Appendix B Glossary of Terms
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THE PHYSIOLOGY and ECOPHYSIOLOGY of EJACULATION Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, Vol
Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems E-ISSN: 1870-0462 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán México Lucio, R. A.; Cruz, Y.; Pichardo, A. I.; Fuentes-Morales, M. R.; Fuentes-Farias, A.L.; Molina-Cerón, M. L.; Gutiérrez-Ospina, G. THE PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF EJACULATION Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, vol. 15, núm. 1, 2012, pp. S113-S127 Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Yucatán, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=93924484010 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 15 (2012) SUP 1: S113 – S127 REVIEW [REVISIÓN] THE PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF EJACULATION [FISIOLOGÍA Y ECOFISIOLOGÍA DE LA EYACULACIÓN] R. A. Lucio1*, Y. Cruz1, A. I. Pichardo2, M. R. Fuentes-Morales1, A.L. Fuentes-Farias3, M. L. Molina-Cerón2 and G. Gutiérrez-Ospina2 1Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala-Puebla km 1.5 s/n, Loma Xicotencatl, 90062, Tlaxcala, Tlax., México. 2Depto. Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México. 3Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Animal, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. San Juanito Itzicuaro s/n, Colonia Nueva Esperanza 58337, Morelia, Mich., México * Corresponding author ABSTRACT RESUMEN Different studies dealing with ejaculation view this Diferentes estudios enfocados en la eyaculación, process as a part of the male copulatory behavior. -
Infertility Diagnosis and Treatment
UnitedHealthcare® Oxford Clinical Policy Infertility Diagnosis and Treatment Policy Number: INFERTILITY 008.12 T2 Effective Date: July 1, 2021 Instructions for Use Table of Contents Page Related Policies Coverage Rationale ....................................................................... 1 • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonadotropins Documentation Requirements ...................................................... 2 • Human Menopausal Gonadotropins (hMG) Definitions ...................................................................................... 3 • Preimplantation Genetic Testing Prior Authorization Requirements ................................................ 3 Applicable Codes .......................................................................... 3 Related Optum Clinical Guideline Description of Services ................................................................. 3 • Fertility Solutions Medical Necessity Clinical Benefit Considerations .................................................................. 7 Guideline: Infertility Clinical Evidence ........................................................................... 8 U.S. Food and Drug Administration ........................................... 14 References ................................................................................... 15 Policy History/Revision Information ........................................... 18 Instructions for Use ..................................................................... 18 Coverage Rationale See Benefit Considerations -
Spawning & Larviculture of Bivalve Mollusks
Spawning & Larviculture of Bivalve Mollusks Grade Level: Subject Area: Time: 9-12 Aquaculture, Biology, Preparation: 30 minutes to prepare Reproduction, Anatomy Activity: 50 minute lecture (may require 1 ½ class periods) Clean-up: NA SPS (SSS): 06.04 Employ correct terminologies for animal species and conditions (e.g. sex, age, etc.) (LA.A.1.4.1-4; LA.A.2.4.4; LA.B.1.4.1-3; LA.B.2.4.1-3; LA.C.1.4.1; LA.C.2.4.1). 11.09 Develop an information file in aquaculture species (LA.A.1.4, 2.4; LA.B.1.4, 2.4; LA.C.1.4, 2.4, 3.4; LA.D.2.4; SC.D.1.4; SC.F.1.4, 2.4; SC.G.1.4, 2.4). 11.10 List and describe the major factors in the growth of aquatic fauna and flora (LA.A.1.4, 2.4; LA.B.1.4, 2.4; LA.C.1.4, 2.4, 3.4; LA.D.2.4; SC.D.1.4, SC.F.1.4, 2.4; SC.G.1.4, 2.4). 13.02 Explain how changes in water affect aquatic life (LA.A.1.4, 2.4; LA.B.2.4; LA.C.1.4, 2.4; LA.D.2.4; SC.F.1.4; SC.G.1.4). 13.03 Explain, monitor, and maintain freshwater/saltwater quality standards for the production of desirable species (LA.A.1.4, 2.4; LA.B.2.4; LA.C.1.4, 2.4; LA.D.2.4; MA>B.1.4; MA.E.1.4, 2.4, 3.4; SC.E.2.4; SC.F.2.4; SC.G.1.4). -
Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals.Pmd
