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Social and Political Criticisms Embedded in Chinese Myths and Legends
https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2019.75.xiyao SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CRITICISMS EMBEDDED IN CHINESE MYTHS AND LEGENDS HE Xiyao School of English Studies Zhejiang International Studies University Hangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Chinese myths and legends, as popular cultural products, may be subjected to the analytical methods of cultural studies, which is the approach this study adopts when investigating their complex relationship with Chinese society and history. In particular, the social and political criticisms embedded in these myths and legends are studied, and this is done through exploring the reasons for the prominence of the embedded criticisms in Chinese myths and legends, and sorting out the general trend of their development. The prominence is accounted for by the harsh censorship and the influence of the Chu spirit and Taoism on Chinese culture.1 In the development of these criticisms, four stages are marked, each (cor)responding to the historical circumstances and with its own distinct feature. The study concludes with the historicity of Chinese myths and legends; the criticisms are embedded in them and they, in turn, are embedded in Chinese society and history. Keywords: censorship of culture, Chinese myths and legends, Chu spirit, cultural studies, social and political criticisms, strategies and tactics, Taoism APPROACH ADOPTED IN THIS STUDY Among the various approaches to the study of Chinese mythology – and of mythology in general – an important one that has persisted throughout the last century and has remained influential to this day is to study the complex relationship between mythology and society, i.e., how the two have affected, structured, and shaped each other. -
NE ZHA: a Remodeling Strategy of the Oriental Mythological Prototype
2019 International Conference on Art Design, Music and Culture (ADMC 2019) NE ZHA: A Remodeling Strategy of the Oriental Mythological Prototype Zheng Jinyan School of digital creation and animation, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China Keywords: Oriental mythology, Prototype shaping, Animation works, Reshaping strategy. Abstract: Oriental traditional myths usually contain the archetypes that people yearn for. These archetypes represent part of the emotional expression that people pursue in their hearts. Many wonderful films began to attract more audiences with the increasing of domestic mythological films. But in this process, the prototype of myth is not perfect. Therefore, this paper takes the typical oriental mythological prototype film “Ne Zha: I am the destiny “ as an example and analyses the connotation of the prototype on the basis of analyzing the plot of the film. Finally it puts forward specific strategies for remodeling the Oriental mythological prototype with a view to providing supplementary material for the current analysis of the mythological film. 1. Research Background 1.1 Literature review In the Chinese cultural circle, characters are the earliest used cultural symbols, but because of various factors, mythology has not occupied an important position in historical documents. Many ancient myths with humanistic attributes are lost, concealed or recorded (Gan Z. L, 2012). Nevertheless, according to the literature of later generations, there are still plenty of information about the sun, moon, stars and figures. The emergence of mythology is related to human desire to conquer natural forces, but it is an unconscious product of human beings. Its metaphorical and symbolic nature is more closely related to words (Chen Z. -
Handbook of Chinese Mythology TITLES in ABC-CLIO’S Handbooks of World Mythology
Handbook of Chinese Mythology TITLES IN ABC-CLIO’s Handbooks of World Mythology Handbook of Arab Mythology, Hasan El-Shamy Handbook of Celtic Mythology, Joseph Falaky Nagy Handbook of Classical Mythology, William Hansen Handbook of Egyptian Mythology, Geraldine Pinch Handbook of Hindu Mythology, George Williams Handbook of Inca Mythology, Catherine Allen Handbook of Japanese Mythology, Michael Ashkenazi Handbook of Native American Mythology, Dawn Bastian and Judy Mitchell Handbook of Norse Mythology, John Lindow Handbook of Polynesian Mythology, Robert D. Craig HANDBOOKS OF WORLD MYTHOLOGY Handbook of Chinese Mythology Lihui Yang and Deming An, with Jessica Anderson Turner Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright © 2005 by Lihui Yang and Deming An All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yang, Lihui. Handbook of Chinese mythology / Lihui Yang and Deming An, with Jessica Anderson Turner. p. cm. — (World mythology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-806-X (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-57607-807-8 (eBook) 1. Mythology, Chinese—Handbooks, Manuals, etc. I. An, Deming. II. Title. III. Series. BL1825.Y355 2005 299.5’1113—dc22 2005013851 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper. -
Towards a Revival of Contemporary Chinese Countryside
