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In Christ All Things Hold Together the Intersection of Science & Christian Theology

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In Christ All Things Hold Together the Intersection of Science & Christian Theology All Things Hold Together The Intersection of Science & Christian Theology A REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON THEOLOGY AND CHURCH RELATIONS THE LUTHERAN CHURCHMISSOURI SYNOD FEBRUARY 2015 In Christ All Things Hold Together The Intersection of Science & Christian Theology In Christ A REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON THEOLOGY AND CHURCH RELATIONS THE LUTHERAN CHURCHMISSOURI SYNOD FEBRUARY 2015 The Intersection of Science and Christian Theology: Abbreviations AC Augsburg Confession AE Luther’s Works. American ed. 55 vols. St. Louis: Concordia and Philadelphia: Fortress, 1955–1986. Ap Apology of the Augsburg Confession FC ep Formula of Concord, Epitome FC SD Formula of Concord, Solid Declaration LC The Large Catechism Copyright © 2015 The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod 1333 South Kirkwood Road, St. Louis, MO 63122-7295 Manufactured in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod. Scripture quotations are from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version, copy- right © 2001, unless otherwise noted. Quotations from the Lutheran Confessions are from The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, ed. Robert Kolb and Timothy J. Wengert (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2000). This publication may be available in Braille, in large print, or on cassette tape for the visually impaired. Please allow 8 to 12 weeks for delivery. Write to Lutheran Braille Workers, P.O. Box 5000, Yucaipa, CA 92399; call toll-free 1-800-925-6092; or visit the Web site: www.LBWinc.org. cover photo © Galyna Andrushko/Shutterstock, Inc. In Christ All Things Hold Together The Intersection of Science and Christian Theology Introduction: The Challenge of Scientism ..........................................5 An Overview of the Report ...................................................................13 I. Theological Foundations ....................................................................16 1. Introduction ..............................................................................16 2. The authority of Scripture and the proper role of reason ..........17 3. The proper relationship between God's "two books" ................20 4. The doctrine of vocation ............................................................25 5. Christianity and culture ...........................................................28 6. A Christocentric approach to creation.......................................35 7. Image of God theology and Christian anthropology .................43 8. The theological underpinnings of modern science ....................48 II. Historical Context...............................................................................52 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 52 2. The attack on nal causes and the decline of natural theology ....................................................................53 3. The rise of autonomous reason ..................................................59 4. The Newtonian world machine .................................................. 62 5. The rise of Naturalism ..............................................................64 6. Science as a profession ................................................................ 68 7. The roots of moralistic therapeutic deism .................................69 8. Conclusion ................................................................................... 71 III. Philosophical Issues ........................................................................ 72 1. Introduction ..............................................................................72 2. Philosophical problems for the scientic vocation .....................72 3. Philosophical contributions of Christianity to science ..............94 4. Conclusion ................................................................................97 IV. Biblical Knowledge and Scientic Knowledge ........................ 98 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 98 2. Knowing as a Christian ............................................................... 98 3. Reading God's Word—basic principles of interpretation ......... 106 4. Biblical Exegesis and Modern Science .......................................111 5. Conclusion .................................................................................. 124 V. Practical Applications ..................................................................... 125 1. Introduction ............................................................................... 125 2. Students ...................................................................................... 125 3. Teachers ...................................................................................... 128 4. Investigators ............................................................................... 131 5. Non-scientists ............................................................................ 135 6. Conclusion .................................................................................. 139 In Christ All Things Hold Together The Intersection of Science and Christian Theology * * * * * * Introduction: The Challenge of Scientism Contemporary Western culture is increasingly inuenced by the doc- trine of scientism. Scientism does not merely assert that empirical science is a generally reliable source of information about the natural world, a claim that is uncontroversial. Rather, scientism claims that a particular approach to science—the materialistic science which has become dominant since the Enlightenment—is the only way to gain knowledge.1 While a modest empirical approach sees science as a useful, but limited instrument to be com- plemented by the ndings of other disciplines (such as literature, philosophy and theology), scientism claims that a materialistic paradigm of investigation has a monopoly on human knowledge. The consequence is that metaphysics, religion, and even traditional ethics lose their cognitive status and appear vulnerable to replacement by more enlightened thinking. At an institutional level, we see this in the radical disconnect between the sciences and the humanities noted by C. P. Snow in his classic work, The Two Cultures.2 Scientists and non-scientists receive very different educations, with very little by way of overlap that would facilitate dialogue between the sciences and other disciplines. Increasingly, scientists are given a highly specialized, technical training, and have little time to ponder the broader questions of human nature and the human condition. At the same time, many students in the humanities are scientically illiterate and easily confuse ideo- logical claims made on behalf of science with what the science itself is saying. As a result, cultural conversations about the value and purpose of science are often unproductive, as neither sort of education produces individuals who have a good understanding of both the science and the broader moral, legal, and theological considerations necessary to guide its best use. 1 The second denition of scientism in the current Random House Dictionary emphasizes this claim: “the belief that the assumptions, methods of research, etc. of the physical and biological sciences are equally appropriate and essential to all other disciplines, including the humanities and social sciences.” scientism. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scientism (accessed: January 29, 2015). 2 C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). This book was developed in two parts, written in 1959 (the Rede Lectures) and 1964 (“The Two Cultures: A Second Look.”). While Snow’s work on the “disconnect” noted here has typically framed this discussion, his views on the intersection of science and non-science have not gone unchal- lenged. The arguments in this document are not contingent on his framework. 5 Scientism exacerbates this problem as it leads people to regard litera- ture, philosophy and religion as unveriable relics of our pre-scientic past, sources which can no longer contribute to a serious conversation about what is really true. At a personal level, scientism is one of many factors that explain the radical privatization of faith observed by so many of the most astute Christian cultural critics.3 For Harry Blamires, the problem is that Christians have acquiesced to a one-sided treaty with secularism, according to which religious believers can retain the therapeutic benets of belief in the super- natural within the privacy of their own minds, provided secular ideologies dene public fact. Modern secular thought ignores the reality beyond this world ... Secularism is, by its very nature, rooted in this world, account- ing it the only sure basis of knowledge, the only reliable source of meaning and value... Hence the collision between the Chris- tian faith and contemporary secular culture. For all teaching of Christian revelation deals with the breaking-in of the greater supernatural order upon our more limited nite world ... Sec- ularism is so rooted in this world that it does not allow for the existence of any other. Therefore whenever secularism encounters the Christian mind, either the Christian mind
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