framing.—A system of framing a build- prevent the spread of fire and smoke through placed to ing on which floor joists of each story rest on the top such a space. plates of the story below (or on the foundation siU fire tower. stair enclosed with fire-resistive con- —A for the first story) and the bearing walls and par- entered through a , vestibule, struction and titions rest on the subfloor of each story. arrangement of fire-resistive construction or other franchise.—A privilege or right conferred by grant designed that smoke is prevented at each floor level so from a sovereign authority upon an individual or the stair. from direct entrance to corporation. fire window.—A window that, with its frame, sash, freehold. —A tenure of land held in absolute fee and glazing, is designed to restrict the spread of simple, limited fee simple, or fee tail, unencumbered fire. by . fireproof. See construction types: fireproof con- freeway. See traffic ways: freeway. struction. frontage,—The extent of a building or of land along fixtures. —Appurtenances aflRxed to structures or a public road or a public waterway. land, usually in such manner that they cannot be furring.—Strips of wood or metal applied to a wall independently moved without damage to themselves or other surface to even it, to form an air space, or or the property housing, supporting, or pertinent to give an appearance of greater thickness. to them. (NopTE.—Variable under State laws.) (See also plumbing terms: plumbing fixtures.) G flashing. —Sheet metal or other material used in roof gable. —That portion of a wall contained between the and wall construction to protect a building from slopes of a double-sloped roof or that portion con- seepage of water. tained between the slope of a single-slopt d roof and

[12] —

a line projected horizontally through the lowest greenbelt. —A strip of recreational and farm land elevation of the roof constrviction. usually owned or controlled by a public agency, gallery: encircling a communitv and large enough to form an

1. A hallway of greater dimensions than the usual adequate protection against objectionable uses of hall, providing access to several rooms or an property or the intru.sion of other community indoor balcony. expansion. 2. In southern states, a covered porch. greenbelt town. —A planned town and a surrounding garage. See buildings: garage. greenbelt. The town providing .shelter, services, garden, allotment. — garden area, publicly or stores, schools, and community facilities, is perma- privately owned, divided into plots which are as- nently held in one ownership either public or cor- signed to individuals; not always adjacent to their porate, and is administered, together with the green- homes. belt, with full repre.sentation of the inhabitants. A garden city. —A town planned for industry and greenbelt town may or may not include industry. healthy living; of a size that makes possible a full (Compare garden city; satellite community.) measure of social life, but not larger; surrounded by gridiron plan. See plan types: gridiron plan.

a permanent belt of rural land (greenbelt) ; the whole ground corer.—Plants of low or spreading growth of the land being in public ownership or held in trust (such as grass, vines, low-growing shrubs, etc.) for the community. (British Garden Cities Associa- that give a living cover to the ground surface. tion.) (Compare greenbelt town; satellite com- ground water. —Free subsurface water, the top of munity.) which is the water table. girder. —A large or principal beam used to support group planning. See planning: group planning. concentrated loads at isolated points along its length. guest: government survey. —A ground survey authorized 1. A person received and entertained at the hou.se by the Continental Congress in 1775 and by subse- of another; a visitor. quent congressional acts and conducted in Florida, 2. A person hiring and occupying a room for living Alabama, Mississippi, and all States (except Texas) and sleeping purposes. west of the Mississippi or north of the Ohio, in which gypsum board. —Wallboard made of g3'psum, with the land was divided into townships approximately a covering of paper. 6 miles square, each township normally containing 36 sections and each section normally containing 640 H acres. hall: grade: 1. A hallway. 1. The form of the surface of the ground, as it exists 2. A large room in a building designed or used as a or as it is made by cutting and filling. place of common assembly. 2. The slope of a ground surface or of any line there- halls: on. —assembly hall. —A building or a portion thereof 3. The elevation at a given location. designed or used (with or without a stage or other — building grade.—The ground elevation established paraphernalia) as a gathering place for meetings, bj' the authority having jurisdiction over a particular assemblies, performances, or spectacles. (Compare building for the purpose of regulating the height of buildings: theater.) said building. —entrance hall or entrance hallway. —A hallway — finished grade. —Tke completed surfaces of lawns, providing access to and egress from a building or walks, and roads brought to grades as designed. living unit. (See foyer.) —natural grade.-—-The undisturbed natural surface —public hall: of the ground. 1. A hallway for the use of the public. —road grade: 2. A large room in a building designed or used for 1. The profile of the center of a traveled way. public assembly. 2. The rate of rise or fall of a road surface. —stair hall. —The portion of a building including the —subgrade. —The grade established in preparation for stairway and halls through which it is necessary to reception of the top surfacing, as of a road or lawn. pass in the use of the stairway. gradient.—The degree of inclination of a surface, road, hallway: or pipe, usually expressed in percent. 1. A space in a building used for communication grading. — Modification of the ground surface hy cuts between rooms or as a way of passage to or from or fills or both. the outside. — fine or finish grading. —Light or thin grading to —entrance hallway. See halls: entrance hall. finish a prepared earth surface. —public hallway. —A way of passage within a building — heavy grading. —The process of moving earth in for the common use of all occupants of the building large quantities by deep cuts and fills. or for those serving or visiting them. - rough grading. —The stages of earthwork opera- hardwoods. —The botanical group of trees that, with tions—cuts and fills—preliminary to final work. a few exceptions, comprises all the broadleaved grant. —A conveyance of an interest in real property. species. The term has no reference to the actual

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hardness of the wood. Angiosperms is the botanical • cottage: name for hardwoods. {From NBS CS74-39, "Solid 1. A small house. Hardwood Wall Paneling," 1939.) 2. A house at a summer resort. {Compare house header. —In carpentry: A beam placed perpendicular types: bungalow.) to joists and into which joists are framed in framing —detached house. See dwelling types: detached for a chimney, stairway, or other opening. {Compare dwelling. TRIMMER.) —double house. See dwelling types: double heating: —dwelling. —central heating. —A system of heating a building lodging house. —A building, other than a hotel, in or group of buildings with steam, hot water, or warm which persons are accommodated over night or for air from a single heating plant. a more extended period for compensation. In codes and ordinances, lodging houses and boarding houses —space heating. The method of heating individvial — are often further qualified by number of persons rooms or living units by means of equipment lo- accommodated or by number of rooms. {Compare entirely within these rooms or living units. cated house types: boarding house; buillings: hotel.) height. See measurements. multifamily house. See dwelling types: mul- herbaceous plant. See plants: herbaceous plant. tiple dwelling or multiple-family dwelling. highway. See traffic ways: highway. • one-family house. See dwelling types: one- homestead: family dwelling.

1. A property which is the subject of a "declaration —one-story house. See dwelling types: one- of homestead" whereby the property is exempt story DWELLING. from attachment or seizure to satisfy a judgment —penthouse: rendered in favor of a creditor. 1. An enclosed structure above the main roof line 2. A property occupied by its owner as his home. of a building other than a bulkhead, usually designed for use as a dwelling or for other —subsistence homestead.—A dwelling property human occupancy. Building codes usually with sufficient land to enable of a consid- limit the area and height of such structures. erable portion of the food necessary for subsistence {Compare bulkhead.) and so located with relation to employment sources as to enable the family workers to earn a cash income 2. A roof structure, not used for housing any with which to provide the remaining necessities of utilities, appliances, or operating equipment living. or apparatus. (Building Code for California, 1939.) horticultural standards. — Plant-grading tables of the American Association of Nurserymen. 3. Any structure erected on the roof of a building, hotel. See buildings: hotel. for the purpose of enclosing stairways to the house. See buildings: house. roof, elevator machinery, water tanks, ven- house types: tilating apparatus, exhaust chambers, or —apartment house. See apartment house. other machinery, or other building equipment —attached house. See dwelling types: double machinery. (Building Code of the City of dwelling; row dwelling. Philadelphia, Pa.) —row house. See dwelling types: row dw"elling. — boarding house.- building or a portion thereof —A —semidetached house. See dwelling types: semi- in which meals are sold or offered for sale by the day, detached DWELLING. week, or the public. In codes and ordi- month to —tenement house. See buildings: tenement or nances, sleeping accommodations are usually per- TENEMENT HOUSE. mitted but limited in number. — tourist house. —A residential building, part of —bungalow.—A one-story dwelling usually having a which is used for accommodating tourist guests for low-pitched roof. {Compare house types: cottage.) compensation.

—cabin. —A one-story house frequently having in- housing: complete living facilities, usually located in agricul- 1. The development of living facilities for human tural or forested areas or at tourist camps. beings. 2. Living facilities for human beings. —cooperative houses. —Three or more houses (usually in a single development or subdivision) held • housing authority.—A public body, corporate and by persons, usually stockholders in a corporation politic, created by or under government statute, that holds title to the houses and owns or leases the with powers in the field of housing such as the con- land on which the houses are located. Tax paj^- struction, operation, and financing of projects for ments, general service expenses, and payments on the clearance of slums and the erection of new dwell- loans (if any) are collectively prorated among the ing accommodations. stockholders who have a voting right in the manage- housing department.—The department of gov- ment and sale of stock. {See apartment-house ernment specifically charged with the enforcement types: cooperative apartment house.) of ordinances and laws regulating the occupancy,

