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Black Carbon Production from Pyrolysis and Combustion of Pyrolysis Oil of Asphaltite, Waste Tire and Wood

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Black Carbon Production from Pyrolysis and Combustion of Pyrolysis Oil of Asphaltite, Waste Tire and Wood View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sirnak University Institutional Repository BLACK CARBON PRODUCTION FROM PYROLYSIS AND COMBUSTION OF PYROLYSIS OIL OF ASPHALTITE, WASTE TIRE AND WOOD Yıldırım İ. Tosun Mining Engineering Department, Şırnak University, Şırnak, Turkey [email protected]; [email protected] … Abstract: Ethylene, natural gas and oil is used as the raw material in the combustion production of black carbon by soot formations. Black carbon is useful with the increased surface area as soot or activated carbon micro particles. It is traditionally believed that soot formation occurs in combustion of oil by certain amount of oxygen. As a result of this, a gas concentration gradient is needed between the carbon and the oxygen for soot production from the gaseous or liquid fuel. Therefore, certain amount of carbon can only form for soot compounds that readily provide submicron black carbon product. Black carbon involves allotropic soot produced by not full combustion and removal of carbon matter in a closed-loop circulating batch system. This study searched that firstly, pyrolysis of low ash Şırnak asphaltite and washed with flotation device provided less ash Turkish lignites(less than 10% of the level in existing advanced clean lignite washery plant manufactured) with waste wood and tyre, secondly, combustion of pyrolysis oil of the retort for black carbon production on which the furnace gas parameters by examining the highest black carbon efficiency is obtained, and thirdly, according to the optimum design parameters of the pilot plant, gas furnace equipment investigated. The 32% soot yield from the 50% coal and 20%wood and 30% waste tyre weight rate were provided in the retort furnace. Keywords: coal pyrolysis, pyrolysis oil, coal soot, lignite pyrolysis, black carbon; biomass pyrolysis oil INTRODUCTION and type of fuel combustion, characteristics of furnace and combustion process configuration, and it can be optimized by varying the Lignite consumption of our natural resources in operational conditions (Rodriguez-Mirasol et al. energy production is increasing in parallel with 1994). the increasing energy needs today (IEA,2012). In terms of consumption and production Black carbon (BC) is widely used as fill for high quantities of our high-low thermal valuable quality tire production (Anonymous 2013, lignite reserves are limited (TKI 2009,TTK Anonymous 2009), also high conductive 2009). Depending on the economic technology graphite rods production, also as soot for enables the production of advanced production of paints and construction materials technological developments needed coal resistive fire. It may also thought as soot source derived products. Compliance with as activated carbon fill for treating wastewaters environmental norms coal pyrolysis or contaminated with phenols, volatile acids, gasification facility allows the production of liquid aromatic and aliphatic organics. and gaseous fuels needed with today's modern Basically better quality lignite oil production, high technology (Bell et al.2011). However, the value-added light oil, to produce black carbon method requires a variety of raw materials and products have been identified as key objectives. chemicals and adaptation to the type of For the production of black carbon, high amount processing fuel material. It has also been shown of oil (due to just about 7-20% production rate) that black carbon occurs during the time course is needed by the countries in the production of of diesel or other liquid fuel combustion pyrolysis lignite oil as much clean possible. processes that are based on bad combustion Acetylene is used to produce high quality soot (Shadle etal. 2001, Sharma etal. 2008). Most of black products in the reactor and (Amal et al. the studies aiming at black carbon quantifying 2010, Guerrero etal. 2005, Guerrero etal. 2008, performance were performed using offline Mendiara et al. 2007). Therefore further cleaning systems because of difficulties encountered in of Şırnak asphaltite and Turkish lignite, clean quantifying soot during combustion of ethylene product of pyrolysis with the production of liquid or waste rubber (Amal etal. 2011). Black carbon fuels will enable the development of South-East formation is dependent on several factors Anatolia and will also further enhance industrial including combustion parameters, temperature development and diversification and supply of Factors Affecting Pyrolysis and industrial energy fuel (Tosun 2012). Combustion for Black Carbon In this study, we are addressing the enhancement of soot formation by pyrolysis oil Effective carbonization