Development. Newell,

SAKHA 236 Source: Note: Kele Kharbai Prialdansky Kenkeme 1997 Bes-Kyuel 1,372,000 Belyanka 1996 WWF-Sakha 5,932,000 (Charuoda) Delta Leny (Lena Delta) Beloozyorsky Dzherono Tamma Ungra Dzhunkun Pilka Bolshoe Khariyalakh Tomporuk Verkhne-Amginsky UndyulyungTokko Timirdikeen Ochuma 1995 Lenskie 868,000 Stolby (Lena Ust-Viluisky Pillars) Sinyaya Momsky Established 1996 847,102 (ha) Size Olyokminsky 1,433,000 Delta Leny (Lena Delta) 1984 basin River Lena name and type and Region Sakha of Republic the in areas Protected 6.1Table J. Resource reserves Zakazniks National parks Zapovedniks Not all resource reserves are listed. are reserves resource all Not 2004. Sakha Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2000. Protection, Environmental of Ministry Sakha THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE McKinleyville, The Russian ,1,0 1997 1,016,000 2 , 1 7 5 , 6 019 0 9 6 1 , 4 6 7 , 5 119 7 9 6 2 6 5 , 8 019 0 8 3 0,0 1975 — 500,000 500,000 0,0 1979 200,000 1987 200,000 2 8 5 , 6 019 0 8 3 8,0 1969 280,000 2 6 2 , 4 019 0 9 7 2,0 1995 520,000 0,0 1996 108,000 1,0 — 216,000 1,0 1982 615,000 7,0 1995 177,200 600 1997 46,000 3 5 , 8 019 0 7 4 000 1969 60,000 000 1996 30,000 9 3 , 6 319 2 9 5 3 2 , 6 019 0 9 6 Far CA: East: Daniel A & Reference Ternei-Tumus basin River Anabar Chaiguurgino Alazeya River basin Irianna Omolon Tuostakh basin River Yana Troitskoe Zhirkovo Sylgy-Ytar Sededema basin River Kolyma Okhogino Lake Sutoryokha Eselyakh Suntar-Khayata 1992 Kytakyk 700,000 Khroma Verkhne-Indigirsky Saiylyk Momsky basin River Indigirka name and type and Region Resource reserve Resource reserve Resource reserves Resource reserves Resource reserves Zakazniks National nature park Daniel.

466 Guide pages for ,7,0 1982 2,375,600 ,0,0 — 1,607,900 2 , 1 7 5 , 6 019 0 9 6 ,1,0 1997 1,112,000 ie(a Established (ha) Size 0,0 1997 500,000 0,0 — 500,000 0,0 — 500,000 332,500 1996 1996 332,500 2,0 1992 523,000 0,0 1980 700,000 8,0 1974 185,000 3,0 1996 631,000 1,5 — 214,250 500 1995 65,000 400 1984 14,000 100 1971 11,000 ,0 1975 5,100 Conservation and Development. Newell, J. Tour Agency of the Republic of Sakha of the New Siberian Islands. Siberian New of the composition soil studying and lower Lena, the along industry tracking fi Sea, Laptev the and River Lena of the quality water the toring of the Activities Delta. Lena entire ate abiosphere ( Fund World with Wildlife working is

Stenodus fi Important Ross’s and gull. swan Bewick’s including species, marmot ( fox ( deer, snow sheep,arctic lactea as such species rare twenty including species, plant vascular hundred about four are There riverbanks. the along of willow thickets with tundra, primarily is vegetation The area. of the over cover half lakes and bays, Channels, Mountains. lakhsky Sokol ( and delta, of the part has two major sections: Deltovy ( Deltovy majorsections: two has Sakha Ministry of Environmental Protection, nature parks parks nature Protection, of Environmental Ministry Sakha Polar bears National nature parks ( ( aeetus ( osprey crane, hooded crane, Siberian include sh species include various whitefi various include species sh 2004. Falco peregrinus Falco Androsace gorodkovii Androsace Delta Leny.Delta . The thirty mammal species found hererein- found include species mammal thirty . The ), golden eagle ( golden eagle ), ) and sturgeon ( sturgeon ) and Marmota kamchatica Marmota sh populations, studying effects of the diamond diamond of the effects studying populations, sh McKinleyville, (Ursus maritimus) The This zapovednik zapovednik ). Russian Aquila chrysaetos Ayan ayilgy Ayan , Corydalis gorodkovi Acipenser sibiricus Acipenser to strengthen the protection of the of the protection the tostrengthen den along Sakha’s northern coast. coast. northern Sakha’s along den Alopex lagopus Alopex 133 ). There are about seventy bird bird seventy about are There ). protects the Lena Delta and and Delta Lena the protects , 000 sh ( 1 ) , . Administered by the by the . Administered zapovednik 300 ha) in the Kharau- the in ha) Coregonus, Prosopium, Far ), and peregrine falcon falcon peregrine and ), , wwf CA: 000 ). The zapovednik The ). ), and Kamchatka Kamchatka and ), , and Saxifraga , and ha) in the central central the in ha) )–Russia to cre- include moni- include Pandion hali- Pandion East: Daniel A

& Reference the parks, including: within allowed are of zoning types Different use. nature al the resource use is compatible with the principles of tradition- and purposes overriding the with it compatible provided is some areas, in allowed is parks the within resources natural scientifi educational, and conservation, for intended nature are is a variety of different zoning regimes, including protected protected including regimes, zoning of different avariety is There ecotourism. and education for environmental allow to and peoples, of indigenous land the as well as resources, biological and water, mineral, land, toprotect created are National resource reserves ( determine particular zoning and protection regimes. protection and zoning particular determine and park for each vary Regulations directorate. own its has park Each use. nature of traditional zones in hibited except pro- is resources biological and mineral, of land, use The Daniel. Sacred areas ( areas Sacred Traditional zones ( nature-use zones. recreation active and Limited ( zones Protected Protected historical or archeological zones. or archeological historical Protected for endangered zones breeding captive and Enclosures cultural, and recreational use is prohibited. is use recreational and cultural, ity and worship. and ity wildlife. c, cultural, and recreational use. The development of The use. recreational and cultural, c, determine the protection regime. protection the determine they and vary, landscape for each Regulations resources. the enjoying from users hibit current or to pro- land over the totake not necessary it is landscape, Tolowed. aprotected establish al- are activities limited other and tourism, Recreation, landscapes. unique preserve areas Reserved territories. Reserved Natural monuments ( landscapes ( Protected licensed. and project basis on aproject-by- regulated are recreation and Tourism agreements. by negotiated regulated is reserve each in users and landowners between Interaction reserve. for each regulations the by determined use, nature traditional and resources, biological of protection seasonal zones, resource-use licensed lands, sacred zones, but no industrial mining development. mining but no industrial allowed, is use resource natural traditional ited Lim- habitats. natural restore and sustain, tect, monuments. of natural protection and creation the determine republic by adopted the regulations 466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Yityk sirder Guide Tyytyylybat sirder Tyytyylybat pages )—places of traditional spiritual- )—places Erkeyi sirder for Torut sirder Torut Reserved territories Reserved pro- Ayilba meneler Ayilba Uluu tuolbeler )—all industrial,)—all agri- Conservation ). These reserves ). ). ). Standard Standard These These

237 and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA estimated but fl werenot logged, reservoir water the in Forests impact. ecological of the consideration without constructed world’s The fi industry. 2 No. Power 1 Stations Hydroelectric Vilyuiskaya continues. Diamonds, Russian-Sakha venture, mining Water region. diamond of the most by the pollution throughout concentrations of thallium levels unacceptable are there that shown have studies Geochemical acceptable. than higher times tothree two was ventures mining diamond around waters in concentration thallium the that revealed North of the Ecology of Applied Institute atthe scientists by studies Water quality Markha. and Vilyui the including in cesspools. Subsequent fl werestored pipes, of kimberlite processing the during lated accumu- boron salts and lithium, bromine, of strontium, els lev- harmful containing waters, mineralized highly as impact, serious most the had has mining Diamond soil. permafrost on sensitive lies of which all basin, river vast this degrading are breeding reindeer and grazing, cattle mining, coal and and 239 totaled pollution radioactive their that revealed Kristall ( tests: of the two during occurred Accidents region. the in ed 238 Threats. central Sakha. of that than milder somewhat is climate the and moisture, reach July,in temperatures to– drops temperature the January, In others). Blue, and Biryuk, Dzherba, (Nuya, Lena the and others) and Ochchugui-Botuobuya, Ulakhan, Botuobuya, (Chona, lyui Vi- of the tributaries includes basin of the part southern The Rivers. Tiukyan and Tiung, Markha, Markoka, the includes of upto elevations with more is rugged, terrain the where basin, of the part northern The forests. sparse and larch with covered are basin River Vilyui of the valleys and n.pavlov egorova, l. wetland) and (forest basin River 1. Vilyui Biodiversity hotspots In remain. practice of this consequences but environmental the place, no takes longer This region. of the part northern the into fell regularly Kazakhstan in Baikonur from launched Since regimes. hydrological and thermal, glacial, damaged has construction station power general, river. In the pollute will which forests, the by burning cleared be will voir basin Power No. 3 Station Hydroelectric Vilyuiskaya some years. in levels acceptable phenol tremendous pollution, twenty-fi caused J. were built to meet the energy demands of the diamond diamond of the demands energy the tomeet werebuilt 1997 240 2004. , an area between the Lena and Vilyui Rivers was was Rivers Vilyui and Lena the between area , an Diamond mining, oil and gas prospecting, gold prospecting, gas and oil mining, Diamond isotopes, respectively. Until 1996 Until respectively. isotopes, 1 1974 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE . 3 7 to8 kilotons) and Kraton- and kilotons) , underground nuclear tests have been conduct- been have tests nuclear , underground McKinleyville, million cu. m remain underwater. This has has This underwater. mremain cu. million The is under construction, and the reser- the and construction, under is rst power station on permafrost was was on permafrost station power rst —In western Sakha, the rolling hills hills rolling the Sakha, western —In Russian oods washed this waste into waste washed this oods rivers, 35°c . Winds from the west bring bring west the from . Winds 3 ( 19 kilotons). Research , rocket fuselages fuselages , rocket Far CA: ve times above above ve times 55°c and No. and or – or East: isotopes ooded; ooded; an 800 Daniel m, m, 60°c ; A affected by the underground nuclear tests, Kraton- tests, nuclear underground by the affected territories toreclaim projects developing is committee This created a committee to eliminate the effects of nuclear tests. In River. Vilyui of the restoration cal ecologi- for the adoptedaresolution government calling and 1992 in organizations, ernmental nongov- other and Committee Vilyui tothe Thanks plants. power of nuclear construction the and waste, or radioactive weapons of nuclear storage and use the testing, nuclear all banned Yakutia zone. republic anuclear-free the declared ters 1991 In explored. not well are particular in territories northern the pristine; remains basin Recommendations. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing in the Nyurbinsky and Gorny Uluses. Gorny and Nyurbinsky the in crashed have that rockets from of fuselages impact ronmental envi- the tostudy program aresearch developing ment also is govern- The environment. of the state the and health public toimprove programs developing are authorities Federal full. in provided not been yet identifi and gram pro- agovernment launched republic the Although Kristall. public health and the environment are in poor condition. poor in are environment the and health public show that Results watershed. Vilyui the in conditions mental environ- and monitored health public has Ecology Applied 1989 Since problems. environmental fi and hunting uncontrolled Forest fi fi is area pipeline the and enough, not is wide pipeline tothe parallel sion lane no fi it has example, For disasters. natural of withstanding not is capable pipeline the review, impact environmental required the without Built River. Lena of the bank the along built was toVitim Talakan fi oil Talakanskoe development of by the caused been has region the in lems prob- ecological serious most One of the abandoned. been have wells many and areas, large polluted have exploration and due toextraction spills Oil developed. commercially fi andTalakanskoe Urelyakhskoe, takhskoe, Maas- the as such Some of these, lowlands. Vilyui and fi gas and oil Large violated. regularly been have agreement of this conditions because practice, this end to an However, demanding is public the acceptable. be would fuselages dumped which in alocation as designated & Reference Conduct multidisciplinary research on the effects of fuse- effects on the research multidisciplinary Conduct of review impact independent environmental an Conduct and oil and mining by diamond disturbed areas Reclaim lage refuse on the environment and on health. public and environment on the refuse lage development. and exploration gas and oil gas development. Daniel. res, logging, unsustainable agriculture, and and agriculture, unsustainable logging, res, lled with garbage. ed sources of fi sources ed eld, for which a temporary oil pipeline from from pipeline oil atemporary for which eld, re prevention system, the fi the re prevention system, The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The 466 elds have been explored in the Lena Lena the in explored been have elds Guide shing have created additional additional created have shing pages A portion of the Vilyui River River Vilyui of the Aportion , the Yakutia Council of Minis- Council Yakutia , the nancial support, funds have have funds support, nancial , the Yakutia Supreme Soviet Supreme Soviet Yakutia , the for , the Yakut Institute of Yakut Institute , the 1997 , the government government , the Conservation elds, are being being are elds, re suppres- 3 and and and Development. Newell, J. Vladimir Dinets about a form woodlands These woodlands. tundra the particular, in and forests, northern the movement toconserve agrowing is There forests. the restore to late it too is happens, this Once results. undesirable other erosion, and landslides, thermokarsts, tocollapsing leads forests permafrost on sensitive Logging allowed. be should forbidden and, in other areas, only limited of types activity shouldmany activity of forests, be industrial permafrost these mated sedelnik n. roseus) (Larus leucogeranus) (Grus crane Siberian the for grounds breeding important are that permafrost and rivers, small oflakes, labyrinths tundra—immense Lowland (forest and tundra) and (forest Sakha Northern of woodlands Tundra 2. the permafrost. What is becoming well known about the the about known well becoming is What permafrost. the of melting with climate global the in shifts causing as such consequences, of unseen amultitude have may ecosystem the to damage the that fear scientists and pristine, largely remains territory studied poorly The region. this in herd reindeer falcon ( gyr- crane, and Siberian include birds taiga Nesting fragile ecosystem. this tundra inhabit plants and animals Rare forests. these degrades mining polymetal and tin, gold, diamond, tologging, addition Unfortunately, in benefi economic the outweigh far that fulfi forests these as place, take not should logging taiga, and of broadbelt tundra this Along Age. Ice the since disturbed not have been that regions ing one world’s ofremain- the are few and on Earth, territories forest virgin representone important most of the forests These republic. of the part northeastern the dominate also 2004. 19 860 Falco rusticolus Falco , 716 McKinleyville, million ha, 480 ha, million , The —Forests growing on permafrost total an esti- an total on permafrost growing —Forests 000 (Cygnus bewickii) (Cygnus swan , Bewick’s ha across the northern part of Sakha. They They of Sakha. part northern the across ha Russian ), and Ross’s gull. Indigenous people Indigenous Ross’s and ), gull. 100 million of which are inhabited. In In inhabited. are of which million -km broad belt, encompassing encompassing broadbelt, -km ll critical ecological functions ts gained from logging. Far CA: East: , and many other birds. other many , and Daniel A & Reference some areas burned between 100 between burned some areas forests; fragile of these tracts vast todestroy continue also south, further regions in than frequent less although Fires, much more diffi become it has costs, transport torising Due purpose. for this logged been actually prohibited in this protected strip. strip. protected this prohibited in actually however, is It unclear, what is created. of being, process the in or are been, have areas some protected strip, this Within 100 aprotected established government Sakha the zone, subtundra of this forests the Recommendations. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing been studied to some degree. tosome degree. studied been also has region, this in lives which crane, white Siberian The companies. mining tin gold and from impact some of the particularly and region, of industrial impact Yano-Indigirka on the the development in primarily focused has Research after logging. not have recovered forests many Similarly, not recovered. Daniel. , Ross’s gull gull , Ross’s Use alternative sources of fuel, other than timber, when- timber, than other of fuel, sources Use alternative mines. new Donot develop mining. tin by gold and destroyed lands all Recultivate and region on this activity of industrial impact the Study conservation tosupport monitoring ecological Conduct ever possible. forests. role by these played important globally the point. starting agood be could Service Forest Sakha the by compiled databases forests; of these use rational and 466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Guide The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The pages some cases, entire river valleys have have valleys river entire some cases, for fi them logging are ties commer- no real have forests The communi- but local value, export cial landscapes. lunar become often areas the and mining, after land the torecultivate made is effort Little grow. forests productive most the where valleys, river the in primarily destroyed, are offorest tracts large ing, min- (Tomtor strip In pected mine). pros- partially and discovered been have of niobium deposits and mine), being are mines developed (Ebelyakh Diamond goldmines). Kularzoloto the subdivisions, its and (Deputatsky companies gold mining and tin large including region, the within operate Threats. atmosphere. atmosphere. of the processing circulation and the water fl regulating role in critical its is region -km strip on January 1 on January strip -km To regulate use and conserve conserve and To use regulate cult to bring in fuel supplies. supplies. fuel in tobring cult for Several mining companies companies mining Several and 150 and ow of the northern rivers rivers northern ow of the Conservation years ago still have have still ago years rewood. In , 1960