9 Reproduction in Animals MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Sets of reproductive terms are given below. Choose the set that has an incorrect combination. (a) sperm, testis, sperm duct, penis (b) menstruation, egg, oviduct, uterus (c) sperm, oviduct, egg, uterus (d) ovulation, egg, oviduct, uterus 2. In humans, the development of fertilised egg takes place in the (a) ovary (c) oviduct (b) testis (d) uterus 3. In the list of animals given below, hen is the odd one out. human being, cow, dog, hen The reason for this is (a) it undergoes internal fertilisation. (b) it is oviparous. (c) it is viviparous. (d) it undergoes external fertilisation. 4. Animals exhibiting external fertilisation produce a large number of gametes. Pick the appropriate reason from the following. (a) The animals are small in size and want to produce more offsprings. (b) Food is available in plenty in water. (c) To ensure better chance of fertilisation. (d) Water promotes production of large number of gametes. 5. Reproduction by budding takes place in (a) hydra (c) paramecium (b) amoeba (d) bacteria 6. Which of the following statements about reproduction in humans is correct? (a) Fertilisation takes place externally. 12/04/18 48 EEE XEMPLAR PROBLEMS (b) Fertilisation takes place in the testes. (c) During fertilisation egg moves towards the sperm. (d) Fertilisation takes place in the human female. 7. In human beings, after fertilisation, the structure which gets embedded in the wall of uterus is (a) ovum (c) foetus (b) embryo (d) zygote 8. Aquatic animals in which fertilisation occurs in water are said to be: (a) viviparous without fertilisation. -
Recurrent Miscarriage
Elizabeth Taylor, MD, FRCSC, Mohammed Bedaiwy, MD, PhD, Mahmoud Iwes, MD Recurrent miscarriage Management of pregnancy loss includes investigating causes, addressing modifiable risk factors, and providing supportive care in the first trimester of pregnancy. ABSTRACT: Early miscarriages are arly miscarriage has been re Genetic causes those occurring within the first 12 ported to occur in 17% to 31% The risk of miscarriage increases completed weeks of gestation. Re- E of pregnancies,1,2 and is de with maternal age. At age 20 to 24 current miscarriage, defined as two fined as a nonviable intrauterine the risk is approximately 10%, with or more consecutive pregnancy loss- pregnancy with either an empty ges risk increasing to nearly 80% by age es, affects 3% of couples trying to tational sac or a gestational sac con 45.5 The relationship between mis conceive and can cause consider- taining an embryo or fetus without carriage risk and maternal age can be able distress. The risk of miscarriage fetal heart activity within the first explained by the increasing rate of oo increases with maternal age. Genet- 12 completed weeks of gestation.3 cyte aneuploidy that occurs as women ic abnormalities, uterine anomalies, Recurrent miscarriage occurs in 3% grow older. In one study, oocytes and endocrine dysfunction can all of couples trying to conceive. The examined during in vitro fertilization lead to miscarriage. Other causes of American Society for Reproductive (IVF) treatment had only a 10% risk miscarriage are autoimmune disor- Medicine (ASRM) defines recurrent of being aneuploid in women younger ders such as antiphospholipid syn- miscarriage as two or more failed than age 35, but by age 43 the risk of drome and chronic endometritis. -
Male Infertility and Risk of Nonmalignant Chronic Diseases: a Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence
282 Male Infertility and Risk of Nonmalignant Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence Clara Helene Glazer, MD1 Jens Peter Bonde, MD, DMSc, PhD1 Michael L. Eisenberg, MD2 Aleksander Giwercman, MD, DMSc, PhD3 Katia Keglberg Hærvig, MSc1 Susie Rimborg4 Ditte Vassard, MSc5 Anja Pinborg, MD, DMSc, PhD6 Lone Schmidt, MD, DMSc, PhD5 Elvira Vaclavik Bräuner, PhD1,7 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Address for correspondence Clara Helene Glazer, MD, Department of Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen NV, Denmark Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University 2 Departments of Urology and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford Hospital, Copenhagen NV, Denmark University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (e-mail: [email protected]). 3 Department of Translational Medicine, Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 4 Faculty Library of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark 5 Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 6 Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark 7 Mental Health Center Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark Semin Reprod Med 2017;35:282–290 Abstract The association between male infertility and increased risk of certain cancers is well studied. Less is known about the long-term risk of nonmalignant diseases in men with decreased fertility. A systemic literature review was performed on the epidemiologic evidence of male infertility as a precursor for increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and all-cause mortality. PubMed and Embase were searched from January 1, 1980, to September 1, 2016, to identify epidemiological studies reporting associations between male infertility and the outcomes of interest. Animal studies, case reports, reviews, studies not providing an accurate reference group, and studies including Downloaded by: Stanford University. -
Female and Male Gametogenesis 3 Nina Desai , Jennifer Ludgin , Rakesh Sharma , Raj Kumar Anirudh , and Ashok Agarwal
