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Potato Early Dying Presentation Potato Early Dying Soil Ecology University of Manitoba Mario Tenuta Department of Soil Science @soilecologyUMan Presentation to PEI Potato Growers February 2 & 3, 2018 Potato Early Dying • Essentially: the fungus,Verticillium – Two species,V. dahliae, V. albo-atrum – Either fungal pathogen alone, – or in conjunction with root lesion nematode, – Pratylenchus penetrans • Vascular Wilt Disease • Early death • Collethotricum (black dot)? • Erwinia (soft rot)? • Robs yield of large tubers Vascular Symptoms PED Symptoms PED Symptoms FACTS about Potato Early Dying Importance Among top potato diseases Concern after mid-70s in many regions Manitoba concern starting late 80s Varies from year-year Occurs often in patches Sandy spots Wet areas Machinery entrance points Culprits Verticillium dahliae Not present in Prairie Canada but in ON, PQ, Atlantic Canada Root Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus penetrans Verticillium dahliae Life-cycle Plant’s responses Stem section Vascular discoloration WILT How does Verticillium survive? In the soil: Microsclerotia = resting structures In plant tissues: Mycelium and/or microsclerotia in tubers, leaves, stems…etc Verticillium Host Range Wide host range Almost all dicotyledon families are susceptible Examples: Alfalfa, Clover, Sunflower, Cabbage, Celery, Cucumber, Pepper, Radish, Rhubarb, Tomato Any Immune or Resistant plants?: Cereals (all moncots): immune (?) Asparagus, lettuce: moderately resistant 100 A Relation old plating y = -0.0005x2 + 0.5191x - 18.366 80 R² = 0.608 of soil) P =0.04 1 - method to new 60 DNA DNA (pg g DNA method 40 20 V. V. dahliae 0 0 50 Verticillium100 inoculum 150(CFU g-1) 200 250 120 B y = 0.002x2 + 0.007x + 0.777 R² = 0.99 soil) 100 1 P =0.0001 - 80 Relationship between Verticillium inoculum level (CFU) in 60 DNA DNA (pg g soils naturally infested with V. dahliae and amount of V. 40 dahliae DNA in soil. (B). Relationship between the number of V dahliae (Vd1396-9) microsclerotia per gram (mpg) of V. dahliae 20 spiked soil and the estimated concentration of V. dahliae DNA. 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Molina et al. in prep Microsclerotia g-1 soil (mpg) Old Colony Count Method to New PCR Method for V. dahliae in soil Colony Counts vs V. dahliae Copy Number 700000 y = 2154.2x + 1484.6 600000 R² = 0.6507 500000 400000 300000 Copy #/g soil) #/g Copy 200000 100000 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Colony Counts (# cfu/g) Field A Field B Counts Old plating method can trick you into dealing with Vert DNA (A) Inoculum density of Verticillium spp as CFU g-1 soil. (B) Inoculum density of V. dahliae and V. tricorpus as pg DNA g-1 soil. (C) Area under the wilt progress curve (AUWPC) in 2 Disease experimental sites planted to Russet Burbank in Manitoba. Means within a site followed by the same letter are not significant different according to Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (P>0.05). Error bars are +1 standard error. Molina et al. in prep A Again more being fooled Counts Actual relations to Disease in B V. dahliae DNA field y = 0.39 (V. dahliae DNA) - 0.003 (V. dahliae DNA)2 + 22.46 R² = 0.823 P= 0.002 Relationships between AUWPC and: (A) V. dahliae DNA -1 -1 in soil (pg g soil), (B) V. tricorpus in soil as pg DNA g , and (C) Verticillium propagule density as CFU g-1 soil. C V. tricorpus DNA y = -6.55 (V. tricorpus DNA) + 0.56 (V. tricorpus DNA)2 +37.54 R² = 0.746 P= 0.0082 Molina et al. in prep Confirming V. tricorpus is not Pathogenic to Poato Control V. tricorpus V. dahliae Molina et al. in prep Nematodes Several plant-parasitic nematodes involved in PED Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus) P. penetrans*** P. neglectus P. crenatus** Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne) M. hapla Other Pratylenchus species likely present Host Range of the Nematode Wide host range Grasses and cereals, field and vegetable crops, weeds Nonhosts canola, forage pearl millet, Sudan grass, broccoli, onion Preferred hosts corn, carrot, sugar beet, vetch, raspberry, strawberry Naturally occurring in grasslands and pasture Root lesion Nematode Root Lesion Nematode D. Wixted Root Lesion Nematode Life Cycle Can be present in Soil Roots Tubers How is the Nematode Involved? Feeding on root promotes Verticillium to enter roots Aggravating Verticillium wilt Action threshold - V. dahliae alone V. dahliae : > 12 colonies / g soil Action threshold - V. dahliae & P. penetrans V. dahliae : > 6 colonies / g soil Nematode alone can cause disease (not Verticillium wilt) 400 – 3000 P. penetrans / kg soil Yield reduction 10 – 43% So What About Potato Early Dying? Yield loss Moderate 10-15%, severe 35-60% Late season loss of 5.5-8.6 cwt/ac/day Effect of vigour loss? Quality loss Tuber discolouration, reduce specific gravityDr. A. Pavlista, U Nebraska Lincoln 20 20 < 3 ounce 3-4 ounce ) ) -1 15 -1 15 10 10 5 5 Yield (t ha (t Yield Yield (t ha (t Yield 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 20 20 ) 