. 239 and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA types include primary birch forests ( forests birch primary include types up3 making pine forests with area, forest-steppe vegetation. forest-steppe region, orregion, 7 72 cover Forests fall. and of it summer in 200 (between precipitation little receives and climate acontinental has area the Plain, Yakutsk central of the Part regions. Churalchin and Aldan, Ust- Megino-Kangalass, Amgin, the includes ha, million at 780 of of consists area of the percent Twenty-eight River. Aldan of the bank left on found tobe the more likely and rare are forests poplar and willow, aspen, Spruce, Rivers. Amga and Lena known as charan ofplants steppe acommunity grow aspen) and of birch ests for- secondary from different and (local forests birch diverse ( shrub birch and forests plowed fi plowed and into pasture converted being are Forests region. the ing barren deserts in the central Lena basin. basin. Lena central the in deserts barren of sandy, areas extensive already are There region. hard-hit desertifi increase will and for wildlife disastrous be will damage further that fear Ecologists peared. disap- virtually have deer and Bears rare. becoming are wea- sels and squirrels, birds, water destruction, toforest Due more pronebecome todrought. to region the causing climate, local the in changes been have there aresult, as that, speculate Some experts levels. of water proper regulation the limiting region, taiga this ing fragment- is transportation water for and road Construction fi 10 atleast year, Each facilities. for either fi ging, fi forest are of damage majorcauses Other sacred. considered are and Yakut peoples The landscape. the in tomajorchanges leads frequently which limited disturbances cause can a thermokarst phenomenon, even and fragile, is region this Sakha, in ecosystems most Like impact. anegative had has tourism of Sakha, regions ed populat- it one most is of the because Also, systems. river and lake many polluted have herbicides and pesticides, fertilizers, mineral waste, Animal unusable. virtually be it will that 240 Recommendations. Threats. desyatkin r. p. timofeev, wetland) and (forest Rivers Amga and Lena the Between 3. rewood. Regeneration can take up to three hundred years. years. hundred uptothree take can Regeneration rewood. J. Replant forests on a massive scale where the land is not is land wherethe scale on amassive forests Replant Strictly limit logging for fi alas conserve the remaining pristine forests. pristine remaining the conserve alas 2004. million cu. m. Larch covers 87 covers m.Larch cu. million es—a unique complex of wetland, meadow, and of complex wetland, unique es—a Intensive agriculture and cattle grazing are degrad- are grazing cattle and agriculture Intensive es are communal, ancestral places for the indigenous indigenous for the places ancestral communal, are es elds. In two decades, the soil will become so poor poor so become will soil the decades, two In elds. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE . 64 million ha. The total wood supply is estimated estimated supply is wood total The ha. million McKinleyville, rewood or for the construction of industrial of industrial construction or for the rewood s; these communities only grow between the the between grow only communities these s; The The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The 5. Russian 6 and 800 and —The region, which covers 9 covers which region, —The percent). Within the ecologically ecologically the Within percent). rewood and construction to , 000 ha of forest are cut for cut are of ha forest . 7 mm yearly), 80 3 cation in an already already an in cation percent. Other forest . .2 4 percent of the forested forested of percent the percent), and dwarf dwarf and percent), percent of the of the percent Far CA: res and log- and res East: percent percent Daniel . 5

A these permafrost lands can be expected. can lands permafrost these of destruction widespread and affected, be will lake scenic and unique the exterminated, be will some species as suffer will biodiversity high the developed, is area this If of Sakha. gems one natural tobe of the ecologists by most considered Tokko Bolshoe protected Lake, tothe next located is which deposit, coal Elginsky the tomine and station droelectric hy- Uchur the toconstruct plans currently are There the ecosystems. affected has of arailroad, construction the and Kanku and Timpton, Berkakit, of Neryungri, towns industrial of the construction the with along mining, coal gold and valley, River Aldan the In nomadic. remain others Khatystyr; of village the in settled Some have region. this inhabit Silinsky reserves. Silinsky Synnagino- and Tokko, Bolshoe TimptonGonam, Cascade, Tynym, Ungra, Dzhanda, Ulakhan-Tary, the them among reserves, resource natural of republic-level aseries as tected altitudes ranging between 650 between ranging altitudes have lands forested subalpine these governments, regional Aldan and Neryungri by the Administered Sakha. southern of part mountainous the in area asizable occupies Rivers l. shmatkova forest) and (arctic Rivers Uchur and Aldan the Between 4. Recommendations. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Threats. spruce, and fi and spruce, pine, some Siberian with pine, Scots and larch primarily in the area. area. the in ungulates and of carnivores species several are There on). so and thyme, saxifrages, dryases, orchids, (lycopodiums, the in listed are that species and of endemics anumber including region, the in plants of vascular species 850 more than are There meet. regions geographical Siberian Eastern and Eastern Far where the is this as for Sakha, larly biodiversity, particu- ahigh has commonly, area The poplar. & Reference Conduct an environmental impact assessment of the of the assessment impact environmental an Conduct for level, on aregional program, a comprehensive Develop mining. coal by gold and affected already areas Recultivate alas the Monitor all tric station projects. station tric hydroelec- Uchurskaya and mining coal Elginsky planned forests. degraded for restoring programs and the natural resources, guidelines on limiting development, for developing technologies better incorporating region, industrial Yakutsk development south of the sustainable regenerating itself naturally. Daniel. The indigenous Evenks, although few in number, in few although Evenks, indigenous The r, interspersed with birch, aspen, and, less less and, aspen, birch, with r, interspersed —The region between the Aldan and Uchur Uchur and Aldan the between region —The The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The 466 Guide es of the Lena-Amga region regularly. region Lena-Amga of the es pages Part of the region has been pro- been has region of the Part and 2 and for , 200 m. The forests are are forests m.The Conservation Book Data Red

and Development. Newell, J. 5. Tuimaada Valley (forest and wetland) and (forest Valley Tuimaada 5. city ofcity Yakutsk. the around and in melting problem of the permafrost address to taken tobe measures for emergency need tothe points resolution This administration. Sakha by of aresolution the supported been has valley of the ecosystem the for conserving decreased. land of the ability frost-preserving thesettled, heat fl was valley the As of Yakutsk. city the in visible becoming is degradation This collapse. erosion and from ground mafrost per- the of protecting cases, many in incapable, them dered ren- have deforestation and growth industrial and unstable, and fragile are ecosystems The steppes. of these destruction of the major cause the is sprawl industrial and Urban Sakha. of fl species rare numerous as Recommendations. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Threats. land ranges in altitude from 25 this by permafrost, entirely Covered deposits. alluvial ancient upfrom built To mountains are sandstone. era west the of Jurassic- composed are of which both respectively, cliffs, Tabagin and Kangalass the are valley of the south and North River. Lena of the bank left on the situated is point, widest for tosouth north from v.i. shurduk, popov and others. Prigorodny, Kyutyur-Kal, Sergelyakh, including monuments, ( berry ( bearberry with massifs, forest Shestakovka and Vladimir the charan of combinations with complex forest-steppe Zhataisk the Valley, Tuimaada tothe unique are that groves spruce with complex, lake-steppe Tulagino-Kildyam the include tion of protec- need in areas Some of region. the asmall for such swamp) and meadow, shrub, forest-steppe, of ecosystems steppe, (forests, variety adiverse has valley rich The here. located is Yakutsk, today. capital, Sakha’s fi set and forests cleared todoso, they and livestock, herded area of this fi The for cultivation. suitable region rich tively arela- creating here, togrow forests spruce and larch, pine, 400 2004. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Arctostaphylos Regenerate the forests of Tuimaada Valley. This program of Tuimaada Valley. program forests the This Regenerate outfl fi and regulates lakes around Valley. vegetation Forest Tuimaada the in lakes all around as well as Rivers, kovka Shesta- and Maganka, Markhinka, of the valleys the in belts forests of protective establishment the include should m in the mountains. The rich alluvial soil has allowed allowed has soil alluvial rich The mountains. the min Vaccinium myrtillis s and fragments of steppe and halophytic vegetation, vegetation, halophytic and of steppe fragments s and ow and may help desalinate the water. the help may desalinate ow and The steppes, in particular, are in need of protection, of protection, need in are particular, in steppes, The res. Only about about Only res. McKinleyville, The ow in the soil increased, and the protective protective the and increased, soil the ow in The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The Russian —Tuimaada Valley, which extends Valley, extends which —Tuimaada ) and diverse pine, birch, whortle- birch, pine, diverse ) and 65 9 ), and larch forests, and natural natural and forests, larch and ), km and is 12 is and km percent of the forest cover remains remains cover forest of the percent ora grow here, many endemic to endemic many here, grow ora The importance of measures of measures importance The to50 m in the valleys and to and valleys the min Far CA: -km across at its atits across -km East: rst inhabitants Daniel lters lters A & Reference created to ensure that the former the that toensure created were Many changed. fundamentally have enterprises mining of economy, objectives toamarket the converting In of bankruptcy. or brink on the bankrupt are prises enter- energy and mining Many services. social in a decline unemployment and toincreased led has instability economic infl toexternal economy vulnerable the tomake combine all market internal established of an absence the and infrastructure, costly and underdeveloped an credit, and investment for capital need increasing an terials, ma- raw for basic on development. Dependence imports trial indus- further hampering economy remains, state-operated Soviet-era of the structure However, fundamental the crime. and tension social toincreased led sector, have farming the particularly sectors, industrial many problemsin other and wages topay Failure 1996, since steadily shrunk has budget The republic. of for revenue the sources main the are government) federal the from subsidies with (along they and viable, remained have mining coal mond and dia- Only resources. mineral for the demand of domestic lack 1992 fi changes economic and political Sweeping crisis. in economy is Sakha’s and coal, for black gold, Mining southeast. and South centers: industrial following the includes Sakha manufacturing, and logging. light food, materials, of building production include dustries almost ( tin and coal, gold, for diamonds, Industry, primarily power generation ( generation power primarily Industry, Alexander Isaev, Josh Newell Economy Environmental impact. economy, and government policies. These include: These economy, policies. government and the development, agriculture, and industry sides, all from of these enterprises became unprofi became enterprises of these economy, of amarket many introduction the With controls. price and credits by government weresupported enterprises mining and importance, of secondary often was viability Economic North. Far for the development plans industrial strategic with accordance in resources, mineral necessary all Daniel. Yana-Indigirka industrial region. Mining for gold, tin, for tin, gold, Mining region. industrial Yana-Indigirka min- coal generation, power industry, Building Central. Southwest. Timber. hy- industry, Diamond regions. northwestern Western and and other minerals. industry. local and ing, industry. building and generation, power minerals, other industry. oil and gas natural generation, power droelectric , mining operations began to shut down because of a because toshut down began operations , mining 65 rst affected heavy industries, notably mining. In In mining. notably industries, heavy affected rst percent of total economic output. Other main in- main output. Other economic of total percent 466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Guide and its overall debt continues to increase. toincrease. debt continues overall its and Assaults on Sakha’s environment come Assaults pages for ussr 70 table. uences. The resulting resulting The uences. percent), accounts for accounts percent), Conservation was self-suffi was 25 percent) and mining mining and percent) cient in