Female and Male Gametogenesis 3 Nina Desai , Jennifer Ludgin , Rakesh Sharma , Raj Kumar Anirudh , and Ashok Agarwal intimately part of the endocrine responsibility of the ovary. Introduction If there are no gametes, then hormone production is drastically curtailed. Depletion of oocytes implies depletion of the major Oogenesis is an area that has long been of interest in medicine, hormones of the ovary. In the male this is not the case. as well as biology, economics, sociology, and public policy. Androgen production will proceed normally without a single Almost four centuries ago, the English physician William spermatozoa in the testes. Harvey (1578–1657) wrote ex ovo omnia —“all that is alive This chapter presents basic aspects of human ovarian comes from the egg.” follicle growth, oogenesis, and some of the regulatory mech- During a women’s reproductive life span only 300–400 of anisms involved [ 1 ] , as well as some of the basic structural the nearly 1–2 million oocytes present in her ovaries at birth morphology of the testes and the process of development to are ovulated. The process of oogenesis begins with migra- obtain mature spermatozoa. tory primordial germ cells (PGCs). It results in the produc- tion of meiotically competent oocytes containing the correct genetic material, proteins, mRNA transcripts, and organ- Structure of the Ovary elles that are necessary to create a viable embryo. This is a tightly controlled process involving not only ovarian para- The ovary, which contains the germ cells, is the main repro- crine factors but also signaling from gonadotropins secreted ductive organ in the female. -
Diagnostic Evaluation of the Infertile Female: a Committee Opinion
Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile female: a committee opinion Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama Diagnostic evaluation for infertility in women should be conducted in a systematic, expeditious, and cost-effective manner to identify all relevant factors with initial emphasis on the least invasive methods for detection of the most common causes of infertility. The purpose of this committee opinion is to provide a critical review of the current methods and procedures for the evaluation of the infertile female, and it replaces the document of the same name, last published in 2012 (Fertil Steril 2012;98:302–7). (Fertil SterilÒ 2015;103:e44–50. Ó2015 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) Key Words: Infertility, oocyte, ovarian reserve, unexplained, conception Use your smartphone to scan this QR code Earn online CME credit related to this document at www.asrm.org/elearn and connect to the discussion forum for Discuss: You can discuss this article with its authors and with other ASRM members at http:// this article now.* fertstertforum.com/asrmpraccom-diagnostic-evaluation-infertile-female/ * Download a free QR code scanner by searching for “QR scanner” in your smartphone’s app store or app marketplace. diagnostic evaluation for infer- of the male partner are described in a Pregnancy history (gravidity, parity, tility is indicated for women separate document (5). Women who pregnancy outcome, and associated A who fail to achieve a successful are planning to attempt pregnancy via complications) pregnancy after 12 months or more of insemination with sperm from a known Previous methods of contraception regular unprotected intercourse (1). -
Sexual Reproduction
Contents Sexual reproduction Events in sexual reproduction Gastrulation Pre-fertilization events Organogenesis Fertilization Parturition Post fertilization events Mammalian reproductive cycles Embryogenesis Oviparous & viviparous animals Parthenogenesis Ovoviviparous animals Phases of life cycle Agieng and senescence Sexual reproduction . It is found in almost all the animals, plants and other life forms including fungi, bacteria and protists. A bi-parental process. Male and female gametes are formed. Germ cells act as reproductive units. Fertilization of male and female gametes occurs in order to obtain the Zygote. During meiosis, haploid gametes are produced from diploid germ cells. Produces their offspring less rapidly. Prominent male and female reproductive organs are required. Events in sexual reproduction Pre-fertilization events Fertilization Post-fertilization events Pre-fertilization events Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis . In most of the organisms male gamete is motile & the female gamete is stationary. In aquatic plants gamete transfer takes place through water. Male gametes are produced in very large number because a large number of male Gamete Transfer Gamete gametes are lost during transport. Fertilization . It is complete permanent fusion of two gametes from different parents or from the same parent. It results in the formation of a single celled, diploid zygote. It is of two types: External fertilization Internal fertilization Post fertilization events Zygote . Zygote is the vital link that ensures continuity -