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alteration, maintenance, and (in some instances) —State housing board. —An agency of a State the construction of residential buildings. government empowered to promote the provision of -housing project,-—A coordinated residential devel- housing. Usually an unpaid board with the power opment consisting of a building or group of build- to carry on investigation and research, to supervise ings with land, utilities, and other facilities, providing limited-dividend housing corporations, and to grant shelter and related services for a number of families; them special privileges, such as tax exemption. also a proposed development of such character. —substandard housing: project or In law, a may be one more such develop- 1. Dwellings that do not provide decent, safe, and ments conducted as a single undertaking. sanitary accommodations. -housing . —An economic situation, in a 2. Dwellings in need of major repairs or exten.sive given area, wherein the supply of living units of minor repairs to overcome hazards to person, acceptable standards is not sufficient to meet the health or well-being. . 3. Dwelling units that lack one or more of the -housing subsidy. —Aid measurable in pecuniary following: running water, inside private difference terms provided to make up the between toilet, inside private bath or shower, adequate actual rent and economic rent, or between cost and and safe heating facilities (where required by selling price. Thus aid may take one of the following climatic conditions), adequate private cook- forms: ing facilities (including sink), natural light 1. capital grant.—A contribution to capital cost and adequate ventilation, adequate and safe of at the time construction or acquisition in artificial lighting facilities. of land, materials, the form money, or 4. Dwelling units in which space and room ar- services. rangements are detrimental to family privacy, 2. annual grant.—A contractual yearly contribu- health, and morals. tion for a specified period of time to supple- 5. Dwelling units in which excessive fire hazards ment revenue from rentals. exist. interest to 3. subsidy.—Aid provided a housing 6. Dwelling units in which families are living under enterprise in the form of the difference in overcrowded conditions. (A dwelling shall the cost of capital to the government and the be considered overcrowded when it does not cost of capital to the housing enterprise. conform to the maximum occupancy stand- 4. tax exemption.—Aid provided to a housing ards established for the project.) enterprise in the of exemption form an from 7. Dwelling units in which families are living all or part of tax levies to which it would under " double-up" housing conditions. Two normally be—subject. or more families sharing a dwelling primarily 5. rent subsidy. ^Aid to a housing enterprise in designed for single-family occupancy.) terms of rent and in an amount determined 8. A dwelling unit located in a neighborhood by the deficit arising from the difference where between total income from rent and the Many buildings are abandoned or in need economic rent for the enterprise. of major repairs or demolition. -local housing authority. An independent public — Industrial nuisances obtain: i. e., excessive body, corporate politic, and created by or under noise, smoke, noxious odors, etc., from State statute, with power among other things to factories, restaurants, etc. construct, operate, and finance projects for the Congested streets (pushcarts, street mar- clearance of slums and the construction of dwelling kets, other traffic dangers, etc.) and accommodations for persons of low income. dumps are found. low-cost housing. Housing of low capital cost — Demoralizing social influences exist: i. e., per room or living unit. This should not be confused gambling establishments, hangouts, or with low-rent housing. other centers of vice and crime; or where low-rent housing. Housing that is decent, safe, — there is a high incidence of juvenile and sanitary, provided specifically for families of delinquency. low income. Suitable play-space for children is lacking. — the Federal housing. — owned by 9. Dwelling units in which violations of any local Government, by the State or political subdivision health and sanitary regulations, tenement thereof, or other legally constituted public by any and housing laws, etc., not specified above body. exist. (See USHA Bulletin No. 22 on rental of which housing. —Housing, the occupancy Policy and Procedure, "Initial Steps in is permitted by the owner thereof in consideration of Tenant Selection".) the payment of agreed charges, whether or not, by the terms of the agreement, such payment over a I period of time will entitle the occupant to the owner- improvement.—^Of land: A structure or public ship of the premises. (From National Housing utility, or any other installation or physical change

Act, as amended Jan. 3, 1939.) made in a property with a view to increasing its

469007° —42 3 [15] value, utility, or beauty. {See also land: improve- —improvements on land. —Structures erected on a ments.) site to enable its utilization, such as buildings, —tenant's improvements.—^Fixed improvements to fences, driveways, retaining walls, etc. land or structure installed and paid for by a tenant — improvements to land. —Structures or facilities or lessee. Such improvements become the property such as curbs, sidewalks, water mains, street light- of the unless specific agreements to the con- ing, sewers, etc., which although not embraced trary are entered into. within the boundaries of a property add to its incinerator. —A device which consumes usual house- usefulness. hold waste by burning. — land planning. See planning: land planning. income. A stream of benefits either in the form of — —land subdivision: money or services such as services performed by a 1. The process of dividing a given area into home for the benefit and satisfaction of its owner, residential, agricultural, commercial, or in- through occupancy of the house by the owner. dustrial sites, blocks, or plots, with streets or —family income.—Unless otherwise qualified, the roads, and 'open spaces. sum of the incomes of members of a family, or the 2. An area so divided. sum available to the head of the family for the —land uses. See uses: l.\nd use. benefit and support of its members. — —operating income.—In accounting: Income de- parcel of land.—An area of land, urban or rural; rived from the general operation of a business. which is considered as a unit, which is subject to inventory. —A list of goods, equipment, or property single ownership, and which is legally recorded a^ a assets. single piece. {Compare lot; plot.)

—real-property inventory. —An objective listing and landscape {noun). —^A part of the earth's surface or classification of real property in a particular area the view of a portion of land or land and water as which shows the supply, character, and condition of seen from any given point. such property at a given time. —landscape accessories. —Subordinate, nonvegeta- tive features of the J development of a grounds design, such as walls or garden arbors. joist. One of a series of parallel beams used to — —landscape construction. —The alteration of exist- support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in ing ground conditions together with construction turn by larger beams, girders, or bearing walls. and development of ground features, including minor K structures. lath. —A building material of wood, metal, gypsum, or "kick back" statute. —A statute outlawing the insulation board, that is fastened to the frame of a remission of a portion of or compensation for building to act as a plaster base. building work on any public financed by government laundry. See rooms: laundry. funds. {See Public, No. 324, 73d Cong., approved lavatory: June 13, 1934—48 Stat. 948.) 1. A minor enclosed space in a building equipped . See rooms: kitchen. with washbasin or washbasins and usually with —strip kitchen.-—Kitchen equipment located along one or more water-closets. the wall of a room or of a space designed or used 2. A washbasin. primarily for other purposes. kitchenette. See rooms: kitchenette. lay-out or schematic plan. See plan types: lay- out OE SCHEMATIC PLAN. L lease. —An agreement which, for a consideration, con- land: veys the right of use and occupancy of a property surface of all 1. In economics: The the earth and the for a specified term, and under specified conditions. natural and natural productive —sublease. —An agreement conveying the right of use powers over which possession of the earth's and occupancy of a property in which the lessor is surface gives man control. the lessee in a prior lease. 2. In law: (a) Any tract of ground whatever, to- lex adickes. —A replotting law first proposed in Frank" gether with its appurtenances; (6) A share or furt-am-Main, Germany. It involves the replanning interest in land, dwellings, or any heredita- of an area restoration original ments corporeal or incorporeal. and to each property owner of his pro-rata share of a private land, in the 3. Property which in fact or in law is immovable. approximate location of his former holdings. {See also improvement.) — —accommodation land, —Synonymous with acreage. lien. ^A charge against property whereby the property —developed land.—Land which has been prepared is made security for the payment of a debt or the for some social or economic use. performance of an obligation. —improved land. —Land upon which or to which lintel. —A horizontal structural member which sup- improvements have been made. {See land: im- the load over an opening such as a door or provements to land.) windov/.

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littoral: the edges or ends when laid edge-to-edge or end-to-

1. A shore and the country contiguous to it. end. 2. The zone comprised between high- and low-water —nominal size. —As applied to timber or lumber, marks. (

1. A parcel of land in one ownership that is described (Note.—It may be surfaced on one side (SIS), two sides (S2S), one by reference to a recorded plat or by metes edge (SIE), or on a combination of sides and edges: (SISIE), (S2S1E), and bounds. (SlS2E).or(S4S).) 2. As used in building codes: A parcel of land considered as a unit devoted to a certain use M or occupied by a building or a group of build- mall. —A formally designed central panel usually with ings that are united by a common interest or a lawn, rather than a paved way, on its axis. use, and the customary accessories and open marquee.-—^A large tent or a temporary structure pro- spaces belonging to them. vided with a canvas top. —front of lot. —The edge of a lot which borders on the marquise. —A permanent hood that projects over an highway or street. In the case of a corner lot the entrance to a building and is not supported by posts or front may be designated, or election left to the columns. owner by the proper authority. masonry.—Stone, brick, hoUow tile, concrete block or —lot line. —A line bounding the lot as described in the tile, and sometimes poured concrete and g3'psum title to the property. block, or other similar materials, or a combination of —rear of lot. The edge of a lot opposite the front. — same, bonded together with mortar to form a wall, In the case of a triangular or gore lot the rear is pier, buttress, etc. designated by the authority having jurisdiction. —ashlar masonry.—Masonry of sawed, dressed, lot types: tooled, or quarry-faced stone with proper bond. —corner lot. A lot abutting upon two or more — (From NBS BH6 "Recommended Minimum Require- streets at their intersection. ments for Masonry Wall Construction," 1925.) —gore lot. —A small triangular lot. —coursed rubble. —Masonry composed of roughly —interior or inside lot. —A lot bounded by a street shaped stones fitting approximately on level beds on one side only. and well bonded. (From NBS BH6 "Recommended —through lot. —A lot other than a corner lot having Minimum Requirements for Masonry Wall Construc- frontage on two public highways or streets. (Some- tion." 1925.) times called a "merged lot.") master plan. See plan types: master plan. louver or louvre. —A slatted opening for ventilation in which the slats are so placed as to exclude rain, measurements: (see also areas) Hght, or vision. —court measurements: lumber.—The product of the saw and planning mill —height of court. —The vertical distance from the not further manufactured than by sawing, resawing, level of the floor of the lowest storj' served by the and passing lengthwise through a standard planing court to the top of the walls bounding the court. machine, cross-cutting to length and working. —length of an outer court. —The mean horizontal — boards. —Yard lumber less than 2 inches thick, distance between the open and closed ends of the 8 or more inches wide. —court. —dressed size. —The dimensions of lumber after width of an inner court. —The least horizontal planing; usually %" less than the nominal or rough dimension of such court. size; for example, a 2"X-1" stud actually measures —width of an outer court. —The shortest hori- lYs" X 3%". (iSee lumber: nominal size.) zontal dimension measured in a direction substan- —kiln-dried lumber. —Lumber dried by artificial tially parallel with the principal open end of such heat to a moisture content which is less than can court. normally be obtained through the natural process height of building: conunonly known as air seasoning. 1. The vertical distance from the mean finished —matched lumber. —Lumber that is edge dressed and grade to the highest point of the building on shaped to make a close tongue-and-grooye joint at any side under consideration.