Towards a Revival of Contemporary Chinese Countryside a thesis submitted to the Graduate School of University of Cincinnati in partial fulfilment of the requirement for Master of Architecture in the School of Architecture and Interior Design of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning 2016 Kuang Li Bachelor of Fine Arts, The University of Georgia Committee Chair: Professor Vincent Sansalone Abstract In the past quarter century, China has been developing at something that fits these traditions but at the same time giving an explosive rate. However, social and economic inequity has them updates with modern techniques and technologies, and become more and more severe issue, especially in the rural areas. should keep future developments in mind. Many villages and small townships are lacking the infrastructures, Rural communities in central northeastern China present a such as community center, educational and healthcare facilities, to unique set of problem different from other parts of China. Farming support a healthy community. Even though the government has season is much shorter due to weather, and many commercial crops shifted a lot of their attentions towards these rural agriculture are not suitable for the north. Also, there is heavier pollution in the areas, these communities are still developing at much slower rate air, water and land due to the heavy industrial factory that was comparing to the urban eastern coastal regions. developed in the past quarter century. Water scarcity is a major Depopulation is a major problem that most rural areas are problem in these areas. facing, the younger generations are seeking education and job opportunity in the metropolis and coming back to their hometown only to retire, the population left are mostly kids, teens and elderly people. -
The Funerary Buddha: Material Culture and Religious Change In
THE FUNERARY BUDDHA: MATERIAL CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS CHANGE IN “THE INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM TO CHINA” by Margarita Angelica Delgado Creamer B.A. in Philosophy, Catholic University of Peru, Lima, 1996 M.A. in Religious Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, 2008 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences This dissertation was presented by MARGARITA ANGELICA DELGADO CREAMER It was defended on March 30, 2016 and approved by Clark Chilson, PhD, Associate Professor Katheryn Linduff, PhD, Professor Adam Shear, PhD, Associate Professor Dissertation Advisor: Linda Penkower, PhD, Associate Professor ii Copyright © by Margarita Angelica Delgado Creamer 2016 iii THE FUNERARY BUDDHA: MATERIAL CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS CHANGE IN “THE INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM TO CHINA” Margarita Angelica Delgado Creamer, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 2016 How could Buddhism gain initial acceptance in China? This question has long perplexed scholars of Chinese religions mainly on account of (1) the alleged deep ethnocentrism of Chinese civilization—that should have prevented the acceptance of a “barbarian” religion and god—and (2) the dearth of reliable relevant information for the period (first through fourth centuries CE). On the basis of the fragmentary textual sources available, the traditional narrative resolved the first problem by arguing that the initial misunderstanding or assimilation of Buddhism in terms of Daoism was pivotal in the initial acceptance of the foreign religion. The second problem has been partially ameliorated by the archaeological discovery in the last decades of dozens of objects bearing recognizably Buddhist motifs that have been dated to this period. -
The Enduring Effects of Early-Learned Ideas and Local Folklore on Children’S Astronomy Knowledge
Research in Science Education https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-018-9756-1 The Enduring Effects of Early-Learned Ideas and Local Folklore on Children’s Astronomy Knowledge Eric J. Blown1 & Tom G. K. Bryce1 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract The research described here examined the sources of knowledge of astronomy of children (age 3– 18) in China and New Zealand, together with the development of their awareness of competing sources, ranging from everyday language, childhood literature and folklore to the scientific accounts prevalent in schools. The authors cite examples of the bootstrapping encountered during these years, where children’s expanding knowledge and how they process questions intended to probe their understandings—their metacognitive strategies—are mutually beneficial. The semi-structured inter- views utilising three modalities (verbal language, drawing and play-dough modelling) carried out with pupils (n = 358), and questionnaires administered to their parents (n = 80), teachers (n = 65) and local librarians (n = 5), focused on young people’s understanding of daytime and night-time and the rolesplayedbytheSunandMoonincreatingfamiliar events. The findings underscore the arguments put forward by the authors in a recent article in this journal concerning the co-existence of everyday and scientific concepts. The influence of early-learned ideas deriving from pre-school experiences, recalled by children and largely corroborated by family members, was found to be extensive. Evidence of the migration of folklore in one of the two settings investigated (on the North East China Plain) and therefore its continuing influence on children’s comprehension is provided. With respect to teaching, the authors argue the benefits to be had in making more explicit with young students the differences between early-learned (everyday-cultural) ideas—particularly local com- munity knowledge and folklore—and the scientific content found in the school curriculum. -