processes depend on and CO2 gas, the definition and mechanisms of numerous factors including coal rank in combustion, the relationship between the carbonization, the volatile gaseous matter of temperature and CO2 gas partial pressure, the coal such as presence of hydrogen, carbonyl factors affecting soot formation, the methods for gas and carbonization rate(Mendiara 2007) so determination and quantification of soot stabilizing the desorption, the settings of optimal formation and the mathematical models of diffusion conditions including structure defects combustion. Future research is still required to (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc.), temperature, determine the optimum conditions for an oxygen content of coal, etc. and optimization of increased performance for other types of oil. carbon dioxide concentration ratios (Amal 2011, Particularly, factors such as the black carbon Amal 2010) added the adsorption–desorption type, nature of the soot community and optimum balance, the residence time and the spatial process configuration need further investigation. distribution of molecules in coal pores among For this purpose it is necessary to provide basic other factors determining the efficiency of pilot knowledge of the industry working together carbonization. Guerrero et al. (2008) also with universities. Mainly due to improving yields included the carbon reactivity, the adsorption in performing quality raw materials and characteristics as factors affecting the rate and advanced processes for performance testing extent of carbonization much dependent on the processes according to the nature of our lignite- site activation, its gas desorption properties and to-date with research institutions and its porosity (Bell etal 2011). Carbonization is a technological applications are required. This prerequisite step for oil generation and soot study examined the beneficiation from our high- formation from tyre waste, biomass wastes and sulfur lignite. However, technologies are coal. examined on the basis of lignite and lignite Coal particle size based on raw materials as well as the contribution of forest biomass and biogas plants A major reason is that the retention time in fixed waste cellulosic waste can be processed film processes is longer than in solid-gas together with our lignite in the contribution rate processes. This allows more time to the as 15-30%. carbonization for cracking to the desorbed persistent compounds. Furthermore, high rank The modeling approaches and combustion with coals allows an sufficient intimate contact high CO gas content in combustion medium 2 between surface pores and gas atmosphere in other than the fuel type especially wood oil and the furnace due to more gas desorption (Kajitani pyrolysis oil of asphaltite. etal. 2006) Coal porosity PRODUCTION OF PYROLYSIS TAR, The porous structure of activated carbon is a HEAVY OIL FROM COAL factor that determines to a great extent both the rate and degree of carbonization (Shadle et al., Many studies have investigated the numerous 2001). Sharma et al. (2008) found that, a advantages of adding pyrolysis oil to activated mesoporous coal was more efficiently combustion systems (Kegl 2011). The presence carbonized than a microporous coal. of carbon dioxide in conventional systems Phenol molecules that may undergo an improves soot settling, improves soot thickness, oxidative coupling reaction may be irreversibly increases soot removal, improves removal of adsorbed on coal, which in turn may result in soot, reduces the impact of organic shock low carbonization efficiency. Phenoxy radicals loadings, increases black carbon and oxygen formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom from concentration at the surface of soot carbon, each phenolic molecule can participate in direct increases removal, suppresses, improves, and coupling with other phenoxy radicals at even reduces bulking(Neeft et al. 1997). room temperature, coal surface serving as a In BC production, chemicals is enhanced catalyst. through the adsorption of inhibitory substances Carbonization efficiencies exceeding the total as in the catalytic processes, but in addition, the desorption abilities during increased fast BC used in the furnace serves as a supporting pyrolysis on coal and wood were also reported medium for iron film colon (Liu et al.2002, Wei- by Tosun (2013). Biao et al. 2001). Surface properties of coal - Reactivity On the other hand, in suspended growth systems, the use of BC is more advantageous (BET N ) specific surface area, total surface 2 than Granule BC since Powder BC systems activity, oxygen functional groups, total surface provide a uniform distribution of solids with a impurities, metal concentrations, dielectric value, minimum energy requirement for grinding. free radical concentration and reactivity of coal were related to the carbonization activity. In
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