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2. The vertical distance from grade (in some cases, —demand .-—A mortgage loan which, curb level) to the highest point of the roof by its terms, provides for liquidation of the loan upon beams (in some cases, the coping) of a flat demand of the lender. roof, to the deckline of a mansard roof, or to —direct -reduction mortgage loan. —A mortgage the average height of the highest gable of a loan which, by its terms, provides for crediting any pitched roof. payments by the mortgagor: first, to accrued (Note.—In building regulations, exceptions often arc interest upon the outstanding principal balance as made for minor roof structures necessary for the operation of the date paj'ment is made, and second, to the of the building or for decorative purposes (but not for human outstanding principal balance of the mortgage itself. occupancy), such as water tanks, bulkheads, cupolas, stair —mortgage risk rating. process towers, etc.) —The of thoroughly analyzing the major factors of risk undertaken in —height of ceiling. —The vertical distance from the the making of a mortgage loan and the rating to the finished floor to the finished ceiling in any room, mortgage in accordance with the risk involved in the exclusive of projecting ceiling beams. loan transaction or in connection with the insurance (Note.—In instances where are not level over the full area of a room, special rulings must control.) of the mortgage. {From Federal Housing Adminis- — tration "Underwriting Manual," 1938.) height of story. —The vertical distance from the — surface of a floor to the surface of the next floor above. share-account sinking-fund mortgage loan. — — height of wall. —The vertical distance to the top of mortgage loan which, by its terms, provides for the the wall (mean height of gable) measured from the liquidation of the loan at such time as a sufficient foundation walls, or from a girder or other immediate amount is available in a sinking fund consisting of support of such wall. installment payments to be made by the mortgagor mechanical equipment. —In architectural and engi- on account of the purchase of -dividend-bearing neering practice: All equipment included under the shares of the lending institution, such shares being general heading of plumbing, heating, air condition- purchased coincidentally with the execution of the ing, gasfitting, and electrical work. mortgage. —cancel-and-endorse plan.- variation meridian. —An imaginary line on the earth's surface —A of the running due north and south and used for measuring share-account sinking-fund plan whereby a single longitude. (Compare base line.) share may be matured and applied against the loan. —principal meridian. —A meridian from which range Interest is calculated upon the remaining balance. —straight loan. lines are established. mortgage —A mortgage loan which, its terms, provides for liquidation of the loan by metes and bounds.—A means of describing the loca- by tion of land by defining boundaries in terms of direc- means of a single principal payment at the date of loan. tions (courses) and distances from one or more maturity of the mortgage types: specified points of reference. — metropolitan area. See areas: metropolitan area. chattel mortgage.—A mortgage in which the se- mezzanine or mezzanine floor. —An intermediate curity consists of tangible personal property. floor between the floor and ceiling of any story, lim- (Note.—A chattel mortgage usually takes the form of a bill of sale drawn in favor of the mortgagee with a clause defeating the transfer ited in building codes as to height and as to area during compliance of the mortgagor with specified conditions.) (See with respect to the floor beneath. CHATTEL.) (Note.—Area limitations in codes vary from 20 percent of the area —existing-home mortgage.—A mortgage covering a any area less than that of the floor beneath (Florida).) (Chicago) to home one year or more old as of the date of applica- millwork.-—The finished wood portions of a building tion for . (From Federal Hous- which are customarily obtained from a planing mill, ing Administration "Insured Mortgage Portfolio," such as doors, window and door frames, sash, panel- December 1939.) work, etc. It does not include lumber used for — first mortgage.—A mortgage which creates a claim structural purposes or siding, which are items of having priority to all the claims created by all other yard lumber. mortgages or other instruments used for the same monument.—Applied to land ownership: A boundary purpose on the same property. stone or other permanent marker locating a property —gross mortgages accepted. A statistical term em- line or corner. — bracing all mortgages accepted for insurance, without mortgage.—A contract under the terms of which (1) exception. (From Federal Housing Administration the legal (but not the equitable) title to property of "Insured Mortgage Portfolio," December 1939.) one person (the mortgagor) is conveyed conditionally to a second person (the mortagee) as security for the —junior mortgage.—A mortgage which creates a first payment of a debt or (2) a lien created against the claim subordinate to the claims created by a property for the same purpose. mortgage on the same property. Any mortgage mortgage loans: subordinate to a first mortgage: e. g., a second or —balloon-payment mortgage loan.—A mortgage third mortgage. loan which, by its terms, provides for partial liquida- —mortgage accepted for insurance.—A mortgage tion of the loan by periodic payments of the debt and which the FHA has agreed to insure through issuance the remainder at the maturity of the loan. to the applicant mortgagee of a firm commitment to

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insure. (From Federal Housing Adniinistration "In- than an outlined neighborhood. (From Federal Hous- sured Mortgage Portfolio," December 1939.) ing Administration "Underwriting Manual," 1938.) —mortgage processing. —The examina.tion and other outlined neighborhood. —A neighborhood in v/hich procedures attending the handling of each mortgage the approximate borders have been established for selected for insurance by the FHA insuring office the purpose of indexing and classifying location and before the mortgage is accepted for insurance or valuation data, real-estate market data, and estab- rejected. (From Federal Housing Administration lished ratings of locations. (From Federal Housing "Insured Mortgage Portfolio," December 1939.) Administration "Underwriting Manual," 1938.) —mortgage selected for appraisal. —A mortgage . —An area devoted to the propagating and specified in an application for insurance which has growing of plants for later transplanting, usually kept passed a first review by the FHA. Selection is evi- under intensive cultivation. denced by the FHA's acceptance of the appraisal fee O accompanying the application and the assignment to the case of an identifying "case number." (From obsolescence. —Impairment of desirability and useful- Federal Housing Administration "Insured Mortgage ness resulting from changes in the arts or in design, Portfolio." December 1939.) or from external influences which makes a property —net mortgages accepted. —A statistical term less desirable for continued use. embracing aU mortgages accepted for insurance, occupancy:

exclusive of mortgages in connection with which firm 1. Act of taking or holding possession. commitments to insure have expired or have been 2. The uses, considered from the standpoint of their withdrawn. (From Federal Housing Administration type, to which a property or properties in a "Insured Mortgage Portfolio," December 1939.) specified area are put. —new-home mortgage. —A mortgage covering a 3. The ratio of actual gross income to income which home which has been completed within 12 months would result if all rentable space were rented at prior to the date of acceptance of the mortgage for specified rates. (See occupancy: occupancy insurance, or which is under construction as of that RATIO.) date, or which is to be constructed. (From Federal — building occupancy.—The use in which a building Housing Administration "Insured Mortgage - is placed, such as business, public, etc. folio," December 1939.) —certificate of occupancy. —A statement signed by a —premium-paying mortgage. —A mortgage which building official setting forth (1) that a building or has been closed by the mortgagee and endorsed for structure complies with aU ordinances or (2) that a insurance by the FHA; hence, one on which the mort- building, structure, or parcel of land may be lawfully gagor is paying mortgage insurance premiums used for specified purposes, or both. through the mortgagee to the FHA. (From Federal —class of occupancy —The particular occupancy of a Housing Administration "Insured Mortgage Port- building or structure as described in building regula- folio," December 1939.) tions. —purchase-money mortgage.—A mortgage upon a — business occupancy.—Occupancy of a building propert}' accepted by the seller of the property in part or portion thereof for the manufacture, storage, payment of the purchase price. conversion, and sale of goods, or for carrying on a

• second mortgage. See mortgage types: junior business, or rendering professional services. The MORTGAGE. building maj' be a warehouse, store, office building, —third mortgage. See mortgage types: junior factory. MORTGAGE. —ground or lot occupancy.—That part or per- mullion. —A slender bar or pier forming a division be- centage of the ground, lot, or plot occupied or tween units of windows, screens, or similar frames covered by buildings or structures. generally nonstructural. —institutional occupancy.—Occupancy of a build- muntin.—The members dividing the glass or openings ing or portion thereof by persons under medical, of sash, doors, etc. charitable, or other care or treatment, or by per- N sons held or detained by reason of public or civic duty, or for correctional purposes. The building neighborhood. —A single area composed of locations may be a hospital, asylum, sanitarium, fire house, separated only by publicly used land, the residential police station, jail, or the like. portions of which exhibit a degree of homogeneity. — miscellaneous occupancy.—Occupancy of a In general, a neighborhood is available for, or im- building or structure such as a garage, stable, proved with, dwellings of more or less similar char- wharf, hangar, and the like, not included specifi- acter, age, and quality. (From Federal Housing Ad- cally in other classes of occupancy. ministration "UnderuTiting Manual," 1938.) — mixed occupancy.—Two or more classes of —immediate neighborhood.—An area surrounding occupancy in the same building. a location and embracing the most direct influences —public occupancy. —Occupancy of a building or from which the significant characteristics of the loca- structure or portion thereof for the transaction of

tion are determined. It is generally smaller in area public business, for civic, political, educational.

[19] religious, social, or recreational purposes. The P building may be a courthouse, school, library, . —A minor enclosed space in a building, usually museum (other than private), exhibition building, adjacent to a kitchen used for the storage and/or lecture hall, church, assembly hall, lodge room, serving of food. dance haU, theater, armory, or the like. The parapet. —A wall serving as a guard at the edge of a structure may be a recreation pier, grandstand, roof, , bridge, balcony, or the like. bathhouse, or the like. —parapet wall. —That part of an exterior, party, or —residential occupancy. —Occupancj' of a build- fire wall extending above the roof line. ing or portion thereof by one or more families or parge coat or parget: households living therein, or by a person or persons 1. Coarse plasterwork applied over masonry as a using sleeping accommodations therein, such as protection or decoration. those provided in dwellings, apartment houses, 2. A base coat or protective coat for dampproofing. hotels, lodging houses, dormitories, convents, parliing space. —A designated space for temporary studios, clubhouses, and the like. stopping, standing, or storage of vehicles. —occupancy ratio: parkway. See traffic ways: parkway. 1. The ratio of the occupied units of a property to partition. —A wall that subdivides spaces within any the total available units, usually living units story of a building. but sometimes area units, such as square feet partition types: of rentable area in an office building. —bearing partition. —A partition which supports any 2. The ratio of the actual gross income from rented vertical load in addition to its own weight. units of a property to the total gross income —dwarf partition. —A partition that does not extend which would be obtained if all units were from floor to ceiling. rented at specified rates. —fire partition. —A partition designed to restrict the official: spread of fire, or to provide an area of refuge. — building official. An official, usually of a muni- — —nonbearing partition. —A partition extending cipality, charged with the enforcement of a building from floor to ceiling which supports no load other code and ordinances and laws regulating the erection, than its own weight. construction, demolition, repair, and alteration of penthouse. See house types: penthouse. structures. perennial plant. See plants: perennial plant. (Note.—Local titles vary and include the terms "building in- pergola. —A structure whose roof, composed of girders spector," "building commissioner," and other titles.) and cross-rafters, is open to the sky, usually supported —housing official: on piers or posts in parallel rows, occasionally having 1. An official charged with the enforcement of ordi- a circular or other geometric ground plan. and laws regulating the occupancy, nances perron: maintenance, and other features of housing. 1. A flight of exterior steps leading to an entrance or {See housing; official: building official.) along a walk, path, or trail, often wider in tread 2. A duly constituted officer of a governmental and less steep than the usual steps. housing agency including officers of State or 2. A stepped walk related to the length of stride, local housing authorities. {Compare stepped r.amp.) official plan. See plan types: official plan. pier. —A column of masonry, usually rectangular in orientation. —The arranging or facing of a building or horizontal cross section, used to support other struc- other structure or group of structures, with respect tural members. to the points of the compass. Orientation may be the horizontal cross-sectional area is determined bj^ a view, the sun, direction of the wind, (Note.—In building codes, usually specified as "not exceeding 4 square feet.") {Compare etc. COLUMN.) overfiead. —In general, the expenses of direction and pilaster. of wall that projects not more than administration necessary to conduct a business of —A part a its width beyond the outside or any kind. one-half of own inside face of a wall, acting as an engaged pier. {See owner. —In codes: A person, firm, or corporation owning or controlling property, including a duly buttress.) timber, or pilla,r of metal or concrete, authorized agent or attorney. Guardians or trus- pile. —A heavy the earth or cast in place to form a tees and any persons having a vested or contingent forced into foundation member. interest in the property in question may be regarded drawing representing any one of the floors or as owners. plan. —A cross-sections of a building, or the hori- —adjoining owner. —In building codes: The owner horizontal plane of any other object or area. {Compare of any premises adjoining those under consideration, zontal see also plan types.) or his authorized agent or trustee. elevation;