THE IDEA of NATURE in the DAOIST CLASSIC of LIEZI by YIN-CHING CHEN DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Require
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository THE IDEA OF NATURE IN THE DAOIST CLASSIC OF LIEZI BY YIN-CHING CHEN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in East Asian Languages & Cultures in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Zong-qi Cai, Chair Associate Professor Rania Huntington, University of Wisconsin-Madison Associate Professor Alexander Mayer Associate Professor Brian Ruppert ii ABSTRACT The Liezi is regarded the third of the Daoist classics following the Laozi and the Zhuangzi. Dating from the pre-Han period (ca. 4-5 century B.C.) to the Six Dynasties (229-589 A.D.), the Liezi constitutes a rich collection of more than a hundred and forty parables, mystical accounts, and philosophical treatises. This dissertation explores the Liezi’s idea of nature in four aspects: (1) cosmology; (2) view of life; (3) the way to attain harmony and union with nature; and (4) social and political view of human-nature relations. Chapter one explores the Liezi’s cosmology, which presents a holistic and organic worldview based on the theory of qi (氣). This chapter first explores the meaning and concept of qi, which is the common medium of all beings in nature. Life begins from the gathering of qi and ends in disperse of qi. As the dispersed qi gathers again, new life is born. Accordingly, different forms of lives, based on their common endowment of qi, are interrelated in a chain of metamorphoses. -
Yang Mao-Lin Yang Mao-Lin (1953–) Rose in the Art World During Taiwan’S Turbulent 1980S
MADE IN TAIWAN Art is my strategy for subversion; my means of confirming my existence; my tool for securing my right to speak. —Yang Mao-Lin Yang Mao-Lin (1953–) rose in the art world during Taiwan’s turbulent 1980s. In his early work, he broke through taboos and challenged political and social authority, thus revealing an intense critical attitude. Brimming with tension, his exciting painting style and sensational visual imagery subtly echoed social and political transitions as Taiwan abandoned martial law in the 1980s. In the post-martial law period of the 1990s, as globalization gradually took shape and ties between internationalism and nativism grew more complex, Yang’s work shifted from political activism to historical and cultural retrospection. He appropriated the phrase “MADE IN TAIWAN” and used it as a title to broadly explore the expressive and critical potential of art forms and ideas from the perspectives of Taiwanese politics, history and culture. “MADE IN TAIWAN” has been Taiwan’s international trademark and symbol of unique qualities for many years. Yang Mao-Lin appropriated this symbol to make a statement about Taiwan’s position and cultural identity, and to construct a system of icons that highlight subjectivity in Taiwanese art. In around 2000, he broadened his artistic vision by making three-dimensional artwork while continuing to explore topics related to Taiwanese culture. Also at this time, he started commenting on connections between local and imported culture by using a style adopted from comics and concepts of cultural hybridity. Essentially, he accomplished this with unexpected juxtapositions, and these unique and visually rich compositions mitigate the strong/weak power relations that arise when cultures collide, thus making the intention behind “MADE IN TAIWAN” all the more evident. -
Chinese MYTHOLOGY a to Z
Chinese MYTHOLOGY A TO Z Jeremy Roberts Chinese Mythology A to Z Copyright © 2004 by Jim DeFelice All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roberts, Jeremy, 1956– Chinese mythology A to Z: a young reader’s companion / by Jeremy Roberts.—1st ed. p. cm.—(Mythology A–Z) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-4870-3 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Mythology, Chinese. I. Title. II. Series. BL1825.R575 2004 299.5′1′03—dc22 2004005341 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M. Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Map by Jeremy Eagle Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgments iv Introduction v Map of China xv A-to-Z Entries 1 Important Gods and Mythic Figures 151 Selected Bibliography 153 Index 154 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my wife, Debra Scacciaferro, for her help in researching and preparing this book. -
