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Historical Biogeography and Natural History of Nocturnal Wasps in the Southwestern Deserts with Special Emphasis on the Genus Chyphotes (Hymenoptera: Chyphotidae)

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Historical Biogeography and Natural History of Nocturnal Wasps in the Southwestern Deserts with Special Emphasis on the Genus Chyphotes (Hymenoptera: Chyphotidae) Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2018 Historical Biogeography and Natural History of Nocturnal Wasps in the Southwestern Deserts with Special Emphasis on the Genus Chyphotes (Hymenoptera: Chyphotidae) Emily A. Sadler Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Sadler, Emily A., "Historical Biogeography and Natural History of Nocturnal Wasps in the Southwestern Deserts with Special Emphasis on the Genus Chyphotes (Hymenoptera: Chyphotidae)" (2018). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 6966. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6966 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF NOCTURNAL WASPS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN DESERTS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE GENUS CHYPHOTES (HYMENOPTERA: CHYPHOTIDAE) by Emily A. Sadler A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biology Approved: _________________________ _________________________ Joseph S. Wilson, Ph.D. Carol D. von Dohlen, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ Terry Griswold, Ph.D. Zachariah Gompert, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ Steve Larson, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2018 ii Copyright © Emily A. Sadler 2018 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Historical Biogeography and Natural History of Nocturnal Wasps in the Southwestern Deserts with Special Emphasis on the Genus Chyphotes (Hymenoptera: Chyphotidae) by Emily A. Sadler, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2018 Major Professor: Dr. Joseph S. Wilson Department: Biology Evolutionary biologists and biogeographers are exceedingly interested in desert regions, which at first glance are seemingly depauperate, but actually rank among the most species rich of the biomes. Nocturnal wasps (Hymenoptera) are extremely abundant in deserts, but neither their taxonomy, nor their evolutionary or natural histories are well known. One light trap can yield thousands of individuals in a matter of hours, in particular those of the families Chyphotidae, Tiphiidae (Brachycistidinae), and Mutillidae. In this dissertation, I corrected the taxonomy of one particular group of wasps that are abundantly collected, those of the black-headed Chyphotes—C. aenigmus Mickel, C. atriceps Mickel, C. calexicensis Bradley, C. incredulus Mickel, and C. melaniceps (Blake)—using both morphological and molecular data, and describe a new related species C. ciaran Sadler and Pitts, sp. nov. I expanded our knowledge on the distribution of the species in these three families of wasps by conducting a trap-transect study in iv Joshua Tree National Park collecting 22 species of Brachycistidinae based on the collection of 13,960 specimens, 11 species of Chyphotes based on the collection of 1,513 specimens and 35 species of Mutillidae based on 8,477 specimens. Additionally from this transect study, three new species of Mutillidae were described as Odontophotopsis dalyi Sadler and Pitts, sp. nov., O. odontoloxia Sadler and Pitts, sp. nov., and Photomorphus schoenwerthi Sadler and Pitts, sp. nov. Lastly, I used novel phylogenomic methods based on ultra-conserved elements to produce the first phylogenies—molecular or otherwise— of Brachycistis and Chyphotes. I compared these phylogenies to that of Odontophotopsis, which was derived from Sanger sequencing data. I found that for Odontophotopsis and Chyphotes Pleistocene glaciation cycles as well as older orogenic events, albeit to varying degrees, influenced diversification in western North America. Brachycistis only seemed to be influenced by older Neogene orogenies. Furthermore, species-level relationships for these three groups supported inundation of southern California by the Boues Sea Embayment and a hypothesized Baja Inner Peninsular Seaway. (249 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT Historical Biogeography and Natural History of Nocturnal Wasps in the Southwestern Deserts with Special Emphasis on the Genus Chyphotes (Hymenoptera: Chyphotidae) Emily A. Sadler Deserts are interesting places due to the large number of plants and animals that live there. Nocturnal wasps are extremely abundant in deserts, but they are difficult to identify and their life cycles are not well known especially the families of Chyphotidae, Tiphiidae (Brachycistidinae), and Mutillidae (velvet ants). In this dissertation, I determine how to correctly identify a particularly difficult group of species that all have black heads from the family Chyphotidae. This is important because these species make up a large proportion of specimens