—full owner: plan efficiency. —In buildings, the ratio of (1) , net 1. The owner of a property which is free and clear. floor area, or of (2) rentable area, to gross floor area. 2. A term applied to a farm operator who owns all {See also areas: gross floor area, net floor the land which he operates. ARE.A, rentable .AREA.)

[20] m —

plan types: between the two is not entirely time, but time and the additive assist- —gridiron plan. — rectangular arrangement of ance of numerous subplanncrs, with which the original planners need not have contact. (In England, town plannmg is largely synonymous streets and blocks. with the city-planning practices of the United States ) —lay-out or schematic plan. —A plan showing planning unit. —A structural division of a building . controlling features of design laid out in relation to one another. separated from other parts of the building by a dividing —master plan. —The controlling drawing or drawings, wall without openings, extended through all habitable floors. If together with supporting explanatory data, to guide there is no such wall, the build- ing the development of a city or town plan, a park, a contains only one planning unit. This forms the smallest forest, or other large area. basic unit used in project planning. plant names, —official plan. —A plan approved by public or other standardized. —A list of approved i-esponsible authority. scientific and common names of plants in American —regional plan. —A master plan for the long-term commerce prepared for the American Joint Commit- tee social, economic, and physical development of a large on Hortictiltural Nomenclature, consisting of unit of area with natural boundaries, as a large representatives of the American Association of watershed, or a selected section of country. Nurseryiuen, Ornamental Growers Association, —site plan. —A lay-out showing the functional organ- American Society of Landscape Architects, American ization of the elements of a proposed improvement. Pharmaceutical Association, American Institute of (Compare plan types: lay-out or schematic Park Executives, and the Society of —American PLAN.) Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists. "Stand- planning: ardized Plant Names prepared for the American —city planning. —The contiiuiing process of pre- Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature," paring a comprehensive design or master plan for 2d Edition, 1942. the growth of a city or parts thereof. planting strip. —For residential streets: A narrow —group planning. —The process of designing a area for planting trees, shrubs, or grass along a street number of buildings for unity of appearance and or drive, usually between the sidewalk and edge of convenience of use. road surface; often erroneously referred to as parking —land planning. —Planning the use of land to adapt strip. —it to human need and enjoyment. plants: .—The formulation of plans for —annual plant. —An herbaceous plant which com- the social, economic, and physical development of a pletes its life cycle in one growirfg season. region. • biennial plant. —An herbaceous plant which com- —site planning: pletes its life cycle in two growing seasons. 1. The arrangement of buildings, open spaces, —deciduous plant. —A woody plant which sheds its all related utilities, and improvements on a leaves annually. given area, with due regard for design, site —evergreen plant. —A woody or herbaceous plant, conditions, convenience, economy, and ade- retaining living foliage (leaves, needles, or scales) quate provision for light, air, and circulation. from season to season; e. g., holly, rhododendron, 2. The fimctional organization of the elements of a pine, arbor vitae. proposed based on the deter- improvement —ground cover plant. See ground cover. mination land circulation, building of use, —herbaceous plant. —A plant without a woody stem. location and lay-out, and utilities and other —herbaceous perennial plant. —A perennial plant services. having no persistent stem. —town planning: —perennial plant. —A plant (woody or herbaceous) 1. The process of developing a master plan for with a normal life of 3 or more years' duration. future town growth. This term is popularly applied to herbaceous 2. The process of developing a coordinated program perennial plants.) or plan for guiding the growth of a community. plat. —A map, plan, or chart of a city, town, section, (Note.—The distinction between town planning and city planning or subdivision indicating the location and boundaries cannot be maintained as such in all circumstances. Generally, when of individual properties. the planner conceives an integrated community development whose extent is such that he can develop all plans, specifications, and if plate: authorized, supervise the construction of the project within a stated horizontal structural placed on a wall period, improvement can be considered in the field of town planning; 1. A member but when the planner conceives and develops or directs the develop- or supported on posts, studs, or corbels to carry ment of an improvement which must be carried into effect by others, the trusses of a roof or to carry the rafters usually by the departments or divisions of municipal authority, and directly. over a period which makes impractical one operation, the improve- 2. as of a partition or other ment is properly in the field of city planning. The greenbelt are A shoe or base member, typical examples of town planning where the conception was developed frame. and specified, and construction supervised within a limited period by 3. A small relatively ,flat member usually of metal the planners. A city thoroughfare plan is an example of city planning placed on or in a w^all to support girders, as here designated. The usual completion of a thoroughfare plan accomplishment is spread over a period of yeare. The distinction rafters, etc.

[21] — —

4. A nonstructural protective unit, sucli as a push- tanks and vats, continuous water connections plate, kick-plate, etc. between the supply and drain systems, priming platform: lines to pumps, etc. {From "Cross-Connections in 1. The level part of a staircase between two landings. Plumbing Systems," J. Research NBS, 20: 479 2. A permanent floor built above the adjoining- (1938); RP1086.) ground, as a loading platform, or above an indirect cross-connection. —A cross-connection, adjoining floor, as the platform of a rostrum, frequently referred to as a potential cross-connec- or a dais. tion, in which the interconnection is not con- 3. A movable floor, as the platform of an elevator tinuously inclosed and the completion of the cross- or dtunbwaiter. connection depends on the occurrence of one or 4. A temporary floor, as of a scaffold, or a floor of a more abnormal conditions. Examples: Water- temporary building. {From "Building Code for closets with direct flusla-valve supply, bathtubs California," 1939.) and lavatories with faucet openings that may platting. —The process of mapping a subdivision plan become submerged, and other plumbing fixtures or any other survey lay-out. {See land: land and equipment whose supply inlets may become SUBDIVISION.) partially or wholly submerged. {From "Cross- playiield. —A large area given to outdoor athletics Connections in Plumbing Systems," J. Research or games. NBS, 20: 479 (1938); RP1086.) playground.—A play area usually containing diversi- downspout.—A pipe which carries water from the fied recreational facilities, usually for children. roof or gutter to the ground or to any part of the plot: drainage system. (Synonymous with conductor, leader, rainspout.) 1. A parcel of land or an assemblage of adjacent drainage: parcels of land in a single unit. — building {house) drain.—That part of the lowest 2. A relatively small area of land. horizontal piping of a building drainage system plumbing.—The work or business of installing in which receives the discharge from soil, waste, and buildings the pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building for bringing in the water supply and removing liquid and conveys it to the building (house) sewer be- and water-borne wastes. The term is used also to ginning 5 feet outside the inner face of the building denote the installed fixtures and piping of a building. wall. {From NBS BMS66, "Plumbing Manual," plumbing terms: 1940.) —back flow. The flow of water into a water-supply — — building {house) subdrain. —That portion of a from source except its regular one. system any drainage system which cannot drain by gravity Back siphonage is one type of backflow. {From into the building sewer. {From NBS BMS66, BMS66, "Plumbing Manual," 1940.) NBS "Plumbing Manual," 1940.) —catch basin. A small underground structure for — — building drainage system. —All piping provided surface drainage in which sediment may settle before for carrying waste water, sewage, or other drainage, water reaches the drain lines. from the building to the street sewer or place of —cesspool. A covered pit with open-jointed linings — disposal. {From NBS BMS66, "Plumbing Man- into which raw sewage is discharged, the liquid por- ual," 1940.) is of seepage or leaching tion of which disposed by —dry well. —A covered pit with open-jointed linings the surrounding porous soil, the solids or sludge into through which drainage from roofs, basement floors, being retained in the pit. or areaways maj^ seep or leach into the surrounding —cross-connection. Any connection between two — porous soil. water-piping systems whereby water may flow from — main.—The principal artery of the system to which one system to the other, the direction of flow de- branches may be connected. pending on the direction of the pressure difi'erential — building main.—The water-supply pipe, includ- between the two systems. ing fittings and accessories, from the water (street)