Cultural Fusion in the Digital Age: Rock Music Scenes and Its Subcultural Community in Contemporary China
Cultural Fusion in the Digital Age: Rock Music Scenes and its Subcultural Community in Contemporary China By Mengyao Jiang Canterbury Christ Church University Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Abstract This PhD thesis is concerned with understanding the social, political, and economic transformations within China and their impact upon Chinese popular music and youth culture in terms of ‘cultural fusion’. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach combining the academic fields: popular music studies, media and cultural studies, sociology, youth studies and social geography. The PhD addresses Simon Frith’s (Frith 1978, 1996) positioning of rock as an umbrella term, inclusive of a variety of music genres such as post-punk, alternative, indie, and post-rock. Through the notion of cultural fusion, the study seeks to illuminate the rise and decline of Chinese rock in the contexts of marketisation, globalisation and the rise of new media. It also explores how rock’s revival through social media shapes urban Chinese youth identities through these changes. Ethnographic and textual research techniques are used in the thesis alongside autoethnography defining my research position as both a critical outsider and an insider of Chinese popular music. The data sets include analysis of rock magazines, documentaries, lyrics, interviews and observations with 80 research participants, who are musicians, critics, audiences and fans. In addition, the study employs content analysis and semiotics. Data has been collected in Beijing, Shanghai, Qingdao and Zibo. These research sites represent cultural diversity from different tiers of economically diverse cities in China. Data has also been collected in London, which is identified as a location offering cultural fusion as part of the music scene in Europe. -
The Poetry of Ruan Ji and Xi Kang Library of Chinese Humanities
The Poetry of Ruan Ji and Xi Kang Library of Chinese Humanities Editors Sarah M. Allen, Wellesley College Paul W. Kroll, University of Colorado Christopher M. B. Nugent, Williams College Stephen Owen, Harvard University Anna M. Shields, Princeton University Xiaofei Tian, Harvard University Ding Xiang Warner, Cornell University The Poetry of Ruan Ji and Xi Kang Translated by Stephen Owen and Wendy Swartz Volume edited by Xiaofei Tian and Ding Xiang Warner De Gruyter This book was prepared with the support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. ISBN 978-1-5015-1185-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-5015-0387-0 ISSN 2199-966X This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio- grafie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 Stephen Owen and Wendy Swartz, published by Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Typesetting: Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ∞ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Part 1: The Poetry of Ruan Ji (210–263) ................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................... 3 Singing My Cares ....................................................................... 26 The Five-syllable-line Poems ................................................. 26 The Four-syllable-line Poems ............................................... -
Inventory of Environmental and Energy Work in China
INVENTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY WORK IN CHINA In this sixth issue of the China Environment Series, the Inventory of Environmental and Energy Work in China has been updated and we have added many new nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and student groups to the Chinese section. Last year's inventory included a section with information from European, Australian, and Japanese governments on their projects in China, but this year we opted to present this information in feature boxes that have been scattered throughout the inventory. This inventory aims to paint a clearer picture of the patterns of aid, investment, and activism in environmental protection and energy efficiency projects in the People's Republic of China. The Chinese inventory section reveals a growing geographical diversity of green NGOs in China, as well as an increased variety of activism in registered and in university green groups. We highlight a total of 124 organizations and agencies in this inventory and provide information on 299 new projects (ongoing projects are listed in the inventory but not included in this total). The four inventory categories are listed below. Part I: United States Government Activities (11 agencies/organizations, 99 projects) p. 200 Part II: U.S. and International NGO Activities (22 organizations, 53 projects) p. 224 Part III: U.S. Universities and Professional Association Activities (11 institutions, 26 projects) p. 243 Part IV: Chinese and Hong Kong NGO Activities (54 organizations, 75 projects) p. 251 Chinese Government Organized NGOs (7 GONGOS, 10 projects) p. 270 Chinese Student Environmental Associations (19 organizations, 36 projects) p. 273 We are grateful to all of those in U.S.