collected. Also, I expanded our knowledge on the distribution of the species of these three families of wasps by conducting a trap-transect study in Joshua Tree National Park catching 22 species of Brachycistidinae based on the collection of 13,960 specimens, 11 species of Chyphotes based on the collection of 1,513 specimens and 35 species of velvet ants based on 8,477 specimens. From this study, three new species of velvet ants are described: Odontophotopsis dalyi Sadler and Pitts, sp. nov., O. odontoloxia Sadler and Pitts, sp. nov., and Photomorphus schoenwerthi Sadler and Pitts, sp. nov. Lastly, I used new molecular methods to determine relationships of the species of Brachycistis, Chyphotes, and Odontophotopsis. These relationships suggest vi that the species are young, which is contradictory to evidence based on birds and mammals. These relationships also support dates for the inundation of southern California by the Boues Sea Embayment and confirm a hypothesized Baja Inner Peninsular Seaway. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are a number of people that without their help this dissertation would not have been possible. First, I would like to thank Joseph Wilson for being an amazing advisor. I appreciate your willingness to take me on as a student and for believing in my ability to accomplish everything I wanted to, even when it seemed an impossible task. Your passion for research and teaching is contagious and I hope to be as great an educator as you are some day. I would like to thank Carol von Dohlen for giving me help and direction in my molecular endeavors and for allowing me the lab space in which I was able to develop my passion for molecular phylogenetics. I would like to also extend gratitude to my committee members, Terry Griswold, Zachariah Gompert, and Steve Larson for being so willing to offer their collaboration and invaluable advice. I am in huge debt to my lab mates and friends for encouraging me and keeping me laughing. In particular, I would like to thank Kevin Williams for showing me the ropes and for vehemently expressing his views on wasp aesthetics, so that I could realize my own passion for the (maybe) not so pretty things. I would like to thank another mutillid die- hard, George Waldren, for always having such a positive attitude in the lab and for reminding me daily on how fun research can be. I have been incredibly fortunate to work in a lab full of strong, insanely talented, beautiful female scientists. Nicole Boheme, and Sarah Gardner you were two of the first friendly faces I met in Utah and I cannot express my gratitude for your friendly attitude and inclusive nature. I am unbelievably fortunate to know not one, but two, Cecilia’s from Brazil. Cecilia Waichert, I cannot explain how viii much you have impressed me with your strength and perseverance. Cecilia Vieira, you are the sweetest person imaginable and I am incredibly lucky to sit next to you each day. Juanita Rodriguez, thank you for broadening my horizons and for always being willing to venture to unknown places with me. You are always there with a smile on your face and the most infectious laugh. Katie Weglarz, thank you for being my best friend in Utah. I have been lucky to not only get to work and study with you, but also get the amazing opportunity to work on the Native American Mentorship Program with you. Something that is truly near and dear to my heart. I am glad I can call you a colleague as well as my family away from home. Thank you Madeliene Dupuy for keeping us lady grad students sane. You are an amazing, and fun, scientist I am very lucky to have met. To my adopted labmates, Nadya Keweshan and David S. Denlinger, thank you for everything. All the movie nights and laughs have been fuel that has kept me going. Thank you to Scott Bernhardt for allowing me to intrude not only on lab space, but also with his grad students for help. Becca Condie, Makail Swan, and Leisl Cannon, thank you for being incredible workers. A special thanks to Alex Kelley for being the best technician a grad student could ask for. I have the most incredible stories to tell from our adventures in St. George. A huge thank you to Michael Branstetter. You have been incredibly generous with your time and knowledge. I appreciate you teaching me the magical ways of UCEs, and entrusting me with the information you spent so much of your time and energy figuring out. I am very happy you relocated to just across the hall, and I hope we can collaborate on many projects in the future. ix Finally, I would like to thank my family. To my parents, Melissa and Lewis, you are the reason I have made it so far in my academic career. Your unrelenting encouragement and love has made me into the person I am today. You always kindled my passion for science, and raised me to be a very strong-willed critical thinker. To my siblings, Sara, Heather, and Joshua, you mean the world to me. You have been the best role models a little sister could ask for.
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