241 and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA 242 decreas- ecosystems, and terrestrial and structure marine of the both function damaged has industry mining Sakha’s riverbanks. along growing or are small are trees the appropriate not because considered be might intensifi has Logging arteries. transport and areas populated near on forests pressure logging increasing drastically, diminished has transported is timber over which distance the rising, facing fi companies logging With on forests. stress the reduced sarily than mtoless cu. million from shrunk has production timber annual though even Similarly, slight. is reclaimed be will areas these that sibility pos- the and remain, territories devastated huge down, closed have operations mining many Although environment. on the pressure reduce not always does enterprises industrial Closing reindeer. tohis tends A Yakut man J. Continuing radiation from sites of underground atomic atomic of sites underground from radiation Continuing ecology. the about education Inadequate environmental development adequate without Industrial the and region River mid-Lena the in logging Intensive infrastructure. of the Uneven growth areas, fragile of ecologically use agricultural Excessive Forest fi Kolyma and Vilyui the power, including Hydroelectric development. gas and Oil mining. tin and gold, coal, Diamond, explosions. Kraton- disastrous the including explosions, safeguards. rivers. of northern valleys Valley. Tuimaada the in and Rivers Amga and Lena the between area the in especially construction. some under and chains station power 2004. ed in accessible areas that, under optimal conditions, conditions, optimal under that, areas accessible in ed nancial nancial diffi THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE res. McKinleyville, The culties, and operating and transport costs costs transport and operating and culties, Russian 2 million cu. m, this has not neces- has m, this cu. million Far 25 CA: 3 and Kristall Kristall and East: Daniel 5

A is now a major problem, as rotting trees in the reservoir and and reservoir the in trees now rotting amajorproblem,is as were fl forest of taiga Vast areas fi Mirny, it the is and near center mining diamond huge the 1960 the in built was Ulus) (Viluisky fi rich and wetlands, rivers, destroy It will Sea. Arctic to the Sakha through runs and Oblast Magadan in begins which River, Kolyma the affect will Sakha, and border of Magadan Power on the Station, Hydroelectric Kolymskaya The Rivers. Amga and Lena the between region agricultural overexploited tothe River Lena the from Water redirected being is stances. in- many in levels permissible exceeded copper, zinc and of byproducts, phenols, oil Concentrations polluted. remain rivers but many years, few past over the not deteriorated has water of river water. quality The lack Rivers) Amga and Lena the between area the (primarily some regions Sakha, in and of rivers lakes of thousands hundreds are there Although complex. mining Norilsky the bly from nota- continually, occurs regions other from Waste dumping fuel. toxic release often and over Sakha pass also Rockets tion classifi tion Protec- of Environmental Ministry Sakha The ground. the onto and atmosphere into the radionuclides released Kristall) (Kraton- of which two Sakha, in off wereset sions explo- nuclear underground peaceful so-called addition, In 1950 the during regions nearby in testing weapons nuclear from radionuclides airborne and mining, and drilling atory explor- during generated waste of radioactive dumping the explosions, nuclear underground include These numerous varied. are and Sakha in pollution of radioactive Sources Eurasia. in balance ecological signifi of vital is territory the lakes, numerous & sheries. The Chernyshevskaya Hydroelectric Power Station Hydroelectric Chernyshevskaya The sheries. rst station of its kind to have been built on permafrost. on permafrost. built been tohave ofkind its station rst Reference Daniel. ed these incidents as environmental disasters. environmental as incidents these ed 466 Guide ( industry, extraction gas and diamond extensive its with basin, River Vilyui ( are concern particular Of diversity. biological their erishing impov- and productivity their ing systems, steppes, river basins, and and basins, river steppes, systems, deserts, tundra, taiga, mountain variety of ecosystems including arctic agreat has and Russia of northeastern asignifi occupies Sakha Because Sakha. central in ecosystems alas many the destroyed and tundra on northern grows naturally that lichen the in toadecline led has lands of agricultural utilization Ineffi minerals. other and gold, for acenter coal, is which Sakha, ( and mining, tin and gold intensive is wherethere region, 2 ) the Yana-Indigirka industrial industrial Yana-Indigirka ) the pages ooded by the reservoir; this this reservoir; by the ooded for s to provide energy for s toprovide energy Conservation cance for the for the cance 3 ) southern ) southern cant portion portion cant 1 3 ) the ) the and and lake lake cient 26

s. and Development. Newell, J. for chemical releases in 1996 in releases for chemical recently. fi The changed has this crisis, economic ing continu- However, the with declining. been has atmosphere old, seldom exceed exceed seldom old, between those low. even is forests, The productivity and simple, relatively is general, in zone frost perma- the in structure and composition, it. Forest alongside settlements the and River Lena the near primarily Uluses, Olyokminsky and Lensky the in logs industry timber The Timber than in 1995 Since the water. poisoning are mines diamond nearby from waste massive operations have a great impact on the environment owing to owing environment on the impact agreat have operations fi forest unnatural frequent, and due tologging shrinking are forests Intact regions. settled near localized is logging infrastructure, topoor Due region. taiga central of great nucleus Sakha’s the form republic, the in productive most the Ulus, Prilensky southwest of the forests The south. the toward increases ity accumulated. the most conservative estimates, some detoxifi tion, and utiliza- disposal, the are problems unsolved critical most the 2004. yNwl n hu/Sucs SS(oepae) 98 G,20 ca) SI 2002. ESRI, (coal); 2000 AGI, 1998; (lode/placer), USGS Sources: / Zhou and Newell By iigdpst fSakha of deposits Mining 6.2 Map res. Despite their relatively moderate scale, logging logging scale, moderate relatively Despite their res. C 1987 McKinleyville, !. C . Recycling of waste is insignifi is of waste . Recycling The Mirny , the release of harmful substances into the into the substances of harmful release , the Udachny C cation of hazardous wastes, of which, by of which, wastes, of hazardous cation C Au 200 CHULMIKANSKOE C C Russian AMUR Aldan cu. m per ha, although productiv- although ha, mper cu. ! !. ! ! ! !! ! ! Neryungri DENISOVSKOE ! BERKAKIT Au KANGALASSKOE Au were almost werealmost YAKUTSK rgo(g Pb) Prognoz(Ag, Au SANGARSKOE Au ! ! P P DZHEBARIKI-KHAYA Au ! ycu(u Hg) Kyuchus(Au, ELGINSKY

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Au

d s " " A eeosaaP,Zn) Berezovskaya(Pb, " Au ELGINSKY Kuranakh(Sn) & Reference Au about yields annually Fishing annually. killed are reindeer wild sand thou- Forty of pelts. producer Russia’s is largest yearly. Sakha ( muskrat 500,000 More than industry. major another is Hunting fi and Hunting Since Since Agriculture ( rel well. themselves do not regenerate often which tundra, and forest between zones transition ile fi and Logging due tologging. degraded badly been have forests Rivers, Lena and Aldan of the reaches Yana, Indigirka, and Kolyma Rivers. Rivers. Kolyma and Indigirka, Yana, and stockholding companies have sprung up in its place. There There place. its upin sprung have companies stockholding 5 farms, breeding 166 enterprises, ( up to toclear-cut necessary lumber, it often is construction quality To routes. 100 obtain transportation and settlements near logging heavy and clear-cutting destructive Daniel.

MAGADAN erminea Mustela 200 0 Sciurus vulgaris 500,000 Placer Roads Coal ore Lode ¯ " 5 1997 8,000 or 6 or km Ondatra zibethica , with dissolution of the sovkhoz of the dissolution , with ha of forest. In some areas, such as the central central the as such some In areas, of forest. ha tons, mainly in the lower reaches of the Lena, Lena, of the lower reaches the in mainly tons, variable hare (Lepus timidus hare variable shing 466 collective limited partnerships, 4 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic ) pelts, more than 10,000 more than ) pelts, agricultural farms, and 16 and farms, agricultural Guide remain barren. barren. remain but most lands, degraded on these back grown has Some vegetation Sakha. eastern and southern in ecosystems degraded has method, common most the pit mining, Open- Sakha. in sites mining potential hundred nine more than are There Mining than more represents which husbandry, Animal fourfold. almost decreased has grain under area the and decline, in is fodder grown Field- declined. has economy, productivity toamarket transfer the and reform tion produc- However, despite farm changing. is production of agricultural structure 3 and enterprises, communal ily-owned are also 2 farming is also under way. under also is farming poultry and Pig vegetables. and potatoes, of grain, production the with combined often is breeding horse and cattle Sakha, central In cages. in animals fur raising and breeding reindeer includes production, ) pelts, some 50,000) pelts, , 769 pages family-operated farms. The overall overall The farms. family-operated 85 percent of the total agricultural agricultural total of the percent ) pelts, 250,000) pelts, poultry companies, 130 companies, poultry for Conservation res also disrupt frag- disrupt also res sable and ermine cu. m of acceptable mof acceptable cu. ) pelts are obtained obtained are ) pelts system, system, Eurasian squir- Eurasian arctic fox pelts, fox pelts, arctic privately owned owned privately horse- 49 fam- state state

243 and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA No. No. four-fi complex produces mining Udachny The deposits. talus and alluvial-talus some are but there deposits, placer usually deposits, remaining The Sytykansk. and from fi and placers, and veins bedrock both from extracted are Diamonds Sakha. western the in Ulus, Mirninsky in based is industry ration’s The sales. worldwide account for between 20 for between account mine. Diamonds. 244 diamond mining technology with a well-developed infra- awell-developed with technology mining diamond modern has Sakha Ulus. Nyurbinsky in discovered recently ranges between 18 between ranges production to 30 between of world share overall its toincrease resources the has Sakha that estimate Experts combined. Africa South and Botswana world ( the in producer diamond second-largest the is Federation’s and diamonds J. 12 Mining and Processing facility. Mining and Processing Ore Nyurbinsky the of construction toward go will banks two precious metal reserves. reserves. metal precious and diamond, gold, Russia’s of all controls also committee The diamonds. fi process and Russian all extract oversees that rms and policies industry determines committee powerful This Roskomdragmet Sakha of administrations percent), (23 employees company each), percent (32 governments Russian and Sakha the by owned is Alrosa 1992, in Founded diamonds. Sakha’s of all mines Alrosa Almazy (Alrosa) Rossii-Sakha industry diamond inthe Key players lion from the South African Export Agency. Export African South the from lion mil- $60 and Bank (Ex-Im) Export-Import U.S. the from million $90 including loans, from million $600 and funds own its from coming billion $2.2 with U.S.$2.8 development, invest to plans production in billion Alrosa 2005, and 2001 Between Russian government. Russian the and manufacturers Russian to sold million $725 other the with Beers, De to diamonds of worth million U.S.$725 about sold Alrosa 2000, In Moscow. and Antwerp, York, New offi has and Namibia, and London, in Angola ces in interests has people, thousand thirty-seven about employs company The percent). (5 government Russian the under Servicemen of Guarantees Social the for Fund the and percent), (8 2004. 31 ve mines: Udachny, Aikhal, Mir, Internatsionalny, Mir, Internatsionalny, Udachny, Aikhal, ve mines: Concentration Factory is the world’s largest diamond diamond world’s the largest is Factory Concentration Two diamond pipes, Botuobuya and Nyurbin, were Nyurbin, Two and Botuobuya pipes, diamond THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE Sakha produces 98 produces Sakha ulus es in which the company carries out its activities activities its out carries company the which in es McKinleyville, The and 30 and 26 and 26 and 27 fths of Sakha’s diamonds, and the the and of diamonds, Sakha’s fths

million carats. Russian diamonds diamonds Russian carats. million percent of world production) after after of world percent production) and 35 and Russian percent of the Russian Russian of the percent percent of De Beers Corpo- of percent DeBeers 5 percent. production Annual percent come from alluvial alluvial from come percent 29