4-6 ounce ) Yield of -1 15 -1 15 10 10 Large 5 5 Yield (t ha (t Yield Yield (t ha (t Yield 6-10 ounce Tubers Robbed 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 20 20 ) 10-11 ounce >11 ounce ) -1 15 -1 15 10 10 Yield (t ha (t Yield 5 5 Yield (t ha (t Yield 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 % PED disease incdence % PED disease incdence Tenuta et al. Disease and Loss of Total Yield 390 370 r=-0.82 p<0.001 ) 1 350 - 330 310 290 Yield (cwt.acre Yield 270 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Disease Incidence Molina et al. Verticillium Soil Test After Harvest and Disease 100 90 80 70 r=0.72 60 p<0.007 50 40 30 20 % Incidence% 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 No. of propagules . g-1 of soil Verticillium Wilt and Soil Organic Matter data from 23 commercial potato fields across Manitoba Manitoba Yield Variability Study Soil Measure with > 10% Good Areas Relative to Response Between Good Bad Yielding Areas (%) and Bad Yield Areas Verticillium soil 65 Nematodes 134 SOM 88 Electrical Conductivity 146 > 100% means soil measure increased in the Low Yielding Areas Field Variation in Disease and Soil Properties N/Vert/EC Organic Matter Control Options Sudan Grass Trap Crop - Idaho Need three years to be effective Phytopathology 86:444-453, 1966. Fumigation • Liquids that vapourize and generally indiscriminately toxic to soil organisms • Metam Sodium (Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate) • Chloropicrin (trichloro(nitro)methane) • Telone II (1,3-Dichloropropene) • Formaldehyde • Commonly used in potato production areas Our First Trial Vapam 2007 70 Control 60 50 40 30 Survival (%) Survival 20 10 Vapam 0 3 7 21 Days after application First Trial With Vapam Killing of Verticillium Already in Soil No. Verticillium per gram of soil Treatment Before application After application No application 25 ± 5.81 38 ± 7.57 Vapam 24 ± 6.11 15 ± 9.40 Background - Green manure Improving soil conditions Direct toxicity Trap crops Green Manure and Amendment Studies Miami Trial (commercial field) – 3 green manures – cv. Mozart (table) Shilo Trial (commercial field) – 3 green manures – Vapam trial – cv. Russet Burbank – Mustard seed meal trial Canada Manitoba Crop Diversification Centre – Carberry site (12 green manures/amendments) Canada Manitoba Crop Diversification Centre – Winkler site (compost) Miami Soil Trial Setup Treatments in 2007 Treatments in 2008 1 Spring wheat 3 Mustard Mix Potato 2 Oat/Pea 4 Pearl Millet Miami – Verticillium Propagules in Soil -2007 Before Manure After Manure 80 Spring 2007 Fall 2007 * 70 of soil 1 - 60 50 40 30 20 10 No. of propagules propagules . g of No. 0 Control Mustards Oat/pea Pearl Millet Miami – Early Dying Incidence and SPAD - 2008 Spad Readings Early Dying Incidence 50 40 ns 40 ns 30 30 20 20 SPAD Units SPAD 10 10 Disease Incidence Incidence Disease (%) 0 0 Control Oat/pea Control Oat/pea Mustards Pearl Millet Mustards Pearl Millet Miami – Yield 2008 400 <2"1/4 2"4/4-31/2" >3"1/2 350 ns 300 -1 250 200 cwt.acre 150 100 50 0 Control Mustards Oat/pea Pearl Millet Shilo Trial – Green Manure 2008 Potato Shilo Soil – Verticillium Propagules Soil - 2007 Before Manure After Manure 100 Spring 2007 Fall 2007 90 of soil 1 80 - ns 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 No. of propagules propagules . g of No. 0 Control Mustards Oat/pea Sorghum Shilo Soil – SPAD and Early Dying Incidence - 2008 45 ns 100 ns 40 80 35 30 60 25 20 40 SPAD units SPAD 15 10 20 5 Incidence Disease (%) 0 0 Control Oat/pea Control Oat/pea Mustards Sorghum Mustards Sorghum Sand Soil – Yield 2008 450 <1"3/4 1"3/4-2" >2" 400 ns 350 ns ns 300 -1 250 ns a a a 200 cwt.acre b 150 100 a ab 50 ab b 0 Control Mustards Oat/pea Sorghum Shilo Soil – Mustard Seed Meal 2008 Mustard Seed Meal Treatments 1 0% (control) 2 0.25% 3 0.5% 4 1% 5 0 (control) tarped 6 0.25% tarped 7 0.5% tarped 8 1 % tarped Shilo Soil - Effect on Verticillium germination - 2008 100 Week 1 Week 3 80 60 40 20 Germination of MS (%) Germinationof MS 0 0 0.25 0.5 1 0 0.25 0.5 1 Non- covered Covered Treatments CMCDCField Study 3 years experiment 1st year 2nd year 3rd year Block IV 2006 2007 2008 Block II Green Manure Wheat Amendments Potato Block Wheat Wheat Potato III BlockWheat Wheat/Vapam Potato I Wheat Wheat Mustard meal/Potato Wheat Oriental mustard Potato Wheat Yellow mustard Potato Wheat Canada milk vetch Potato Wheat Sorghum/Sudan Potato Sorghum/Sudan Sorghum/Sudan Potato Wheat Oat/Peas Potato Wheat Fall – Rye Potato Wheat Compost/Wheat Compost/Potato Alfalfa Alfalfa Potato Soil Building Green Manures Improve soil environment for plant growth and beneficial organisms in field Fall Rye Promoting interactions between soil organisms for control of soil-borne pathogens Alfalfa Oat/Peas Composted cattle manure 44.5 wet ton.ha-1 Trap crops Sorghum Sudan grass “Trick pathogens to thinking host is available but then die” Toxicity to MS Canada Milk Decomposition of organic Vetch amendments can release volatile and non-volatile toxic compounds.
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