The Energy Report – Kerala: 100% Renewable Energy by 2050
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THE ENERGY REPORT–KERALA 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY BY 2050 ©WWF-India & WISE 2013 Published by WWF-India & WISE Reproduction is authorized, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. Acknowledgements WWF-India and WISE are extremely grateful to all the individual experts and specialists for providing useful inputs and insights during the preparation of this report. Special thanks are due to Dr M. P. Parameshwaran, Dr Latha Anantha, Prof R. V. G. Menon, Prof V. K. Damodaran, Mr Jaigopal Rao, Dr Thomas Issac, Prof K. V. Thomas, and Mr C. R. Neelkanthan for providing their useful inputs and insights. We are grateful to Mr G. Vijayraghavan, Member, State Planning Board, Mr C. P. John, Member, State Planning Board and Mr M. Sivasankar, Chairman, Kerala State Electricity Board, for their valuable inputs and suggestions. Special acknowledgements are due to Mr C. V. Prakashan and Mr Abhay Sidhham for their contribution. We also acknowledge the contributions and suggestions made by key representatives from the government and private sectors, civil society organizations, and academic institutions. Finally, our sincere thanks to Mr G. M. Pillai, Founder Director General, WISE, for his able guidance and leadership in steering the research in the right direction and his sound expertise in holistically shaping the report. We would like to thank Mr Ravi Singh, Secretary General and CEO, WWF-India for his constant support and encouragement. The support by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and WWF-Norway is also duly acknowledged. Project Team WISE Project Lead: Suhas Tendulkar Project Reviewer: Sanjeev Ghotge Project Team: Rajendra Kharul, Sudhir Kumar, Surendra Pimperkhedkar, Satadru Chakraborty, Nandkishor Dhakate, Debarshi Gupta, Raiju John, Rohit Bhide, Salil Joglekar WWF-India: Sejal Worah, T. S. Panwar, Renjan Mathew Varghese, Jincy Joy Disclaimer This report has been jointly prepared by WWF-India and WISE with inputs based on publicly available information and information gathered from different organizations. WWF-India and WISE disclaim any and all liability for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. The external boundary and coastline of India or any state of India as depicted in the maps in this report are not to scale. Further, the views in the document do not necessarily reflect those of NORAD or WWF-Norway. Designed by: Sarita Singh, Nirmal Singh Photo Credit: Cover photo - Vishaish Uppal / WWF-India The Energy Report – Kerala: 100% Renewable Energy by 2050 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. ii List of Tables........................................................................................................... v List of Figures ......................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations............................................................................................... xi Executive Summary ................................................................................................ 1 PART I Introduction................................................................................................................ 6 1. Introduction and Overview...................................................................................... 7 2. Brief Overview of Current Status of the State’s Energy & Energy Related Sectors... 13 PART II The Context, General Objectives and Principles of RE Potential Assessment........................... 34 3. Solar Energy Potential in Kerala.............................................................................. 41 4. Wind Power Potential in Kerala .............................................................................. 57 5. Potential of Sustainable Bioenergy.......................................................................... 65 6. Hydro Potential of the State .................................................................................... 97 7. Ocean Energy Potential of the State ........................................................................ 101 8. Summary of Renewable Potential Assessment ........................................................ 105 PART III 100% RE for Kerala ..................................................................................... 106 9. State Energy Demand Projections: The BAU Scenario ............................................ 107 10. Towards 100% RE: The Curtailed Demand Scenario ............................................... 157 11. Towards 100% RE: Overview of Supply Potential.................................................... 