(Note.—A cross-connection becomes a hazard to health when one main or other source of supply to the first branch system carries a water used for human consumption and the other of the water-distributing system. {From NBS will convenient for carries an impure or contaminated water. It be BMS66, "Plumbing Manual," 1940.) purposes of discussion and analysis to divide cross-comiections into —plumbing fixtures. —Receptacles which receive and two general classes, direct and indirect, although there is no sharp demarcation between the two in principle.) (From "Cross-Connec- discharge water, liquid, or water-borne wastes into a tions in Plumbing Systems," J. Research NBS, 20: 479 (1938); RP1086.) drainage system with which they are connected. —direct cross-connection. —A continuous inclosed {From NBS BMS66, "Plumbing Manual," 1940.) interconnection between two piping sj'stems, such —plumbing stack. —-A general term for the vertical that the flow of water from one system to the other main of a system of soil, waste, or vent piping. may occur whenever a pressure differential is set up {From NBS BMS66, "Plumbing Manual," 1940.) in the connection between the two systems. Ex- —plumbing system, —A system of pipes including the amples: Interconnections between dual water-dis- water-service line and building drainage lines from tributing systems, completely submerged inlets their several connections within the building to their from water-supply lines to closed plumbing fixtures, connections with the public mains or individual water-supply and sewage-disposal systems, together —vent. —-A pipe installed to provide a flow of air to or with fixtures, traps, vents, and other devices con- from a drainage system or to provide a circulation nected thereto. Storm-water drainage pipes may be of air within such system to protect trap seals from considered a part of the plumbing system when con- siphonage and back pressure. nected to a public sewerage system. —vent types: roughing -in. —The work of installing all pipes in —back vent. —A branch vent installed primarily for the drainage system and all water pipes to the point the purpose of protecting fixture traps from .self- where connections are made with the plumbing fix- siphonage. (From NBS BMS66, "Plumbing tures. Manual," 1940.) seepage pit. —A covered pit which receives the efflu- —vent stack. —A vertical vent pipe installed ])ri- ent from a septic tank or the waste from laundry marily for the purpose of providing circulation of trays. air to or from any part of the building drainage septic tank. —A sewage-settling tank intended to system. retain the sludge in immediate contact with the — water-closet: sewage flowing through the tank, for a sufficient 1. A plumbing fixture consisting of a bowl for the period to secure satisfactory decomposition of or- reception of fecal discharges and equipment ganic sludge solids by bacterial action. for flushing the bowl with water. sewage,—The liquid or water-borne wastes carried 2. A minor enclosed space in a building equipped away from buildings with or without such ground or with such a plumbing fixture. surface water as may be present. — water- system.—In USHA work: All sewer. —A conduit, usually closed, designed or used new water mains and service lines, outside of building

for carrying sewage from buildings and/or ground lines (or to a point near the building line) , needed for and surface water to sewage-disposal plants or to domestic water supply and fire protection for the natural bodies of water. project. (From USHA Bulletin No. 14, "Policy and sewer system. —A system comprising all sewers Procedure," 1938.) (sanitary, storm, and combined), culverts, and sub- — water-supply system of a building, — All the surface drains needed to conduct sanitary sewage and water-service pipes, the water-distributing pipes, and storm water from a site. the necessary connecting pipes, fittings, and control sewer types: valves. (From. NBS BMS66, "Plumbing Manual," — building (house) sewer. —That part of the hori- 1940.) zontal piping of a building drainage system ex- —dual main system of water supply. —The use tending from the building drain 5 feet outside of of two underground conduits, pipes, or lines, each the inner face of the building wall to the street to supply one side of a street. sewer or other place of disposal (a cesspool, septic pointing:

tank, or other type of sewage-treatment device or 1. The treatment of joints in masonry for appearance devices) and conveying the drainage of but one or protection by filling with mortar under tool building site. (From NBS BMS66, "Plumbing pressure and usually to a definite form. — Manual," 1940.) — 2. The filling placed in joints of roofing of slate, tile, sanitary seiver. ^A sewer designed or used only etc., as —a closure. for conveying liquid or water-borne waste from police power. "That power (police power) . . . em- plumbing fixtures. (From NBS BMS66, "Plumb- braces regulations designed to promote the public ing Manual," 1940.) convenience or the general prosperity as well as —storm sewer. —A sewer used for conveying rain or regulations designed to promote the public health,

subsurface water. the public morals, or the public safety . . . That sewerage. —The composite -parts of a sewer system power is not confined, as we have said, to the sup- including conduits, pumping stations, treatment pression of what is offensive, disorderly, or unsani- works, and such other works as may be employed tary. It extends to so dealing with the conditions in the collection, treatment, or disposal of sewage. which exist in the State as to bring out of them the ." soil pipe. —Any pipe which convej's the discharges greatest welfare of its people. . . (Bacon v. of water-closets, or fixtures having similar functions, Walker, 204 U. S. 311, 317, 318 (1907), The Supreme with or without the discharges from other fixtures. Court of the United States.) tile field: porch. —A floor extending beyond the exterior walls 1. The system, of open-joint drain tiles laid to dis- of a building. It may be enclosed or unenclosed. tribute septic-tank effluent over its absorp- . —An open space having a roof supported by tion area. columns, located outside an entrance to or exit from 2. A tile system laid to provide subsoil drainage for a building. — wet areas. prevailing : trap. —A fitting or device so designed and con- 1. On work other than public work of the United structed as to provide a liquid trap seal which will States Government: The wage paid the ma-

prevent the passage of air through it. (From NBS joi-ity of workers in a specific class of occupation BMS66, "Plumbing Manual," 1940.) in a particular community.

[23] 2. On public works of the United States Government: —subsurface utilities. —The public services under- The wage or rate for any specific class of labor ground, including sewers, gas, water lines, and some- as set by the Secretary of Labor under the Bacon- times telephone and electric-light conduits. Davis Act, August 30, 1935. public-utility company.—A company engaged in rata. term meaning "in proportion." It re- pro —A rendering a service to the public, usualty of a lates to the distribution of any fund, implying that monopolistic or quasimonopolistic character and distribution is made upon some proportional the subject to governmental regulation as to rates of basis. service, capitalization, etc. proUle: public- utility (public-service) property. —A prop- surface outline of a given plane section, either 1. The erty devoted to the production of commodities or curved, highway, building, straight or as of a or service of general community consumption and other structure. therefore vested with public interest. 2. A vertical section through any area of country. (Note.—Usually having status as a or quasimonopoly.with 3. A longitudinal vertical section through any work or without benefit of franchise, and ordinarily under some form of to show the elevations commonly along the governmental regulation and control.) center line of a road or wall. purlin. —A horizontal member usually laid at right : angles to main rafters or trusses of a roof to support 1. The excess of income over all costs incidental to elements of the roof framing. its production. resulting from the employment of capital. 2. The gain Q property: 1. A lot or plot with or without buildings or other quantity survey. —An inventory of the quantity of improvements. materials and labor required to complete a construc- 2. Any or all rights to the benefits and services or to tion operation, compiled for the purpose of estimat- the contracted services of free persons. ing. 3. The objective things, such as land, buildings, etc., R (but not persons), which are the subject of such rights. rabbet. —A rectangular longitudinal groove cut in the corner of a board or other piece of material. property line. —A recorded boundary of a plot. —property-line wall. See walls: propeety-line rafter. —One of a series of structural members of a WALL. roof designed to support roof loads. The rafters of property types: a flat roof are sometimes called roof joists. —income property.—Property which is capable of rafter types: yielding an income in cash and the ownership of which — hip rafter.—A rafter which forms the intersection is desired primarily on this account. of an external roof angle. —personal property. — All property other than real —jack rafter.—A rafter which spans the distance property. from a wall plate to a hip or from a valley to a ridge. —real property: — valley rafter.—A rafter which forms the intersec-

1. Any estate in freehold. tion of an internal roof angle. 2. The land and improvements which constitute ramp.—An inclined plane connecting separate levels. the subjects of a freehold estate. (See STEPPED RAMP.) 3. In law: All lands, including improvements and range. —The area included between two range lines. fixtures permanently affixed thereto, and (Compare township.) property or rights of ownership of any nature —range line. —One of a series of imaginary lines on appurtenant thereto. (See real estate; the earth's surface, running due north and south at REALTY.) 6-mile intervals and used for locating and describing —service property.—A property, such as a church, parcels of land under government survey. (5ee school, or hospital, which is not operated for profit, meridian: principal meridian; township line.) and which is not commonly bought and sold in the real estate.—Land and whatever is permanently market. affixed thereto. protective : realty. —Synonymous with real estate. 1. A written agreement restricting the use of real recreational area. See areas: recreational area. property and intended to protect and benefit the recreational center: property. 1. Neighborhood or community play-area. 2. A restriction appearing in a instru- 2. A building and/or grounds used for general public ment affecting the use of real property. play or leisure-time activities. public service station. See buildings: public serv- See plan types: regional plan. ice STATION. regional plan. public utilities. —Public services or facilities, such as regional planning. See planning: regional plan- electricity, gas, telephone, water, sewers, etc. ning.

[24] registered architect, engineer, or landscape archi- elevation, in conjunction with definitely tect: located spaces on the ground surface, for 1, A professional who is licensed to practice under foundation and supporting columns. registration laws. 2. An air lease. 2. A person licensed to practice under registration — littoral right. —The right attached to a parcel of laws. land which appertains to seas or great lakes bordering rehabilitation. —A phj'sieal change designed to raise on such a parcel. the use value of a deteriorated structure or area. —right of way: remodeling. —The act of changing the physical 1. A right of passage. characteristics of a building. 2. The area over which the right of passage exists. rent. —The payment for the use of land, buildings, or — riparian right.—^Any right appurtenant to a parcel other real or personal property. Rental often used of land which appertains to water bordering on, or

synonymously. within, or under such parcel; e. g., the rights to —econorriic rent: natural flow unobstructed by artificial checks or 1. In housing: The amount of rent sufficient to barriers, to freedom from unreasonable pollution, of cover all costs of operation and maintenance, access to the water, of accretion. to yield a reasonable return on the , —squatter's right. — Right to occupancy of land and to amortize the investment in wasting created by virtue of long and undisturbed use without assets over the productive life of the building. legal title or arrangement.