Human Anatomy Bio 11 Embryology “Chapter 3”
Human Anatomy Bio 11 Embryology “chapter 3” Stages of development 1. “Pre-” really early embryonic period: fertilization (egg + sperm) forms the zygote gastrulation [~ first 3 weeks] 2. Embryonic period: neurulation organ formation [~ weeks 3-8] 3. Fetal period: growth and maturation [week 8 – birth ~ 40 weeks] Human life cycle MEIOSIS • compare to mitosis • disjunction & non-disjunction – aneuploidy e.g. Down syndrome = trisomy 21 • visit http://www.ivc.edu/faculty/kschmeidler/Pages /sc-mitosis-meiosis.pdf • and/or http://www.ivc.edu/faculty/kschmeidler/Pages /HumGen/mit-meiosis.pdf GAMETOGENESIS We will discuss, a bit, at the end of the semester. For now, suffice to say that mature males produce sperm and mature females produce ova (ovum; egg) all of which are gametes Gametes are haploid which means that each gamete contains half the full portion of DNA, compared to somatic cells = all the rest of our cells Fertilization restores the diploid state. Early embryonic stages blastocyst (blastula) 6 days of human embryo development http://www.sisuhospital.org/FET.php human early embryo development https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/28- 2-embryonic-development/ https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/thumb/d/dd/Model_human_blastocyst_development.jpg/600px-Model_human_blastocyst_development.jpg Good Sites To Visit • Schmeidler: http://www.ivc.edu/faculty/kschmeidler/Pages /sc_EMBRY-DEV.pdf • https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryol ogy/index.php/Week_1 • https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/c hapter/28-2-embryonic-development/ -
The Amazing Sperm Race Modeling Meiosis and Determining Zygote Characteristics
Biology The Amazing Sperm Race Modeling Meiosis and Determining Zygote Characteristics MATERIALS AND RESOURCES ABOUT THIS LESSON EACH GROUP TEACHER his activity involves an inexpensive, hands-on, S E noodle chromosomes index card, 3 in. × 5 in. and exciting way for students to experience G A ® how homologous chromosomes undergo marker, Sharpie T P meiosis to produce gametes. This activity culminates 1 roll tape, masking in a “race” to determine a zygote’s genotypic and R 1 box toothpicks phenotypic characteristics. This is an essential lesson E H ® because it provides a deep, rich context for past Velcro (hook and loop) C heredity content in the middle grades and sets the A 1 roll yarn foundation for all future learning in genetics. E T OBJECTIVES Students will: • Simulate the process of meiosis using pool noodle chromosomes • Determine the phenotype and genotype of a zygote • Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis • Articulate the steps of Meiosis I and II • Analyze the impact that meiosis has on genetic variability in a population LEVEL Biology Copyright © 2013 National Math + Science Initiative, Dallas, Texas. All rights reserved. Visit us online at www.nms.org. i Biology – The Amazing Sperm Race COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS NEXT GENERATION SCIENCE STANDARDS (LITERACY) RST.9-10.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. (LITERACY) RST.9-10.2 DEVELOPING AND USING MODELS Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text’s explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text. -
Age and Fertility: a Guide for Patients
Age and Fertility A Guide for Patients PATIENT INFORMATION SERIES Published by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine under the direction of the Patient Education Committee and the Publications Committee. No portion herein may be reproduced in any form without written permission. This booklet is in no way intended to replace, dictate or fully define evaluation and treatment by a qualified physician. It is intended solely as an aid for patients seeking general information on issues in reproductive medicine. Copyright © 2012 by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE Age and Fertility A Guide for Patients Revised 2012 A glossary of italicized words is located at the end of this booklet. INTRODUCTION Fertility changes with age. Both males and females become fertile in their teens following puberty. For girls, the beginning of their reproductive years is marked by the onset of ovulation and menstruation. It is commonly understood that after menopause women are no longer able to become pregnant. Generally, reproductive potential decreases as women get older, and fertility can be expected to end 5 to 10 years before menopause. In today’s society, age-related infertility is becoming more common because, for a variety of reasons, many women wait until their 30s to begin their families. Even though women today are healthier and taking better care of themselves than ever before, improved health in later life does not offset the natural age-related decline in fertility. It is important to understand that fertility declines as a woman ages due to the normal age- related decrease in the number of eggs that remain in her ovaries.