191 12. The 100% RE Scenario ............................................................................................ 195 PART IV Strategic Interventions for Transition................................................................. 206 13. Policy Considerations for the Transition ................................................................. 207 14. State Investment Considerations for the Transition................................................ 219 15. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 229 Appendix 1 .............................................................................................. 233 Appendix 2 .............................................................................................. 238 Bibliography............................................................................................. 243 LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page A Summary of RE Potential of Kerala 2 B Energy Demand for the BAU Scenario 3 C Energy Demand for the Curtailed Demand Scenario 4 1.1 Focus Sectors for Demand Estimation 8 1.2 Elaboration of End-use Activities and Identified Interventions for Focus Sectors 8 2.1 Growth in Installed Capacity in Kerala (Year-wise) 13 2.2 Installed Capacity as on 31 October 2012 14 2.3 Break-up of Hydro Capacity in the State 15 2.4 Key Operational Statistics of KSEB 15 2.5 Energy Consumption Profile for Various Sectors Across Years (All values in MU) 16 2.6 Agency-wise Distribution of Road Length in Kerala in 2010-11 19 2.7 Number of Vehicles per 1,000 Persons 20 2.8 Area and Production of Principal Crops in Kerala 23 2.9 Key Manufacturing Units in Kerala in Different Manufacturing Sectors 24 2.10 Designated Large Industrial Consumers in Kerala 25 II.1 Miscellaneous Datasets 36 II.2 Buffer Values for Features 38 II.3 Land-use Categorization for Wind Power Potential Assessment 39 II.4 Land-use Categorization for Grid-tied Solar Power Potential Assessment 39 3.1 Land-use Categorization for Grid-tied Solar Power Potential Assessment 41 3.2 Assumptions for GIS- and MCA-based Solar Potential Assessment for Kerala 42 3.3 Solar PV Potential Areas for Different Land Use Categories (in MW) 45 3.4 CSP Potential Areas for Different Land Use Categories (in MW) 48 3.5 Solar Resource Analysis for Kerala (District-wise) 50 3.6 Decentralized Rooftop PV Power Potential in Kerala Households 51 3.7 Decentralized Rooftop PV Power Potential in Institutional / Commercial Establishments 51 3.8 Assessment of Solar Water Heating Potential for Households 52 3.9 Summary of Solar Power Potential 54 4.1 Land-use Categorization for Wind Power Potential Assessment 57 4.2 Assumptions for GIS- and MCA-based Wind Potential Assessment for Kerala 58 4.3 Onshore Wind Potential across Different Land Use Categories (80m) 61 4.4 Basis for Re-categorizing Offshore Wind Potential 61 4.5 Offshore Wind Potential at 80m (Break-up based on WPD) 62 4.6 Results of Wind Potential Assessment at 80m Hub Height 63 4.7 Land Impact Assessment for Developing 100 per cent of Assessed Wind Potential at 80m 64 5.1 Biomass Classification 65 5.2 Life Cycle and Residue Generation for Major Crops in Kerala 66 5.3 Estimation of Rice Straw and Rice Husk Availability 67 5.4 Estimation of Coconut Frond Availability 69 5.5 Estimation of Primary Rubber Wood Availability 70 5.6 Estimation of Acrea Nut Husk Availability 71 5.7 Estimation of Tapioca Stalks Availability 72 5.8 Estimation of Rice Husk Availability 73 v Table Title Page 5.9 Estimation of Cashew Apple Availability 75 5.10 Area Covered by Different Forest Types in Kerala 77 5.11 Estimation of Forest Wood Availability 78 5.12 Estimation of MSW Availability 79 5.13 Bioenergy Resources in Kerala: A Summary 80 5.14 Technology Variant and Feedstock Options in Kerala 82 5.15 Power Generation Potential through Gasification 83 5.16 Power Generation Potential through Combustion-based Technologies 84 5.17 Combustion Based Heat Potential of Biomass Residues 85 5.18 Biogas Potential in Kerala 87 5.19 Bio-crude Potential from Agro-residues 89 5.20 Bio-diesel Potential from Wood Residues 89 5.21 Sea Algae Based Biofuel Potential 93 5.22 Summary of Biofuels Availability 93 5.23 Total Biofuel Potential in Kerala 93 5.24 Summary of Biomass Residues Used 94 5.25 Final Sustainable Bioenergy Potential 95 6.1 Major Irrigation Schemes in Kerala 98 7.1 Wave Power in kW/m along the Indian Coast for Areas Shown in Figure 7.1 102 7.2 Average Wave Power in kW/m off the Kerala Coast 103 8.1 Summary of RE potential in Kerala by 2050 105 9.1 Appliance Ownership Levels per 1,000 Households in Kerala 109 9.2 Appliance Numbers across Projection Period per 100 Households 111 9.3 Annual Unit Appliance Energy Consumption (UEC) 112 9.4 Estimated Domestic Electricity Demand up to 2050 112 9.5 Cooking Fuel