95 percent of them come come of them percent Far 28 CA: Funds from the the from Funds East: Daniel A mately U.S.$150 million annually. million U.S.$150 mately approxi- worth are which diamonds, cut of carats 100,000 to up produce can They Diamond. Tuimaada by owned are which of sixteen enterprises, thirty-three has industry cutting Sakha The industry. aprocessing develop to stock) its of most controls (Alrosa Diamond Tuimaada company joint-stock the established 1991, government In the products. value-added generate to industry cutting and apolishing develop to trying as well as republic, the for revenue more secure to attempt an in production increase to pushing is government The Sakha Government diamonds. uncut of supplier principal world’s the be to continue will Company Trading Diamond corporation’s the as role, latter the relinquishing means no by is Beers De But diamonds. uncut of supplier sole the as act to trying than rather diamonds high-quality and jewelry marketing on focus would it that announced corporation the 2000, In market. fl are diamonds international Russian of the ooding quantities large because partly share, market world losing been has world, the in company mining diamond largest the Beers, De Corporation Beers De In ofdecades. over four aperiod built mining, diamond for complex commercial modern world’s largest the now has Sakha supply simply diamonds. raw than rather trade diamond the in participate should thus and diamonds, toprocess equipment the necessary has Itproduction. also diamond implementing and assaying, for sorting, structure — JN industry in Sakha, thus far, has languished. languished. far, has thus Sakha, in industry All of Russia’s rough diamond exports were under Mos- wereunder exports of Russia’s diamond rough All for development. promising appear River Vilyui the of reaches middle the along areas unexplored some previously that shows Prospecting cut. being also are whereforests River, Anabar tothe operations expanded recently has industry in 2007 starting pipe, and, Botuobuya development of the mine, natsionalny Inter- atthe facilities new as well as (placer), pit), Anabar and atYubileiny, (open- mines new Zarnitsa including sources, mining new on developing depends industry diamond of the growth Further mining. toshaft open-pit from mine Mir the toconvert attempted and mine, Internatsionalny the in shafts individual some new Yubileiny and the mine, including & Reference Daniel. 1994 , Sakha began creating new diamond enterprises, enterprises, diamond new creating began , Sakha , an underground mine at Mir. The diamond diamond atMir. The mine underground , an 466 Guide pages 30 However, the processing for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. Tour Agency of the Republic of Sakha river, the Lena. the river, largest ofSakha’s atributary along fi day Local asuccessful enjoy shermen the since Russia from diamonds purchasing been has De Beers side. Russian on the industry diamond the controls tion Corpora- Alrosa The processed. are they provided republic, the in remain can produced diamonds mined of the percent fi it sees as it produces diamonds other the to use free is Russia Russia. from year per of diamonds worth lion tobuy upto committed DeBeers agreement, the in stipulated As of diamonds. Sakha’s sale the regarding afi signed Corporation De Beers 80 other over control the retains Moscow diamonds. mined over control 20 togain managed has Sakha perestroika but since period, Soviet the cow’s during control 2004. percent. At the end of 2001 the At percent. 1950 s. McKinleyville, The Russian , the Russian government and and government Russian , the ve-year trade agreement agreement trade ve-year Far CA: percent of all of all percent u.s.$800 East: Daniel t. Twenty mil- A , & Reference facturing capabilities. capabilities. facturing manu- own its expanding greatly is industry the industry; diamond Russian on the impact amajor having is monds dia- uncut on purchasing concentrate than rather jewelry tomarket However, DeBeers’sCorporation. strategy new DeBeers the through exports diamond all almost channel to used government Sakha the and Moscow Both deposits. of these exploration tocontinue geologists fund will and Sakha southern in sites promising mining It start may areas. some farming completely subsidizes 45 toreceive started has Sakha diamonds, mined of the percent to addition In robust. fairly is industry Sakha, diamond in the industry mining of the sectors other Unlike Daniel. percent of revenue from diamond sales. Alrosa almost almost Alrosa sales. diamond of from revenue percent discovered. During 1955 was One) Lucky (The Udachny pipe, the huge a year, that Later River. Botuobuya Lesser the of a tributary River, of Irelyakh reaches upper near the Udachny pipe. Udachny the near of Udachny, town the was industry mining diamond- of center the now largest, and third, The began. Sakha site western in ond diamond No.Plant 8 1960 3 No. of Plant Construction facility. enrichment experimental an with amine and laboratory, a plants, enrichment apit, included two and 1959 In pipe. Mir the upnear sprang Mirny) (present-day a settlement and created, was trust, Yakutalmaz today. 1957 In try indus- for the basis material provide the which pipes, kimberlite other numerous yielded basin On June River. Vilyui of the atributary River, Daldyn the deposit near Lightning) (Distant Zarnitsa fi the found geologists 1954 late In basin. River Anabar the in and River Lena of the tributaries along were found deposits alluvial Other basin. river this in prospected and found been mond had deposits by and River, Vilyui on the deposits diamond found of geologists a team 1920 the in Sakha western complex, radioactive fallout from military military from fallout complex, radioactive Norilsky the from pollution airborne River, Vilyui development on the hydroelectric sions, explo- nuclear underground boosters, rocket Pollution jettisoned from basin. River Vilyui the in destruction environmental large-scale not for the is responsible alone mond industry History. Environmental and social impacts. social and Environmental began in 1962 in began 466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Guide , the Aykhal diamond pipe was discovered, discovered, pipe was diamond Aykhal , the 13 pages Locals found diamonds in north- in diamonds found Locals , 1955 was built, and operation of the sec- of the operation and built, was , the Rudnik mine was created created was mine Rudnik , the and was completed in 1966 in completed was and , the Mir pipe was found in the the in found pipe was Mir , the for , the predecessor to Alrosa, toAlrosa, predecessor , the rst kimberlite pipe, the pipe, the kimberlite rst Conservation and 1956 and s. On August 7 s. On August 1954 , dozens of dia- , dozens , the Vilyui Vilyui , the The dia- The 20

, 1949

, . In . In 245 , and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA the water. A state of environmental emergency was declared declared was emergency of water. environmental the Astate contaminate but also may carcinogens, and store of toxins not a only is residue This tributaries. their as well as Rivers, Vilyui and Botuobuya, Markha, of the bottoms river the in 246 In environment. the into weredumped tailings these and stage enrichment the ing dur- substances toxic and reagents contaminating used have factories mining diamond past, the In systems. river into the leaks openpits often from water drainage mineralized Highly environment. into the elements trace and ions, calcium ions, hydrocarbon leak and anomalies geochemical contain which dumps, compo- waste in stored and chemical surface tothe brought nents are harmful with rocks mining, During area. of this upone-sixth makes industry diamond the and Ulus, Mirninsky the in concentrated is of Sakha area cultural nonagri- of the One-sixth stages. enrichment the and mining fi the to obtain material of raw amount amassive processes which mining, Diamond not taken. are whenprecautions particularly tems, ecosys- and landscapes of natural disruption and pollution tolocalized leads inevitably Mining region. the in things ing liv- of all health the damaged and naturally, itself regenerate to ecosystem of the ability the retarded environment, the polluted It has balance. basin’s the ecological disrupting role in leading however, the played has, industry the years, thirty For past contribute. the all agriculture small-scale and north, tothe Island on Novaya Zemlya testing nuclear early by the intorivers waste dumping ceased industry the though effl mining open-pit and industrial of dumping the was of pollution source primary The founded. out well tobe turned pollution picions river about environment. for the out concerns bear study fi The basin. the in living of those situation the in and environment the in occurred had that changes cant 1994 1989 from research conducted University, others State and Sciences ( of Academy Russian of Center the Yakut Science the from Specialists conducted. was basin River Vilyui the in situation scientifi hensive tofi attempt and scientifi governmental, of administrative, attention the attracted and public, general the with strongly resonated meetings these in expressed concerns The wereorganized. specialists and citizens, users, land between discussions and Consultation affected. regions toinvestigate expeditions governmental fi the organized seminar, the after shortly established was which Committee, Vilyui the and of Sakha Center Ecology Community the afterward, Soon seminar. region’s fi Vilyui atthe werevoiced effects J. Effects on the water resources and river ecosystems. river and resources water the on Effects to obtain objective and credible data about the signifi the about data credible - and objective toobtain 1990 2004. 1994 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ras s, high concentrations of harmful chemicals remain remain chemicals of harmful concentrations high s, , concerns about these environmental and social social and environmental about these , concerns c agencies, organizations, and institutes. In an an In institutes. and organizations, c agencies, nd solutions to pollution problems, acompre- problems, topollution nd solutions ), the Academy of Sciences of Sakha, the Yakut the of Sakha, of Sciences Academy the ), nal product, accumulates waste at both the the atboth waste accumulates product, nal c analysis and evaluation of the ecological ecological of the evaluation and c analysis McKinleyville, The Russian uents into the rivers. Even rivers. intothe uents rst public, non- public, rst rst environmental rst environmental Far CA: ndings of this East: Daniel Sus- to A its profi its 2 transfers upby Alrosa, set was which provinvest, fi The operating. begin group, Sakhaalmaz- can plant nancial a before required is Protection of Environmental Ministry the by Approval laboratories. sanitation industrial and controls environmental has plant industrial large Every Protection. of Environmental Ministry Sakha the with coordinated is which assessment, impact environmental an include must projects All legislation. environmental republic-level and abide by federal of Alrosa, arm planning the kutniproalmaz, by Ya- now planned projects Many cleanup. and protection between 10 devoted has Alrosa decade, past the Over tributaries. their and Rivers Markha and Vilyui the as well as Ulus Mirninsky in present is mining by diamond caused tion contamina- metal Heavy areas. disaster environmental clared de- are tenyears after growth new todevelop fail that forests Burnt destroyed. been have Reservoir, Vilyuisky the includes which zone, industrial Mirninsky the in forests taiga the and harmed, been have center industrial Aikhala-Udachny the in forests highland and taiga Northern zone. disaster environmental an declared been have region the in of land About affected. strongly been also have mammals show that species fur-bearing and of rodents Studies affected. drastically been has life plant indigenous then, Since families. for past damages to their infrastructure and environment. In In environment. and infrastructure totheir damages for past 882 supported basin the biodiversity. industrialization, Before of levels and for regeneration capabilities quite varied, are differing basin with River Vilyui of the Ecosystems harmed. be also will generations future that indicates basin River Vilyui the near living those of structure genetic tothe damage of contamination-induced Evidence homeostasis. of immunological rates higher strate demon- Reservoir Vilyuisky the and plants mining diamond to close living those that shown also have Studies system. immune aweakened had examined of those percent Fifty signifi are region this in rates mortality that shown have Studies watershed. River Vilyui entered the had wastewater mineralized highly and forests decayed submerged, from whenby-products highest werethe anomalies developmental and tumors of incidents that malignant revealed studies biological and Medical population. human local of the health on the impact severe a had supply water has Pollution forwater residents. of this of potable source only the been always have rivers These zones. disaster environmental weredeclared Rivers) Markha and Daldyn, Botuobuya, (Irelyakh, tributaries its and River Vilyui of the ecosystems the sum, In declined. sharply also fi valuable of commercially Reserves some rivers. in of zooplankton concentrations reduced drastically plants by fi sible level permis- maximum the exceeded wheresubstances chemicals, of hazardous concentrations due tolarge Ulus Mirninsky in & Reference percent of its total capital investment to environmental toenvironmental investment capital of total its percent species of fl species Daniel. ts to the Vilyuisky group of group Vilyuisky tothe ts ve to ten times. Waste dumping by enrichment by Waste enrichment dumping ve totentimes. ora, including 466 cantly higher than in Sakha as awhole. as Sakha in than higher cantly Guide pages 662 fl owering species, in for ulus es as compensation Conservation percent of percent 11 sh have , 000 8 and and 69 ha

and Development. Newell, J. now being monitored. Soil is now regularly recultivated. now is regularly monitored. Soil now being are emissions exhaust vehicle and converters, catalytic with equipped being Vehicles are to gas. rooms boiler converting is and coal, no oil, burns longer of heating use the restricts To Alrosa treated. quality, now is being improve air Ebelyakh Udachny, and Mirny, Aikhala, Lensk, in sewage household and agricultural the all Almost used. water of total percent to95 increased has water, which industrial of recycled use the maximize that systems hydraulic and for tailings reservoirs watertight with equipped being are sites Mine Anabar and as Lebedinsky Gold Mining Company, AO (joint-stock Company, AO (joint-stock GoldMining Lebedinsky as such enterprises large even and sites, open-pit smaller Many gone have bankrupt. Uluses, Dzhugdzhursky and Aldansky, Verkhne-Indigirsky, Kularsky, the in anumber including diffi more become have conditions engineering and favorable, less is reserves of location the decreased, gold content has average The fi gold Kularskoe and Allakh-Yun, Verkhne-Indigirkinskoe, 15 rfe the in producer gold second-largest the remains Sakha crisis, Despite this include: fi (see years recent in sharply declined However, of gold has industry. production the on depend republic’s the and alike regions budget mining Gold. 12 of those Committees Protection Nature to the fi regular provides company the addition, trial wastewater has ceased at Plants No. atPlants ceased has wastewater trial of indus- Dumping complete. is mine, of the area working infl the reduce will which mine, Mir the in barrier tamponage antipercolation of an Construction of underground. now is disposed mines open-pit Udachny and Mir the in used water the All systems. into river water waste- mineralized dumping stopped has siderably. Alrosa improved con- has watersheds river the in quality water and areas, updegraded clean and impact to environmental reduce measures some technological developed has Alrosa elds (see fi 2004. There is no signifi is There been have republics and industries between Relations declining. is base material raw The and housing particularly infrastructure, for social Costs Taxation between unstable. are rates exchange Currency rates. interest high carry Loans Prices for commodities, goods, and have energy fuels, tons. Gold is mined primarily in the southern Yakutsk, Yakutsk, southern the in primarily mined Goldis tons. , and from Dredges No. Dredges from , and quality of service and maintenance. and of service quality the in adecline and todecentralization leading disrupted, rising. are utilities increased dramatically. Long a pillar of the Sakha economy, of gold residents Sakha of the apillar Long McKinleyville, g. The 6 .2 ). cult. Several gold mining enterprises, enterprises, gold mining Several cult. and in 1999 in and cant foreign investment. foreign cant Russian 1992 and 1995 and 201 g. and No. 202 and 6 produced slightly more than more than slightly produced . 1 ). Reasons for this decline decline for this Reasons ). was high. high. was Far CA: ow of water into the ow ofinto the water nancial assistance assistance nancial 3 , No. 8 . The Yubileny. The East: ulus Daniel , and No. , and es. A