2. In economics : The earnings attributed to the serv- — water right. —A property consisting of the rights to ices of land as distinct from capital and labor. a water supply. 3. A rent which would be obtainable for given ac- riprap. —Stones or other material placed on a slope to commodations or space at a specified time as prevent erosion by water action. distinct from the rent called for in an existing roof. —The entire construction used to close in the top lease on the same accommodations or space. of a building. —. —The rent paid for the right of use and roof hip. —The sloping line at the junction of two roof occupancy of a parcel of unimproved land, or that surfaces where an external angle greater than 180 portion of the rent paid for the use and occupancy degrees is formed. of a parcel of improved land which is imputed to the roof ridge.—The horizontal line at the junction of the land as distinguished from the improvements. top edges of two roof surfaces where an external —inclusive rent. — Rent that includes charges for angle greater than 180 degrees is formed. certain services, such as hot and cold water, heat, roof types: light, refrigeration, and fuel for cooking. —curb (or curbed) roof. —-A roof in which the slope is —shelter rent. — Rent that does not include charges broken on two or more sides; so called because a for hot water, heat, light, refrigeration, or fuel for horizontal curb is built at the plane where the slope cooking, but sometimes includes cost of water. changes. repair.—Any labor or material provided to restore a — flat roof. —A roof which is flat or one which is building or any part thereof to a sound condition. pitched only enough to provide for drainage. {Com- replacement. —The act of supplying a new object to pare ROOF types: pitched roof.) supplant an object that has reached the end of its —gabled roof.—A ridge roof which terminates in a useful life, to serve the same purpose as the object gable. supplanted. Also the object supplied. —gambrel roof. —A gable roof each slope of which is —replacement insurance. —Any labor or material broken into two planes. supplied to restore a building to such condition as it —hip {or hipped) roof: was in, prior to damage by fire, flood, tornado, or 1. In general, a roof which has one or more hips. other insurable hazard. 2. A roof which has four sloping sides that meet residence. See buildings: residence. at four hips, or at four hips and a ridge. restaurant. See buildings: restaurant. — lean-to roof: restriction. —An encumbrance on land which limits its 1. A roof which has a single sloping surface that use, imposed for mutual or community protection. is supported at the top by a wall that is restrictive covenant. See protective covenant. higher than the roof. ribbon development.—A building development ex- 2. A roof which has a single sloping surface. tending along a main suburban or countrj' road like a — mansard roof.—A type of curb roof in which the ribbon lying across the countryside, in contradistinc- pitch of the upper portion of a sloping side is slight tion to a compact development extending laterally and that of the lower portion steep. The lower from one or both sides of a highway. (Sometimes portion is usually interrupted by dormer windows. called "string development.") —monitor roof. —A type of gable roof commonly used rights: on industrial buildings, which has a raised portion —air right: along the ridge with openings for light and/or air. 1. A right to build in, occupy, and otherwise use —pent roof. —A roof, other than a lean-to roof, w"hich that portion of real property above a stated has a single sloping surface.

[25] — —

—pitched roof. —A roof which has one or more slopmg — kitchen. —A room designed or used primarily for the surfaces pitched at angles greater than necessary for preparation and cooking of food. (Compare rooms: drainage. (Compare roof types: flat roof.) KITCHENETTE.) —pyramid roof. —A hip roof which has four sloping —kitchenette. —An enclosed space designed or used surfaces, usually of equal pitch, that meet at a peak. as a kitchen but usually with less and smaller equip- — ridge roof. —A roof which has one or more ridges. ment than that used in a kitchen and with a floor roof valley. —The sloping line at the junction of two area reduced to the lowest practical minimum. (See roof surfaces where an external angle less than 180 .APARTMENT TYPES: KITCHENETTE APARTMENT.) degrees is formed. —laundry. —A room or other space designed for roofing. —The materials applied to the structural parts washing personal apparel and housekeeping textiles, of a roof to make it watertight. equipped with suitable plumbing and service for room.—An enclosed space for occupancy within a lautidry devices. building excluding service space such as halls, closets, — . —A room in a living unit designed as and vestibules. Minimum dimensions and require- the meeting place of the family and visitors. ments for light and ventilation are usually prescribed —men's room. —A room equipped with one or more by constituted authorities. (Compare rooms: hab- water-closets and lavatories, and usually urinals, itable room; room cottnt.) designated for the use of men. room count. —The total number of rooms and half nursery room. —A room designed or used to accom- rooms in a living unit or group of living units, half modate young children. rooms being counted as one-half each. —. —A room designed for recreational facilities for the occupants of a dwelling, a building, (Note.— 1. In USHA-aided projects, , halls, closets' laundries, utility rooms, storage rooms, and community or recrea' or a project. tional rooms are not counted as rooms. From USH.\ Bulletin No. 17, • storeroom or storage room. —An enclosed space "Definition of Terms," 1939. designed or used for depositing goods or 2. In rental housing work insured by the Federal Housing Admin- for or istration, strip located in a room, or in a closet space are not goods required the regular occupancy mainte- counted, nor are bathrooms, interior foyers, or other accessory interior nance of a building. spaces.— From Federal Housing Administration "Architectural Plan- —suite or suite of rooms.—Two or more habitable ning and Procedure for Rental Housing.") rooms designed for use as a unit. — half room.—A kitchen with an area less than 60 — transformer room. —An enclosed space designed or square feet but over 50 square feet, or a dining alcove used primarily to house electric transformers. (See with an area over 45 square feet and having separate ELECTRICAL TERMS: TR.ANSFORMER.) outside light. (

house, who has agreed to pay a specific rent for a. water-closets and lavatories, and designated for the specified space. Distinguished from a guest in that use of women. the keeper of the lodging is not subject to innkeeijer's S liability. rooms: satellite community. —A subordinate center, in a —. —A room equipped with bathtub, or metropolitan area or within the zone of influence of a shower compartment, and usually washbasin and large city. It is usually a separate political entity. water-closet. (Compare garden city; greenbelt town.) —. —Any room designed or used for sleeping. screen planting. —Trees or shrubs planted as a hedge —.—A room designed or used as a place or mixed freely in groups to screen or shut out an for eating. undesired view or views. —dressing room. —A room designed or used for seating capacity. —The number of seats in, or that putting on, removing, or adjusting wearing apparel may be legally placed in, an assembly hall, theater, and sometimes providing space for its storage. or auditorium. —guest room: septic tank. See plumbing terms: septic tank. 1. A bedroom in a living unit designed for the use service area, service court, or service yard. See of visitors. areas: service .area, service court, or service 2. A room to be let or hired out for living or sleep- yard. ing purposes. service building. See buildings: service building. — habitable room. —A room designed to be used for service drive. See traffic ways: service drive. living, sleeping, eating, or cooking, excluding bath- service station. See buildings: public service rooms, toilet compartments, closets, halls, storage, st.ation. and similar spaces. services, common or Joint. See common services. —hazardous room. —A room the occupancy of which setback: involves unusual danger from fire, explosion, or 1. The horizontal distance between the faces of the other causes. exterior wall of one story and the exterior wall

[26] next above it, where a lower story extends soil pipe. See plumbing terms: soil pipe. beyond a higher story. space: 2. The horizontal distance between the wall of a —common space. —Any exterior or interior space building and the adjacent street line. such as a yard, court, walk, vestibule, or hall de- 3. The horizontal distance between the wall of the signed for the joint use of families occupying a build- upper story or stories of a building and the wall ing that includes two or more living units. below. — maintenance and repair space. —Space provided sewer. See plumbing terms: sewer. in a building or on a property for shop and storage sewerage. See plumbing terms: sewerage. purposes, for use by members of the maintenance and repair crew employed by the management. shack. See buildings: shack. (See rooms: .) enclosed space passing through at shaft. —A vertical —open space. See areas: open area or open space. one floor and used for ventjlation,Jight, eleva- least —permanent open spaces. —Areas which are in- wiring, piping, or similar purposes. tors, tended to remain predominantly open although small share cropper. —A person working on a farm (usually structures may be erected and improvements may be having no tools, equipment, or capital, and havmg made in the form of grading and landscaping. Ex- only labor to offer) to whom the provides amples of this type of use are parks, playgrounds, food, buildings, stock, tools, seed, and part or all of and . the fertilizer, in exchange for a specified share of —roof space. —A space between the ceiling of the top the crop produced. habitable story and the roof, usually without floor sheathing. —The structural covering, usually of boards and not intended for habitation or storage. (Com- or wallboards, placed over exterior studding or pare story: attic story.) rafters of a structure. —service space. —Any exterior or interior space —sheathing paper. —A building material used in wall designed or used primarily for the delivery or storage and roof construction as a protection against the of goods or for utilities; including among others: passage of air and sometimes moisture. service roads, walks, driveways, and courts; service halls and stairways; utility rooms, plumbing rooms, shed. See buildings: shed. and transformer rooms. shop. See buildings: store. span. —The distance between structural supports such .- A concentration of business places — as walls, columns, piers, beams, girders, and trusses. or retail stores to serve a community or neighbor- spandrel or spandril: hood. 1. The panel between the top of a window or door at shoulder (highway). —A supporting shelf of graded one story and sill of a window or door at the ground along the side of a road or walk or a natural story above. surface, sometimes referred to as a berm. 2. That space contained between the line of the inner sill: surface of an and a line projected horizon- 1. The lowest member of the frame of a structure, tally through the highest portion of the arch. usually horizontal, resting on the foundation specification. —A written document stipulating the and supporting the uprights of the frame. kind, quality, and sometimes the quantity of materials 2. That member forming the lower side of an open- and workmanship required for any construction or ing, as door sill, window sill, etc. work. site plan. See plan types: site plan. site planning. See planning: site planning. splash block. —A small masonry block laid with the skylight. —Any cover or enclosure placed above a roof top close to the ground surface to receive roof drain- opening to provide for the admission of natural light. age and carry it away from the building. . —An area in which the majority of the dwellings sprinkler. —In connection with fire protection, a are detrimental to the safety, health, morals, com- device, the opening of which permits the discharge of fort, and welfare of the inhabitants because of dilap- water or other fire-extinguishing substances. idation, obsolescence, overcrowding, arrangement or —automatic sprinkler. —A sprinkler operated auto- design, lack of ventilation, light, or sanitary facilities, matically by heat. —or a combination of these factors. square. —A unit of measure— 100 square feet—usually slum clearance. —The removal of a slum condition applied to roofing materials. (See also block.) by demolition of all existing structures. This should stable. See buildings: stable. not be confused with the construction of new housing stairs: upon the same site. — flight of stairs or steps. —A run of stairs or steps —slum reclamation. —The improvement of a slum between landings. area or of a cleared slum site in order to provide for a more suitable use. —stair landing. —A platform between flights of stairs soffit. —The underside of the members of a building, or at the termination of a flight of stairs. such as staircases, cornices, beams, , etc., rela- stair rise. —The vertical distance from the top of tival}^ minor in size as compared with ceilings. one stair tread to the top of the one next above.

