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Test-Bioretention-Pr pages BIORETENTION IN CLAY SOILS PRIMER Plant List Photo Gallery Glossary PRIMER Engineering: Specifications TABLE of CONTENTS Ecology: Mimicking Natural Systems Rainfall Events Regional Map 3 Charts Design & Sizing Assumptions Recaps & Calculator Link Benefits of Rain Gardens Evaluation ABOUT THE BIORETENTION IN CLAY SOILS PRIMER v. 3 Water Quality Management Water Quantity Management ADOBE ACROBAT BMP Integration This PDF is designed to be read by Adobe Acrobat Construction Considerations Reader, version 8 and higher. Liabilities 39.5” USE & LICENSING Cost Effectiveness The web site is for guidance and educational purpos- Seasonal Influences es only. Because we believe in sharing good informa- Residential Rain Garden Sequence tion and giving credit where it is due, reproduction Glossary and distribution of all or parts of this document is Links allowed on three conditions: Appendix 1) that Westmoreland Conservation District is attribut- ed as the source and our wcdpa.com is diplayed; and, Water Cycle 2) all credits must accompany photographs found in Infiltration Cycle the Plant List. 3) all unmarked photos are to be credited to WCD. PLANT LIST 29 Plants with Photos Cross-Sections and Planting Plans CREDIT: Content: Westmoreland Conservation District PHOTO GALLERY 6 Public /Municipal Rain Gardens, 3 Residences Precipitation Summaries & Calculations: Landbase Systems GLOSSARY Stormwater & Bioretention Vocabulary Design, Layout & Charts: image earth Funding from: Pennsylvania Dept of Environmental Protection copyright Westmoreland Conservation District, 2013 Environmental Education grant www.wcdpa.com pages BIORETENTION IN CLAY SOILS PRIMER Plant List Photo Gallery Glossary ENGINEERING 3 BIORETENTION PLANTS The design of living engineering Landscape plants in bioretention cells are subject to demanding micro- systems calls for careful consider- climates and highly variable moisture and climatic conditions, especially ation to the six element listed here. in parking lot retrofits. Design calculations must accurate- 4 3” MULCH ly determine the amount of water Coarsely shredded hardwood bark has proven to be durable, stays to be treated, the size of the biore- in place, and is less likely to wash away. Grass or gravel strips at tention cell, and its underdrain. runoff entry points, like curb cuts, dissipate flow and filter out debris—good for long-term system stabilization and maintenance. 1 OVERFLOW DRAIN 5 CONSTRUCTED SOIL MIX The overflow drain drains off high levels In our experience, this is the most critical element for long-term of runoff levels water during short, inten- success. This mix providessheet flow mechanical and chemical qualities that sive rain events. Stable, well-anchored in- PONDING VOLUME 12” capacity encourage soil biota and microflora that help clean runoff waters. lets, like concrete are best. It must be moderately fast draining (2-4 in / hr). Ideal Soil Blend: 50% topsoil (remove all rocks and foreign matter). 2 UNDERDRAIN 30% sand or pea gravel In this region, an underdrain is neces- 20% compost sary in clay soils and compacted fill. Size the underdrain pipe according to the ex- Topsoil used in constructed soil must be less than 10% clay. Too pected inflow (6” min). The overflow drain much clay quickly clogs a system. Excessive sand dries them out. connects to the underdrain which can Also, minimize soil mix compaction during construction. Designers then connect to existing storm sewers, in- can assume that uncompacted soil mix has a 20% void space. filtration basins, or stormwater wetlands. 6 GRAVEL ENVELOPE Pipe: See PennDOT design A geotextile fabric envelopes the gravel-underdrain area, allowing manual, Section 610.2(a) 1c for for water to pass through, while keeping soil out. perforated plastic underdrain. Geotextile Fabric: Class 1 woven or non-woven geotextile Note: an underdrain control valve may be as specified in ennDOT’sP Design Manual, Section 735. needed to minimize rate and volume of de-watering the bioretention cell. Coarse Aggregate: PennDOT No. 57 (No. 2B). Designers can assume the gravel envelope has a 40% void space. TYPICAL DIMENSIONS IN A PARKING LOT WIDTH: 6-8’ min., 10’-12’ is ideal. DEPTH: 4’ min. including 12” gravel envelope LENGTH: Varies; 10x width typical for parking lots. copyright Westmoreland Conservation District, 2013 SIDE SLOPES: 3:1 max., stabilize with vegetation. www.wcdpa.com pages BIORETENTION IN CLAY SOILS PRIMER Plant List Photo Gallery Glossary ECOLOGY EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Large amounts of water are pulled up into trees, shrubs, and all plants Bioretention cells emulate func- from the surrounding soil in a process called transpiration. Water is drawn tions within the upper layer of up into leaves during photosynthesis, and once utilized, is returned to forest soils, where water, plants, the air as water vapor. This process creates a pump-like effect, in which a constant flow of moisture from the roots is drawn upward to replace that soils, and microflora interact to which escapes to the air. A growing plant transpires 5-10 times