& Reference from ore, an initial investment of u.s.$3 (To costs. extract extraction high from resulting of fi uncertainty the and of capital to alack due curtailed drastically been has ore fortion deposits new Explora- problem industry. of for the the part lies herein and alluvial, one-third ore and totwo-thirds closer are deposits actual of the However, proportions the mining. vein third one- and mining placer two-thirds that East: Far of the like is rest of the industry of gold mining Sakha’s structure The shambles. now in are settlements mining ( of prospectors independent associations over to turned been have sites Numerous closed. also have AO Zoloto, and Kularzolotohas, Nezhdaninskoe company) odpouto nSka 1993–1999 Sakha, in production Gold 6.1 Figure ore on Zhurnal, Gorny Source: tons Metric and Kyuchyus, which together account for about account together which Kyuchyus, and Kuranakh, Nezhdaninsk, including sites, large in located fi (see Uluses Allakh-Yunsky and confi of About resources. estimated are remainder the confi are gold reserves of these percent Russia. in gold reserves Forty-three largest third the has Sakha gold refi toestablish way under also are Plans capital. and companies foreign with joint ventures promoting is government so, the To technologies. enrichment do and mining advanced using gold ore deposits large exploiting toward industry the to shift needed are subsidies Government of gold ore veins. mining the toward redirected be should therefore, effort, and Funds The prospects for expanding open-pit mining are limited. Daniel. 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 rmed reserves are gold ore, primarily in the Yuzhno Yuzhno the in gold ore, primarily are reserves rmed ning and jewelry production. jewelry and ning 9319 9519 9719 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Guide 2000. pages for g. 6 .2 Conservation ). These reserves are are reserves These ). – artel 5 million is needed.) nancial nancial return s). Entire gold Entire s). 70 percent percent 1 ton of gold 90 rmed; percent percent

247 and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA reserves, respectively. reserves, 248 for 52 account which 650 more than and sites underground some 700 in located are atu.s.$30 reserves estimated and Remaining confi type. nevadite of the bands greenstone ancient in as well as mixtures, silver gold and in gold resources also are There Uluses. Verkhne-Indigirsky and Yuzhno-Yakutsk the in are ore reserves. known of all gold deposits are exploited by open-pit mining, mining, exploited by open-pit are gold deposits odrsre n rdcini ah,b region by Sakha, in production and reserves Gold 6.2 Figure Source: J. 2004. se,2001. Isaev, Allakh-Yunsky THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE Yuzhno Yuzhno luildeposits Alluvial Indigirsky Verkhne- r deposits Ore Production McKinleyville, rmed reserves are valued atu.s.$10 valued are reserves rmed Indigirsky Verkhne- The Yuzhno . 33 8 About 62 percent and 47 and percent sites, including between 30 between including sites, 32 Yunsky Allakh- Russian Other Most estimated alluvial reserves Adychynsky Allakh-Yunsky

percent (around 500 (around percent Kularsky billion. All the reserves reserves the All billion. Adychynsky Adychynsky Kularsky Indigirsky Verkhne- alluvial deposit sites, deposit sites, alluvial .2 percent of industrial Far CA: 26 . 9 East: and 50 and billion, billion, percent percent Daniel sites) of sites)

A AO Zoloto Kuchusa 1996 Joint-venture company Joint-venture 1996 Kuchusa Zoloto AO AO Kuranakh AK Zoloto Yakutiy — Coordinates prospecting prospecting Coordinates — Zolotoi Association by owned 51 percent Yakutiy 1995 Zoloto AK Neryungri Zoloto AK increased their share of total production from from production of total share their increased 37 produced which prises, end of 1997 51 holds government in and the Verkhneamurskaya Corporation explored these areas. areas. these explored Corporation Verkhneamurskaya the and to from and River, Vilyui of the tributaries on the covered Tungir. the 1860 the In tributary, its and River 1843 In or China. gold toJapan the shipped whothen middlemen, to season of gold per of kilograms dozens several sell would to1782 back date of gold discovery AK Indigirzoloto 1992 Joint-stock company Joint-stock Joint-stock company 1992 1992 AO Nezhdaninskoe Indigirzoloto AK AK Aldanzoloto Established Company Sakha in associations and companies mining gold Major 6.2 Table History. (about Source: Holding company; controls 1995 OAO FPK Sakhazoloto AO Zoloto for Sakhazoloto to form joint ventures (see table table (see joint toform ventures for Sakhazoloto it easier made and artels, the control tomonitor and began one of several joint-stock companies producing gold. producing companies joint-stock one of several early the in split off government, Sakha by the encouraged subsidiaries, but its gold mining, the all tocontrol used Yakutzoloto ventures. by private worked being also are reserves undetermined with mines placer additional Seventy shafts. by underground sites) & Reference Gold Mining Co — Joint-venture company Joint-venture — Co Mining Gold Soyuz zoloto 1992zoloto 1992 Dzhugdzhura Joint-stock company 1916 1990 , alluvial deposits were discovered in the upper Olyokma Olyokma upper the in were discovered deposits , alluvial Daniel. Isaev, 2000. Isaev, , prospectors from the Lensk Gold Mining Association Association GoldMining Lensk the from , prospectors 20 and 1994 and sites) by dredging, and and by dredging, sites) The fi The , Sakhazoloto consisted of fi consisted , Sakhazoloto 1990 s. Today, Yakutzoloto (now Sakhazoloto) is Today,s. is (now Sakhazoloto) Yakutzoloto rst, but somewhat unreliable, accounts accounts unreliable, but somewhat rst, to61 466 percent of the company’s shares. By the By the company’s of the percent shares. . Guide 6 percent in 1997 in percent . 1995 Supports prospectors and and prospectors Supports 1995 4 percent of that year’s total. year’s total. of that percent pages resolves technical and and technical resolves odnsi h or four inthe holdings 1 . . In those days, panners panners days, those . In 4 for Joint-stock Joint-stock procurement procurement teams Sakha companies companies Sakha Notes Notes percent (more than 130 (more percent than ve operating enter- ve operating . In 1996 . In Conservation government government’s government’s 40 s, gold was dis- gold was s, listed listed company , the state state , the 6 . issues 8 .2) percent percent . 34 above The The Artel 1908

s

and Development. Newell, J. 2004. to obtain U.S.$150 million in credits from foreign banks. foreign from credits in million U.S.$150 obtain to attempting was Mines Bay Echo 2000, of As year. per gold of kg 400 of capacity annual an with excavator rotor asingle and 15 to m) (up dredgers deep two with developed being rently fi The technology. cur- is eld gravitation standard use to plans project The annually. ore of tons 15 is million project the of capacity projected Full annually. ore of tons 5million process can it that so upgrade to plans are there and annually, ore of tons million 2.5 handle the currently owns can mill that This company mill. Kuranakh ajoint-stock is Aldanzoloto Bay. Echo from shares purchasing of process the fi U.S. in the is Gold Newmont Reportedly, rm remainder. the control percent) (20 Sakhazoloto and percent) (30 Aldanzoloto fi Russian The Company. Mining Gold Kuranakh of percent year. per 14and tons 7.7 between to output gold increase to expected is ore quality 1996. in gold of tons 3.7 yielded left. ore quality lower only have now deposits large the of many years, forty past the for mined heavily been have they as but content, gold ahigh have deposits epithermal These gold. alluvial some also but gets, km. 23 for stretches deposit placer The Sakha. ern deposit ore gold Kuranakh ment (see map 6.2). there are four major projects operating with foreign invest- Currently industry. the to technology and investment foreign introduce to plans ambitious has government Sakha The mining ingold investment Foreign Zoloto Kyuchyus, which will explore and develop the deposit. the develop and explore will which Kyuchyus, Zoloto venture, the in partners equal are Sakhazoloto and Canada) m. 3,500 about for extends deposit The Ulus. Ust-Yansky in Severny of town the from 100 km and Kyuchyus gold deposit hardrock (PSA). Agreement Sharing Production the of details the out worked not had still companies the 2001, December of Foreign involvement: Canada’s Echo Bay Mines holds 50 50 holds Mines Bay Echo Canada’s involvement: Foreign lower for equipment leaching New production: Estimated confi twelve The production: Current nug- of primarily consisting tons, 450 reserves: Estimated million. U.S.$450 cost: development Estimated south- in Aldan of south km 20 River, Kuranakh Location: Foreign involvement: WPN Resources Ltd. (Vancouver, (Vancouver, Ltd. Resources WPN involvement: Foreign year. per 7tons to Up production: Estimated tons. 150 metric reserves: Estimated million. U.S.$120 cost: development Estimated Yana River the from 4km valley, River Kyuchyus Location: McKinleyville, The Russian Far CA: rmed gold deposits East: Daniel 35 As rms A & Reference mined. The project plans to use bio-oxidation technology. bio-oxidation use to plans project The mined. been never has deposit the 1970s, the in discovered Although site. this of studies initial did (Toronto Ltd. respectively) London, International, and Howe A. C. A. and Simons S. H. 5 tons. of output annual an achieve to and mine the rehabilitate to million U.S.$300 to up cost will it that estimates Committee Resources Natural Duma The content. arsenic and carbon high its of because diffi be will gold the extract to that say cult geologists Russian 1980s. the in annually gold of 1ton yielding fi 1974, in was deposit, The explored used. be rst will method cyanide The completed. been has project the for study ity Afeasibil- annually. gold of 3tons yielding and ore of processing tons of 500 capable aplant build to plans company The Moscow. of Bank Zenit from loan million a U.S.$7 secured had it announced Resources Celtic 2000, September 1997. In January in Sakhazoloto with up set was which Zoloto, Nezhdaninskoe company, joint-stock the of percent 50 holds Russia. in deposit gold second-largest the be to Estimated recoverable. are tons 335.9 that report Committee). Resources ral Sakha. northeastern deposit silver and gold Nezhdaninsk —JN was completed in 1997. in completed was study Afeasibility million. U.S.$210 be to expected are mine the of costs Capital years. twenty last to resources enough are There development. the of year fourth the by planned is mining open-pit and carbon, Underground includes ore mercury. and the antimony, deposit, gold epithermal An unknown. is 2002, June of as project, the in investment their and Ltd. Resources, WPN now is Pinnacle Western However, Ltd. Overseas, Gold Sakha of acquisition through achieved was mine the of Ownership percent. 50 other the owned (Canada) Ltd. Mining, Pinnacle Western and percent, 50 owned (Moscow) Ltd. Associates, Pinnacle 2000, of As longitude). gold deposit Ust-Kuyga Daniel. Foreign involvement: Celtic Resources Holdings (Ireland) (Ireland) Holdings Resources Celtic involvement: Foreign Current production: None. tons. metric 2,000 reserves: Silver sources Western tons. metric 480 reserves: gold Estimated Natu- Duma the to (according billion U.S.$5.6 value: Total in region mining Tomponsk the in River Aldan Location: Foreign involvement: No current information is available. 135° latitude, (70° Sakha of part Northern Location: 37

466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Guide 38 pages for Conservation 36

