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Front Page Coverage of Women's Issues in Regional Newspapers of Karnataka

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Front Page Coverage of Women's Issues in Regional Newspapers of Karnataka Front Page Coverage of Women's Issues in Regional Newspapers of Karnataka BHARATHI R. BANAKAR, K. SAROJA, MEERA RAO AND SUNDARA SWAMY This study examines the front page coverage of women's issues in regional newspapers. Data were quantified in terms of amount of space, kinds of issues and number of items. The results revealed that out of 600 front pages, the newspapers published, on an average, only 12.5 items on women's issues. This speaks volumes about the indifference towards women's issues and invisibility of women in the newspaper media. Steps to remedy the situation are indicated in this paper. Ms. Bharathi R. Banakar is Research Associate, All India Coordinated Research Project, Department of Foods and Nutrition; Dr. K. Saroja is Associate Professor, Department of Human Development; Dr. Meera Rao is Director of Instruction, Rural Home Science College, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad; and Dr. Sundara Swamy is Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Exten­ sion, Agricultural College, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. INTRODUCTION In the history of human society, communication media have been powerful agents of social influence and the newspaper has had an important role to play. The ability of the printed word to influence both the ordinary newspaper reader and the attitude of the policy maker cannot be under estimated. Due to the vigorous campaign by women's groups, enactment of pro-women legislation and the ideal of equality of sexes enshrined in the Constitution, all newspapers, at least in principle, have accepted that the interest of marginalised groups, including women, should not be ignored and should be given proper coverage. However, it is necessary to examine the extent to which this commitment to vaguely liberal norms is followed in news coverage and whether such commitment ensures the incorporation of the perspectives of women and other powerless people into press coverage. 336 Bharathi R. Banakar, K. Saroja, Meera Rao and Sundara Swamy In the present sociopolitical and global economic context, margi­ nalised powerless groups like women are under the threat of increased socioeconomic exploitation and are likely to become more powerless. In view of the cumulative effect of all these factors, it is necessary, at this juncture, to examine • the extent of news coverage of women's issues; • the kind of women's issues covered; and • the extent to which prominence is given to such coverage in the newspapers. Though the readership of regional newspapers is twice as high as that of national-level English dailies, the regional press, on account of its emotional and linguistic affinity, identifies more closely with the regional population. This study examines front page coverage of women's issues in regional newspapers. In a newspaper, the front page is the most important as it commands the largest readership. Generally, news items which are more important appear in the front page. The coverage given to women and their problems in the front page reflects the extent to which women's issues are considered news worthy by the newspa­ per. This is because according to traditional definitions of news, not all people can make news. The opinions of the dominant section of society, that is, those who are powerful or rich, are given more weightage and, therefore, more coverage. In India, since a majority of the women are not rich or powerful or in positions of influence, they are less likely to get news coverage, especially in the front page. As Molotch (1978) explains, 'Women are not in control of society's institutions. Traditional dependence by the media for spokesmen (lit­ erally) from the top of such institutions means that the sexism which blocks women's mobility in other realms accumulates to block women from even knowing that they exist as a public phenomenon'. Another media analyst calls the near absence of women from newspapers as 'symbolic annihilation' — the consequence of a combination of con­ demnation, trivialisation and absence (Tuchman, 1978). The invisibil­ ity of women in society is, thus, further perpetuated and enhanced by the media. Since most of the issues of special concern to women do not fit into the traditional concept of what constitutes news, they are not consid­ ered sufficiently important to merit coverage. This lack of coverage in newspaper media has been amply proved by a number of lndian studies (Bansal and Bamezai, 1991; Butalia, 1980; Daswani, 1984; Jabbi and Front Page Coverage of Women's Issues 337 Rajalakshmi, 1993; Joseph and Sharma, 1991; Ninan, 1991; Pathak, 1981). However, very few of these studies have specifically examined the front page coverage of women's issues, and even the two studies which did so (Joseph and Sharma, 1991; Ninan, 1991), did not include the regional newspapers of Karnataka. Thus, it was deemed important to study the amount of space given to cover women's issues in the front page, the kind of issues covered and the frequency of such coverage in the regional newspapers of Karnataka. OBJECTIVES The present study was undertaken with the following objectives: • To assess the front page coverage of women's issues by the amount of total space allotted. • To find out the kind of women's issues published in the front page. • To examine the amount of space given to different types of women's issues in the front page. • To examine the extent of importance given to women's issues in front page coverage of the selected regional newspapers as measured by the caption size. • To compare the front page coverage of women's issues in regional newspapers with a national level newspaper (The Times of India [TOI]). METHODOLOGY The criteria in the selection of daily newspapers for the study were regional representation and prominence as reflected in circulation. The selected newspapers were Deccan Herald, Kannada Prabha, Pra- javani and Samyukta Karnataka. Except Deccan Herald, which is in English, all the others are in Kannada. All items pertaining to women's issues were included in the sample with the exception of those which related to women politicians, female sportspersons, female film per­ sonalities, wives of important persons and female criminals, as these categories of women were considered to be not highly representative of Indian women. The study was carried out over a period of four months from September 1 to December 31, 1995. For the purpose of comparison, the TOI was selected. The research technique used for the analysis of data was content analysis. Berelson (1948) defined content analysis as 338 Bharathi R. Banakar, K. Saroja, Meera Rao and Sundara Swamy a research technique for the objective, systematic and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication. The data were quantified both in terms of total number of items and the amount of space devoted to the women's issues in the front page. The extent of importance given to women's issues in items published was measured by the caption size in number of columns and accompanying photo­ graphs. The data, thus quantified, were compared with the front page coverage of women's issues in the TOI (Bangalore edition). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A perusal of the results shows that of the total printed space in the front page, very little space was allotted to women's issues in the selected newspapers (Table 1). Of the 45,120 column centimetres (CCs), a meagre 1.36 per cent of column space was devoted to women's issues by the TOI. The average coverage was even lower in regional news­ papers, that is, 0.58 per cent. Among the regional newspapers, Samyukta Karnataka gave 1.04 per cent, followed by Prajavani (0.66 per cent), and the Kannada Prabha (0.45 per cent). The least coverage was given by Deccan Herald (0.11 per cent). TABLE 1: Front Page Coverage Space Given to Women's Issues in Terms of Column Centimetres Notes: One column = 47 cms. 8 columns = 376 cms. For 120 days = 45,120 cms. Thus, it is clear that women's issues received more space, in terms of news coverage, on the front page the TOI than in regional newspa­ pers. The number of items appearing in the TOI were also more than the average number of items appearing in regional newspapers (Table 2). This slightly better coverage in the TOI can be attributed to the fact Front Page Coverage of Women's Issues 339 that the TOI covered the items on health and nutrition of women, which none of the regional newspapers covered. In addition, the TOI gave larger space in terms of column centimetres to reportage of confer­ ences, developmental programmes, issues of discrimination and pro­ tests and activism of women's groups when compared to regional newspapers. TABLE 2 : Types of Items in Front Page Note : N = Number of items. It may be noted that protests by women's groups and activism were given better front page coverage by the TOI when compared to regional newspapers. Out of four regional newspapers, only two covered the news of activism and protest which is a pointer to the regional newspaper's apathy towards the activities of women's groups. None of the regional papers deemed it necessary to publish items on the health and nutrition of women (Table 3). But it must be noted that whatever may be the slight differences between the regional newspa­ pers and the TOI in terms of total space given to women's issues, the types of issues given coverage and the number of items thus covered, such coverage was very meagre in all newspapers. When the frequency of type of issues published was examined, the results showed (Table 2) that in regional news papers, items related to 340 Bharathi R.
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