as much clean and infiltrate water, sustain water as it can hold (Environment Canada). Some dissolved pollutants plant communities, and recharge are carried up into plant tissues and rendered harmless. ground waters. Forest soils cycle and assimilate pollutants and met- MULCH LAYER After runoff hits the dissipator strip, the mulch layer acts like leaf litter on als through interactions among a forest floor by slowing the rate of water entering bioretention areas. As plants, soil, and the organic layer runoff slows, sediments and colloids fall out of suspension and dissolved -- the three major elements of the pollutants and toxins are carried into the bioretention cell for treatment. bioretention concept. The mulch layer plays a critical role in heavy metal uptake with nearly all SOIL BIOTA & the metal removal occurring in the top few inches of the bioretention POLLUTANT REDUCTION area. Heavy metals affiliate strongly with organic matter in this layer. In addition to soils providing water and Microorganisms in the mulch layer are credited for degrading petro- nutrients to plants, they provide a physi- leum-based solvents (hydrocarbons) and other pollutants. cal, chemical and biological setting for liv- ing organisms. Soil biota existing within WATER COOLING the soil layer are critical to the filtering In warm months, heated runoff from impervious surfaces is cooled with- of nutrients and pollutants and assist in in bioretention facilities, better supporting aquatic life upon discharge. maintaining soil fertility. Soil particles INFILTRATION (and EXFILTRATION) themselves play a role, clay for instance, Due to extremely small particle size and platelet structure, native clay or (due to its molecular and magnetic prop- clay/silt soils have a limited capacity for infiltration, nonetheless they do erties) provides adsorption sites for hy- infiltrate rainwater when uncompacted. In a bioretention cell, with prop- drocarbons, heavy metals, nutrients and erly engineered soils, a 1” rainfall (over a 24 hr period) can be completely other pollutants (EPA Office of Water, managed through infiltration, absorption, and exfiltration into surround- 1999). More on contaminant removal... ing clay or compact urban fill. Note: soil infiltration testing yields good information to assist the design and sizing process. ADDITIONAL WATER CLEANING Often, some water will remain under the drain, creating anaerobic conditions. Though this condition is undesirable in the plant root zone, specific pollution removal occurs here, copyright Westmoreland Conservation District, 2013 namely, some transformation and reduction of nitrates. www.wcdpa.com pages BIORETENTION IN CLAY SOILS PRIMER Plant List Photo Gallery Glossary PRECIPITATION: Annual Rain Volume Allegheny Average Precipitation County Amounts by Year, Allegheny County, PA (inches) Appalachian Mountains 2011 48.3 Ohio 2010 38.8 26 miles Westmoreland 2009 31.1 County 2008 36.1 West Virginia 2007 40.0 48 miles 2006 36.9 The average annual rainfall in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2011 was 39.5”. 2005 34.0 2004 50.4 Meteorology and landscape characteristics, like physiography, influence where rain and snow end up falling on the ground. It’s not unusual for a person to drive through a down- Overall 39.5 pour in one area only to travel on dry roads just two or five miles away. 3 Rivers Wet Weather maintains a state-of-the-art Calibrated Radar Rainfall Data system that covers all of Allegheny County. By combining sensitive radar estimates of rainfall with 33 on-the-ground rain gauges, very accurate data is collected. Note the 50.4” for the year 2004. In September of that year, Hurrican Ivan, hit the region and dropped 7-10” of rain over three days in highly variable patterns across the county. copyright Westmoreland Conservation District, 2012 www.wcdpa.com pages BIORETENTION IN CLAY SOILS PRIMER Plant List Photo Gallery Glossary PRECIPITATION: ALL DAYS in an AVERAGE YEAR — RAIN & NO RAIN All Days in a Year One can see from the graphic to the left that 61% of days in a year in this region of Southwest Pennsylvania has virtually no rain (.00-0.1”); 78% of days has less than 1/10” of precipitation; = and, 5% of all days receives between 0.5’’ to 1.0’’ —1/3 of annual EFFECTIVE 2% precipitation. BIORETENTION 1.0-1.5” 1.5+” Design criteria for bioretention as specified in this Primer calls 0.5-1.0” for managing 1” of runoff in 24 hours. (Though when properly designed and maintained, they can efficiently handle greater 0.25-0.5” volumes). Intercepting up to 1’’ of precipitation represents an 5% average of 91% of annual rainfall (or about 36’’ per year). 7% 0.1-0.25” Average Percent Percent of 8% Precipita.on Days of ALL Annual Range per Year Days Volume NO 0.0 -­‐ 0.01 22360.9% 0.5% RAIN 0.01 -­‐ 0.10 6116.8% 6.9% 0.10 -­‐ 0.25 318.4% 12.8% 17% 61% 0.01-0.1” 0.25 -­‐ 0.50 267.1% 23.6% 0.50 -­‐ 1.0 185.0% 31.4% 1.0 -­‐ 1.5 41.2% 13.3% 1.50+ 2 0.5% 11.5% 365 100% 100.0% 0.00-0.01” This summary represents 8 years of data, from 2004 to 2011, collected from 15-minute intervals from 3RWW’s Calibrated Radar Rainfall Data.
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