249 and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA Verkhne-Indigirsky Ulus ( Ulus Verkhne-Indigirsky ( Ulus Allakh-Yunsky include period Soviet the during developed regions gold mining Other prospectors. individual profi up to ussr the in enterprises mining some largest of and the base industrial apowerful remote areas, these in conditions harsh extremely despite period, this During Uluses. konsky, Ust-Yansky and Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Oimya- Aldansky, the in facilities 1965 in established was Yakutzoloto association, dustrial in- An period. Soviet the during developed werealso which 42 affected further have operations Dredging area. of the cent, about occupy sites dredge and area, this 7 pits occupy and dumps waste development. Mining sustainable for future potential their harming and ecosystems the damaging was regions these in gold mining that determined It was operates. Aldanzoloto where Yakotit Rivers, and Seligdar the between area the and 250 on pp. 241–43 general economy in of the and on pp. discussed is of production state current The Sakha. throughout of living standards in decline concomitant a and production in adecline seen has period present The 1936 in (Ust-Maya its gold depos- more large three discovered Geologists born. was fi the dredge, this with and mine, Olyokma abandoned the from in brought was A dredge of Aldan. city site present-day deposit, of the Nezametny the tomine established been Trust had GoldMining State kutsk By Nezametny. near Sakha, southern in ered In quantities of gold. viable commercially tolack werethought reserves mineral these development, as tospur failed basins Aldan and Vilyui the in gold prospecting Prerevolutionary begun. had deposits By World Timpton and War Sutam of the I,depletion atpresent.” tosay hard is next come will What today. Timpton region the is Such abandoned! been already indeed, have, how many and them, abandoning in regret no be will there that temporary, are structures these all that thought the tomind bring shacks together slapped hastily Monotonous, everywhere…. water mud is and there and abounds, dampness or down, cut burned been have mine the near Forests depressed. one feeling leaves mine “The follows: Yakutskaya newspaper Zhizn the region’s the ecology. In destroying for wereinfamous operations These Corporation. murskaya Verkhnea- the and Association Mining Gold Russian by the deposits subsequent development byfollowed the of these south, the in basins River Sutam Timpton and the in deposits In plied Ecology plied J. sq. km, or 20 sq. km, 1889 Environmental impact. table enterprises then, and to this day, are associations of day, associations are tothis and then, enterprises table 2004. 80 1923 , mining began in earnest with the discovery of rich of rich discovery the with earnest in began , mining percent of gold production. Nevertheless, the most most the Nevertheless, of gold percent production. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE , commercially valuable gold reserves werediscov- gold reserves valuable , commercially were established. State enterprises accounted for accounted enterprises State wereestablished. 39 McKinleyville, in Sakha studied the Aldan mining region region mining Aldan the studied Sakha in percent, of the area between the Seligdar Seligdar the between area of the percent, The , Indigir in 1945 in , Indigir In the 1990 the In Russian 1944 .2 ), and Kularsky Ulus ( Ulus Kularsky and ), described the operations as as operations the described sq. km, or 0 sq. km, rst gold large center mining 1898 s, the Institute of Ap- Institute the s, , and Kular in 1964 in Kular , and , volumes volumes , 76 . Far 8 CA: sq. km, or 4 sq. km, . 1924 . 5 percent, of 38 , the Ya- , the East: 247–49 – Daniel 40 1963 1936 of of , with , with ), per- ).

), A of impacts: Summary areas. many in repair beyond is and disrupted been has balance ecological The development. by industrial transformed completely been has selves well here. In total, total, In here. well selves them- not have regenerated however, they destruction, of the scale tothe Due ecosystems. more northern with compared when rapidly fairly themselves regenerate usually ecosystems Sakha, of southern part this In Yakotit Rivers. and Seligdar and reached 38 reached By sites. two those from came huge chunks of land, 30 of land, chunks huge 1950 the between logging and Fires ecosystem. the affected also have activities industrial ated associ- here, operations mining During Yakotit Rivers. and In site still supplies coal to users throughout the rfe the throughout tousers coal supplies site still center, the and transportation and industrial Zyryan of the in began methods open-cast using mining Commercial Sakha. northeastern in mine open-pit an as well as deposit, ansky Zyry- of the mining exploratory started of Dalstroi, division ing 1960 the in production annual site, with largest the was Sangar For decades, began. reserves ment Sangar of the but open-cast, and Sakha’s entire production ( production entire Sakha’s and but open-cast, not mechanized, was mining days, those In impurities. its despite mined was convenient location, position, and geologic favorable size, of large its because deposit, Kangalasskoe The priority. took reserves Sangarskoe the mining so coal, brown Kangalasskoe’s than ash less ity, more and heat producing qual- of higher is coal Sangarskoe Yakutsk. from downstream late the In period. Soviet prewar the in Coal. In atSangarsky. than quality in higher even was coal where the deposits, Dzhebariki-Khaya the working began Dalstroi reserves were located about werelocated reserves 1930 (in Sangarskoe (in Kangalasskoe the with starting region, the in fi the developed Lanes Sea North Great of the Directorate Main of the administration rial river shipping industry and enterprises in Yakutsk. By Yakutsk. in enterprises and industry shipping river & Reference Forest Forest fi Modifi modifi have facilities Mining Toxic ecosystem. the polluted have compounds Dredging and prospecting have disrupted valley land- valley disrupted have prospecting and Dredging 1940 1952 scapes. some rare plant species have disappeared entirely. disappeared have species plant some rare and retarded, is areas these in Regeneration permafrost. insular and intermittent, of mild, areas in particularly 250 0 Daniel. The coal industry was the fi the was industry coal The . 1933 92 , the mine produced 112 produced mine , the , . Coal mining was the foundation for development foundation the was mining . Coal 000 sq. km ( sq. km cation of ecosystems has reduced biodiversity. reduced has of ecosystems cation , the Kolyma Department of River Shipping, a Shipping, of River Department Kolyma , the , res and logging have degraded vegetation cover, vegetation degraded have logging and res 000 tons. tons. tons, and soon thereafter, large-scale develop- large-scale thereafter, soon and tons, 0 . 5 466 ) coal reserves on the Lena River. These These River. Lena on the reserves ) coal percent of the total area), between the the between area), total of the percent Guide sq. km ( sq. km 32 . 5 45 pages percent of the interfl of the percent km and 300 and km 1936 , ed interfl 000 rst coal mining operations operations mining coal rst 14 rst to develop, starting starting to develop, rst , production in Sakha had had Sakha in , production percent of the total area) area) total of the percent s and 1980 s and for tons and supplied the the supplied and tons 1920 uvial ecosystems. uvial Conservation km, respectively, respectively, km, s, the territo- the s, s affected two two s affected 1 , 800 uvial plain plain uvial 1929 . In 1940 . In s averag- tons) tons) ) and ) and 1964 , , and Development. Newell, J. credits ofcredits toprovide companies Japanese allowed This project. the fund to loans low-interest provided Cooperation) International for Bank Japan (now the of Japan Bank Export-Import mid- the in reserves vast the mining began 1974 in complex mining coal Neryungri present upthe set helped consortium this proven Company. the DevelopmentEyeing Cooperation Coal Sakha South the formed companies manufacturing Japanese fi tory of joint coal-development projects in Sakha. In In Sakha. in projects of joint coal-development tory Dzhebariki-Khaya deep mine ( Dzhebariki-Khaya the are mines majorcoal other The coal. energy and coking production had almost doubled to almost had production machinery and equipment) in exchange for 5. equipment) exchange and in machinery with annual production estimated at coal, of the most produces mine strip Neryungri The tons. toabout declined has total but this annually, about toproduce used Sakha land. of ruined no recultivation almost been has there and coal, the toextract used method main the been has mining open-cast addition, In industry. making steel- own its todevelop efforts Sakha’s handicapped has which machinery, and for steel exchange in exports on coal adependence created have machinery of extractive imports Although Mining Company.benefi Mitsui the and Industries Heavy Sumitomo included facility Neryungri the establishing in assistance practical provided who Others operations. repair provided Automobile, which Banzai and cranes, truck-mounted and sold excavators which Works, Kato bulldozers, provided which were Komatsu, benefi companies Japanese main fi numerous development, and oil offshore Sakhalin development forest agreement, Sangyo KS the include others countries; two the between projects tion exploita- resource of one large-scale of aseries was agreement Soviet-Japanese The period. over asixteen-year annually coal 1980 sharply, and 1999sharply, and declined However, subsequently production annually. tons mines. of small anumber and Neryungri), and Kangalassky, (Zyryansky, mines open-pit large three (Dzhebariki-Khaya), mine at one underground of 17 capacity annual an has industry Today, investment. by Japanese possible the site, made coal the late 1970 in began Sakha southern in mining route. Coal sea northern the along traveling ships supplied and Oblasts, Irkutsk and toMagadan shipments sent small republic, of the needs ergy late Untilthe methods. shaft and by open-cast both mined is Coal fty-one Japanese banks, trading companies, and individual individual and companies, trading banks, Japanese fty-one 2004. Japanese investment. Japanese s and early early s and 7 . 4 126 McKinleyville, billion tons of coal in the south Yakutian basin, basin, Yakutian south the in of tons coal billion The s with the development of the Neryungri coking coking development Neryungri of the the s with billion yen (including yen(including billion 1990 1970 production down was to 500 cial for companies in Moscow and Japan, Japan, and Moscow in for companies cial s, the site was producing producing site was the s, Russian s, Sakha’s coal industry served the en- the served industry coal Sakha’s s, to mine its rich coking coal. Sakha Sakha coal. coking rich its tomine Japan and Russia have along his- have Russia and Japan 1 ting from this arrangement arrangement this from ting . 17 shing agreements. The agreements. shing 1 million tons), Kangalassky Kangalassky tons), million 220 million tons of coal of coal tons million 109 .25 7 . 5 , Far 000 CA: . million tons of million tons, mined mined tons, million 5 billion yenfor billion 1980 tons. In the late late the In tons. 5 10 1 million tons of East: , . 000 1 million million s when the s whenthe Daniel million million tons. tons. 1974 , A & Reference Bolshoe Tokko Lake region; open-cast coal mining is is mining coal open-cast region; TokkoBolshoe Lake regional Two use. for local coal the process and employed toextract practically be can technologies put new be on hold until of the Neryungri mine to betweeen tobetweeen mine Neryungri of the production toincrease wants government The annually. coal 9 process can plant enrichment its Sakha (see p. (see Sakha in hotspots biodiversity important one most of the destroy could region this in mining however, that concerned, are strip mine ( mine strip and at estimated are reserves these to develop ( Desovsky and tons) million Tayozhny ( Chulmikan: of ore iron near deposits trial grade coking coal are estimated at500 estimated are coal coking grade of high- Reserves of Sakha. southeast extreme the in region, Tokko Bolshoe the Lake in located are reserves do so. These to funds but lacks reserves, coal Elginsky rich upthe open to like would government development,the arelated In atu.s.$2 estimated are 700 about deposit has coal bituminous Chulmikan The expected. 118 estimated an are there of both quantity and quality, in the entire entire the in quality, and quantity of both terms in promising, most the reserves these consider analysts , and the remaining remaining rfe the of the , and regions republic, the within locally used is Sakha southern in mined Twenty coal of the percent tomine capacity the site has Neryungri The Sakha. in toplants power electric coal-fi supplies site also this from Coal began. operations commercial since toJapan shipped been coking has rich the which tomine used coal, are methods Open-cast regions. Sakhalin Primorsky, and Khabarovsk, the in stations power and stations, power Chulmanskaya and About Russia. European in Oblasts Ekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk in plants lurgical metal- degree, toalesser and Korea, South and to Japan trading companies. Marubeni and Kanematsu, Sumitomo, through Corporation, Nippon Steel as such makers steel toJapanese coal, coking high-quality mine’s output, mainly of Neryungri percent about it sells tosome reports, according and exporter, coal Russia’s is largest Yakutugol companies. to Japanese of Yakutugol shares offered recently government Sakha the unprofi out an tobail effort an In mines. the 1974 monopoly,in coal Sakha’s established ( mine deep Sangar and tons), frastructure costs. about is tag price but the there, development in investment promoting also is government 300 about has which Daniel. million tons of coal, but costs to develop these reserves reserves these to develop but costs of tons coal, million $580 zakaznik million, respectively. 20 520 km from Neryungri is the Denisovsky deposit, deposit, Denisovsky the is Neryungri from km 240 466 , 000 Republic of Sakha Republic of Sakha Guide ). They point out that new ventures should should ventures new point out that They ). s currently protect some portions of the of the some portions protect s currently 41 In the neighboring Neryungri region, region, Neryungri neighboring the In 40 tons), Zyryansky strip mine ( mine strip Zyryansky tons), million tons of coking coal. The Sakha Sakha The coal. of tons coking million Domestic consumers are the Neryungri Neryungri the are consumers Domestic 15 . million tons of coal per year, while while year, per of tons coal million 7 pages billion. tons of gold, with another another of with tons gold, 40 400 percent is shipped to other toother shipped is percent 330 43 for u.s.$2 42 . 7 , There are also two indus- two also are There million tons of coking of coking tons million 000 million tons). Total costs Total tons). costs million 12 Conservation billion due toin- billion and 13 and million tons. million 40 tons). Yakutugol, Yakutugol, tons). percent is exported exported is percent u.s.$660 rfe , operates all of all , operates table industry, industry, table million tons. tons. million . 45 Ecologists 300 million million 44 40 Some , 1,254.6 40 000

tons tons red red

251

and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA abroad. To date, the industry has received virtually no foreign no foreign virtually received has Toabroad. industry the date, the throughout exported was energy needs, Sakha’s toproviding addition In Sakha. in working of those percent now employs about coal) and hydroelectric, gas, (oil, toalmost try, rising indus- energy tothe allocated development was for industrial 252 Source: gas). condensed —3(gas, depression Predpatomsky gas); condensed oil- oil-gas, region — 18 gas-oil, (gas, Nepsko-Botuobinsky 2 (gas); — depression Predverkhoyansky gas); condensed —9(gas, region Vilyuisk Note: Anabar River Olenyok River Yana River Olyokma River Kolyma River Aldan River Vitim River Indigirka River Lena River Hydropower Coal gas oil Extractable resources inoil dissolved gas condensate gas free oil Hydrocarbons gas and Oil Resources Quantities Sakha in resources Energy 6.3 Table table (see production on energy Sakha’s importance great placed traditionally have governments Russian and Soviet The Energy for exploitation. forests up open will which planned, being also is arailroad mines, zakaznik these between areas in planned J. There are at least 32 oil and gas deposits in Sakha: Sakha: in deposits gas and oil 32 least at are There 6 2004. Isaev, 2000. 2000. Isaev, . 3 ). In the 1980 the In ). THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE McKinleyville, The 55 s, percent by 1995 percent 50 Russian percent of all capital investment investment capital of all percent 4.4–15 billion4.4–15 tons (reserves) 144 billion kW-hr 54 54 billion kW-hr 20.1 billion tons 49 49 billion kW-hr 46 46 billion kW-hr 22 22 billion kW-hr 25 25 billion kW-hr 51 billion kW-hr 14 billion kW-hr 0.6 0.6 billion tons 0.7 trillion cu. m cu. trillion 0.7 2.4 2.4 billion tons 9.4 trillion cu. m cu. trillion 9.4 m cu. trillion 9.4 9.4 billion tons 3 billion kW-hr . The energy industry industry energy . The s. Tos. the develop Far CA: East: rfe Daniel 25 and and