[27] stairway, stair, or stairs. —A series of steps, with or T without landings, or platforms, usuallj- between two tax. —A charge levied by a government upon persons or more floors of a building. or propertj' to defray the cost stairway types: of government services performed for the common benefit. (Compare —enclosed stairway. —A stairwaj" enclosed by and assessment: special assessment.) separated from hallways and living units by means taxpayer: of walls or partitions and made accessible to such 1. A person who pays a tax, whether he finally bears hallways or living units by means of a door or doors. the burden or shifts it; generally defined in law —interior stairway. —A stairway within the exterior to include all persons liable for payment of a walls of a building. tax, whether or not they actually pay it. —open stairway. —A stairway the floor landings of 2. ^Aiso used to mean a more or less temporary build- wliich are a part of the public hallways. ing improvement which produces enough income stepped ramp. — A series of steps, connected by ramps, to cover taxes and give an adequate return on on a slope. (Sometimes called "ramped steps.") the building investment, but not enough in (Compare perron; ramp.) addition thereto to provide an adequate return stool. —The flat, narrow shelf, forming the top member on the land value. of the interior trim at the bottom of a window. tenancy. —Occupancy of a property usually by per- stoop.—A small porch, , or platform, or a sons other than those in whom the fee title is vested. stairway, outside an entrance to a building. tenant: store. See buildings: store. —cash tenant. —A farm tenant who pays his rent in story. —That part of a building comprised between any cash. floor and the floor or roof next above. —share tenant. —A farm tenant who operates a farm (Note.—Most building codes specifically include cellars and base- under his own direction and by use of his capital ments as stories. A few (notably the Pacific Coast Code and that of own Knoxville, Tenn.) exclude cellars and basements unless the ceiling is and equipment and divides specified products with more than 5 feet abo\ e grade.) the owner. (Compare share cropper.) —attic story. —That part of a building situated wholly tenant's improvements. See improvement: ten- or partly within the roof frame, or between the top- ant's improvements. story ceiling and the roof, usable for storage but not tenant relations program.—In USHA-aided pro- finished for habitation. (Compare room count; jects: A regular plan under professional supervision space: roof space; story: half story.) of- tenant .selection, rent collection, community activ- — first story. —A story the floor of which is nearest the ities, tenant maintenance, and welfare services. sidewalk or adjoining grade at the main entrance; (From USHA "Model Management Resolution for other stories are numbered in regular succession, the First Budget Period," 1939.) counting upward. tenement.—A living unit in a tenement house. —half story. —That part of a building situated wholly (See also buildings: tenement or tenement house.) or partly within the roof frame finished for habita- (Note.—The term "tenement" has been widely used to indicate tion. (Compare story: attic story.) substandard, inadequate, or slum housing. That connotation has become fixed. The terms "apartment," —height of story. See measurements: height of "apartment house," "mul- tiple housing," and "multifamily housing," closely related to tene- story. ment, carry no such connotation.) street. See traffic ways: street. termite shield. —A shield, usually of sheet metal, —articulated street pattern. —The design and con- placed in or on a foundation wall or other mass of struction of streets and walks to serve particular masonry or around pipes to prevent the passage of functions, i. e., through traffic, service lanes, pedes- termites. trian walks, etc. (From Bulletin No. USHA 11, terrace: "Policy and Procedure," 1939.) 1. An essentially level and defined area, usually —street line. The line of demarcation between a — raised, either paved or planted, forming part street and the land abutting thereon. of a garden or building setting. structure.—Anything erected which requires perma- 2. A structure comprised of three or more one-family nent location on the ground or is attached to some- row dwellings. thing having a permanent location on the ground. theater. See buildings: theater. (Note.—Most building codes specifically include "buildings" in the thermostat, —An instrument that controls automati- category of "structures." A few (for example, that of Niagara Falls, cally the operation of heating or cooling devices by N. Y., and the National Board of Fire Underwriters) include tents, stadiums, observation towers, bridges, etc., but specifically exclude responding to changes in temperature. "buildings.") thoroughfare. See traffic ways: thoroughfare. stud. —One of a series of slender wood or metal struc- title. See abstract of title. tural members u.sed as supporting elements in walls topographical map.—A map showing the contour of and partitions. (Plural: studs or studding.) the land and the existing earth and water features subdivision. —A parcel of land divided into blocks, and surface characteristics of a tract of ground. lots, or plots for immediate or future use or sale, or Trees, woods, forests, roads, buildings, soil character, for building developments. and surface or subsurface utilities are often indicated.

[28] —

— topographical survey. —The field and office work —parkway. —A limited-access highway open only to incidental to preparation of a topographical map. noncommercial traffic and without privileges to town planning. See planning: town planning. owners of abutting properties of light, air, and township: access, located in a park or ribbon of parklike land

1. The area included between two adjacent town- owned or controlled by a public authority, usually a ship lines and two adjacent range lines, park authority. containing thirty-six sections. - road. —A rural or urban traffic way, with or without 2. A political subdivision of a county, usually unin- constructed gutters, curbs, and walks. Road is corporated. (Sometimes called "town.") more often applied in country areas, street in city - township line. —One of a series of imaginary lines areas. on the earth's surface running due east and west at —service drive. —A vehicular passage affording access 6-mile intervals and used for locating and describing to buildings or properties, frequently for delivery of parcels of land under government survey. supplies. traffic ways: —street:

—alley: 1. The generic term for the strip of land reserved 1. A narrow service way providing a secondary for public use, for purposes of transportation, public means of access to abutting properties. communication, and access to property front- 2. An established public or private passageway ing on the street. The street may be merely for vehicles and pedestrians, affording a named "street" or disguised under eupho- secondary means of access to abutting nisms such as avenue, boulevard, drive, lane, properties. road, and occasionally "way" added as a —arterial highway, road, or street.—A primary suffix. thoroughfare for vehicular traffic that is a main 2. A public way which affords principal means of channel, with tributaries. access to abutting property. {From "Prop- —avenue. —A dedicated traffic way. The word erty Standards and Minimum Construction "avenue" is of useful local significance where Requirements," Federal Housing Adminis- "avenues" may be north to south streets, and "streets" tration.) east to west avenues. Also "avenue" may may be —circumferential street. —A loop or arterial high- confer distinction main streets, and in be used to on way around a city or a subdivision. other commilnities residential streets. The term is —dead-end street. —A street having a closed end. without distinctive significance in planning or in law. —dedicated street. —A street the title to which is It often represents a realtor's distinction between permanently or temporarih' yielded by the owner narrow and broader streets. and accepted by the authorities for the use and — boulevard. —A dedicated traffic way, which is benefit of the public. usually broader and usually of more significance in — street. dedicated public passageway the thoroughfare plan of a city than an avenue, street, loop —A encircling or passing around a given area. road, etc. Preferably, the term should be reserved for — street. public providing for a small streets which have a center strip. In most cities, the minor —A way of traffic, usuaih- applied to streets in resi- boulevard is planted with shade trees and less often amount with other ornamental planting, but in the downtown dential districts. areas the term is without any pertinent value. — vacated street. —A street abandoned by a public —cul-de-sac.—A minor street with entrance and exit authority through appropriate official action. The at the same end. vacated street may be assigned to another use by —drive. —A dedicated street or road. The word is the same or another public authority or may be re- used as an alternate for a street, road, avenue, etc., turned to the owners of the frontage on the street occasionally restrained in use to the names for the according to local law. In some States, the street

narrower and distinctly minor residential streets of a is merely an easement for public use and benefit city or subdivision and sometimes used in connection until officially vacated. with park roads. —thoroughfare. —A through (or arterial) wa}- for —driveway. —A private way for the use of vehicles continuing traffic. and pedestrians. — traffic lane. —A unit width of a road surface ade- —freeway. strip of public land similar to a highwa}' —A quate to accommodate a moving vehicle. but intended for rapid through traffic. Owners of — ivay. —^A street, alley, or other thoroughfare or ease- abutting property have no right of access, nor any ment permanently established for passage of persons right to air or light. or vehicles. —highway.—The entire right of way devoted to public travel, including the sidewalks and other trap. See plumbing terms: trap. public spaces if such exist, to which the owners of trim. —The finish materials in a building, such as abutting property have right of access. moldings applied around openings (window trim, —lane. —A public or private traffic way of minor door trim) or at the floor and ceiling of rooms (base- character. board, cornice, picture molding).

[29] — —

trimmer.—In carpentry: A beam or joist into which —assessed value. —The figure at which property is a header is framed in framing for a chimney, stair- valued on the assessment roll by an authorized way, or other opening. (Compare header.) assessment agency. trust agreement.—An arrangement whereby an : (the trustee or settler) transfers legal title and owner 1. An enclosed space within or adjacent to a building control of property to a second party (the trustee) usually intended for the safekeeping of goods or under conditions set forth in an agreement which the safety of the occupants of the building. the vests authority in trustee to hold, manage, or Vaults are usually provided with means of dispose of the property for the benefit of a third ventilation though provision for natural light beneficiarj'. party, the is not considered essential. U 2. An arched ceiling or roof. —sidewalk vault.—An extension of a cellar beyond unearned increment.-—An increase in value of prop- the building line and under a sidewalk. erty due primarily to the operation of social or vendee. —A buyer, usually a buyer of real property economic forces rather than to the efforts or initiative under a contract of sale which gives the right of of the owner. possession but does not convey title. uses: vent: (See also plumbing terms: vent.) —commercial use. —Use predominantly for trade or 1. A minor opening provided to allow the passage of commercial service purposes. air through any space in a building, such as the • industrial use. Use for manufacturing purposes, — attic roof space or the unexcavated area under often accompanied by warehouses, freight yards, a first-floor construction. docks, etc. 2. A flue connecting any interior space in a building —land use. —The process of extracting economic or with the outer air for purposes of ventilation. social gain from the land, i. e., the process through ventilation. —The process of supplying and removing which a use value is created. —agricultural use. —Use of land predominantly for air by natural or mechanical means to or from any raising produce or livestock. space. (Such air may or may not have been con- ditioned.) —inharmonious land use. —A land use which is ventilation nonconforming with its surroundings and which cross (natural). —Ventilation through usually tends to depreciate the value of other openings in adjacent outside walls. (Sometimes ventilation.") properties within its zone of influence. called "corner —nonconforming use. —Use that does not agree • through ventilation (natural).—Ventilation with the regulations of the district. through openings in opposite outside walls. (Some- nonresidential use. —Use for purposes unrelated times called "cross ventilation.") to the residential character of the property, including vestibule:

commercial, industrial, and professional uses. 1. A minor enclosed space at the entrance of a build- — residential use. —Use for purposes related to the ing. residential character of the property. 2. An entry. utilities. See public utilities. W V wainscot or wainscoting (dado). —^The facing mate- vacancy. —A rentable unit which is not occupied. rial applied to the lower part of an interior wall con- —actual vacancy ratio: trasting with that of the upper part. (This material 1. The ratio, commonly expressed as a percentage, is usually of wood but may be of marble, tile, or of the sum of the rental values of the vacant other material.) living units to the sum of the rental values walls: of all living units in any given building or — bearing wall. —A wall which supports any vertical group of buildings at a given time. load in addition to its own weight. 2. The ratio between the number of vacant units —common wall. —A wall owned by one party but and the total number of units. jointly used by two parties, one or both of whom is value: entitled to such use under the provisions of a lease. 1. The present worth of all of the rights to future —curtain wall. A nonbearing wall between columns benefits arising from ownership as deter- — or piers which is not supported by girders or beams. mined by use (specific or highest and best), user (specific or typical), and terms of owner- —dry wall. —A wall of stone or other durable material, ship (limited or unlimited). laid without mortar. 2. Ability to command goods or money in exchange. —enclosure wall. —An exterior nonbearing wall in 3. The quantity of goods or money which should skeleton construction ancliored to columns, piers, or be received in exchange for the property under floors, but not necessarily built between columns or consideration. piers.