A In Yakutgeofi Lenagaz, Lenaneftegaz, AO Yakutgazprom, latter: of the companies branch with along AO and Sakhaneftegaz, ergo AO include involved Yakuten- Majorcompanies investment. only only Oil and natural gas. natural and Oil tons of oil were extracted. As in previous years, the primary primary the years, previous in As wereextracted. oftons oil 1997 In of Tas-Yuryakh. settlement the in of oil-refi construction for the call arefi and fi Talakan and Irelyakh atthe recently began production and fi Sredne-Botuobuya coal ( stations produced 27 1997 In production. energy electrical total about provide Sakha, southern in Station Coal-Fired Neryungri the and Sakha central in Station Gas Natural Yakutsk the with Today, together frost. Kaskad, of perma- area an in constructed was reservoir ahuge with dam To on line. brought agigantic station, complete the were Station, Kaskad the now called Station, Hydroelectric and Zhatai. In 1967 of Pokrovsk settlements the and Lensk upin wereset stations mobile power Large stations. Deputatsky and Batagai, kut, 5 200 than of less capacity a had stations power of these percent Ninety oil. imported and wood, coal, brown and black of included power sources Primary installations. electrical and stations power small dred Bycompleted. the Yakutsk in station power electric of acentralized struction hydro sources ( sources hydro ( oil diesel from percent (see pp. 245–47 (see ecosystem and population local of the health upon the effect adverse an had has station Vilyuiskaya for the reservoir of the Construction Rivers. Vilyui and Lena upon the effects dire development have may gas and oil in technologies outdated Use of recorded. been also have pollution of benzopyrene mpl the exceeding concentrations reaches occasionally and 389 , generated Yakutenergo’s of the twelve facilities polluter. In Power aprimary is generation exceeds the maximum permissible level ( level permissible maximum the exceeds coal-fi and mine coal of alarge location the Neryungri, in of dust concentration average The air. the pollutes also energy Producing rivers. intothe were dumped nitrogen, and byproducts, oil sulfates, chlorides, particulates, of suspended quantities large containing waste processed effl of tons of harmful substances. More than More than substances. oftons harmful & elds. The Talakan-Vitim oil pipeline was built on schedule, on schedule, built was pipeline oil Talakan-Vitim The elds. Reference , 000 Daniel. 700 uent, including uent, including 770 kW. The largest were the Yakutsk, Chulman, Yako- Chulman, kW. Yakutsk, werethe largest The 1928 nery in Vitim is producing diesel fuel. Future plans plans Future fuel. diesel producing is Vitim in nery , , 000 zika, and Taas-Yuryakh-neft. 000 , Sakha’s two 300 two , Sakha’s kW-h per year, and not until 1937 not until and year, per kW-h tons), 24 tons), 1 ). . 049 1960 Oil fi Oil , the fi , the 466 eld has been producing oil for ten years, for oil tenyears, producing been has eld percent of the republic’s electricity from from republic’s of the percent electricity , 000 3 Guide .2 s, Sakha had more than fi more than had Sakha s, percent from gas ( gas from percent 357 rst fl million cu. mof insuffi cu. million kW; a few had capacities of upto kW; capacities had afew 7 rst modules of the Vilyuiskaya Vilyuiskaya of the modules rst tons). times the mpl the times , 000 pages -kW power stations produced owed in in Sakha tons), and 36 and tons), ning facilities in Lensk and and Lensk in facilities ning by four times and instances instances and times by four for 5. mpl . Nitrogen dioxide dioxide . Nitrogen 7 , a total of 152 , atotal , Sakha’s power power , Sakha’s 84 million cu. m cu. million Conservation 704 red power plant, plant, power red percent of the of the percent ) by 2 percent from from percent 1990 , 000 1937 ciently was con- was fteen hun- , just , just . 600 7 tons), tons), . The . The times,

, 000 12

and Development. Newell, J. to wells at the Srednevilyui and Taas-Yuryakh fi Taas-Yuryakh and Srednevilyui atthe to wells pipelines toconnect way under are Efforts Severo-Nelbinsk. takh, tons of oil in the Talakan region. Talakan the in oftons oil percent of its gas from Srednevilyui, Srednevilyui, from of gas its percent extracts Yakutgazprom of Sangar. settlement tothe as well Careless oil and gas development in western Sakha. western in development gas and oil Careless over 100 are there showedthat discovery A recent fi Sredne-Botuobuya (from Yakutgazprom Irelyakh), and Talakan (from egaz Lenaneft- including companies, out by several carried are ery consumer ( to riverside to riverside supplied being is gas Liquid year. per tons thousand thirty of acapacity with facility reprocessing on agas work began been built in Yakutsk. In 1998 has plant Agas-processing centers. population large of the supply most Moxogollokh) and Yakutsk, (Kyzyl-Sur, Sakha central in Mirny, Svetly) and and (Tas-Yuryakh, Sakha ern fi gas other at developed been also have facilities Production to Yakutsk. in werediscovered 1956 deposits gas natural Ust-Vilyui The 2004. , and in 1968 in , and 15 percent from Sredne-Botuobuya, and and Sredne-Botuobuya, from percent McKinleyville, elds. Fifteen hundred km of gas pipeline in west- in pipeline of gas km hundred Fifteen elds. 42 ulus The . 6 es (Aldansky, Neryungriisky, and Gorny), as as Gorny), and Neryungriisky, (Aldansky, es percent) was Alrosa. Oil extraction and deliv- and extraction Oil Alrosa. was percent) , a gas pipeline was constructed from the site the from constructed was pipeline , agas eld), and Irelyakhneft (from Irelyakh). Irelyakh). (from Irelyakhneft and eld), Russian , in the Kyzyl-Syr settlement, settlement, Kyzyl-Syr the , in 46

14 Far percent from Maas- from percent CA: East: 1 percent from from percent elds. Daniel million million A 70

& Reference

reserves are even higher: higher: even are reserves gas area’s of the natural Resources and for Energy Ministry fi 70 atbetween potential hydrocarbon Sakha’s estimates Survey 20 exceed may Sakha of western areas prospective all in reserves capable of producing about 300 about of producing capable refi oil two now constructing is Sakha cost. products— oil of its most imports Sakha reserves, on vast it sitting is though Even sites. production gas and oil thirty-one are there though al- untapped, much of oil Sakha’s equipment left have and facilities of transport todoso. Lack investment for foreign looking It currently is products. of oil source astable develop and industries its todiversify it eager makes mining coal and gold, on diamond, reliance heavy Sakha’s noted earlier, As million tons of oil in the Talakan region. Talakan the in of tons oil million over 100 are there revealed inventory Arecent regions. Vilyui and Botuobuya the in located are reserves of these percent government has offered up six oil fi oil upsix offered has government Daniel. fteen billion barrels of oil. Estimates by the South Korean Korean South by the Estimates of oil. barrels billion fteen billion metric tons of hydrocarbons. The U.S. Geological Geological U.S. The of tons hydrocarbons. metric billion and 278 and Exporting Sakha’s natural gas? natural Sakha’s Exporting trillion cu. ft. of natural gas and between two and and two between and gas of natural ft. cu. trillion 466 3 million metric tons annually—at very high high very annually—at tons metric million Republic of Sakha Republic of Sakha Guide pages 350 trillion cu. ft. cu. trillion for , 000 Oil and natural gas gas natural and Oil elds for development, elds tons of oil yearly. of tons oil The Conservation 48 47 neries that will be More than 65 than More

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SAKHA in 254 for the projects feasibility with tocontinue Korea South from of for companies anumber approval includes also ing understand- The toChina. Russia from pipelines gas natural of two toapprove construction of Understanding randum July in toChina visit of 20 a maximum 2005, after begin would deliveries Gas toChina. Sakha from pipeline agas on constructing study afeasibility toprepare company oil the with national agreement an Chinese signed recently Sakhaneftegaz fi u.s.$17 between from ranging costs project with wereexplored, toKorea for export scenarios project study, different four feasibility initial the In China. or to Peninsula, Korean entire the across possibly and Korea toSouth pipelines tobuild is for Sakha scenario likely most the perhaps Sakhalin, in interest GivenJapan’s immediate Island. Sakhalin off located reserves the in more interested perhaps but are serves, re- Sakha’s in toshow interest continue companies Japanese be will China and Korea, South Japan, in gas natural for Russian demand that estimates Economics Japan’s oil, of Energy toinvestors. Institute than rather interesting were most reserves, gas natural Sakha’s Initially, spent u.s.$30 Korea to South pipeline agas building in interested companies Korean South Fifteen abroad. and Sakha within resources gas and oil of new marketing and development, exploration, for the responsible is which by Sakhaneftegaz, controlled is industry gas and oil The southwest. the in primarily Since the late late the Since u.s.$7 between sume con- would production Development of mayear. gas cu. 44 produce would options fourth and third the year; an estimated annual capacity of capacity annual estimated an Taas-Tumus fi gas in and 85 pipeline: a Sakha-Korea About chosen. plant near Olga in Primorsky Krai and then ship it ship toJapan. then and Krai Primorsky in Olga near plant gas natural toaliquid gas weretopipe the plans project tial Ini- faltered. project the Bank, U.S.Export-Import the from suffi toget unable Petroleum, was Occidental partner, main the when so essential, tobe participation U.S. Tokyo considered leader project the Gas, particularly vestors, in- Japanese of Japan. Bank Export-Import the from million 28 on Project January Exploration Gas National Yakutia joint venture the tocreate signed was agreement whenan secured was project the in participation ity of between 15 of between ity rst two options would produce 34 produce would options two rst J. 2010 2010 15 2004. .2 percent in Korea. The project would have aprofi have would project The Korea. in percent (out of a total demand of demand (out of atotal , 2015 billion and and billion THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE , or 2018 1960 40 McKinleyville, 55 and 18 and percent would be spent on construction of spent be on construction would percent The and 42 and elds in the central Lena Valley, which have Valley, have Lena which central the in elds billion cu. m. During President Putin’s m.During cu. billion s, the Japanese have had an interest in the the in interest an had have Japanese the s, million for a general study. for ageneral million $9 . 2000 51 . 6 percent, and production could peak peak could production and percent, billion, depending on the project project on the depending billion, percent of investments, or between or between of investments, percent Russian percent on the Russian segment segment Russian on percent the , both countries signed aMemo- signed countries , both 20 and the volume would be be volume would the and 180 , 1975 billion cu. m. Japanese m.Japanese cu. billion billion cu. m of gas a mof gas cu. billion and $23 and billion cu. m/year). cu. billion 45 , backed by , backed billion cu. m/year m/year cu. billion Far . CA: 5 cient fi billion. The The billion. East: u.s.$100 nancing billion billion Daniel tabil- 49

50 A Lyudmila Shmatkova Lyudmila development Toward sustainable project. intothe poured are capital of infusions large before development,particularly proposed of this effects expected the ment done be todetermine should assess- impact independent environmental An concerns. these to add deposits of the pressure varying widely the and tures, tempera- frigid the region, apermafrost in reserves Sakha’s gas of and However, oil location the known. well development are of large-scale impacts environmental The the pipeline. Irkutsk-China to linked be then could reserves But conceivably, Sakha the fi built be likely would region this from apipeline reserves, Kovykta Irkutsk’s of the size massive Giventhe pipelines. of Sakha, adopted in adoptedin of Sakha, development economic and social for the program A federal tected area system from its present its from system area tected pro- of the expansion for the calls program the landscapes, To fl the preserve economy. afree-market in effi most tothe toshift republic the allow would enforced, if regulations, ronmental-protection envi- with together measures, development. These industrial new from protected be should territories which and to operate permitted be should environment northern tothe ly adapted resource management natural sustainable methods historical- where todetermine for astudy calls that protection mental policies: environmental comprehensive several oped specifi these Besides are: important most The adopted. been have programs management resource natural comprehensive economy, the several restructure and problems, social resolve 2005 year by the sq. km & Reference Gradually converting the entire Sakha economy toenvi- Sakha entire the converting Gradually ulus supply transriver water for the astable Providing central, the in centers topopulated gas natural Supplying development of economic and social for the Providing River Vilyui the in situation environmental the Improving build- making, furniture processing, lumber Developing ronmentally benign modern technologies. modern benign ronmentally Ulus. Vilyuisky the and transriver, minorities. ethnic northern basin. industries. processing food and material, ing Daniel. c programs, the government has devel- has government the c programs, ora and fauna of the unique northern northern unique of the fauna and ora 466 1994 Guide . To stabilize the economic situation, situation, economic the . To stabilize , includes a program for environ- aprogram , includes pages cient method of operating of operating cient method 134 for , 000 Conservation sq. km to301 sq. km es. , 000 rst.

and Development. Newell, J. Reindeer herders are nomadic and have no formal hier- no formal have and nomadic are herders Reindeer much like other Russians. fi horse raising ( and cattle herding, reindeer around tocenter continues of life Lena and Sinyay Rivers. Sinyay and Lena its for famous is ofSakha Republic The Rivers. Kolyma and Indigirka, Yana, of the headwaters the along settlements smaller with valley, River Lena the in weresettled Yakuts the century, sixteenth end of the atthe arrived Russians the When population. of the one-third about constitute whotoday Yakut people, of the homeland traditional the is of Sakha Republic The Josh Newell peoples Indigenous shing, but most Yakuts today are urban dwellers and live live and dwellers urban are today but Yakuts most shing, 2004. Creating a system to set aside upto30 aside toset asystem Creating tradi- and industrial between aproper balance Ensuring unifi asingle, Establishing generations. for future areas, protected specially the in territory Sakha’s 25 atleast and resources, natural nonrenewable management. of nature methods tional oversight. McKinleyville, The Yakut means “horse people”), hunting, and and hunting, people”), “horse means Russian ed system of governance and and of governance system ed 52 stolby Their traditional way way traditional Their Far CA: percent of the of the percent (pillars), unique rock formations along the the along formations rock unique (pillars), East: Daniel percent of percent A & Reference industry hard. There are still about about still are There hard. industry reindeer the hit which of pastures, productivity the in decline toarapid led This land. the overgraze animals their to have offi communist quotas, production reach basis. ments or wander within a limited territory on a seasonal archy. fi Hunters and settle- permanent in either live shers so that their reindeer herding followed an offi an followed herding reindeer their that so intowork units wereorganized herders nomadic lectivization, hunt, fi they Yakuts, the Like Yukagirs. and Chukchi, Dolgans, Evens, Evenks, ing and fi and ing Even-Bytyntaysky Ulus, as well as in central Sakha. central in as well as Ulus, Even-Bytyntaysky the in on farms made being are herds cattle toregenerate forts low. Ef- all-time atan presently are numbers butbred, their fi moss and lichen the roam still horses thousand ninety One hundred by humans. fed being without pastures on natural winters the survive can and hardy very are horses Yakut tradition. astrong still is herding Horse todecline. continues land today,deer grazing but good Eveni villages of Topolino, Beryozovka, Sebyan-Kyuel, and and Sebyan-Kyuel, of Topolino, Beryozovka, Eveni villages the include These of way life. traditional continue their to preserve Sakha southern in majorvillages eight least At period. Soviet the during imposed reorientation and turing restruc- from mainly stems decline this herds, oftion reindeer collectiviza- the with As populations. in decline to adrastic led has snow sheep of snow and deer overhunting and rivers Daniel. 53 Other indigenous peoples who live in Sakha include include Sakha in wholive peoples indigenous Other shing are not being done sustainably. Overfi done sustainably. not being are shing 466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Guide sh, and herd reindeer. Under col- and sh, Soviet pages for the Evenks. from despite protests land, surrounding and of Iengra village tothe operations its toexpand planning is ture ven- Agold mining gans). (Dol- Yuryung-Khaya and Andryushkino (Chukchi), (Yukagirs), Nenemnoe (Evenks), Iengra include villages Other manner. traditional the in reindeer toherd continuing culture, and language own their retained have region this in territory. Evens Most native onto their expanded has monopoly, coal Yakut which the of Yakutugol, operations the protesting been have they for years and region, Algama the in Evens live hundred seven and hundred Oyotung. Between fi 400 Conservation elds. Cattle are also also are Cattle elds. , cials forced herders herders forced cials 000 domestic rein- domestic cial plan. cial 55 shing shing of Hunt- ve 54

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SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA Development Organization ( Development Organization as such organizations of international activities the in participates actively republic Asia-Pacifi the in countries with interactions economic advantageous mutually toestablish strives republic the circumstances, geopolitical and geographic of favorable acontext In Japan. and Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Latvia, in offi has also of Sakha Republic the links, direct foster To others. and Switzerland, China, Belorussia, Hungary, maintains offi It countries. individual within units administrative smaller with as well as countries, many with connections economic 256 International cooperation. includes: protection on environmental Legislation resources. natural touse on rights levied also are fees These resources. natural of nonrenewable use on the of taxation asystem from fi 1992 Since republic. the in protection environmental govern ministries federal the from reports regulatory and tions instruc- and of Sakha, government the from directives and resolutions president by of the Sakha, issued decrees Laws, Shmatkova Lyudmila issues Legal organizations and foreign government agencies, including including agencies, government foreign and organizations international numerous with works republic the arena, protection nature the In Cooperation. Economic Ocean for Pacifi Committee National Russian the Peoples, and and of Nations Unrepresented Organization the territories), and countries northern unites that organization regional (a nancial support for environmental protection has come has protection for environmental support nancial J. Encouragement of foreign investment, by which several several by which investment, of foreign Encouragement resources. of mineral use The on the based are laws these Use of Resources; Forest agreements and territories of protected establishment The General environmental protection. ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ identifi were ment invest- more foreign for attracting development priorities of people. its property inalienable the are of Sakha forests the principle that constitutional one territory. more than span that areas protected joint toestablish Oblasts Irkutsk and Magadan the with The tourism industry. tourism The telecom- and transportation of the Modernization industry. construction of the Modernization food and sector energy of the Modernization medical and industries oil and gas Export-oriented gold mining, processing, diamond in Joint ventures 2004. munications industries. munications production. industries. biological and manufacture. jewelry and THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE cial relations with Latvia, Mongolia, Slovenia, Slovenia, Mongolia, Latvia, with relations cial McKinleyville, The ed: unesco Sakha has international and and international has Sakha Russian unido , the United Nations Industrial United Industrial Nations , the ), the Northern Forum Forum Northern the ), Far c region. The The c region. CA: East: Daniel ces c- , A cipals. prin- but dishonest, well-connected, of the due tocorruption failed Corporation on dependence DeBeers its from industry 1999 hands corrupt into falls wealth diamond of share Moscow’s Spira A. Robert Perspective Conservation. Union for Nature German the and Alaska, in Parks National of U.S.Department the Service, Wildlife and U.S.Fish the ( Union ( Fund Worldthe Wildlife chase expensive real estate near Moscow. near estate real expensive chase pur- and accounts bank upnumbered toset inappropriately wereused that funds receiving of Bychkov, also whowas aprotégé and executives one chief of the Kozlenok, by Andrei werepurchased paintings museum-quality and ajet, yachts, cars, estate, real foreign U.S.and Expensive sales. of these fruits the wereexpropriating company’s the executives that However, fl venture. business new the tofund of America Bank the with collateral up as put were being valuables these weretold that transaction offi government Russian The Golden sell and down for Unique tomelt called which gold distributor, Angeles ada Golden shipments. the in included also valuables other with fi of the Gems Francisco. people of San the and leaders, business politicians, national and local favor with tocurry efforts concentrated made executives chief and California, Francisco, San up in Golden opulent facilities, with Acompany out borne notreality. in been has that assumption an ephemeral, be would resources diamond Russian the that on early assumed DeBeers currency. national upthe back held to valuables other and of diamonds stocks federal using Corporation, DeBeers with competitively diamonds Russian tosell upacompany toset aplan initiated Bychkov merits. actual his beyond trusted Yeltsin, was Boris and up with grew time, at the Gems and Metals on Precious Committee Federation’s Russian of the Evgeny Bychkov, chairman unscathed. remain players central of the most though authorities, Russian and afl in collapsed and valuables, other and of diamonds stocks of federal off ing & Reference signed a contract with Unique Premium Metals, a Los aLos Unique Metals, Premium with acontract signed Daniel. : An abortive attempt to liberate the Russian diamond diamond Russian the toliberate attempt abortive : An 56 The effort ended up amounting toamere siphon- upamounting ended effort The iucn ada offered to sell 22 tosell offered ), Friends of the Earth–Japan (FoE –Japan), –Japan), (FoE Earth–Japan of Friends the ), nest quality began to pour into San Francisco, Francisco, intoSan topour began quality nest 5. 5 tons of tons Golden urry of arrests and fi and of arrests urry 466 Guide wwf pages amboyant purchases indicated indicated purchases amboyant , 000 ), the World Conservation World the ), Conservation cials who had approved this approved who had this cials ada carats of diamonds. of diamonds. carats for ’s gold. Meanwhile, ’s Meanwhile, gold. nes by American by American nes Conservation ada , was set set , was and Development. Newell, J. Vladimir Dinets marked by crosses; graves of Yukagirs, by geese. by ofYukagirs, graves crosses; by marked are ofRussians Graves River. Kolyma the on village aCossack Pokhodsk, in cemetery old An of upby asuccession cleaned be to operation alooted behind left but eventually time, short for a remained Kozlenok of violence. threat on the legedly al- left, executives chief three Two atthe seams. original of the apart tocome began company the atime, After numberlarge of stones. insuffi of employees number was the though even pace, ever-increasing atan Francisco into San topour continued diamonds the Nevertheless, substantial. were silence for their exchange in Antwerp in mond industry dia- the in people tothe Payoffs Zaire. from came diamonds the toshow that purported that wereunearthed of origin certifi Bogus conspirators. by the owned accounts bank of sold for atotal and polished, werecut, wherethey Belgium, on toGolden shipped been had cisco Fran- San in landing diamonds of the most that things, other the and police special Moscow the between put together was operation asting Ultimately, Ministry. Interior Russian of the Division Crimes Financial the and Interpol, Service, Customs U.S. by the suspicions their in joined weresoon They investigation. aprivate mounted also company, new DeBeers the and in interest totake tigation of Inves- Bureau It U.S.Federal long didn’tfor the take 2004. u.s.$77 million. This money eventually wound up in Swiss Swiss upin wound money eventually This million. McKinleyville, The Russian ceo fbi cient to process such a such cient toprocess s, ones, of whom found ada . It was found, among among found, . It was Far CA: ’s offi ’s ce in Antwerp, East: Daniel cates A & Reference but this is being fought on the grounds that his life would would life his that grounds on the fought being is but this extradition, his requested Russia sion of aphony passport. posses- for the Greece in arrested was Kozlenok and tioning, for ques- wanted is another charges, evasion on tax been indicted One has well. as not have fared partners other The offi asenior become has Today, him. topardon onceagain Bychkov nity resilient the convenient opportu- very President Yeltsin and this took II, fi the celebrating be would Russia that day same on upfor the sentencing was he Coincidentally, Siberia. in labor of hard of tenyears tence sen- aminimum facing offenses, treasonable other as well as negligence,” for “criminal arrested and found was Bychkov irs got government Russian the end, the In remained. company the through passed had that wealth total of the but little vests, bulletproof and mortars, explosives, of ammunition, rounds of thousands weapons, automatic with together jewelry, and irs The taxes. Fran- offi cisco San the raided Service Revenue Internal U.S. The Bychkov to fl to Bychkov last last u.s.$130 of leak undocumented an Daniel. kept 25 65 ceo percent of the u.s.$40 of the percent , Moscow entrepreneur Andrei Cehmukhin, induced induced Cehmukhin, Andrei entrepreneur , Moscow ce and served a lien of alien served and ce percent, and creditors got back 10 got back creditors and percent, ee Russia in September September in Russia ee found large quantities of gold, diamonds, of diamonds, gold, quantities large found 466 ftieth anniversary of the end of World of the War anniversary ftieth Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Guide pages cer of banks. onecer of Russia’s largest million dollars remaining, the the remaining, dollars million property. choicest Kremlin’s of the dollars over abillion steal to quietly wereable others pie, the the a u.s.$200 While Golden ada metals. precious selling group acompeting even was there and oil, and timber to steal control. Groups wereformed central in people from nating ema- tobe seemed also that on simultaneously going efforts of similar one only ofbe aseries Golden inMoscow.purchase minutes’ not two worth be for u.s.$63 million. Threats from the the from Threats million. 1995 Conservation million for unpaid for unpaid million 62 million piece of piece million ada . turned out to turned percent. was only only was

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