[30] ——

—exterior wall. —Any outside wall or vertical enclo- width. See measurements: court measure.me.nts. sure of a building other than a party or common wall. window. —An opening to the outside, other than a —faced wall. —A masonry wall faced on one or both door, which provides all or part of the required natural sides with a material different from the body of the light, natural ventilation, or both, to an interior wall, in which the facing and the body are bonded space. The glazed portion of a door in an exterior so that they will act as a unit under loads. wall may be construed to be a window. — fire wall. A wall which subdivides a building to — window types: restrict the spread of fire. It starts at the foimda- — bay window.—A rectangular, curved, or polygonal tion and extends continuously through all stories to window or group of windows, supported on a founda- and above the roof. tion extending beyond the main wall of a building. —fire-division wall. —A wall which subdivides a —dormer window.—A vertical window, in a relatively building to restrict the spread of fire, but is not small internal recess, projecting from a sloping roof. necessarily continuous through all stories nor ex- (See DORMER.) tended through the roof. — fire window. A window that, with its frame, sash, —foundation wall. —Any bearing wall or pier below — and glazing, is designed to restrict the spread of fire. the first-floor construction. —oriel window. A window or group of windows that —nonbearing wall. —A wall which supports no ver- — projects from the main line of an enclosing wall of a tical load other than its own weight. building and is carried on brackets, corbels, or a —panel wall. —A nonbearing wall in skeleton con- cantilever. struction built between columns or piers and wholly • show window. A window designed or used for the supported at each story. — display of goods. —parapet wall.—That part of an exterior, party, or wing. A lateral extension of a building from the main fire wall extending above the roof line. — portion thereof or one of two or more coordinate —party wall. —A wall used jointly by two parties portions of building which extends from under easement agreement and erected at or upon a a a common junction. line separating two parcels of land that may be held wire glass. Glass having a layer of meshed wire under different ownership. — incorporated approximately in the center of the sheet. —property-line wall. —A wall built to and along a property line. —retaining wall: Y

1. Any wall subjected to lateral pressure other yard. —In general, an open unoccupied space, on the than wind pressure. same lot with a building, between the lot line and the 2. wall built to support a bank of earth. A extreme front, rear, or side wall of the building. —veneered wall. —A wall with a masonry facing, —. —In general, a yard across the full width which is attached to but not bonded so as to form an of the lot, extending from the front line of the building integral part of the wall for purposes of load bearing to the front line of the lot. and stability. (Compare walls: faced wall.) • rear yard. —In general, a yard across the full width wallboard. Wood pulp, gypsum, or similar materials — of the lot, extending from the rear line of the building made into large rigid sheets that may be fastened to to the rear line of the lot. the frame of a building to provide a surface finish. - side yard. —In general, a yard between the extreme water table: side line of the building and the adjacent side lot line, 1. The level below which the ground is saturated. extending from the front yard to the rear yard. 2. A ledge or offset on or above a foundation wall, formed to shed water. Z water-distribution system. See plumbing terms: WATBE-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. zoning.—Division of all of the land of an entire political watershed. —The total area draining into a common subdivision into districts having different regulations water course, a lake, system of lakes, or an ocean. pertaining to use of land; and height, area, bulk, and water-supply system of a building. See plumbing use of buildings, and yard requirements; and in some TEHMS: WATER-SUPPLY SYSTEM OF A BUILDING. States density of population. Zoning is effected by way. See traffic ways: way. local ordinance under the police power of the State weephole.—A small hole, as in a retaining wall, to granted by specific legislation generally termed an drain water to the outside. "enabling act." (See protective covenant.) well. —An open, unoccupied minor area bounded on all —protective zoning and rezoning. —In work of the sides by the walls of a building passing through at USHA: The zoning or rezoning of the area immedi- least one floor, commonly used to supply light and air ately surrounding the project site which is sometimes for stairways and minor interior spaces. necessary to assure adequate protection for the

[31]; project against undesirable developments in the munity. By a zoning ordinance a municipality may immediate neighborhood. (From USHA Bulletin be divided into districts in which the use of land; the No. 27, "Policy and Procedure," 1939.) use, height, and bulk of buildings; the density of — zoning. Zoning is of city the function of — a part or population ; and the area of the lot upon which build- community planning designed to promote and protect ings may be placed are regulated. (From NBS the health, safety, morals, convenience, prosperity, BH16, "The Preparation of Zoning Ordinances," and general welfare of the inhabitants of the com- 1931.)

Washington, June 10, 1942. O

[32] BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page ii]

BMS32 Structural Properties of Two Brick-Concrete-Block Wall Constructions and a Concrete- Block Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association. lOfi BMS33 Plastic Calking Materials 10^ BMS34 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 1 10^ BMS35 Stability of Sheathing Papers as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10^ BMS36 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall, Partition, Floor, and Roof Constructions with "Red Stripe" Lath Sponsored by The Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co 10^ BMS37 Structural Properties of "Palisade Homes" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors, Sponsored by Palisade Homes 10^ BMS38 Structural Properties of Two "Dunstone" Wall Constructions Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 10^ BMS39 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Pfeifer Units" Sponsored by the Wis- consin Units Co 10^ BMS40 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Knap Concrete Wall Units" Sponsored by Knap America, Inc 10^ BMS41 Effect of Heating and Cooling on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 10^ BMS42 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall and Partition Constructions with "Celotex" Insulating Boards Sponsored by The Celotex Corporation 15^ BMS43 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 2 10^ BMS44 Surface Treatment of Steel Prior to Painting 10^ BMS45 Air Infiltration Through Windows 10^ BMS46 Structural Properties of "Scot-Bilt" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by The Globe-Wernicke Co IQ^ BMS47 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Parti- tions, and Floors Sponsored by American Houses, Inc 10^ BMS48 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built" Frame Wall and Partition Constructions Sponsored by the Homasote Co 10{5 BMS49 Metallic Roofing for Low-Cost House Construction 10^ BMS50 Stability of Fiber Building Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10^ BMS51 Structural Properties of "Tilecrete Type A" Floor Construction Sponsored by the Tilecrete Co 100 BMS52 Efifect of Ceiling Insulation Upon- Summer Comfort lOfi BMS53 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Munlock Dry Wall Brick" Sponsored by the Munlock Engineering Co 10f5 BMS54 Effect of Soot on the Rating of an Oil-Fired Heating Boiler 10{S BMS55 Effects of Wetting and Drying on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 10(4 BMS56 A Survey of Humidities in Residences 10^ BMS57 Roofing in the United States—Results of a Questionnaire 10^ BMS58 Strength of Soft-Soldered Joints in Copper Tubing 10^ BMS59 Properties of Adhesives for Floor Coverings 10^ BMS60 Strength, Absorption, and Resistance to Laboratory Freezing and Thawing of Building Bricks Produced in the United States 15fS BMS61 Structural Properties of Two Nonreinforced Monolithic Concrete Wall Constructions 10^ BMS62 Structural Properties of a Precast Joist Concrete Floor Construction Sponsored by the Portland Cement Association 100 BMS63 Moisture Condensation in Building Walls 100 BMS64 Heating of Various Surfaces 100 BMS65 Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems 100 BMS66 Plumbing Manual 200 BMS67 Structural Properties of "Mu-Steel" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by Herman A. Mugler 150 BMS68 Performance Test for Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 3 150 BMS69 Stability of Fiber Sheathing Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 100 BMS70 Asphalt-Prepared Roll Roofings and Shingles 150 BMS71 Fire Tests of Wood- and Metal-Framed Partitions 200 BMS72 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall Con- struction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 100 BMS73 Indentation Characteristics of Floor Coverings 100 BMS74 Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "U. S. S. Panelbilt" Prefabricated Sheet- Steel Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Roofs Sponsored by the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co 150 BMS75 Survey of Roofing Materials in the North Central States 150 BMS76 Effect of Outdoor Exposure on the Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 150 BMS77 Properties and Performance of Fiber Tile Boards 100 BMS78 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of Five Earth-Wall Constructions 200 BMS79 Water-Distributing Systems for Buildings 150 BMS80 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 4 150 BMS81 Field Inspectors' Check List for Building Construction (cloth cover, 5x7% inches) 200 BMS82 Water Permeability of Walls Built of Masonry Units 200

[List continued on cover page iv] BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page iii]

BMS83 Strength of Sleeve Joints in Copper Tubing Made With Various Lead-Base Solders 10(i BMS84 Survey of Roofing Materials in the South Central States 15^ BMS85 Dimensional Changes of Floor Coverings With Changes in Relative Humidity and Temperature 10^ BMS86 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of "Speedbrik" Wall Construction Sponsored by the General Shale Products Corporation 15^ BMS87 A Method for Developing Specifications for Building Construction—Report of Subcom- mittee on Specifications of the Central Housing Committee on Research, Design, and Construction lOfi BMS89 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." (Second Construction) Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 15^ BMS90 Structural Properties of "PHC" Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by the PHC Housing Corporation 15f5 BMS91 A Glossary of Housing Terms 15^